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Mycobionts make up most of the genetic diversity of underground life. Despite their abundance, their impact on terrestrial ecosystem processes is still poorly understood. Estimates suggest that 95% of plant species rely entirely on microbial symbiotes for growth and survival, underlining their importance in soil as a regulator of plant species richness and diversity. In this study, we explore an inventory of the fungal rhizobiome of two populations of Atlas pistachio in Laghouat (Algeria), a typical hot and arid region. Six healthy trees of different age classes were randomly sampled from each site during April 2016. In spite of the arid climate in our study area, microscopic identification revealed important fungal richness belonging to four phyla: Ascomycota, Glomeromycota and Basidiomycota with the exclusive presence of Mucoromycota in dayate Saadi. The fungal strains recorded indicate a high abundance of the Acaulospora sp. and Glomus sp. genera for the Glomeromycota phylum and Fusarium sp. genus for the other phyla. Shannon-Wiener diversity and evenness indices proved to be the highest at dayate Saadi. Dayate El Gouffa, however, is the least disturbed. Most of the strains recorded correspond to genera with a strong affinity for environments rich in organic matter, with high levels of total limestone, basic pH, and high levels of clay and fine silts as shown in the dayate Saadi soils. As for the dayate El Gouffa soils, they show a low organic matter content. They are less calcareous, with a very basic pH and predominance of coarse silts and coarse sands. The high rate of these granulometric fractions could explain the presence of Gigaspora sp. only in this daya. Our results indicated the strong impact of soils proprities on the rhizobiome community composition and might be explained by differences in the degree of fungi selectivity for each sampled site.

Inflammation is an important component of the immune response to pathogens and damaged cells. This study aims to assess and compare of anti-inflammatory activities in-vitro and in-silico of essential oils from galls formed on leaves of Pistacia atlantica Desf from two regions in Algeria (four samples from Ain-oussera and four samples from Laghouat). The anti-inflammatory activity was achieved by Nitric oxide inhibitory activity and viability of LPS‑activated RAW 264.7 macrophages, and inhibition activity of 15-Lipoxygenase (LOX), quercetin was used as a positive control. The essential oils from leave gall of Pistacia atlantica species is able to inhibited 15-LOX enzyme with IC50 0.004mg/mL and also inhibited the production of NO produced by macrophages (99.17%) without significant cytotoxic effect (78% cell viability). The molecular docking study confirm the inhibitory effect of the major compounds of the studied essential oil, even ADMET analysis indicate that the major compounds are not toxic.

Pistacia atlantica Desf. fruit oil may be considered as a feedstock which is low cost and does not compete with food crops for biodiesel production. The aim of this paper was to investigate the effect of the variation in fatty-acid composition and oil accumulation in developing P. atlantica fruits on the resulting biodiesel properties. Samples were collected from two Algerian sites, i.e. Ain oussera and Laghouat. Gas-liquid chromatography revealed that the oleic acid (51.6–55.4% of fatty acids) was the major component, followed by linoleic acid (21.9–29.4%), and palmitic acid (12.7–19.4%). The highest tocopherol isomer contents were observed in the immature stage (200–256 μg g−1 oil). The quality of the biodiesels synthesized from immature and mature P. atlantica fruit oils was tested according to the international standards. All biodiesel samples exhibited a high energy content with a higher heating value (HHV) of 40 MJ kg−1. Meanwhile, the cetane number, long chain saturation factor, degree of unsaturation, oxidative stability and density were in the ranges 53–55, 4.3–5.6, 101–113, 3.4–3.8 h, and 852–862 kg m−3, respectively. The cold flow behavior of biodiesel was assessed through the cloud point (CP) and the cold filter plugging point (CFPP). The CP value ranged from −4.5 to −2.3 °C, and CFPP from −7.1 to −4.9 °C. The above fuel properties comply with the limits imposed by the EN 14214–08, GB/T 20828–07 and ASTM D6751-2010 standards, showing a promising source for biodiesel production in Algeria.

BACKGROUND: Biological activities of Pistacia atlantica have been investigated for few decades. The fruit oil of the plant has been used for treatment of wounds, inflammation, and other ailments in Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM). OBJECTIVES: The main objectives of this study were to analyze the chemical composition of Pistacia atlantica fruit oil and to study wound healing and anti-inflammatory effects of oil-absorbed bacterial cellulose in an in vivo burn wound model. METHOD: Bacterial cellulose membrane was prepared from Kombucha culture and Fourier-transform infrared was used to characterize the bacterial cellulose. Cold press technique was used to obtain Pistacia atlantica fruit oil and the chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography. Bacterial cellulose membrane was impregnated with the Pistacia atlantica fruit oil. Pistacia atlantica hydrogel was prepared using specific Carbopol. Burn wound model was used to evaluate in vivo wound healing and anti-inflammatory effects of the wound dressings containing either silver sulfadiazine as positive control, Pistacia atlantica hydrogel or bacterial cellulose membrane coated with the Pistacia atlantica fruit oil. Blank dressing was used as negative control. RESULTS: FT-IR analysis showed that the structure of the bacterial cellulose corresponded with the standard FT-IR spectrum. The major components of Pistacia atlantica fruit oil constituted linoleic acid (38.1%), oleic acid (36.9%) and stearic acid (3.8%). Histological analysis showed that bacterial cellulose coated with fruit oil significantly decreased the number of neutrophils as a measure of inflammation compared to either negative control or positive control (p

The present study was conducted to investigate the impact of refining process on the chemical properties (fatty acid composition and tocopherols, sterols, and polyphenolic contents), qualitative parameters (peroxide value, acid value, and p‐anisidine value), and antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scavenging assay and FRAP test) of Baneh (Pistacia atlantica var mutica) kernel oil. The results revealed that the refining process had no significant effect on the fatty acid composition. A major finding of this research was the increase in the tocopherol and sterol content up to the bleaching stage followed by their decrease in the deodorizing phase. Some tocopherol and sterol compounds in crude oil were dimerized or attached to other compounds by ester bonding, which are released during some stages of the refining process and this factor is responsible for their increase. In fact, during this process, these compounds are regenerated. The occurrence of this phenomenon in the refining process improved the DPPH radical scavenging power of Baneh kernel oil up to the bleaching stage. Moreover, the content of phenolic compounds decreased after refining of Baneh kernel oil, and only in the deodorizing stage, an increase of these compounds was observed. In general, the results of this study showed that the refining process had a completely different effect on the antioxidant compounds (especially tocopherols) compared to other oils.

Objectives A bio-guided selection and identification of the most active compounds obtained from Algerian Pistacia atlantica desf. Subsp. atlantica. Methods An antioxidant activity guided fractionation was performed on buds’ extract using extensive chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. The antioxidant potentials of isolated compounds and other unpurified fractions were evaluated against DPPH radicals using TLC plates and test tubes. Results The results showed that all isolated compounds and fractions exhibited eminent DPPH scavenging potential. Two coumarins (7-ethoxycoumarin and 7-hydroxy-5-methoxycoumarin) and two flavonoids (3′,5,7-trihydroxy-4′-methoxyflavanone and 5,6,7,4′-tetrahydroxyflavonol-3-O-rutinoside) were isolated for the first times from the titled subspecies. Conclusions These results confirm that the species of P. atlantica is far from being exhausted of active compounds, especially polyphenols.

Background: Bacterial infectious diseases caused by antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation agents are one of the most important challenges researchers and doctors face. Therefore, many studies have been done on medicinal plants to find phytochemical antibacterial and anti-biofilm agents. Objectives: In this study, the antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of the acetone and aqueous extract of Pistacia atlantica leaf, fruit, and gall were evaluated against some bacteria. Methods: The leaves, fruits, and galls of P. atlantica were collected from the forests of Lorestan province, Iran. Antibacterial effects of extracts were studied by well diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Microdilution method was used to evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of extracts. Anti-biofilm activity of acetone and aqueous extracts in sub-lethal concentration was investigated by crystal violet-stained microtiter method. Results: Acetone extract of P. atlantica had significant antibacterial effects against tested bacteria except for E. coli. There was a significant relationship between antibacterial activity and extract concentration (P

The detection qualitative of Phytochemical compounds of extracts was carried out using color reagents, total content of phenols and flavonoids was specified using folin– ciocalteu and aluminium chloride method, respectively, and antioxidant activity was determined through its ability to free radicals scavenging using DPPH radical. The efficacy of the plant extracts against pathogenic bacteria was studied by agar well diffusion method with different concentrations, and microdilution method was used to measure minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of all plant extracts. The results showed presence of tannins, phenols, and flavonoids in all extracts of both plants, while saponins were found in aqueous extracts only, cardiac glycosides and coumarins were absent in all plant extracts. Ethanolic extract of Pistacia atlantica recorded the highest content of phenols and flavonoids as 263.76 ± 0.53 (mg GAE/g Dw) and 46.83 ± 0.55 (mg RE/g Dw), respectively. While aqueous extract of Pinus canariensis recorded the lowest content of of phenols and flavonoids 30.11 ± 0.37 (mg GAE/g Dw) and 5.43 ± 0.38 (mg RE/g Dw), respectively. Both plants have been shown to have good antioxidant activity, as ethanolic extract of P. atlantica recorded the best ability to free radicals scavenging 90.27% ±1.51, ethanolic extracts of both plants were the most effective in inhibiting bacteria especially at high concentrations (500 mg/mL); the inhibition zone diameter of P. atlantica extract was reached against Shigella boydii 33.56 mm, while aqueous extract of P. canariensis was the most effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa; the inhibition zone diameter was 21 mm. MIC ranged between 5.468 and 43.75 mg/mL depending on plant extract and bacterial species. This confirms the importance of plant extracts as a natural source of antibacterial to confront problems of increasing bacterial resistance to antibiotics that threaten public health.

Silver nanoparticles AgNPs were synthesized from an extract of Pistacia atlantica plant. After mixing the silver nitrate solution and extract of P. atlantica leaves, they changed its color to dark brown. UV–vis spectroscopy result showed maximum adsorption at 468 nm, which represents the characteristic surface plasmon resonance of nanosilver. FTIR spectroscopy results recorded a downward shift of absorption bands between 500 and 1700 cm−1 indicting the formation of silver nanoparticles. X-ray crystal analysis showed that the silver nanoparticles are highly crystalline and exhibit a cubic, face-centered lattice with characteristic (111), (200), (220), and (311) orientations. Composition analysis obtained from SEM–EDXA confirmed the presence of elemental signature of silver. Results also showed that biosynthesized AgNPs exhibit remarkable antioxidant activity using DPPH method with IC50 = 0.47 mg/ml. In addition, synthesized AgNPs were also found to control the growth of E. coli, S. aureus and Acinetobacter baumnnii on nutrient medium with 13, 12 and 11 mm mm zone of inhibition, respectively. The main compounds that were identified in the methanolic and the ethanolic extracts of P. atlantica Desf are ascorbic acid, gallic acid, tannic acid, rutin, and quercetin which were performed by HPLC technique. The AgNPs synthesized from the leaf extract of P. atlantica can be a good method for the preparation of various nano formulations.

This study reports an efficient and fast procedure for the purification of laccase (PaL) obtained from the resin of Pistacia atlantica Desf. It was purified by one-step affinity chromatography and showed the specific activity of 393 U/mg with 81.9-fold purification. The molecular weight of PaL was estimated to be approximately 60 kDa using gel electrophoresis SDS-PAGE. Moreover, it depicted diphenolase activity and high affinity towards 2,6-dimethoxy phenol (Km = 10.01 ± 0.5 mM) and syringaldazine (Km = 6.57 ± 0.2 mM) comparing with plant-origin polyphenol oxidases reported in the literature. It should be noted that PaL possessed optimal activity at pH 7.5 and 45 °C. It also remained stable under different conditions of pH (6.5–8.0), temperature (25–45 °C), and when it was exposed to several metal ions. The MTT and flow cytometry assays demonstrated that the enzyme treatment significantly affected growth of HeLa, HepG2, and MDA-MB-231 cells with LC50 values of 4.83 ± 0.02, 61 ± 0.31, and 26.83 ± 0.11 μM after 72 h, respectively. Novelty statement This is the first attempt to isolate and characterize a new oxidoreductase from the resin of Pistacia atlantica Desf., native species of Iran, to recruit it in cytotoxicity researches. In the purification process by an efficient affinity column (SBA-NH2-GA), the enzyme was eluted promptly with a satisfied yield. The purified laccase exerted higher affinity to diphenolic compounds and pH-thermal stability compared to other plant-derived polyphenol oxidases. The purified enzyme was found to show anti-oxidant capacity and significantly inhibited the growth of cancerous cells in vitro. PaL showed more cytotoxic activity towards HeLa and MDA-MB-231 cells by induction of apoptosis. The cytotoxic activity of the laccase was measured by flow cytometry.

Background: Medicinal herbs such as Pistacia Atlantica (P. Atlantica) subsp. Kurdica have antimicrobial effects. The present study is aimed to investigate the nanocluster structure of P. atlantica subsp. Kurdica turpentine and its composing elements and antibacterial effect. Methods: 100 μl ethanol was used to dissolve oily turpentine. 2, 2.2, 2.4, and 2.6 μg/μl of turpentine were used for investigating the antibacterial effects using disk and well diffusion methods. Elemental and nanocluster structure analyses were performed by Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Microanalysis (EDXMA) and Field Emission (FE)-scanning electron. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni test were used for data analysis (p ≤ 0.001). Results and Discussion: EDXMA elemental analysis of turpentine included: Zinc (Zn), Magnesium (Mg), Fluorine (F), Oxygen (O), Silicon (Si), Carbon (C), and Argentum (Ag). A topography image of the turpentine showed a nanocluster surface with bright clusters in the background. The largest diameters of the growth inhibition zones (24.67 ± 0.58 mm in the disk diffusion and 23.67 ± 1.53 mm in the well diffusion) that were created by turpentine were observed against S. aureus ATCC 25923 at the concentration of 2.6 μg/μl. The diameter of the inhibition zone around bacterial growth had a direct relationship with turpentine concentration (p ≤ 0.001). Conclusion: The nanocluster structure of turpentine and its composed elements were detected in this research. Moreover, the antibacterial effects of turpentine were proved. Herbal substances are widely used in medical applications. Different elements of P. atlantica subsp. Kurdica turpentine can be used as antibacterial agents, but more in-vitro and in-vivo studies should be performed in this field.

The present study aims to determine the chemical composition of Pistaca atlantica Desf. collected in the Khenifra region (Morocco). Compounds chemicals of the essential oil were analyzed by gas chr...

Bene oil (pistacia atlantica), as a plant source, is rich in phenolic and tocopherol compounds and has significant antioxidant, therapeutic and antimicrobial effects. Encapsulation of hydrophobic compounds in liposome system is an ideal solution for protecting them against destruction during storage. An important advantage of liposomes is the encapsulation of hydrophilic, hydrophobic and amphiphilic compounds by using natural phospholipids, such as lecithin, with beneficial effects. The aim of this study is to encapsulate the bene kernel oil in the form of microliposomes. For this purpose, the effect of composition of liposomes based on lecithin and cholesterol was studied using the Mozafari method. Liposomes are prepared using lecithin and cholesterol in the ratios of 60:0, 50:10, 40:20 and 30:30. Particle size, size distribution, zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency were characterised. According to the result, the size of liposomes was dependent on their composition, but the wasaffected significantly affected by adding cholesterol (P < 0.05). Average diameter of the particles was between 4 and 9 µm. Liposome with a ratio of 40:20 had the smallest size. By applying cholesterol, zeta potential increased from 16.4 mV to 32.39 mV, which indicates electrostatic stability of liposomes. In general, with encapsulation efficiency of 84.33%, the ratio of 40:20 is considered as an ideal concentration in the formulation of microliposomes. Based on the results, bene oil-loaded liposomes with a lecithin: cholesterol formulation ratio of :as 40:20 was chosen as an optimal formulation because of its smaller particle size, higher zeta potential and suitable stability, which can be used in trapping, delivering and releasing hydrophilic, adipose-friendly and amphiphilic compounds (dual-friendly).

The density, swelling, and fungal decay of poplar (Populus deltoides) wood treated with pistachio resin (PR) obtained from Pistacia atlantica were investigated. The white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor and the brown-rot fungus Coniophora puteana were used. Methanolic solutions of PR with different concentrations of 1%, 6%, 12%, and 15% were used as the preservative solution. Wood samples were saturated by two different vacuum/pressure (V/P) and dipping methods. The density, volumetric swelling of treated wood, and their mass loss (ML) caused by fungal decay were determined. The density of treated species increased to 15.4% and 5.8% for V/P and dipping methods, respectively, at 15% PR concentration. The volumetric swelling of the treated samples was reduced to 24.5% and 16.8% for V/P and dipping procedure, respectively, at 15% PR concentration. The mass loss of treated samples after exposure to T. versicolor was less than the untreated one (17.4% for V/P and 22.6% for dipping methods at 15% PR concentration). The results showed the better performance of V/P treatment in promotion of wood durability against fungal decay than the dipping method.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of 150 mg / kg extract of the plant Pistacia atlantica against mercury-induced oxidative stress Methods: Hg was administered intraperitoneally (2,5 mg/kg body weight, one time a week), and P. atlantica and were given orally by gavage at a daily dose (150 mg/kg body weight) to rats for 32 days. 24 male adult Albinos Wistar rats were divided into four groups: group 1 Control, group 2 (HgCl2) group 3 (Hg + P. atlantica) and group 4 (P. atlantica). Paramatrical tests of oxidative stress and histological sections of the cerebral parenchyma. Results: Our results showed that the intraperitoneal injection of mercury chloride HgCl2 causes deleterious effects in the brain resulting in: a failure of redox status by disrupting the antioxidant defense system by a significant decrease in the activity of catalase glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-s-transferase and superoxide dismutase acetylcholinesterase and increase of the activity of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase. The levels of lipid peroxidation markers were high in TBARS intoxicated rats with protein oxidation increased in the brain intoxicated by. The continuous use of mercury is also at the origin, in brain tissue However, supplementation of P. atlantica extract with mercury-treated rats attenuated some of the harmful and toxic effects of this metal. This clearly demonstrates the protective roles of this plant Keywords: mercury, Pistacia atlantica, Wistar rat, brain, antioxidant, neurotoxicity.

The aim of current study was to investigate the antimicrobial effect of gum essential oil of Pistacia atlantica (wild pistachio) tree (GEO) and design a new film based on polypropylene polymer coated with silica nanoparticles and GEO. The antimicrobial activity of the packaging film was evaluated with or without milk on Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes during 35 days. The results showed that GEO has significant antibacterial properties. It was most effective on Salmonella enterica, while its effect on Listeria monocytogenes was the weakest. Antimicrobial activity of the film without milk showed no significant differences among the different sizes of nanoparticles used (0.05, 0.025, and 0.051 g) (p ≥ .05). It can be concluded that polypropylene incorporated with GEO and silica nanoparticles active film had antimicrobial properties up to 35 days, while using with milk or without milk. Therefore, this type of packaging is effective to enhance the shelf life of milk.

Chronic exposure to mercury (Hg) increases the risk of developing serious human disorders from the embryo to adulthood. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the hepatorenal protective effect of natural products such as the aqueous extract of Pistacia atlantica against the toxicity and oxidative stress induced by mercuric chloride in male rats. Adult Wistar rats weighing between 55 and 65 g were randomly assigned to 3 lots. The ani-mals were administered with mercury chloride (HgCl2) intraperitoneally for 32 days. The group intoxicated were administered with 2.5 mg/kg of HgCl2, while the group of treated by HgCl2 and P.atlantica received 2.5 mg/kg of HgCl2 and 150 mg/kg of aqueous extract of P.atlantica. The liver and kidney weight, and marker enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, serum total protein content, urea, uric acid, creatinine, direct and total bilirubin and lipid profile), the metal contents, and histopathological investigation were determinated. The results showed an decrease in levels of biochemical parameters in the serum of animals treated with HgCl2 and P. atlantica. An improvement of liver and kidney functions was also observed. The results showed that ad-ministration of Pistacia atlantica aqueous extract represents a promising candidate for the treatment of liver and renal damages.

Background: Pistacia atlantica kurdica has recently been shown to possess free radical scavenging ability. The current study aims to investigate the protective effect of this plant against cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity. Methods: Thirty-six rats were divided into 6 groups (6 in each), and treated as follows: group 1 received normal saline (control group), group 2 (positive control) received cadmium by drinking water (100 mg/ L/d), group 3 received 200 mg/kg of P. atlantica extract, and groups 4-6 received cadmium as well as 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/d of P. atlantica extract (orally), respectively. After 2 weeks, oxidative damage and renal function markers were assayed by standard methods. Results: In cadmium group, a significant increase was observed in serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (PPPP. atlantica extract improved the LPO, TTM, and histopathological changes in renal tissue. Conclusion: In this study, although the P. atlantica extract did not have a significant effect on cadmiuminduced renal dysfunction, it did improve the oxidative/antioxidant balance in renal tissue.

The effect of different drying procedures on the quality characteristics of Pistacia atlantica subsp. kurdica is addressed in this work. Using five different drying methods include microwave, oven (40 and 60°C), sun, and shade, P. atlantica were dried. The variations in moisture content, drying rate, major components of essential oil, and texture property were assessed at the start and at the end points of the drying process. Comparison of the drying methods indicated that microwave drying to be most effective in lowering moisture content, while the shade drying had the lowest rate among methods. In the case of microwave, the dried seeds had highest brittleness, while the highest score for the penetration force was observed in oven 40°C. Regarding major elements of the essential oil (α‐pinene, α‐terpinen‐4‐ol, myrcene, β‐ocimene, β‐caryophyllene, and limonene), there were no significant differences between the five drying techniques, nor compared to the fresh sample. To model the drying process, six thin‐layer drying kinetic models were chosen. It was found that the Midilli–Kucuk model was the most suitable for explaining the drying curve of oven 40 and 60°C, microwave, and sun methods; Wang and Singh model was excellent to explain thin‐layer shade drying behavior of the P. atlantica seeds. In conclusion, in this study, an opportunity is represented to apply the most effective procedures to decrease the drying period and to achieve a product with appropriate safety and quality features., The Midilli–Kucuk model was found to be the most suitable for describing drying curve of oven 40 and 60°C, microwave, and sun methods; and Wang and Singh model was found to best explain thin‐layer shade drying behavior of the P. atlantica seeds. This study represents an opportunity to apply the most effective procedures to reduce the drying period.

Introduction Pistacia atlantica subsp. kurdica is an important food source and a well-known medicinal plant in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of P. atlantica extract and essential oil in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Materials and Methods Different doses of hydroalcoholic extract and essential oil of P. atlantica subsp. kurdica (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) were given to streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice in separate groups for three weeks. At the end of treatment, blood samples were collected; then, oxidative stress markers, TNF-α, and lipid profile were determined in its serum samples. Results Our findings showed that the administration of P. atlantica extract for three consecutive weeks significantly improved the lipid profile, oxidative stress, and inflammation process by reducing lipid peroxidation and increasing total antioxidant capacity. Conclusion This study showed that P. atlantica subsp. kurdica has antioxidant and blood lipid-lowering effects that can be used as a supplement to improve diabetes complications.

Defensive gall traits against natural enemies, such as predators and parasitoids, attracted much attention of ecologists and evolutionary biologists. To our knowledge, naturally occurring antioxidant compounds present in Pistacia atlantica Desf. Galls have not yet been reported and characterized. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of the harvest period and plant gender on these antioxidant activities. Furthermore, peaks present in chromatographic fingerprints, probably showing significant antioxidant activities, were identified. Three antioxidant assays, 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2 azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging besides the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), were applied to determine the total antioxidant activity in galls from both genders of Pistacia atlantica. Fingerprints of ten P. atlantica gall extracts were obtained by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC). Extensive pre-treatment of the data and a linear multivariate calibration technique, Partial Least Squares (PLS), were used for model construction. Our findings highlighted that gender and harvest period affected the antioxidant activities. Major peaks, potentially influencing the antioxidant activity of the samples, were indicated by studying the regression coefficients of the PLS models. Individual antioxidant compounds of P. atlantica galls were identified by UPLC coupled to a hybrid quadrupole orthogonal time-of-flight mass spectrometer (Q-TOF/MS). The phenolic compounds methyl gallate and valoneic acid dilactone were considered to be important antioxidants in the FRAP and scavenging ABTS assays, while quinic acid showed to be the main component influencing the antioxidant activity measured with the DPPH method. The findings of the present study suggest that P. atlantica gall might be used as an accessible source of natural antioxidants and for the treatment of diseases resulting from oxidative stress.

The Atlas Pistachio, Pistacia atlantica Desf., from the family of Anacardiaceae is a widespread species in Morocco and widely present in traditional pharmacopoeia 1. This species is frequently infected by Forda riccobonii and Geoica swirskii that are foliar galls-inducing aphids.The aim of this study was to compare the chemical composition of essential oils (EO) of the infected and healthy leaves of Pistacia atlantica. The extraction of essential oils was performed by hydro-distillation using Clevenger, phytochemical screening was realized by revelations tests and chemical composition was identified by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS).Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of some biologically active chemical compounds such as tannins, flavonoids, sterols and triterpenes. The infected leaves were richer in tannins than healthy ones, especially in gallic tannins.Also, the results reaveled that the EO yield of leaves with galls was higher (0.71%) than that of healthy ones (0.11%); also, the first type of leaves was predominated by α-Pinene (19.76%) followed by Terpinen-4-ol, Spathulenol and Sabinene with percentages of 11.94%, 8.90% and 7.63%, respectively. Whereas, healthy leaves were predominated by α-Amorphene (15.05%) followed by Terpinen-4-ol, Spathulenol and α-Muurolene with percentages of 7.17%, 6.46% and 6.20%, respectively.So, we arrived to conclude that infected leaves have a higher level of monoterpenes hydrocarbon than healthy ones that contains interesting molecules useful in differentes domains, especially in the health field.

This study tests the diurnal variations of water status, leaf gas exchanges and chlorophyll fluorescence in Pistacia vera L. (P. vera L.) and Pistacia atlantica Desf. (P. atlantica Desf.) seedlings. At 40% of field capacity, diurnal variations in water uptake, relative water content (RWC) were estimated every hour between 5:00 am and 7:00 pm. The daily course of light, temperature, photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration rate (E), intrinsic water use efficiency (A/gs), mesophyll efficiency (A/Ci), internal CO2 concentration (Ci) and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured every 3 h from 05:30 am to 7:30 pm in irrigated and stressed seedlings of the two studied species. The results showed a significant variation in all surveyed parameters over diurnal cycle. The stressed seedlings of P. atlantica exhibited considerably higher RWC, water uptake, A, gs, E, A/gs and A/Ci over diurnal cycles compared to P. vera stressed seedlings. In contrast, P. vera was more sensitive to water stress and excess light and temperature over the diurnal cycle. The midday stomatal conductance and photosynthesis decrease was more likely the result of low RWC caused by high transpiration rates, stomatal closture and photoinhibition. Photoinhibition is a protective mechanism of PSII, rather than a result of photo-damage of photosynthetic apparatus. P. atlantica revealed an important physiological feature that is maintaining photosynthesis at midday compared to P. vera. This might be due to internal regulation through several mechanisms mainly better osmotic adjustment, photoprotective mechanisms of PSII.

Acute liver failure (ALF) is a clinical condition with an unclear history of pathophysiology, Punica granatum L peel and Pistacia atlantica leaves are differentiated by the presence of a wide range of flavonoids and phenolic as antioxidant compounds. The purpose of this study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of Punica granatum L. peel and Pistacia atlantica leaves either in their normal and/or in their nano forms against thioacetamide induced acute liver failure in a rodent model. Male Wistar rats (n=60) were divided into six equal groups, the first group employed as a control; The second group administered a dose of 350 mg /Kg/ b.w of thioacetamide (TAA)-ip, from the third to the sixth group received TAA + [2mls / 100 g b.w/d] of aqueous extracts of Punica granatum L and Pistacia atlantica either in their normal and/or Nano forms consecutively for (14 days) .In the TAA challenged group, there was a substantial increase in liver enzymes, lipid profiles, LPO ( p= 0.05), and NO, as well as a substantial drop in GSH and SOD, which was followed by an increase in inflammatory cytokine (IL6, TNF-, and AFP), as well as a considerable increase in HSP70 level and DNA degradation. However, ip nano treatment of both extracts resulted in considerable and subsequent improvement of most of the compromised indicators. In conclusion: The current findings demonstrated the great performance of both plant nano extracts, as well as their hepatoprotective effects and possible therapeutic usefulness in the treatment of TAA-induced acute liver failure in experimental animals.

Background: Pistacia atlantica subsp. kurdica is an endemic plant of Iran which belongs to Anacardiaceae family. This plant has been proposed as an efficacious remedy for gastrointestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, colitis, and peptic ulcer. Objective: In this study we decided to evaluate the efficacy and pharmacological mechanisms involved in anti-colitis effect of essential oil of Pistacia atlantica in Wistar rats. Method: Sixty Wistar rats were selected for this study and were categorized to 6 groups. Experimental colitis was induced with 3% acetic acid solution. Animals of treatment groups received different daily doses of the essential oil (25, 50, and 100 mg/Kg, orally) and.Sulphasalazine (as the standard drug), for 7 days. At the end of the study, the rats were sacrificed and the colon was removed and assessed for macroscopic and microscopic changes. Also, in order to identify the mechanisms involved in anti-colitis effect of this natural drug, the level of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 were evaluated. Results: The essential oil of Pistacia atlantica gum significantly reduced macroscopic and microscopic scores of colitis compared with control group (P

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted at the faculty of sciences of Gafsa to evaluate the effect of phosphorus treatment on two pistachio species. The seedlings of Pistacia vera and Pistacia atlantica were subjected to six levels of phosphoric acid (P2O5) (0, 5, 15, 30, 60 and 120 ppm). Stomatal conductance, net photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence (OJIP) and total chlorophyll content were measured after 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9 and 12 weeks of treatment. During the experiment, phosphorus application at 5 ppm increased photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, relative to the treatment 0 ppm only in P. atlantica. However, phosphorus supply at 60 and 120 ppm induced toxicity leading to an inhibition of CO2 photo-assimilation rate, an alteration of photosystem II (PSII) structure and function and reduction in leaf chlorophyll content in both species. The (OJIP) transient showed complex changes in O-J, J-I and I–P phases of fluorescence. Due to phosphorus toxicity, both donor and acceptor sides of PSII were damaged, electron transport perturbed and chlorophyll pigment reduced which resulted in the fall of CO2 photo-assimilation rate, followed by mortality in both species.

In this research, antioxidant activity of Pistacia atlantica var mutica (a wild type of pistachio in Iran) kernel oil (PAKO) and unsaponifiable matters of kernel oil (UKO) were compared with those of sesame seed oil (SSO) and rice bran oil (RBO) as well as with their unsaponifiable matters (USO and UBO) and α-tocopherol (natural antioxidant) was selected as control. Also, some chemical properties such as (FRAP, DPPH radical-scavenging, rancimat and oven assays (peroxide value and carbonyl value) were assessed. The amount of unsaponifiable matters of studied oils was between 1.4 and 3.5%. The highest total phenolics was observed in SSO (1024 mg/kg), followed by RBO, and PAKO was 174, and 75 mg/kg, respectively. In DPPH radical-scavenging assay, the EC50 values of PAKO, SSO, RBO, UKO, USO, UBO, and α-tocopherol were determined as 38.9, 50, 48.4, 14, 12.7, 15.9 and 61.4 mg/mL, respectively. In FRAP assay, the highest value was nominated for UKO (434 mmol/L); followed by USO, UBO, PAKO, SSO, RBO and α-tocopherol (404, 357, 364, 298, 210 and 58 mmol/L; respectively). Also, considering the results of oven test, the incorporation of UKO into pure sunflower oil resulted in the highest oxidative stability; followed by UBO, USO, PAKO, SSO, RBO and α-tocopherol. According to results of the rancimat test, the incorporation of unsaponifiable matters (UKO, USO, and UBO) resulted in the highest oil/oxidative stability index (OSI) in pure sunflower oil, followed by oils studied (PAKO, SSO, and RBO). According to results, UKO had the highest antioxidant activity, followed by USO, UBO, PAKO, SSO, RBO, and α-tocopherol.

Evaluation of genetic diversity is the basis of any breeding programs in all plants. The aim of this study was to evaluate and investigate the morphological, ecophysiological and photosynthetic diversity of some Pistacia species which can be used in breeding programs. A total of 42 genotypes belonging to Pistacia atlantica Desf., P. mutica Fischer & C. A. Meyer, Pistacia vera L., Pistacia terebinthus L. and P. khinjuk Stocks species were studied. The results showed that the P. terebinthus species is more efficient than other species in terms of leaf weight, chlorophyll a and b and total chlorophyll, as well as chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis efficiency index. Among the varieties of pistachio belonged to P. vera, ‘Siirt’ and ‘Uzun’ cultivars had the highest levels of chlorophyll a, b, and total, photosynthesis rate and transpiration. In addition, P. mutica species had the highest leaf phenol content and stomatal conduction. For most traits measured, the lowest value was observed in P. atlantica species. Moreover, the results showed that there was a positive and significant correlation between morphological and photosynthetic traits as well as morphological and ecophysiological ones so that, the leaf length had a positive and significant correlation with the quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) (r = 0.87), the efficiency index of photosynthesis (pi) (r = 0.76), total chlorophyll (r = 0.92), and carotenoid (r = 0.91). Cluster analysis divided the genotypes into three distinct groups. The first group consisted of P. vera species and its genotypes plus P. khinjuk species. The second group included the species of P. mutica and P. atlantica, and the third one just consisted of the species of P. terebinthus. In general, the results of this study showed that P. terebinthus specie, as well as ‘Akbari’ and ‘Siirt’ cultivars from P. vera can be used as parents in breeding programs to improve the rootstocks and cultivars resistant to environmental conditions.

There are few defence mechanisms by which the body identifies and recovers from any physical injuries or external damage-causing stress and stimuli. This is through inflammation wherein the pain and the healing enzymes release into the bloodstream and cause pain and swelling that causes protection from those damages. The most important of the causative factors of the inflammation is the oxidative damage and the physiological stress. There were investigations on the herbs that were used in the treatment of diseases and were claimed to contain very limited or without side effects. Thus, they gained importance these days and were used in the treatment of major diseases like cancer and heart problems. Even though their use was extended from the traditional forms to advanced medicine, their scientific establishment of the proof and validate them for their activities is utmost important. Thus there were gaining interest in the medical and research field to perform the researches on the herbs and medicinal plants to prove their activity. The plant leaves of Pistacia atlantica were extracted with ethanol and water mixture using an ultrasonication. It was tested for the anti-inflammatory potential in various doses like 100, 200, 400 and 600 mg.kg body weight in the swiss albino rats in the cotton pellet induced granuloma method and the extracts showed significant dose-dependent activity compared with the standard indomethacin drug.

In this study, a complete green synthesis method to reduced graphene oxide-Ag nanoparticles hybrid by applying extract of Pistacia atlantica leaves as both stabilizing and reducing agent was reported. P. atlantica leaves extract reduce graphene oxide and adsorbing on the graphene surface. Moreover, the surface adsorbed P. atlantica leaves extract can more in situ reduce Ag ions to Ag nanoparticles and stabilize them. The resultant nanocomposite, i.e. RGO-P. atlantica/Ag, is characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (WDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and inductively coupled plasma (ICP). In addition, antibacterial properties of RGO-P. atlantica/Ag nanocomposite were studied. Agar disk and agar well diffusion are the methods to determined antibacterial properties of synthesized nanocomposite. Also MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) and MBC (Minimum Bactericidal Concentration) were recognized by macro broth dilution assay.

The present article reports on a simple, economical, and green preparative strategy for synthesis silver nanoparticle with Pistacia atlantica leaf extract as a reductant, stabilizer, and capping agent. The green AgNPs were characterized by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrometer, energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer. The XRD pattern provided evidence for the formation of face-centered cubic structure with an average size of 17–18 nm. UV-Vis and FTIR were used to identify the biomolecules and capping reagents in the Pistacia atlantica leaf extract that may be responsible for the reduction of silver ions and the stability of the bioreduced nanoparticles. This work proved the capability of using biomaterial towards the synthesis of silver nanoparticle, by adopting the principles of green chemistry. In addition, the antibacterial activity of biologically synthesized nanoparticles was proved against gram-positive (Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Salmonella paratyphi B, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria.

Background: Pistacia is a genus of flowering plants from the Anacardiaceae family that grows in different parts of Iran. This genus has different pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-mutagenic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Objectives: In this study, we investigated the anti-melanogenic effect of different extracts and essential oil from unripe fruits of P. atlantica subsp. Kurdica on B16F10 cell line. Methods: The inhibitory effect was determined on the synthesis of melanin, cellular tyrosinase, mushroom tyrosinase activity, and oxidative stress by the colorimetric and fluorometric methods. Results: The data showed that all different concentrations of various P. atlantica subsp. Kurdica extracts had no cytotoxic effect on B16F10 cells compared to the control group. Kojic acid as positive control had significant decreasing effects on tyrosinase activity, melanin content, and ROS production (P < 0.001). Different concentrations of P. atlantica subsp. Kurdica extracts decreased all measured parameters, including cellular tyrosinase and melanin content, as well as ROS production. Also, the essential oil concentration had no significant effect in this study. The major essential oil components were α-pinene 60.1%, myrcene 8.0%, and β-pinene 5.2%. Conclusions: The melanogenesis inhibitory and antioxidant effects of P. atlantica subsp. Kurdica on B16F10 cells may suggest this plant as a new pharmaceutical agent in reducing skin pigment and aging in the cosmetic industry.

Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites that occur naturally in all plants. Seeds are among the richest organs of plants in phytochemicals, vitamins and minerals. These compounds and their biological activities are of great importance for human health. This study aimed to analyze the phenolic composition and their antioxidant activity in the seeds and epicarps of six Algerian populations of Pistacia atlantica Desf. subsp. atlantica growing along an aridity gradient from semi-arid to Saharan environmental conditions. Higher phenolic contents were observed in epicarp compared to seeds whatever the ecotype. The highest phenolic content of seeds and epicarps was observed in ecotype of Djelfa and the lowest values in Tiaret (T-Z). Phenolic composition, measured by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), showed that quercetin in epicarp, gallic and chlorogenic acids in seeds were the most present in all ecotypes. Large differences were observed between ecotypes for nutritional values. Seeds were rich in flavonoids, proteins, carbohydrates and essential elements such as potassium, calcium, phosphorus and iron. These results highlighted the potential importance of Atlas pistachio fruits as a source of essential compounds that contribute to human health. Moreover, this underused species may serve a potential source for antioxidant components for alimentation and cosmetics purposes.

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common chronic rheumatoid diseases, which affects the cartilage and tissue surrounding the joints. OA causes pain and disability among the old population in most of the developing and developed countries. This disease does not have a definitive treatment, and a conventional treatment only controls the symptoms and pain. Pistacia atlantica cream can inhibit many of the enzymes involved in the inflammation process of OA. Objectives: The current study aimed at evaluating the effect of the topical cream of P. atlantica oleoresin on pain relief in patients with knee OA. Methods: P. atlantica cream formulated in the current study was used to reduce the pain, inflammation, and problems of patients with knee OA; it also descended the serious side effects of conventional therapies. The present clinical trial was conducted on 84 patients with knee OA (grade 2 or 3) parallelly for three-month periods, and diclofenac gel was used as a control drug in the same dosage and period. The formulation was analyzed for standardization with the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry apparatus. The Western Ontario and McMaster universities OA index questionnaire was used to assess the treatment trends. Results: The improvement trend was observed in both groups, while patients who received P. atlantica cream had a significantly higher rate of symptoms improvement than those receiving diclofenac gel (P < 0.05). Conclusions: P. atlantica cream significantly reduced pain and stiffness of joints in patients while performing daily living activities. High analgesic effect of α-pinene and the anti-inflammatory effect of P. alantica were the main reasons for the high inflammatory effect of P. atlantica. Finally, the topical use of P. atlantica cream formulated in the current study, along with other common drugs, can be suggested.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Pistacia atlantica (wild pistachio) belongs to the Anacardiaceae family, and growing from the Mediterranean basin to central Asia, especially in Iran, Turkey, Iraq and Saudi Arabia where it is extensively used in traditional medicine for a wide range of ailments related to relieving upper abdominal discomfort and pain, dyspepsia and peptic ulcer. Objective Despite the diverse biological activities of P. atlantica, there is no current review summarizing medicinal properties of its subspecies, including cabulica, kurdica and mutica. Thus, this paper aims to explore the current understanding of the chemical, pharmacological, and biochemical properties of the extracts and the main active constituents found in each subspecies of this plant. Methods Peer-reviewed articles, using “Pistacia atlantica” as search term (″all fields″), were retrieved from Scifinder, Pubmed, Science direct, Wiley, Springer, ACS, Scielo, Web of Science and other web search instruments (Google Scholar, Yahoo search). Papers published until July 2020 are considered. In addition, various books were consulted that contained botanical and ethnopharmacological information. The information provided in this review is based on peer-reviewed papers in English and French. Results Phytochemical studies have shown the presence of numerous valuable compounds, including volatile compounds, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, fatty acids, tocopherols and phytosterols. P. atlantica contains also minerals and trace elements, like iron, lead, copper, potassium, sodium and calcium; fatty acids, like oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acid; fat-soluble vitamins, such as α, β, γ and δ tocopherols; phytosterols, like betasitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol and Δ5-avenasterol. Crude extracts and isolated compounds from P. atlantica show a wide range of pharmacological properties, such as antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antinociceptive, wound healing, anticancer, cytotoxic, anticholinesterase, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, urease inhibition, antihypertension, nipple fissure healing, antileishmanial and antiplasmodial activities. However, there are no reports summarizing the P. atlantica bioactivity, its therapeutic value, and the roles played by each of the numerous phytoconstituents. Conclusion Many traditional uses of P. atlantica and its subspecies have now been confirmed by pharmacologic research. Systematic phytochemical investigation of the P. atlantica subspecies and the pharmacological properties, especially the mechanisms of action and toxicology, to illustrate their ethnomedicinal use, to explore the therapeutic potential and support further health-care product development, will undoubtedly be the focus of further research. Therefore, detailed and extensive studies and clinical evaluation of P. atlantica subspecies should be carried out in future for the safety approval of therapeutic applications.

The current study investigated the effect of developmental stages on the chemical composition and the antioxidant activity of fifteen crude oil samples obtained from Pistacia atlantica Desf. leaves, galls, and fruits. Twelve fatty acids were detected by GC/FID, linolenic acid (C18 : 3) was the major fatty acid detected in leaves crude oils that registered [41.73 % (P

Antioxidant activity can be measured by a variety of methods, that include hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and single electron transfer (ET) methods. Most of these techniques are spectrophotometric, and thus incapable of quantifying or indicting individual antioxidant compounds. Nowadays, the integration of chromatographic and chemometric approaches allows a high-throughput identification and activity prediction of herbal products. The ethyl acetate fraction from the aqueous-acetone extract of Pistacia atlantica leaves is frequently used for the isolation of antioxidants. In this study it is investigated for its antioxidant properties in order to define a potential methodology for the determination of the antioxidant capacity of herbal extracts (which need to be confirmed by future studies). The seven free radical assays evaluated can be divided into two groups depending on the oxidizing reagent. Three methods use stable, non-biological radicals, i.e. the diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, the azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay, and the N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DMPD) assay, which have no direct physiological importance. Four methods work with biological radical producers, including superoxide anion (O2˙-), hydroxyl (˙OH), nitric oxide (NO˙) and peroxyl (ROO˙) are produced metabolically in living organisms, and thus direct information on an extract's protective action is obtained. Furthermore, the reducing power method by potassium ferricyanide (RPC), and the iron (ferrous) ion chelating activity also have been investigated. The antioxidant activities of the samples were measured according to the different methods and modelled as a function of the HPLC fingerprints using the partial least squares (PLS) technique. The regression coefficients of the models were studied to indicate the peaks potentially responsible for the antioxidant activity. From the combined results of the different PLS models, we recommend using the DPPH, RPC and ROO˙ assays, to evaluate the overall antioxidant capacity; in the case study of P. atlantica leaves.

In this research, we used Pistacia atlantica gum during cooling phase of oil-heat treatment of poplar wood (Populus deltoids) to improve its resistance to the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor and growth of the mold fungus Penicillium expansum. Thermal modification was carried out using rapeseed oil at 180 °C, 200 °C and 220 °C for 2 hours and 4 hours. The modified wood specimens were then directly cooled in the oil containing 0 %, 5 % and 10 % (w/w) of the gum at 25 °C for 30 minutes. The chemical constituents of the essential oil extracted with a Clevenger type apparatus were determined by chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The amounts of α-pinene, β-pinene and α-terpinolene of the essential oil were 60,2 %, 8,7 % and 3,9 %, respectively. The mold resistance was greatly improved, while the improvement against the decay fungus was only observed for the specimens modified at 180 °C. Our results confirmed that the enhanced fungal resistance was not only due to the presence of monoterpenes in the essential oil, but also to a further reduction in the hygroscopicity of the treated wood.

Objective Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with numerous complications, including gonadal dysfunction. There are specific traditional medicine remedies for DM, including medicinal herbs. Our study aimed to evaluate the role of Pistacia atlantica's extract in the protection against ovary damage by streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DM in rats. Methods We ran this experimental study on 40 adult female Wistar rats. We divided the animals into five groups, control (A); DM (STZ by 60 mg/kg- intraperitoneally) (B); DM + hexane extract of P. atlantica (200 mg/kg -orally) (C); P. atlantica extract (D) and DM + glibenclamide (200 mg/kg -orally) (F). The experiment continued for four weeks, and we administered the extract daily. After slaughtering the rats, we removed the ovaries. We assessed parameters, such as blood glucose and levels of oxidative stress markers as well as histological ovary structure. Results Blood glucose, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and the number of atretic follicles were elevated; catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels and the number of corpora lutea were significantly decreased in the untreated diabetic rats. These changes returned to normal or diminished with P. atlantica extract and glibenclamide in the treated rats. Conclusions The extract of P. atlantica has antihyperglycemic and antioxidative properties, and it decreased ovarian complications in experimental diabetes mellitus.