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Statement of problem The climate of tropical Southeast Asia includes high humidity and ultraviolet radiation that reduce the lifespan of silicone prostheses by inducing changes in their mechanical properties and color stability. Studies on the surface roughness (SR) and mechanical properties of different silicone elastomers (SEs) subjected to the natural tropical weather of Southeast Asia are lacking. Purpose The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the SR, tensile strength (TS), and percentage elongation (% E) of different SEs subjected to outdoor weathering in the Malaysian climate. Material and methods Type-II dumbbell-shaped specimens (N-120) (nonweathered=15, weathered=15) were made from 3 room-temperature vulcanized (A-2000, A-2006, and A-103) and 1 heat-temperature vulcanized (M-511) silicone (Factor II). For 6 months, weathered specimens were subjected to outdoor weathering inside a custom exposure rack. Simultaneously, the nonweathered specimens were kept in a dehumidifier. Subsequently, the SR was measured with a profilometer; TS and % E were measured by using a universal testing machine. Two-way ANOVA was used to compare the means of the tested properties of the nonweathered and weathered specimens, and pairwise comparison was carried out between the silicones (α=.05). Results After outdoor weathering, the SR, TS, and % E were adversely affected by weathering in the Malaysian environment. Among the silicone materials, A-2000 showed the least TS changes (2.51 MPa), while A-2006 demonstrated significant changes in percentage elongation after outdoor weathering (266.5%). M-511 exhibited the highest mean value (2.50 μm) for SR changes. In addition, A-103 SE showed statistically significant differences in most pairwise comparisons for all 3 dependent variables. Conclusions Based on the evaluation of mechanical properties, A-103 can be suggested as a suitable silicone for maxillofacial prostheses fabricated for tropical climates. However, A-2000 can be a suitable alternative, although significant changes to surface roughness were detected after outdoor weathering.

Metabolic syndrome has become one of the major health issues worldwide. Cider beverages have several functional properties for health, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic effects. In this study, we formulated cider beverages from bignay fruits (Antidesma bunius), identified their compounds, and evaluated their functional effects for metabolic syndrome protection. Ciders were produced from the aqueous extract of bignay fruit powder, fermented using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Acetobacter xylinum for 3, 7, and 14 days. Compound identification in bignay ciders was done using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Antioxidant activity was done by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay, while enzymatic inhibitory assays were tested against lipase, α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). GC/MS profiling showed that most bignay ciders contained major organic acids and amino acids. All ciders exerted high antioxidant activity (>60%). Bignay ciders fermented from A. xylinum demonstrated significant inhibition (>90%) against lipase and α-glucosidase activities. However, ciders had no functional effect on a-amylase and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition. These data suggest that bignay ciders may have potential as functional beverages with antioxidant, antiobesity, and antidiabetic effects for management of metabolic syndrome.

Turmeric rhizomes are commonly used in the culinary, pharmaceutical, herbal medicine, and beverage industries. On the contrary, turmeric leaves are underutilized. The aims of this study were to extract the essential oil from turmeric leaves, characterize the chemical composition of the oil, and determine its antifungal activities against aflatoxin-producing fungi. Steam distillation was used to extract the essential oil from turmeric leaves. The properties of the oil were identified using GC-MS. Antimicrobial activities against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus were determined. Spores of the fungi were inoculated into potato dextrose agar plates supplemented with various quantities of turmeric leaves essential oil and incubated at 30°C for 7 days. The oil's primary constituents were α-phelandrene(46.70 %), followed by α-terpinolene (17.39 %), 1,8-cineole (8.78 %), benzene (4.24 %), and 2-β pinene (3.64 %). At low (

Background: Chlorophyll is a green color pigment in plants, algae and photosynthetic bacteria. The chlorophyll contained in the leaves has a function as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial. This study aims to determine the ability of chlorophyll from several types of vegetables to inhibit Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and determine the differences in the diameter of the inhibition zone between them. Methods: This study was a laboratory experimental study using a completely randomized design (CRD) divided into 4 treatments, namely aquadest (P0), cassava leaf chlorophyll (P1), kale leaf chlorophyll (P2), and spinach leaf chlorophyll (P3). 6 repetitions each. Microbiological tests were carried out using the well diffusion method. Results: Anova test showed that the chlorophyll extracts of cassava, kale and spinach were very influential (P = 0.000) in inhibiting the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Duncan's further test showed that the largest average inhibition zone diameter for Escherichia coli was formed by cassava leaf chlorophyll (17.66 mm) and was significantly different from kale leaf chlorophyll (7 mm) and spinach leaves (6.16 mm). Similar to Staphylococcus aureus, the largest average inhibition zone diameter was also formed by cassava leaf chlorophyll, which was 18.16 mm and significantly different from kale leaf chlorophyll (6.75 mm) and spinach leaves (6.08 mm). Conclusion: The chlorophyll extract of cassava leaves, kale and spinach can inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with the largest inhibition zone diameter formed by the chlorophyll extract of cassava leaves.

Purpose The fracture resistance of dental post systems is influenced by the material of the post. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess if there is a difference in fracture resistance between prefabricated dental titanium posts and fiber posts. Methods An online electronic search was performed using the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for in vitro studies published from 2010 to 2020 in English. The retrieved eligible studies that compared the fracture resistance of titanium and fiber posts on human teeth were selected. The pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval was calculated. In addition, the trial sequential analysis (TSA) was performed to test if the available studies are sufficient to make conclusive evidence. Results Of the 1165 retrieved studies, 17 studies were included in the qualitative analysis, while 16 studies were included in the quantitative analysis. Because of the high heterogeneity among studies, data from 10 studies were pooled and submitted to TSA. A total of 852 teeth were evaluated for fracture of the posts in 27 independent comparison groups. The pooled effect of the residual studies revealed no significant difference between titanium and fiber posts (SMD = -0.12; 95% CI = -0.30, 0.06; P = 0.20). Results of the TSA revealed no conclusive evidence. Conclusions The results of the current evidence revealed no significant difference between fiber and titanium posts. The evidence is insufficient, and more standardized in vitro studies are required. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis), Indonesian local bean, has a high content of protein and great potential either for substituting or overcoming the shortage of imported soybean in tofu production. However, an appropriate coagulant in a proper amount is needed to make tofu with acceptable characteristics. This study set out to investigate the appropriate type and concentration of coagulant. The experiment was carried out by using GDL (glucono delta lactone) and nigari as coagulants with concentration levels of 0.25; 0.5; 0.75 and 1%. Some quality parameters such as yield, color, texture (hardness, cohesiveness, chewiness, springiness), and microscopic structure of tofu were observed. Consumer preference tests on aroma, color, taste, texture, and overall acceptability were directed to determine tofu with the best characteristics. The result showed nigari at concentration level 0.75% delivered the most preferred tofu for consumers.

Probiotic bacteria have been used widely as a functional food and health supplements. The functionality and safety of probiotics are the prerequisites given by WHO (World Health Organization) and FAO (Food Agricultural Organization) before utilizing probiotics. This study focuses on assessing probiotic properties and the safety of the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from dangke—traditional cheese of South Sulawesi. In the current study, the assessment of probiotic properties was carried by assessing its tolerance against low pH and bile salts. Safety assessments were divided into two assays viz., susceptibility testing and hemolytic activity. LAB from dangke demonstrated tolerance against low pH, bile salt and susceptibility against four types of antibiotics (ampicillin, cefotaxime, erythromycin, and tetracycline). Unfortunately, resistance towards gentamycin and an -hemolytic activity was observed. This bacterium met the functional criteria from probiotics but failed to meet the safety criteria for probiotic safety.

Diabetes is among the top ten deadly diseases in the world. It occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin (INS) or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Phloretin (PHL) has a biological effect that can treat diabetes. A spectroscopic study was carried out to explore the interaction between phloretin and insulin. UV/Vis spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and circular dichroism spectropolarimeter were used in the study. UV/Vis spectra showed that the interaction between PHL and INS produced strong absorption at a wavelength of 282 nm. The fluorescence analysis results showed that the excitation and emission occurred at 280-nm and 305-nm wavelengths, respectively. Temperature changes did not affect INS emissions. However, the interaction of PHL–INS caused a redshift at 305 to 317 nm. Temperature affected the binding constant (Ka) and the binding site (n). Ka decreased with increasing temperature and increased the binding site. The thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy (ΔH0) and entropy (ΔS0) each had a value of − 16,514 kJ/mol and 22.65 J/mol·K. PHL and INS interaction formed hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interaction. The free energy (ΔG0) recorded was negative. PHL and INS interactions took place spontaneously. The quenching effect was dynamic and static. KD values were greater than KS. The higher the temperature, the less was KD and KS. The appearance of two negative signals on circular dichroism (CD) spectropolarimeter implies that phloretin could induce regional configuration changes in insulin. The addition of PHL has revealed that the proportion of α-helix in the insulin stabilizes its structure. Phloretin’s stabilization and enhancement of the α-helix structural configuration in insulin indicate that phloretin can improve insulin resistance.

The study aimed to determine the oil content and identify fatty acid methyl esters such as stearate, palmitate, linolenate, linoleate, and oleate in seeds and nuts like candlenut, peanut, sesame, sunflower, and sacha inchi. Oil extraction was carried out using Soxtec 8000TM and n-hexane solvent. The samples were dried at 50℃. The extraction conditions optimized were temperature 135℃, n-hexane 50 mL, boiling time 40 min, and total extraction time 115 min. Identification of fatty acids was carried out using Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and Gas Chromatography-Flames Ionization Detector (GC-FID). The oil percentage detected in each sample was candlenut (59.95%), peanut (40.08%), sesame (57.06%), sunflower (43.97%), and sacha inchi (51.71). The ATR results show that the flour of nuts and seeds has a strong vibrational frequency of the O−H molecule. Linolenate was detected at a chemical shift of 0.975 ppm in NMR spectra and was found in sacha inchi and candlenut. The ATR, NMR, and GC-FID results showed that all samples contained unsaturated fatty acids. Candlenut, peanut, sesame, and sacha inchi were rich in linoleate (ω-6) as much as 25.68%, 20.15%, 26.38%, and 20.73%, respectively. Oleate was abundant in sesame (21.87%) and sunflower (16.78%). Linolenate was found only in sacha inchi (22.88%). The maximum percentage of stearate was found in sunflower (4.02%) followed by sesame (2.96%), candlenut (1.81%), sacha inchi (1.52%), and peanut (0.71%). This research provides useful information on fatty acid profiles beneficial for health, especially stearic acid, which can substitute trans fatty acids harmful to health.

Borax is a chemical substance that is prohibited from being used as a food additive because of its toxic nature. However, the use of borax is still widely found, one of which is meatballs the most. This study aims to identify the borax content in meatballs. Samples were taken from Ciroyom Market, Bandung City, Indonesia using total sampling and obtained as many as 10 samples of meatballs. The samples were analyzed qualitatively by observing physical conditions and testing using BaCl2 solution. Meanwhile, quantitative analysis was carried out using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 428 nm. The results of the analysis showed that all samples were indicated to contain borax. Even the quantitative test using UV-Vis spectrophotometer showed that the highest borax content was found in sample 10, which was 3.672,9 µg/ml.

Background and Aim: The availability of minerals in the soil affect the mineral content of mangrove leaves. This study aimed to determine the macro- and micromineral contents in the environment and mangrove leaves (Avicennia marina) as animal feed in the coastal areas of West Sumatra, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: In this study, soil, water, and mangrove leaves were extracted from the mangrove plant's environment. The mineral contents were determined using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer of Beijing Rayleigh Analytical Instrument Corporation (make and country of origin). The total phenol and tannin contents were determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu and hide-powder methods, respectively. Results: The mineral content of the soil affected the mineral content of the plants. The soil and leaves of A. marina in the Pariaman area were richer in terms of macro- and microminerals. The soil had pH value, organic carbon content, leaf nitrogen content, phosphorus, calcium, and potassium of 5.65, 4.21%, 3.39%, 0.17%, 1.99%, and 0.54%, respectively. A. marina leaves had a total phenol and tannin contents of 24.51 mg GAE/g check the unit and 4.09%, respectively. Conclusion: This research showed that the mineral content in the soil in several mangrove areas in West Sumatra has a positive correlation with the mineral content in the leaves of A. marina, which have a complete mineral content. Therefore, A. marina leaves could be recommended as a mineral source for ruminants.

Penelitian bertujuan untuk menentukan pengaruh penambahan kolagen tulang ikan patin (Pangasius sp.) terhadap mutu sabun mandi padat dan mendapatkan konsentrasi perlakuan terbaik dalam proses pembuatan sabun kolagen ikan patin (Pangasius sp). Perlakuan yang digunakan yaitu sabun mandi padat dengan kolagen 0%, 3%, 6% dan 9%. Penelitian yang sudah dilaksanakan memberikan hasil bahwa sabun tersebut layak untuk digunakan karena sesuai dalam SNI untuk sabun mandi padat. Hasil penelitian perlakuan terbaik terdapat pada perlakuan D dengan konsentrasi kolagen adalah 9% dengan kadar air 7,759% bahan tidak dapat larut dalam etanol 0,181% asam lemak bebas 0,027% dan pH 10,47.

Nowadays, the use of solar energy is incredibly important to be increased since solar energy is renewable energy and also does not cause pollution. To harness solar energy, a solar collector device is needed to convert solar energy into heat energy. This study aimed to analyze the heat transfer in the flat plate solar collector which is used as a source of thermal energy in the water heating process for bathing. A double-glazed solar collector was used to absorb solar thermal energy and then transferred it to a water pipe. The pipe material used copper which has a very high conductivity value with an outer diameter of 15.7 mm. The plate collector used aluminium plates because they have high thermal conductivity. The dimensions of the collector frame were 150 cm long, 80 cm wide and 80 cm high. The collector frame was made of wood and covered with an insulator from coconut fibre with a thickness of 8 cm, with a tilt angle of 15˚. Based on the experimental process, the collector temperature was taken by using a thermocouple in order to heat the water which the inlet temperature in a bucket was 28˚C and the outlet water temperature during the experiment was 40˚C.

Stanieria strain HS-48 from Ciater hot spring, Indonesia contains lipid content in the form of fatty acids that can be used as a raw material for biodiesel. Optimization of the growth medium was used to produce high contents of microalgal lipids. The growth medium in this study utilized NPK medium with the addition of variations in the concentration of mung bean sprout extract 2% and 4%. This study aimed to determine the best concentration of mung bean sprout extract in NPK medium for the highest biomass and lipid production of Stanieria HS-48. The experiments were conducted in airlift photobioreactors (APBR) for 19 days. The highest total cell density of Stanieria HS-48 in NPK medium with the addition of variations in the concentration of mung bean sprout extract 2% and 4% were 6.165 x 106 and 4.702 x 106 cell/ml. The lipid content of the biomass from Stanieria HS-48 on NPK medium with the addition of mung bean sprout extract 2% and 4% were 62.9% and 44.8%. The study showed that the NPK medium with the addition of the concentration of mung bean sprout extract 2% was a good growth medium for increasing biomass and lipid of Stanieria HS-48.

Emulsion products that are rich in pro-vitamin A, vitamin E and antioxidants have been successfully formulated from red palm oil (FO-MSM), pumpkin (SLK), and dragon fruit (SBN). This study was aimed to determine the concentrations of β-carotene and αtocopherol in the prototype products of FO-MSM, SLK, and SBN by reverse phase chromatography and to determine the optimal deodorization time for FO-MSM on βcarotene and α-tocopherol levels. Optimal conditions for analysis of samples was with the mobile phase methyl dichloride: methanol: acetonitrile (2: 1: 3). The injection volume was 10 μL for β-carotene and 20 μL for α-tocopherol. Isocratic elution was carried out at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min at room temperature (25±2°C). The mobile phase was first eliminated for 45 mins. The β-carotene and α-tocopherol peaks were identified by matching the peak retention times (Rt) of β-carotene and α-tocopherol in the sample with the standard Rt of β-carotene and α-tocopherol. The reverse-phase chromatography successfully determined β-carotene and α-tocopherol in prototype products of FO-MSM, SLK, and SBN. The developed emulsion prototype had 2044.5±196.1 ppm of β-carotene and 38.8±0.4 ppm of α-tocopherol. The content of β-carotene in the developed emulsion prototype was more than tenfold increase from the original prototype without sacrificing the product's taste. β-carotene showed no significant difference in reducing the deodorization time from 5 hrs to 1 hr, while the 2.5-fold increase of the α-tocopherol content was observed. Therefore, the optimal deodorization time for FO-MSM was determined based on the value of α-tocopherol and not by β-carotene. RP-18 was successfully used to determine β-carotene and α-tocopherol in FO-MSM, SLK, and SBN emulsion prototype products

Peat waters were abundant in the West Tanjung Jabung Regency of Jambi Province. Peat water contains manganese metal ion concentration that exceeds the clean water quality standard. Previous studies have been conducted to reduce levels of manganese in peat water, but the results have not been significant. This study aims to reduce levels of Manganese metal in peat water using the composition of Bentonite and Biochar. The adsorption process was carried out at room temperature (29 °C) with a stirring of 200 rpm. Some parameters measured were optimum pH of adsorption, optimum contact time and the best combination between Bentonite and Biochar. Manganese ion concentration in solution was measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The results of this study indicate that the optimum conditions for removing manganese ion at pH 5 and contact time 40 minutes. Tests on artificial solutions using 0.2 grams of biochar showed Mn ion removal of 42.91% (C0 = 100 mg/L, Ce = 57.09 mg/L, V = 100 mL). The best combination obtained in Bentonite: Biochar (1:2) with a mass of 0.080 gr and 0.170 gr, respectively, which able to remove 91.29% manganese ions in peat water.

The sol gel process is one of the processes used in the manufacture of thin films on membranes because it can control the pore size in the resulting silica matrix. In addition, another way to build membrane size can be done by adding catalysts and precursors to be used. In this study, using a combination of tetraethyl ortho silicate (TEOS) and triethoxy vinyl silane (TEVS) precursors and citric acid as a catalyst to produce a silica matrix with mesoporous size so that it is suitable for application in the desalination process. The organo silica membrane was calcined at 350 ° C for 1 hour using the RTP calcination technique under vacuum, thus preventing the decomposition of carbon in the silica matrix. The membrane was dipcoated 4 times to obtain 4 layers. The FTIR (Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy) test was carried out to see the functional groups on xerogel, namely silanol, siloxane and carbon. In addition, the performance of this membrane is carried out by desalination through pervaporation using 0.3% NaCl feed water with variations in feed air temperature, namely 25 ℃, 40 ℃ and 60 ℃. The resulting flux of air value increased with increasing feed water temperature, namely 6.1; 11.2; and 12.1 kg.m-2h-1 while the resulting salt rejection was 99.72; 99.64 and 99.23%. So that the organo silica membrane is suitable when applied to the desalination process through pervaporation.

Lysozymes play an important role in the first line of defense in fish and potentially used as an immunity status biomarker and immune responses evaluation in fish, which often found in two types, i.e. chicken-type and goose-type (c- and g-type, respectively). To recent, the information related to the sequences and the expression analysis of the c- and g-type lysozyme genes in African catfish is still limited. In the present study, we report a partial cloning and mRNA expression analysis of c-type and g-type lysozymes in African catfish Clarias gariepinus. We have successfully cloned and partially identify the c-type, and g-type lysozyme genes of C. gariepinus, which consist of 594 and 560 of coding sequences, respectively. Catalytic and other conserved residues were identified by multiple sequences alignment and they showed high similarity with other teleost fish species. mRNA levels of the genes were analyzed by using qPCR method and their expressions in the spleen, liver, and head kidney were rapidly modulated after Aeromonas hydrophila injection, with different patterns were observed in each organ. These results confirmed that c- and g-type lysozymes played an important role in non-specific immunity against A. hydrophila infection. This study provided valuable information that can be used to understand the African catfish immune systems for better disease and stress management in C. gariepinus culture.Keywords: lysozymes, gene identification, gene expression, bacterial infection, African catfish ABSTRAKLisozim berperan dalam sistem pertahanan dini pada ikan dan sangat potensial digunakan sebagai marka status imunitas dalam evaluasi respons imun. Lisozim umum ditemukan dalam dua tipe pada ikan: tipe-ayam (tipe-c) dan tipe-angsa (tipe-g). Informasi terkait sekuens gen dan ekspresi gen kedua tipe lisozim pada ikan lele dumbo sangat terbatas. Pada penelitian ini, kami melaporkan kloning gen secara parsial, dan analisis ekspresi gen dari kedua tipe lisozim pada ikan lele dumbo C. gariepinus. Sekuens parsial gen lisozim tipe-c dan tipe-g yang berhasil diidentifikasi adalah sepanjang 594 dan 560 pasang basa. Situs katalitik dan residu khas memiliki tingkat kesamaan yang tinggi dengan spesies ikan yang lain. Analisis mRNA dilakukan dengan metode quantitative PCR (qPCR). Ekspresi kedua gen di jaringan ginjal depan, limpa, dan hati dengan cepat terinduksi pasca infeksi bakteri A. hydrophila dengan pola yang berbeda. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa lisozim tipe-c dan tipe-g memiliki peran yang sangat penting dalam sistem imun ikan lele dumbo terhadap infeksi A. hydrophila. Penelitian ini menghasilkan informasi penting yang dapat digunakan untuk mempelajari sistem imun ikan lele dumbo dan sebagai acuan dalam penanganan dan manajemen penyakit pada budidaya ikan lele dumbo.Kata kunci: lisozim, identifikasi gen, ekspresi gen, infeksi bakteri, ikan lele dumbo

Background and Objective: Bacterial Cellulose (BC) is an exopolysaccharide produced by bacteria with unique structural and mechanical properties and is highly pure compared to plant cellulose. This study aimed to produce novel bacterial cellulose using sago liquid waste substrate and evaluate its characteristics as a potential bioplastic.Materials and Methods: Production of BC by static batch fermentation was studied in sago liquid waste substrate usingAcetobacter xylinumLKN6. The BC structure was analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Mechanical properties were measured include tensile strength, elongation at break, elasticity (Young's modulus) and Water Holding Capacity (WHC). Results: The BC yield from sago liquid waste as a nutrients source was achieved 12.37 g L1 and the highest BC yield 14.52 g L1 in sago liquid waste medium with a sugar concentration of 10% (w/v) after 14 days fermentation period. The existence of bacterial cellulose is proven by FT-IR spectroscopy analysis based on the appearance of absorbance peaks, which are C-C bonding, C-O bonding, C-OH bonding and C-O-C bonding and represents the fingerprints of pure cellulose. The mechanical properties of BC from sago liquid waste were showed a tensile strength of 44.2-87.3 MPa, elongation at break of 4.8-5.8%, Young's Modulus of 0.86-1.64 GPa and water holding capacity of 85.9-98.6 g g1. Conclusion: The results suggest that sago liquid waste has great potential to use as a nutrient source in the production of bacterial cellulose and BC's prospect as the bioplastic.

Silica material has limited hydrostability when it is produced as a thin film. In order to mitigate this restriction a modification strategy is needed. This article provides details of mesoporous hybrid organo-silica thin films that were successfully fabricated from a combination of a dual silicate precursor of tetraethyl orthosilicate/triethoxy vinyl silane, using organic catalysts. The research investigated the effect of calcination temperatures (350°C and 600°C) on the materials, and compared the application of single (citric acid) and dual catalysts (citric acid and ammonia) during fabrication of the thin film.

This paper reports the synthesis of hydroxyapatite from Geloina coaxans shell and sodium dihydrogen phosphate as precursors by facile and simple method. Firstly, Geloina coaxans shell calcined at 1000 oC for 12 hours to produce lime or CaO. The chemical composition of Geloina coaxans shell calcined was analyzed using the XRF technique, and the result shows that the main component of Geloina coaxans shell calcined was calcium. Synthesis of hydroxyapatite has been done with stirring and aging time parameters and molar ratio of precursors was 1.67. The XRD patterns showed a specific peak of hydroxyapatite that appeared at 2θ=31.8 o and based on the XRD results on the aging time indicated that the rate of growth of HAp crystals was better and faster at aging for 12 hours. The crystal size of HAp obtained was 37 nm. The FTIR spectra of hydroxyapatite showed characteristics of hydroxyl and phosphate bands in sample spectra. The morphology of hydroxyapatite synthesized also was examined by SEM and the results showed spherical morphology.

Thailand has committed to reducing population sodium intake by 30% by 2025. However, reliable nationally representative data are unavailable for monitoring progress toward the goal. We estimated dietary sodium consumption using 24‐hour urinary analyses in a nationally representative, cross‐sectional population‐based survey. We selected 2388 adults (aged ≥ 18 years) from the North, South, North‐east, Central Regions, and Bangkok, using multi‐stage cluster sampling. Mean sodium excretion was inflated by 10% to adjust for non‐urinary sources. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to assess factors associated with sodium consumption ≥ 2000 mg. Among 1599 (67%) who completed urine collection, mean age was 43 years, 53% were female, and 30% had hypertension. Mean dietary sodium intake (mg/day) was 3636 (±1722), highest in South (4108 ± 1677), and lowest in North‐east (3316 ± 1608). Higher sodium consumption was independently associated with younger age (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) 2.81; 95% Confidence interval (CI): 1.53‐5.17; p = .001); higher education (AOR 1.79; 95% CI: 1.19‐2.67; p = .005), BMI ≥ 25 (AOR 1.55; 95% CI: 1.09‐2.21; p=.016), and hypertension (AOR 1.58; 95% CI: 1.02‐2.44; p = .038). Urine potassium excretion was 1221 mg/day with little variation across Regions. Estimated dietary sodium consumption in Thai adults is nearly twice as high as recommended levels. These data provide a benchmark for future monitoring.

Background: Pectin is a natural polysaccharide that has been used widely as a stabilizer in food emulsion system. Objective: This study aimed to optimize the yield of pectin extracted from sweet potato residue and investigate its emulsifying properties. Methods: Response surface methodology (RSM) has been utilized to investigate the pectin extracted from sweet potato peels using citric acid as the extracting solvent. Investigation of the effect of different extraction conditions namely temperature (°C), time (min) and solution pH on pectin yield (%) were conducted. A Box-Benhken design with three levels of variation was used to optimize the extraction conditions. Results: The optimal conditions determined were at temperature 76°C, time 64 min and pH 1.2 with 65.2% yield of pectin. The degree of esterification (DE) of the sweet potato pectin was determined using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. The pectin is a high-methoxyl pectin with DE of 58.5%. Emulsifying properties of sweet potato pectin was investigated by measuring the zeta-potential, particle size and creaming index with addition of 0.4 and 1.0 wt % pectin to the emulsion. Conclusion: Extraction using citric acid could improve the pectin yield. Improved emulsion stability was observed with the addition of the sweet potato pectin.

The prevalence of diabetic metabolic derangement (DMetD) has increased dramatically over the last decades. Although there is increasing evidence that DMetD is associated with cardiac dysfunction, the early DMetD-induced myocardial alterations remain incompletely understood. Here, we studied early DMetD-related cardiac changes in a clinically relevant large animal model. DMetD was established in adult male Göttingen miniswine by streptozotocin injections and a high-fat, high-sugar diet, while control animals remained on normal pig chow. Five months later left ventricular (LV) function was assessed by echocardiography and hemodynamic measurements, followed by comprehensive biochemical, molecular and histological analyses. Robust DMetD developed, evidenced by hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. DMetD resulted in altered LV nitroso-redox balance, increased superoxide production—principally due to endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) uncoupling—reduced nitric oxide (NO) production, alterations in myocardial gene-expression—particularly genes related to glucose and fatty acid metabolism—and mitochondrial dysfunction. These abnormalities were accompanied by increased passive force of isolated cardiomyocytes, and impaired LV diastolic function, evidenced by reduced LV peak untwist velocity and increased E/e′. However, LV weight, volume, collagen content, and cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area were unchanged at this stage of DMetD. In conclusion, DMetD, in a clinically relevant large-animal model results in myocardial oxidative stress, eNOS uncoupling and reduced NO production, together with an altered metabolic gene expression profile and mitochondrial dysfunction. These molecular alterations are associated with stiffening of the cardiomyocytes and early diastolic dysfunction before any structural cardiac remodeling occurs. Therapies should be directed to ameliorate these early DMetD-induced myocardial changes to prevent the development of overt cardiac failure.

Background:Galangal Leaves (Alpinia Galanga) is a plant that grows in Indonesia. This plant is used as a cleaning wound after childbirth, bathing water for rheumatism sufferers, and as stimulation. Objective: To find out about the results of Pharmacognostic Tests and Identification of Compounds at Several Levels of The Ethanol Extract Fractions of Galangal Leaves (Alpinia Galanga) Method: extraction process using maceration method with 70% ethanol solvent was carried out for 3 x 24 hours, evaporated with rotary vacuum evaporator until thick extract was then fractionated with different solvents and detected by secondary metabolites using color test and KLT method Results: Macroscopic tests included a slippery green color with a length of 40cm, width 8cm, flat edge, pointed tip, blunt leaf base, and crossing. Microscopic test is the presence of epidermis, parenchyma, and stomata. Results Physico-chemical parameters of drying shrinkage were 0.23%, extracts of solvents with certain solvents were water-soluble and ethanol-soluble were 0.405% and 0.395%. Phytochemical screening results of the compounds obtained in the n-hrxane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and methanol fraction are steroids, tannins, phenolics, terpanoids, alkaloids, saponins, and flavanoids. KLT results for the n-hexane fraction with a mobile phase of methanol: ammonium (5: 0.25) with a spray of red brick (alkaloid). Conclusion: pharmacognostic testing meets the requirements and extracts of Galangal Leaves (Alpinia Galanga)

World Health Organization has estimated that the main cause of death in degenerative diseases is coronary heart disease (CHD). Coronary heart disease can be caused by narrowing of the blood vessels due to high levels of fat in the blood. This is due to excessive intake of fat and carbohydrates, and not doing physical activity or the body is not moving. This study aims to determine the blood lipid profile of outpatients with coronary heart disease. This descriptive-analytic study was used as a case-control study design, with a sample of 64 outpatients. The study was conducted at the Meuraxa Hospital Banda Aceh in March 2019. Intake data were collected using the SQ-FFQ method and physical activity data using the PAL method, while HDL, LDL, and triglyceride data were obtained through secondary data from hospital medical records. The statistical test was used by the Chi-Square test. The results showed that there was an effect of fat intake on blood lipid profiles in coronary heart disease patients (p= 0,006 with OR= 4,80), and the effect of carbohydrate intake (p= 0,032 and OR= 2,96), on the contrary, physical activity (p= 0,130) with a lipid profile showed no association. In conclusion, the intake of fat and carbohydrates has an effect on blood lipid profiles, but physical activity does not affect the blood lipid profiles of patients with coronary heart disease. Suggestions, it is necessary to maintain a balance of consumption of foods that are high in fat, and it is necessary to do consultations regarding low-fat diets

This research was conducted to investigate the linear expansion and resistance properties of a composite board (com-ply). This board was made of medium-density fiberboard (MDF) laminated using avocado (Persea americana), mahogany (Swietenia mahogani), and pine (Pinus merkusii) veneers. These three types of veneers were laminated on both surfaces of the MDF using adhesives, namely, epoxy and isocyanate. Glue (250 g･m-2) was spread on the surface, followed by cold press for 3 h with an applied pressure of 15 kg･cm-2. The research result revealed that com-ply exhibited an increased dimensional stability compared with MDF, indicated by reduction in water absorption, thickness swelling, and linear expansion. The com-ply made of the pine veneer and isocyanate adhesive exhibited high density, water absorption, thickness swelling, and screw withdrawal load. The com-ply that exhibited the strongest resistance to drywood termite attacks was the one made of the mahogany veneer and isocyanate adhesive. Moreover, the com-ply that exhibited the biggest weight loss (3.6 %) was made of the pine veneer and epoxy adhesive. The results of this research may facilitate in manufacturing com-ply using the selected veneer and adhesive without the application of hot press.

Lactobacillus plantarum Dad-13 is a potential probiotic candidate, and microencapsulation is the method for extending its shelf-life. Furthermore, spray or freeze -drying is a common method for microencapsulation, and its effect on the stability of probiotic is strain-dependent. This research was aimed to evaluate the strain-dependent effect of probiotic microencapsulation and to choose a suitable method for further research. In this research, for strain-dependent analysis, L. plantarum strain Mut-7 was used as a comparison. Probiotics were encapsulated with 10% (w/v) skim milk and 1 % (w/v) sucrose as wall material by spray and freeze-drying method. The obtained probiotics powder was then analyzed for physicochemical, sublethal injury and stability during storage. Freeze-dried L. plantarum Dad-13 was than analyze the antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria. The results showed that aw, color and particle diameter were significantly different between the spray and freeze-dried probiotics. Hence, the microstructure of spray-dried microcapsule was spherical and wrinkle, while the freezedried microcapsule was porous. However, the viable cell of freeze-dried probiotic was significantly higher and more stable during eight weeks of storages. From both strains, we found that there was no strain-dependent effect on viable cells after the drying method. Thus, we deduced that freeze-drying was the suitable method for microencapsulation L. plantarum strain Dad-13, considering the freeze-dried L. plantarum Dad-13 still had antibacterial activity.

Research on molecular dynamics analysis of the influence of body temperature on HSA fluid volume balance using the Lennard-Jones potential model with temperature variations of 35 ℃ , 37 ℃ , and 40 ℃ in the form of cubic systems in GROMACS applications. The results show that the denaturation of HSA that is affected by body temperature causes changes in osmotic pressure in the body with changes in the balance of HSA fluid volume. At temperatures of 35 ℃ denaturation s occurs Thr566 to Gln580 with a distance of 20.9 A, Lys444 to Met446 with a distance of 5.76 A, Asn61 to Cys62 with a distance of 3.9 A, Glu570 to Ser579 with a distance of 18.09 A, and Gly431 to Cys438 with a distance of 11.43 A. At a temperature of 37 ℃ denaturation s occurs Ile513 to Cys514 has a distance of 3.75 A, Pro303 to Glu311 has a distance of 12.78 A, Asn267 to Ser270 has a distance of 4.65 A, Leu275 to Cys279 has a distance of 7 A At a temperature of 40 ℃ denaturation s occurs Ser304 to Glu311 with a distance of 11.38 A, Asn267 to Ile271 with a distance of 7.75 A, Asn61 to Cys62 with a distance of 3.9 A, and Ala511 to Cys514 with a distance of 4.86 A. RMSD results shows that stable structural changes occur in HSA with values of 2.6–9.0 nm. And the Lennard-Jones average energy yield shows that the interaction behavior between HSA atoms is dynamic. At a temperature of 35 ℃ of 7.97E + 05 kJ/mol, a temperature of 37 ℃ of 6.78 kJ/mol, and a temperature of 40 ℃ of 7.89E + 05 kJ/mol.

Objective: Several studies suggest that 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), an effective irrigation solution against Candida albicans biofilm, is toxic to host cells,thus an effective and safe alternative irrigation solution is needed. Java turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) containing xanthorrhizol (XNT) hasbeen reported to have an antifungal effect, yet no studies to date have reported the optimum dose of XNT in inhibiting C. albicans biofilm, so the aimof this study was to determine the optimum dose of XNT against C. albicans biofilm.Methods: C. albicans American Type and Culture Collection (ATCC) 10231 biofilm was exposed to XNT for 15 min. Then, the antifungal effect wastested using 3-[4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenytetrazolium bromide reduction assay and total plate count (TPC).Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the percentage of biofilm eradication and TPC results following exposure ofC. albicans ATCC 10231 biofilm to 1% XNT, 1.25% XNT, and 2% CHX.Conclusion: Our results suggest that 1% XNT and 1.25% XNT have an antifungal effect against C. albicans ATCC 10231 biofilm equivalent to that of2% CHX.

The Research about the design of high temperature helium gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) terraces with thorium fuel recycled using the SRAC program has been completed. This research includes the percentage of fuel enrichment, reactor core size, reactor core configuration, criticality, and the distribution of the power density. The calculation of reactor core is done in two dimensions \sfrac{1}{6} hexagonal terrace section with a triangular mesh. The fuel is used, i.e. thorium with a burn-up of 20 GWd/t and 30 GWd/t, and helium gas as a cooler. The results obtained in this study show that the ideal HTGR reactor core design with reactor core size and configuration are (x) 22 cm at point (y) = 2035,05 cm and at (y) 11 cm at point (x) = 2035,05 cm, then enrichment in fuel 8%. The result of maximum power density is 550.3685 Watt/cm3 where the position at (x) = 22 cm and axis (y) = 11 with the effective multiplication factor value keff of 1,0000002.

This study about burn up calculations on the HCLWR reactor with two dimensional hexagonal geometric models of uranium using SRAC COREBN has been carried. This study used uranium-235 and uranium-238 as the fuels, light water as coolant and moderator. The calculation was done with computational simulation of COREBN. The calculation aims to produce a conversion ratio more than 1 and a critical multiplication factor (keff). The research used fuels enrichment, burn up period, burn up step, linier power and volume fraction parameters. The percentage of enrichment from U1 and U3 were 3% and U2 was 2,5%. The volume fraction of each material was 52% fuels, 12% cladding, and 36% coolant, the reactor operating period for 548 days with 6 step of burn up then the reactorpower is 2400 MW and the linear poweris 1,792722 MW/cm. The calculation of conversion ratio was 1,01233 and keff was 0,901.

Crop cabbage worm (Crocidolomia pavonana) is one of the pests that has a bad effect on the cabbage production in Indonesia. One of the efforts that has been applied to control this pest is by using bayrusil. However, the bayrusil can cause negative effects such as poisoning and environmentally polluting effects. To prevent the undesired effects, it has been developed the use of environmentally friendly insecticide and one of them is the use of insecticidal peptide. Tripsin-modulating oostatic factor (TMOF) and ist analogues is one of the peptides that has an insecticidal activity. The aim of this research is to synthesise a linear tetrapeptide (DPAP) an analogues of TMOF and to test insecticidal activities against crop cabbage worm. A DPAP has been synthesised by Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis on 2-chlorotrytil chloride resin. Fmoc strategy was applied on the synthesis and a combination DIC/Oxime was employed in the coupling reaction.The tetrapeptidyl resin was cleaved by TFA:water:EDT (90:5:5). The peptide was purified by reverse-phase column chromatography and characterized by TOF ES-MS spectroscopy. A linear peptide was biologically tested towards the C. pavonana, showing percentage of mortality values at 1000 ppm.

Ceftriaxone is a third generation of cephalosporin antibiotics that commonly used in patients with ulcers. Ceftriaxone residues in the environment are degraded using Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles. Degradation of ceftriaxone using TiO 2 nanoparticles was influenced by environmental conditions, such as light sources, pH of the solution, the mass of TiO 2 nanoparticles, and the length of radiation. The remained ceftriaxone was analyzed by using a spectrophotometer UV-visible. The toxicity of the solution after the degradation process was tested on Escherichia coli and the type of products resulted was analyzed using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry (LC-MS). The optimum conditions in degrading 50 mL 250 ppm ceftriaxone was radiation under a mercury UV lamp (white), pH 8, and 100 mg of TiO 2 nanoparticles for 9 hours. The degradation degree of ceftriaxone obtained was 96.52%, producing simpler compounds that not toxic to E. Coli .

Recently, the architectural and physical properties of the fungus comb from subterranean termite Macrotermes gilvus Hagen (Isoptera: Termitidae) mounds had been studied and it is important to determine its chemical profile as well as to evaluate its anti-staining-fungi activity. The results showed that fungus comb of M. gilvus has a high crude ash (30.57%), fiber (25.46%), starch (7.76%), protein (5.80%, 5.53% amino acid), acid-insoluble ash (3.45%), and fat (0.73%). It also contained phenol hydroquinone, steroids, terpenoids, and saponin compounds. Seventeen amino acids were identified via high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, of which arginine, leucine, glutamate, and aspartic acid were the majority. According to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, the n-hexane extract consists of several types of fatty acid derivatives. Meanwhile, the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extracts were primarily phenol groups with 1,2,3-propanetriol (glycerol) at the highest relative concentration. Four fungus-comb extracts (n-hexane, EtOAc, MeOH, and water) inhibited the Aspergillus foetidus fungus, with inhibition rates ranging from 24.17% to 100% and EtOAc extract as the most active extract. It appears that EtOAc extracts from the M. gilvus fungus comb can be considered an active ingredient source of novel organic fungicide in preventing wood-staining fungi attacks on susceptible wood.

Bacterial cellulose (BC) based on sago liquid waste has been developed to be used as food packaging. This study investigated the physicochemical and mechanical properties of modified BC film and its application as food packaging. The modified BC film performed carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a stabilizer and glycerol as a plasticizer. Films were prepared by casting technique using BC as the primary material and composites with various concentrations of CMC and glycerol (0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%, v/v). BC film was applied as the packaging of meat sausage, and the quality of meat sausage was measured based on weight loss, moisture content, pH, protein content, and total microbial count. The addition of CMC and glycerol influences the physical and mechanical properties of BC composites film. The best mechanical properties of edible BC film were collected by adding 1% CMC and 1% glycerol with a tensile strength of 17.47 MPa, elongation at a break of 25.60%, and Young’s modulus of 6.54 GPa. FTIR analysis showed the characteristic bands of BC, and the addition of CMC and glycerol slightly changed the FTIR spectrum of the composites. The utilization of modified BC-based sago liquid waste film as the packaging of meat sausage could maintain sausage quality during 6 days of storage at room temperature. Therefore, edible BC film has the potential to be used as food packaging.

Background: The difference in degradation time on the formation of carotene’s derivative aromatic compounds [β-ionone and dihydroactinidiolide (dhA)] due to thermal degradation process of carotenes in crude carotenoid extract of carrot was studied. Methods: β-ionone and dhA formation and that of carotenes degradation during thermal degradation (T=140°C) was observed periodically for 4 h. The constant oxygen supply during degradation was maintained at approx. 7 L/h. Result: The formation of β-ionone and dhA accumulated significantly with increasing duration of the degradation process. The maximum formation of β-ionone and dhA could be estimated with the pattern of carotenes degradation. After 4 h of degradation, more than 80% carotene has degraded. It can be concluded that the degradation process of crude carotene extract from carrots at temperature of 140°C will result in a maximum carotene degradation process when the degradation process is carried out for 5 h.

Inflammatory markers such as cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and prostaglandin (PEG) are widely known as major targets in discovering natural anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of inflammationrelated diseases. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen and aspirin are mostly used at present, however, some NSAIDS have been reported to cause gastrointestinal side effect due to ligand-protein interaction. Molecular docking is a promising tool to study such modes of interaction. In this study, we evaluated the potential use of anthocyanin and ternatin flavonoids as natural anti-inflammatory agents for treatment of inflammatory-related diseases using in silico molecular docking assay. Automated docking study using Protein-Ligand ANT System (PLANTS) and AutoDock Vina was performed with various ligand molecules, including ibuprofen, anthocyanin, and ternatin against the protein crystal structures of COX-1, COX-2, iNOS, and MPO. The in silico data demonstrated that ibuprofen bound effectively to the active site of COX-1 and MPO with minimum binding energy, yet the compound required more energy to bind the active site of COX-2. Ternatin flavonoid was bound to COX-2 and iNOS with minimum binding energy. In terms of binding energy, anthocyanin flavonoid was found to be effective for inhibiting COX-1, COX-2, and iNOS. These results suggested that anthocyanin and ternatin flavonoids may potentially be developed as anti-inflammatory drug candidate for the treatment of inflammatory-related diseases.

Growth-promoting rhizobacteria are non-pathogenic bacteria that can induce plant defense through induction of systemic resistance which can then activate defense enzymes such as Polyphenol Oxidase (PPO), Peroxidase (PO) and Penil Alanine Amoliase (PAL). This study aims to determine the activity of the PPO, PO and PAL defense enzymes with selected PGPR isolates. This research was carried out at the Microbiology and Greenhouse Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Andalas University, Padang, and then tested at the PAU IPB Laboratory, West Java Indonesia in March-July 2020. The results showed that tomato leaves that had been treated with PGPR showed that PGPR had the potential to increase the PO enzyme 0.072 µg · mL – 1, PPO 0.0009 µg · mL – 1 and PAL 14.15 µg · mL – 1. EAB 2.1 isolate is best isolate can increase PPO, PO and PAL.