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Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T08:36:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2022-01-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Techniques to increase grain production such as nitrogen fertilization and plant growth regulators are essential to enable and enhance rice yield. Therefore, our goal was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertilization and application of trinexapac-ethyl on vegetative and reproductive traits of upland rice. Experiments were established in Registro, Brasil during the 2011 and 2014 growing seasons and treatments tested consisted of N rates (0; 50; 100; 150; and 200 kg N ha−1) and timings of TE application: V4, V7, R1 and control (without TE). Upland rice grain yield at N rates greater than 117 kg ha−1 applied as topdress combined with TE application at V7 will start to decrease grain yield. In addition, application of TE at V7 combined with N rates equal to or close to 117 kg ha−1 will lead to higher yields and shorter plants. The combination of N application at topdress combined with TE application at V4 led to a linear increase in the number of grains per panicle of rice plants. Nitrogen topdressing was found to increase plant height in the absence to TE or when TE is sprayed at V4 or R1. In addition, nitrogen topdressing had a positive increase in the number of tillers, stems, panicles, and SPAD index in rice plants. College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences São Paulo State University (Unesp), Dracena. Rod. Cmte João Ribeiro de Barros, km 651 - Bairro das Antas, Dracena São Paulo State University (Unesp) Campus of Registro, SP Tropical Root and Starches Center São Paulo State University (Unesp), SP College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences São Paulo State University (Unesp), SP Department of Soil Water and Climate Southwest Research and Outreach Center University of Minnesota, 23669, 130th, St. College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences São Paulo State University (Unesp), Dracena. Rod. Cmte João Ribeiro de Barros, km 651 - Bairro das Antas, Dracena São Paulo State University (Unesp) Campus of Registro, SP Tropical Root and Starches Center São Paulo State University (Unesp), SP College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences São Paulo State University (Unesp), SP

Nitrogen (N) is a major lacking nutrient element for the growth and yield of cereal crops Calabar, it is necessary to determine the response different sources and rates of N in four varieties of upland rice. Treatments comprised factorial combinations of the four rice varieties (NERICA 1, NERICA 2, FARO 45, FARO 48), three straight inorganic N sources (urea, Calcium ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate) and four levels of N (0, 30, 60, 90 kg N ha-1) laid in randomized complete block design. The N was split applied twice; one-third at the beginning of tillering and the remainder at panicle initiation. The results showed that the source of fertilizer N did not affect significantly the growth and yield of the rice crop (p=0.05). Considering that soils in Calabar are acid sands it will not be advisable to consistently apply such acidifying fertilizers as ammonium sulphate or urea except with soil liming which will undoubtedly increase the cost of production and probably make it unprofitable to cultivate rice in the area. The fertilized crop grew taller and produced more biomass compared with the control. It also produced significantly more tillers hill-1, panicles m-2, grains panicle-1, weight of 1,000 grains and grain yield. However, whereas NERICA 1, NERICA 2 and FARO 45 were more responsive to lower N levels, the grain yield of FARO 48 was significantly higher when the crop received 90 kg N ha-1compared with other varieties, probably because of its longer growth duration in the field. The responsiveness of these varieties to low N application was the result of their higher grain yield resulting from enhanced N use efficiency. Genotypes that were most responsive to low N input levels were early maturing with high N-use efficiencies. On the basis of grain yield, it is recommended that for high yield in the humid region of Cross River State, N should be applied at the rate of 60 kg ha-1for early- and 90 kg ha-1or above for the medium-maturing upland rice varieties.

Perbaikan galur padi gogo dihadapkan pada adanya keragaman sifat fisik dan ekobiologis lahan kering, antara lain lahan kering masam. Alternatif pendekatan optimalisasi budidaya padi gogo di lahan kering masam adalah dengan pemilihan varietas yang adaptif. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk memperoleh sejumlah galur padi gogo yang memiliki keragaan dan hasil unggul di lahan kering masam, serta bermutu beras baik. Sebanyak 36 galur padi gogo dan empat varietas pembanding diseleksi di Kebun Percobaan Tamanbogo, Lampung pada musim hujan November 2017-Maret 2018. Pendugaan parameter genetik menunjukkan keragaman genetik luas berbanding lurus dengan nilai heritabilitas tinggi. Umur berbunga, umur panen, bobot 1,000 butir gabah dan hasil dapat dijadikan sebagai kriteria seleksi galur padi gogo di lahan kering masam. Berdasarkan kriteria seleksi tersebut terpilih empat galur, yaitu B15231-MR-10-1, B15053F-PWR-2, B14908C-MR-1-25-1-3 dan B15344B-TB-34. Galur-galur tersebut memiliki hasil gabah yang tidak berbeda nyata dengan varietas pembanding terbaik Inpago 8 (3.84 ton ha-1), rata-rata tahan terhadap blas daun (skor 1), sangat tahan terhadap blas leher (skor 0), dan agak toleran Al, . Keempat galur terpilih memiliki bentuk beras sedang dengan pengapuran sedikit sampai sedang (MMS-LMM), kadar amilosa 20-23% dengan tekstur nasi pulen-sedang. Satu galur terpilih, yaitu B15344B-TB-34 teridentifikasi sebagai galur beras merah. Kata kunci: kekeringan, keracunan aluminium, kriteria seleksi, mutu beras, penyakit blas

In the present study, we examined the synergistic effect of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and the chemical phosphate on the growth, photosynthetic efficiency, phosphorus (P) uptake, antioxidant activity, and yield of upland rice. Three effective bacterial strains with potent P solubilizing activity viz., Bacillus licheniformis (688.18 µg ml−1), Pantoea dispersa (570.90 µg ml−1), and Staphylococcus sp. (551.81 µg ml−1), were isolated from rice rhizosphere to study their impact on upland rice growth and yield under field conditions for two consecutive years. The experiment data revealed significant increments in shoot height, shoot dry weight, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, chlorophyll fluorescence (fv/fm), P uptake, antioxidant activity, and yield characteristics in upland rice treated with individual PSB or their consortia alone, compared to uninoculated control. However, the integrated use of PSB with 50% recommended P dose showed maximum increment in growth indices (21.25%, 21.86% increase in shoot length and 87.18%, 97.06% increase in shoot dry weight), P uptake (110.37%, 122.78% increase), and yield (50.58%, 35.64% increase) compared to uninoculated control for 2018 and 2019, respectively, indicating a reduction in the dependence of chemical P fertilizer by 50%. Therefore, it can be concluded that combined application of PSB and 50% recommended dose of chemical P can be implied for the sustainable cultivation of upland rice systems to give maximum benefits to the farmers and the environment.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T08:31:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Research has shown the occurrence of the hormesis effect in some upland rice cultures resulting from low-dose application of glyphosate. Glyphosate herbicide is widely used in Brazilian agriculture for controlling the large quantity of weeds. The aim of this work was to verify the effects of low-dose application of glyphosate herbicide on agronomic characteristics in upland rice. The experimental design used was randomized blocks comprising five low-dose applications of glyphosate herbicide (10, 20, 40, 70, and 100 g acid equivalent [a.e.] ha−1) and the control, in two stages of development of the rice culture (tillering [V4] and floral differentiation [R1]) with four repetitions. The agronomic traits of upland rice were evaluated. Data were subjected to variance analysis, polynomial regression analysis for the quantitative factor, and Tukey’s test for the qualitative factor at p < 0.05. The grain yield and the number of spikelets per panicle increased with the application of 10 g a.e. ha−1 of glyphosate at the floral differentiation stage. Until the low dose of 75 g a.e. ha−1, there was an increase in the number of panicles. Low doses between 70 and 100 g a.e. ha−1 applied in R1 provided less spikelets per panicle, lower 100-grain weight, and lower grain yield. The leaf flavonoid content increased due to the increase in the low doses of glyphosate herbicide. College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences São Paulo State University (Unesp) São Paulo State University (Unesp) Campus of Registro College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences São Paulo State University (Unesp) São Paulo State University (Unesp) Campus of Registro

Rice is an important cereal and staple food crop in Tanzania, the rice production has not met the demand, mainly due to water shortage. Dissemination of New Rice for Africa (NERICA) has been in progress to improve production in upland rice ecosystem. A pot experiment was conducted in a split plot design at university farm to elucidate water uptake, water use efficiency and nitrogen uptakes for two NERICA cultivars (NERICA1 and 2) and two Japanese rice cultivars ( and ). Amount of transpired water was recorded every day until maturity. Nitrogen uptake at booting and maturity growth stage were compared between these cultivars. The results indicated that amount of water transpired was greater for NERICA cultivars in the period from booting to maturity, in particular, under the dry soil condition. All the cultivars showed similar slope of regression lines between amount of transpired water and dry matter production (Water use efficiency), Nitrogen concentration per unit weight was higher in NERICA rice than in Japanese rice during grain filling stage. These results indicate that NERICA’s rice cultivars have high productivity due to higher water and Nitrogen uptake during grain filling stage compared with the Japanese rice cultivars tested.

Sub-optimal land is land that has low productivity due to parent material, physical, chemical, biological properties of the soil, rainfall, and extreme temperatures. To meet the availability of national food sources, it is necessary to utilize sub-optimal land that is widespread in mainland Indonesia. The purpose of the study was to determine recommendations for increasing sub-optimal land potential based on land suitability classes for several food crops, namely lowland rice, upland rice, cassava, sweet potato, corn, soybean, and peanut. The research was conducted in Stabat District, Langkat Regency from June to November 2020, and the Asian Agri Laboratory of North Sumatera Province. The research method used is the survey method, while to determine the suitability of the land, namely the matching method. Land potential in Stabat District can be increased by managing it in the form of recommendations for adding N fertilizer was 7,000 kg N/ha or the equivalent of 1,555 kg urea/ ha, the addition of P fertilizer was 158.8 Kg P2O5 or equivalent to 441 Kg SP36/ha, K fertilizer was 26.32 Kg K2O/ha or the equivalent of 43.86 Kg KCl. The adding organic matter or compost is 43.8 kg C-organic/ha or equivalent to 63.9 kg compost/ha.

Soil nutrient management is an important factor in plant growth for increased crop production and productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa whose food demand is over the threshold. Rice production in Uganda is still very low with current yield less than 2.5 ton ha-1. The impressive production increase is mainly on to farmer area expansion. A fertilizer trial was established to determine a New Rice for Africa (NERICA) 4 variety response to the nitrogen and phosphorus application. At Tsukuba International Center, Japan, 2014 an experiment with objective to obtain the minimum fertilizer recommendation amount of nitrogen and phosphorus application dose was established during rice growing season May to September. The nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates were 0, 40 and 80 kg ha-1 while phosphorus (P) 0 and 70 kg ha-1 fertilizer quantities applied. Several data were obtained and indicated tiller number, panicle number m-2, plant dry matter were significantly (P 0.05) different on application of different nitrogen doses. However, in P conditions, both nitrogen doses (40 and 80 kg ha-1) did not vary in ripened grains and number of spikelets/ m2. A significant amount of N was utilized when 40 kg N ha-1 was applied compared to 80 kg N ha-1 in similar P condition through growth stages. Applying N and P fertilizers at 80 and 70 kg ha-1 respectively, as well as applying N fertilizer 80 kg ha-1 alone increased growth parameters and yield compared to other rates of N and P fertilizers applied. Key words: Fertilizer rate, upland rice, New Rice for Africa (NERICA), N use efficiency

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:29:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Silicon, although not an essential element for plant, when it is absorbed can alter cells flexibility, and then may affect plant architecture; reduce leaf senescence and deleterious effects caused by abiotic stresses. Rice is a Si accumulator, surpassing even nitrogen and potassium accumulation when compared. Thus, we evaluate the effect of foliar application of Si on the development and grain yield of upland rice. We used a randomized block design consisting of foliar application of the following five doses of Si: 0; 126.0; 252.0; 378.0; and 504.0 g ha−1 of Si applied as potassium and sodium silicate, with five replications. We balanced potassium concentrations in the solutions applied to all treatments. We divided foliar fertilization into three applications, at 30, 60, and 90 days after emergence (DAE). We evaluated foliar contents of Si and N, relative chlorophyll content (RCC), and grain yield. Si application increased silicon contents linearly, which reached 8.34 and 12.17 g kg−1 when evaluated at 60 and 90 DAE, respectively, with a dose of 504.0 g ha−1 of Si. Positive gradient of Si doses absorption represented increased grain yield by 252.0 g ha−1 of Si, and after this grain yield decreased. However, foliar silicon application up to the dose of 252.0 g ha−1 under water stress increased the grain yield of rice grown in rainfed system in approximately 9%. The application of 252.0 g of Si ha−1 promotes a grain yield (5778 kg ha−1) and also a higher differential revenue (the US $ 129.49 per hectare). The economic analysis is determined by the spraying costs. School of Agronomy of the Federal University of Goiás Federal University of Goiás São Paulo State University (UNESP) São Paulo State University (UNESP)

Pattern of Cultivation Technique and Soil Chemical Properties Associated with Blast Disease of Paddy Rice Blast caused by Pyricularia oryzae is a most destructive diseases of rice in all rice producing countries. However severe blast infestation on paddy rice in Indonesia is relatively new, it is previously known as main disease of upland rice. This study aimed to determine the agronomic and soil factors associated with development of blast disease of paddy rice. Blast disease was assessed on 50 plots of paddy field by using IRRI score system. Farmers growing paddy rice in observed plots were interviewed using structured questionnaire on cultivation techniques includes varieties, NPK organic and synthetic fertilizers rate, insecticides, fungicides and herbicides uses. Soil chemical analysis was done on pH, C organic, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Si, Zn, Mn, Cu of soils obtained from severe and low severity of blast disease, with five samples for each category. Data of agronomical factors (varieties, fertilizers rate, pesticides uses, organic matter uses) was cross tabulated against two level of blast severity and furthermore analyzed using χ2 test for significance association. Soil chemical properties that has different disease severity were analyzed. The agronomic factors associated with the high severity of lowland rice blast disease involves the use of Ciherang varieties, high frequency pesticides, and herbicides. Soil properties related to the rate of disease outbreak involves levels of N, P, K, S, Si, and soil micro-elements.

The application of organic matter is a way to improve upland rice productivity that grows among immature oil palm plants. To improve the yield of upland rice among immature oil palm plants, this study has been carried out by providing organic matter. The research aimed to determine the effect of organic matter application for upland rice production that plant among immature oil palm. The experimental design used in this study was Randomized Block Design with 5 treatments and 4 replications. The treatment includes: control, rice straw compost, weed biomass compost, palm oil empty bunch compost, and cow manure. The dose of organic matter given was 3 tons/ha. The results showed that the application of organic materials have significant effects on yield component and the production of upland rice. In general, the best yield and yield components were obtained in the manure treatment, namely plant height 104.7 cm; the number of productive tillers 158 grains; the percentage of filled grain per panicle was 85.8% and grain yield was 5.6 tons/ha or increase by 21.74% compared to the control treatment (4.6 tons/ha). The highest number of productive tillers and weight of 1000 grains were obtained in the palm oil empty bunch compost treatment (14.5 and 28.2 g).

One of the primary constraints in upland rice cultivation is the disease blast (Magnaporthe oryzae), which can provide reduction up to 100% of the grain yield The use of silicon with benefi cial microorganisms (bioagents) can be an alternative for the control of this disease and to provide an increase in the productivity of the rice grain. The objective of this work was to study the eff ect of rates of silicon with bioagents in blast suppression and grain yield of upland rice. The methodology used was tests carried out in field conditions, in two different areas: Capivara and Palmital farms, during the growing season 2015/2016. The experimental design was in a split-plot scheme with four replications. In the main plots were the silicon fertilization rates (0, 2, 4 and 8 ton ha-1) and in the subplots was the bioagents (1-without bioagents, 2-Pseudomonas fluorescens, 3-Burkholderia pyrrocinia, 4-Trichoderma asperellum, 5-a mixture of the three bioagents). The results showed that the use of 2 ton ha-1 of silicon with a mixture of bioagents was the best treatment to control leaf blast. Besides, from rates, 2 to 6 ton ha-1 of silicon in Capivara Farm and up to 8 ton ha-1 of silicon in Palmital Farm provided the highest grain yield. A mixture of bioagents provided the highest grain yield. In this sense, it was concluded that the best recommendation to connect blast control, grain yield and reduced amount of silicon was the use of 2 ton ha-1 of silicon with the mixture of bioagents. Made available in DSpace on 2021-12-02T14:00:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 jpsp-2021.pdf: 463307 bytes, checksum: a70c96be86c141bc7648f0b3558d6b5d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021

Beras merupakan makanan pokok di Indonesia. Beberapa varietas padi gogo unggul baru telah dilepas dan perlu dilengkapi pemupukan yang akurat di lokasi tertentu. Salah satu jenis pupuk tersebut adalah nitrogen (N). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efisiensi penggunaan N pada padi gogo IPB 9G sebagai respon terhadap dosis pupuk N. Dosis pupuk yang diaplikasikan adalah 0, 46, 92, 138, dan 184 kg N ha-1 dalam bentuk urea (46% N). Percobaan dilakukan menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok dengan 3 ulangan di Darmaga, Bogor pada Maret-Juli 2018. Petak percobaan berukuran 3.5 m x 3.0 m. Padi gogo ditanam dengan jarak 50 cm x 10 cm. Efisiensi penggunaan N dinilai dari pertumbuhan padi, serapan N, efisiensi agronomi dan fisiologis. Peningkatan tinggi tanaman dan jumlah anakan mengikuti peningkatan dosis N. Serapan N dan hasil gabah memiliki respon kuadratik terhadap dosis N dan dapat menjadi indikator efisiensi pemupukan N. Serapan N dan hasil gabah yang maksimum diperoleh dari dosis pupuk N yang hampir sama, rata-rata 143.8 kg N ha-1 (312.5 kg urea ha-1). Untuk efisiensi pemupukan N padi gogo IPB 9G pada tanah dengan N total sedang (0.27%) di musim kering dapat diaplikasikan 143.8 kg N ha-1 (urea 312.5 kg N ha-1). Kata kunci: efisiensi agronomis, efisiensi fisiologis, hasil biji, serapan N

The application of zinc to some selected legumes (cowpea - Vignaunguiculata L. Walp., soybean – Glycine max L. Merr. or mungbean - Vigna radiate L. Wilczek) intercropped with upland rice (OryzaesativaL.) may improve the presence of residual nitrogen in the cropping system andprotein in-take of farmers faced with protein and mineral deficiency, especially zinc in their daily food menu. Information on the effect of zinc on legumes and rice is inadequate. The study investigated zinc rate effectsonshoot zinc status, grain yieldand productivity of the crop species in sole and intercrop with upland rice. There were three separate trials laid out in a randomised complete block design with three replications. Zinc rate (0, 2, 4 and 6 Kg•ha-1) were applied to the sole and intercrop in the trials. Intercropping legumes with rice exhibited a high degree of complementarity. On average, 2 Kg Zn•ha-1 gave the highest total land equivalent ratio (LER 1.89) in soybean/rice, followed by 4 Kg Zn•ha-1 (LER 1.64) in mungbean/rice compared to other zinc rates.The application of 6 Kg Zn•ha-1 in cowpea/rice intercrop gave the highesttotal gross monetary and net returns (NR) but lowest benefit–cost ratio (BCR) compared to the other trials at the same Zn rate.In mungbean/rice intercrop,highest NR (₦263692:77•ha−1)and BCR(0.90) were exhibited at 4 Kg Zn•ha-1. The application of 4 or 6 Kg Zn•ha-1in intercropping to the selected legumespecies with upland rice enhanced productivity and financial returns in the systems.

[CHANGE IN SOIL CHARATERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF UPLAND RICE VARIETIES IN COASTAL AREA AS AMENDED WITH BIOFERTILIZER AND BIOCOMPOST]. Dryland in the coastal area has good potential for the cultivation of upland rice to reach food self-sufficiency and the development of future agriculture. Low fertility of the land the area can be overcome by using appropriate technology such as the use of superior varieties, bio-fertilizers, and bio compost. This study aimeds to (1) determine chemical and biological properties of coastal land to improve the growth of upland rice (2) find out the growth of upland rice in the coastal area using low input technology and (3) obtain upland rice varieties with high adaptability to a coastal area environment. The experimental design used was a split-plot design with the main plot of 3 upland rice varieties, namely Inpago 10, Serantan, and Local Variety, while the subplots are were fertilizer inputs namely [double inoculant P solubilized microbial p (pf) + K solubilized microbially + N fixation microbial N], [double inoculant P solubilized microbial (fma) + K solubilized microbially + N fixation micarobia], [biocompost at a dose of 10 tons/ha], and [inorganic fertilizer recommended by BPTP ie 200 kg Urea/ha, 100 kg SP36/ha, 100 kg KCl/ha]. The results showed that the coastal area has the potential for the development of upland rice cultivation. Also, the double inoculants of biological fertilizers were able to increase plant nutrient uptake, soil biological characteristics, and the growth of upland rice as compared to controls. Specifically, the best treatment is produced by application of [double inoculant microbial solvent p (pf) + microbial solvent K + microbial N fixation] combined with upland rice Inpago variety 10.

Upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) production systems in sub-Saharan Africa are faced with challenges of water stress and nitrogen (N) deficiency, which reduce grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). The objective of the study was to determine the response of upland rice to N fertilizer rates under well-watered conditions and to clarify the relationships between WUE and NUE. Upland rice variety Nerica 10 was grown under well-watered conditions and varying N rates in 2014/2015 (Y1) and 2015/2016 (Y2) on the same field at the University of Pretoria&rsquo, s Hatfield Experimental Farm, South Africa. Yields at harvest increased with increasing N rates, linearly in Y1, and following a quadratic trend in Y2. Mean grain yield was highest (4.5 t ha&minus, 1) at 120 kg N ha&minus, 1 and lowest (2.4 t ha&minus, 1) at 0 kg N ha&minus, 1. Agronomic NUE was lowest for 160 kg N ha&minus, 1 (11.7 kg kg&minus, 1 N), while WUE was highest for the 120 kg N ha&minus, 1 (7.58 &plusmn, 1.7 kg mm&minus, 1) and lowest for 0 kg N ha&minus, 1 (4.1 &plusmn, 0.9 kg mm&minus, 1). Findings revealed that at high N levels, compensative N uptake during tillering can reduce harvest index, WUE, and to a lesser extent, grain N concentration.

Rice production can be improved through extensification using sub-optimal lands. One type of land that can be used for extensification of rice production in D.I. Yogyakarta is eucalyptus agroforestry system in Playen, Gunung Kidul. Besides expanding the land use, it can also increase farmers’ income and ecological functions. However, this system has limiting factors such as the limited availability of water, which only relies on rain. Thus, proper water management and fertilization are necessary to fulfill water and nutrient requirements for rice growth. This study aimed to determine the effects of the application of trenches with organic matter and the doses of KCl on the growth and yield of upland rice (Situ Patenggang) in eucalyptus agroforestry systems. The study was conducted at the Menggoran Forest Management Resort, Bleberan, Playen, Gunung Kidul in March-August 2018. The study was arranged in a split-plot design with three blocks as replications. The first factor was the application of trenches with organic matter, while the second factor was KCl fertilizer at. various doses. The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at the level of 5%. The optimal dose of KCl fertilizer was determined by regression. The results showed that both factors had a positive effect on soil moisture content, growth, physiology, and yields of upland rice. The treatments significantly increased the availability of water in the soil, thereby supporting the growth and yield of upland rice.

An experiment was conducted during Kharif 2017 at SGCARS, Jagdalpur research farm in upland situation with the objectives of assessing the effect of foliar application of nutrient elements on upland rice under water stress condition in Bastar plateau. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with twelve treatments namely T1 (RDF as control), T2 (RDF + water spray at stress condition), T3 (RDF + P spray (KH2PO4, 2%) at stress condition), T4 (RDF + P spray (KH2PO4, 1%) at stress condition), T5 (RDF + N spray (Thiourea, 2000 ppm) at stress condition), T6 (RDF + N spray (Thiourea,1000 ppm) at stress condition), T7 (RDF + B spray (borax, 0.5%) at stress condition), T8 (RDF + B spray (borax, 0.25%) at stress condition), T9 (RDF + Zn spray (ZnSO4, 0.5%) at stress condition), T10 (RDF + Zn spray (ZnSO4, 0.25%) at stress condition), T11 (RDF + KNO3 spray (1%) at stress condition) and T12 (RDF + KNO3 spray (0.5%) at stress condition). The RDF was 80:50:30 kg NPK ha-1. The stress was created for 20 days from 40 to 60 DAS and treatments were imposed at 45 and 55 DAS with 375 litres of water per hectare.

Upland rice production on acid, weathered soils is often constrained by phosphorus (P) deficiency and aluminium toxicity. Farmyard manure application (FYM) can sharply enhance yields and agronomic P fertilizer (TSP) efficiency under such abiotic stresses. We tested the hypothesis that rice genotypes differ in aluminium tolerance and in the extent of using organic P, offering distinct benefits under TSP‐FYM combinations. Multiple field trials were conducted in the uplands of Madagascar, with factorial combinations of six genotypes, amendments of FYM (at a rate of 17–25 kg P ha⁻¹ vs. a zero control) and TSP application (40 kg P ha⁻¹ vs. a zero control), with blanket N&K additions. Rice grain yields reached a maximum of 6 t/ha after three years of TSP + FYM application, with an average of 3.2 t/ha over the years. Grain yields were about 1.2 t/ha for FYM only and about 1.5 t/ha for TSP only while crops failed under zero P input. Genotypic effects on rice yields were much smaller than the large effects of FYM, TSP or its combination. Application of FYM increased soil pH and CaCl₂‐extractable P while decreasing CaCl₂‐extractable aluminium. An additional liming trial indicated that the beneficial effects of FYM over TSP relate to liming effects. The FYM application lowers aluminium toxicity which overrules potential effects of organic P supply. Hence, genotypic ranking of yields and agronomic efficiency was inconsistent, without superior genotypes under FYM vs. TSP. However, Chomrong Dhan and FOFIFA 172 generally displayed superior yields. Chomrong Dhan is found to be more sensitive to aluminium toxicity whereas FOFIFA 172 is less performant under low P input. Aluminium tolerance should be considered when developing rice genotypes for high P efficiency in weathered soils. ispartof: Journal Of Agronomy And Crop Science vol:207 issue:1 pages:148-162 status: published

Lead is a hazardous heavy metal pollutant present in the environment, and iron is an essential micronutrient with numerous cellular functions in normal physiology. However few studies have focused on the influence and interaction of lead and iron changes during plant growth. So the present study investigated the mechanism how lead and iron affected in upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) in order to clarify the relationship between iron and lead. The seeds of upland rice were supplied with iron (Fe), lead (Pb), and Fe and Pb together, respectively. Then the seed germination, ion absorption, gibberellins (GAs) and abscisic acid (ABA) metabolism and sugar utilization were determined. Lead treatment delayed upland rice seed germination, deactivated GA, inhibited GA signal transduction and increased ABA synthesis in the seed. In addition, the soluble sugar concentration in seeds was reduced alongside reduction in the activity levels of α-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) and β-amylase (EC 3.2.1.2) during the earlier stages, but these increased in a time-dependent manner, reaching a stable level in response to lead-induced stress at 72 h. In contrast, iron alleviated the lead-induced changes in seed germination stage. Notably, the interaction between iron and lead increased GA signal transduction and inhibited ABA synthesis, whilst increasing starch hydrolysis and sugar consumption to augment rice seed germination. The results suggest that iron (such as in iron fertilizers) may be promising additives for agricultural use, improving plant germination, whilst simultaneously reducing the toxicity of lead in widely contaminated soils.

Embryogenic callus induction from indica rice sub-species, upland cultivars has remain a challenging task, but PGRs have been found to play a vital role in enhancing the production. Hence, solving this tricky problem and achieving optimum embryogenic callus induction from this special type of rice is a welcome development as food security concern, while proper examination of the appropriate PGRs is the only solution. Here we reviewed on two auxins-PGRs that promote the embryogenic callus induction from upland rice, viz., 2,4-D and NAA with their recommendable quantity ranges. 2,4-D and NAA were the most commonly employed and discovered best growth hormones in PTC irrespective of explant in all cereal plants. They are found the most suitable hormones and positively upgrade the production of reproducible callus. Classical analyses implies that medium supplemented with such PGRs provides necessities for quality callus from upland rice. Evidences indicated that callus induction or somatic embryogenesis from matured seeds of upland rice is persuade by 2,4-D between 1.0 – 2.5 mg/L concentrations. Whereas for NAA, to obtain its desired effects on upland rice callus induction it must be fortified in concentrations ranging from 0.5 mg/L to 10 mg/L. But convincingly, 0.5 – 5.0 mg/L NAA with other PGR like 2,4-D would be more proper. Hence, extensive studies of these hormones and others will provide insights on their potentialities to embryogenic callus induction and probably identify more of their roles in PTC analysis.

An field experiment were conducted at ZAHRS, UAHS, Shivamogga, during summer 2018 to know the effect of biochar and Farm Yard Manure (FYM) on soil properties. The experiment was planned in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 16 treatments consisting of four levels of biochar at 2, 4, 6 and 8 t ha-1 and two levels of FYM at 5 and 10 t ha-1 which were applied alone and in combinations. The recommended dose of fertilizer was applied commonly to all the treatments with three replications. The result revealed that combined application of 8 t ha-1 biochar + 10 t ha-1 FYM with Recommended Dose of Fertilizer (RDF) (100:50:50 kg ha-1) to soil significantly decreased the soil Bulk density (1.30%) and Permanent wilting point (2.13%) and increased the soil porosity (50.94%), Maximum water holding capacity (37.30%), Field capacity (19.71%) and water stable aggregates (67.40%) as compared to initial soil properties of experimental site. Significantly increased the soil pH (initial acidic (5.88) to neutral at harvest (7.05)), Electrical Conductivity (EC) (0.37 dS m-1), Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) (17.86 [cmol (p+ kg-1)]), available Nitrogen (340.24 kg ha-1), Phosphorus (79.54 kg ha-1), Potassium (252.46 kg ha-1) and Sulfur (13.55 mg kg-1). Soil Diethylene triamine penta acetic acid (DTPA) extractable micronutrients, soil enzymes and microbial biomass compared to absolute control and RDF alone treatments.

Beras merupakan bahan makanan pokok sebagian besar penduduk Indonesia dan mengalami defisit setiap tahun. Budidaya padi gogo di lahan marginal seperti Ultisol menjadi salah satu alternatif untuk memenuhi kebutuhan beras. Ultisol memiliki beberapa masalah dalam pengelolaannya seperti keasaman dan kekurangan nutrisi. Diperlukan input seperti sekam padi dan jerami padi berupa residu biochar dan asap cair untuk memperbaiki masalah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh aplikasi biochar, asap cair dan interaksi biochar dan asap cair terhadap pertumbuhan padi gogo di medium Ultisol. Penelitian ini dalam bentuk percobaan faktorial disusun dengan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL). Faktor pertama adalah residu biochar terdiri dari 4 taraf (0/tanpa biochar, 10 ton ha-1 sekam padi, 10 ton ha-1 jerami padi dan 5 ton ha-1 sekam padi + 5 ton ha-1 jerami padi). Faktor kedua adalah asap cair terdiri dari 3 taraf (0/tanpa asap cair, 0.5 ml L-1 sekam padi dan 0.5 ml L-1 jerami padi) masing-masing kombinasi diulang tiga kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa residu biochar sekam padi dan jerami padi masing-masing dosis 10 ton ha-1 meningkatkan tinggi tanaman, jumlah anakan maksimum, jumlah anakan produktif, umur keluar malai dan bobot kering jerami dibandingkan kontrol bahkan pada campuran keduanya (1:1) peningkatannya lebih tinggi. pemberian asap cair sekam padi dan jerami padi dosis 0.5 ml L-1 meningkatkan tinggi tanaman, jumlah anakan maksimum, jumlah anakan produktif, umur keluar malai, bobot kering jerami dibandingkan kontrol. Interaksi campuran residu biochar (sekam padi dan jerami padi) dosis 10 ton ha-1 (1:1) dan asap cair 0.5 ml L-1 (sekam padi dan jerami padi) meningkatkan tinggi tanaman, jumlah anakan maksimum, jumlah anakan produktif, umur keluar malai dan bobot kering jerami dibandingkan kontrol.

This study explored the response in grain yield and quality of upland and wetland rice varieties to a combination of zinc (Zn) and nitrogen (N) fertilizers under two water management regimes. A factorial arrangement based on a randomized complete block design composed of three factors was carried out with three independent replications. Upland and wetland rice varieties were grown with three fertilizer treatments; the optimum N rate (86 kg N ha−1) without Zn application, the optimum N rate with Zn (50 kg ZnSO4 ha−1), and the high N rate (172 kg N ha−1) with Zn under waterlogged and well-drained conditions. Grain yield was 27% lower in the well-drained than in the waterlogged condition in wetland rice, while there was no effect in upland rice. Application of optimum N with Zn application produced the highest grain yield in upland rice, while yield was the highest in wetland rice in high N with Zn application. Upland rice grown in the well-drained condition with the optimum and high N with Zn treatments enhanced Zn concentration by 45% and 29% higher than the treatment without Zn, respectively, while it had no difference among three treatments in the waterlogged condition. Wetland rice variety grown under the well-drained condition in optimum and high N rate with Zn treatments were equally effective in improving grain Zn concentration at the average of 88% compared to the control. While rice grown under the waterlogged condition in the high N with Zn treatment had improved 92% the concentration. The optimum N rate with Zn application increased grain yield in upland rice, while the higher N input is required for wetland rice. Grain Zn concentrations of upland and wetland rice varieties were enhanced by applying Zn fertilizer; however, the increased level was depended on N application rate in the individual water condition.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the response of different doses and sources of nitrogen (N) on agronomic characteristics in upland riceas well astheclimaticand environmentalinfluence on nitrogen fertilization results. Theexperiments were conducted in the University of Lavras, during 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 crop seasons, the plots consisted of 4 lines of 3 linear meters, with spacing among rows of 35 cm and a useful plot of 4.2 m2. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with three replications in a 4x4x 2factorial design. The factor doseconsisted in 0, 50,100 e 200 kg ha-1N and the factor sourcesconsisted in ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, urea and polycote, totaling 16 treatments. The characteristics evaluatedwere plant height, grain yield, grain chalkness, 1000 grainsweight andyield. It was concluded that the addiction of doses and Nsources didnot change the agronomic performanceof the upland rice crop. There is an influence of the environment on the responses of plants to nitrogen application, being observed different results in different cropseasons.

It is of great significance to study the root characteristics of rice to improve water and nitrogen (N) use efficiency and reduce environmental pollution. This study investigated whether root traits and architecture of rice influence grain yield, as well as water and N utilization efficiency. An experiment was conducted using the upland rice cultivar Zhonghan 3 (a japonica cultivar) and paddy rice cultivar Huaidao 5 (also a japonica cultivar) using three N levels, namely, 2 g urea/pot (low amount, LN), 3 g urea/pot (normal amount, NN), and 4 g urea/pot (high amount, HN), and three soil water potentials (SWPs, namely, well-watered (0 kPa), mildly dried (–20 kPa) and severely dried (–40 kPa). The results showed that with decreasing SWP, the percentage of upland rice roots increased in the 0–5 cm tillage layer, and decreased in the 5–10 and 10–20 cm tillage layers, whereas paddy rice roots showed the opposite trend. With increasing amounts of N, the yield of upland and paddy rice increased, and the percentage of root volume ratios of the two rice cultivars in the 0–5 and 5–10 cm tillage layers increased, whereas that in the 10–20 cm tillage layer decreased. The roots of upland rice are mainly distributed in the 10–20 cm tillage layer, whereas most paddy rice roots are in the 0–5 cm tillage layer. These results indicate that the combination of –20 kPa SWP and NN in upland rice and 0 kPa SWP and LN in paddy rice promotes the growth of the root system during the middle and late stages, which in turn may decrease the requirements for water and N fertilizer and increase rice yield.

This study evaluated the effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) isolates in enhancing upland rice growth and yield. Bacteria were isolated, screened for growth-promoting activities in vitro, biochemically identified, and tested under screenhouse conditions at the Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice). Isolates exhibited growth-promoting activities, such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production, tricalcium phosphate solubilization, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase activity, siderophore production, and starch hydrolysis. The screenhouse experiment was conducted with upland rice (PSB Rc23) as the test crop, sterilized and natural soils, and recommended rate of inorganic fertilizers (RRIF) as other source variables. Results showed that significantly heavier shoot and root fresh weights are evident in plants grown in sterilized soil. Plants treated with full RRIF exhibited superior growth in terms of plant height, shoot and root weights, and grain yield. Among inoculated and fertilized plants, comparable growth promotion was obtained with Acidovorax delafieldii combined with half inorganic fertilizer rate, in terms of root fresh weight, shoot and root dry weights, plant height, grain yield, and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) uptake. Overall findings show that PGPR (A. delafieldii) in combination with 50% RRIF is as effective as full RRIF in enhancing growth and yield of PSB Rc23 rice, implying that dependence on chemical fertilizer can be reduced utilizing this PGPR. However, further evaluation of these bacterial isolates in actual field conditions is necessary to uncover their efficiency as potential biofertilizer.

Popular African upland rice variety Nerica4 performs poorly under phosphorus (P) deficiency; the objective was to identify plant and soil traits likely to improve its P efficiency. Field and glasshouse experiments compared P uptake and root parameters between the popular rice genotype Nerica4, and a known P-efficient genotype, DJ123. Glasshouse experiments used fresh field soil, sterilized soil and sterilized soil resupplied with 15% fresh field soil to assess microbial effects. DJ123 had faster crown root development and higher proportions of fine roots, leading to larger root surface area (RSA). Additionally, it acquired more P per RSA, thus had more efficient roots. Higher root efficiency of DJ123 compared to Nerica4 was detected in fresh field soil, sterile soil, and sterile+resupplied soil, indicating that plant-specific factors rather than soil microbiome effects explained higher root efficiency in DJ123. In non-sterile soils both genotypes were colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and high expression of an AMF-induced rice P transporter gene (OsPT11) indicated the symbiosis was functional. We identified plant traits present in DJ123 such as rapid crown root development, higher proportions of fine lateral roots, as well as superior overall root efficiency that make it a promising donor to improve the performance of Nerica4 in P-deficient environments. In addition, Nerica4 appears more susceptible to growth-inhibitory effects of the soil microbiome.

Rice is the third most important cereal in consumption after maize and wheat in Kenya. It has been grown as a commercial food crop under irrigated and rain fed ecologies. Low soil Nitrogen (N) fertility is a major constraint to upland rice production in smallholder farmers mostly under rain fed agriculture. This study evaluated the morphological development of upland rice varieties as influenced by different N fertilizer treatments. A field study was carried out at the Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization experimental farm in Kirinyaga County for two seasons. The experiment was laid down as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in split-plot arrangement in three replications. The main plot factors were the five upland rice genotypes, MWUR1, MWUR4, NERICA4, NERICA10 and IRAT109, while the subplots factors were the four N rates, 0, 26, 52 and 78 kg N ha-1. In addition calcium ammonium nitrate (26% N) was top-dressed in two equal splits at 21 and 45 days after sowing. Data on plant growth parameters was collected at fortnight interval. The analysis of variance revealed significant (p < 0.05) variation on plant height and tiller numbers due to N rates. However, there was no significant variation in plant height and tiller numbers due to variety. In addition, shoot and root dry weight and leaf area were significantly different due to variety and N rates in both seasons. Finally root dry weight was not significantly different due to variety and N-rates in the two seasons. The current study has shown that increase in nitrogen level lead to significant increase in plant height, tiller numbers, shoot dry weight and root dry weight. The study recommends the use of N fertilizers for rice cultivation to increase N supply in the soil.

Iron deficiency is a major production constraint of upland rice in the tropics despite is abundance in the soil. This investigation aimed to explicate the effect of iron deficiency on the growth, d...

Weed infestation and inherent low soil fertility are among the major factors attributed to the low yield of rice in Nigeria. Field trials were therefore conducted to evaluate the effect of nitrogen application levels and weed control methods on growth and yield of upland rice (var. NERICA 2) at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (07o 15?N, 03o 25?E) during 2015 and 2016 cropping seasons. Three nitrogen (N) levels (0, 60 and 90 kg/ha) were evaluated and they constituted the main plot treatments, while three weed control treatments, viz: pre-emergence application of Orizo Plus? (propanil plus 2, 4-D) at 2.0 kg a.i ha-1, Orizo Plus? at 2.0 kg a.i ha-1 followed by supplementary hoe weeding (SHW) at 6 weeks after sowing (WAS) and three hoe-weeding regimes at 3, 6 and 9 WAS, and a weedy check constituted the sub-plot treatments. All the treatments in different combinations were laid out in a randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement with three replicates. Results indicated a significant (p?0.05) increase in weed density and dry matter with an increase in N application level from 0 to 90 kg ha-1. Similarly, crop vigour and plant height increased significantly (p?0.05) with increasing N application levels up to 90 kg ha-1. However, 60 and 90 kg N ha-1 were at par in increasing the number of tillers, leaf area index and yield attributes of rice. All the weed control methods resulted in a significant (p?0.05) reduction in weed density and dry matter with subsequent increase in rice growth and yield than the weedy check. Pre-emergence application of Orizo Plus? followed by SHW at 6 WAS and three hoe-weeding regimes resulted in significantly (p?0.05) lower weed density and dry matter, and a higher number of tillers, panicle weight and grain yield than a sole application of Orizo Plus?. With Orizo Plus? followed by one SHW or three hoe-weeding regimes, increasing N application levels resulted in a significant (p?0.05) increase in grain yield of rice. However, with Orizo Plus? applied alone, increasing N application levels did not increase rice grain yield. These results suggest that Orizo Plus? at 2.0 kg a.iha-1 followed by one SHW at 6 WAS integrated with N application at 90 kg ha-1 is adequate to effectively control weeds and increase rice yield in the rainforest-savannah transition zone of Nigeria.

Rice is one of the main foods consumed by half of the world’s population. The rice crop requires plenty of water, but upland rice is cultivated in a non-flooded environment, although its productivity is lower than that of lowland rice. Rice grains mostly consist of starch, which is synthesized from the non-structural carbohydrates imported from the vegetative organs. The long-term storage of carbohydrates plays a remarkable role in maintaining the supply of photoassimilates during grain filling if photosynthesis does not meet energy demand. Therefore, the dynamics of non-structural carbohydrates is central to the productivity of rice crops. The present study aimed to determine the non-structural carbohydrate content and soluble carbohydrate profiles in different vegetative organs of upland rice of the genotype BRS Esmeralda. The content was determined at the end of vegetative development. The identification and quantification of carbohydrates were performed by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. Fully expanded leaf blades, expanding leaf blades, and expanding stems exhibited the soluble carbohydrate content of 59.7, 53.3, and 52.3 mg g-1 DM, respectively. The stem was found to be the main organ for the long-term storage of non-structural carbohydrates, wherein the starch content was 36.1 mg g-1 DM. It also contained soluble carbohydrates such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose. The non-structural carbohydrates were found in low amounts in the roots, showing that this organ does not store long-term carbohydrates. RESUMO O arroz é um dos principais alimentos para metade da população mundial. A cultura do arroz possui alta demanda por água, mas o arroz de terras altas cresce e produz em ambientes não alagados, embora sua produtividade seja menor que a do arroz de várzea. Os grãos de arroz são constituídos majoritariamente por amido, sintetizado a partir de carboidratos não estruturais importados dos órgãos vegetativos. As reservas de carboidratos a longo prazo possuem papel fundamental na manutenção do suprimento de fotoassimilados para o enchimento dos grãos em momentos que a fotossíntese não atende essa demanda. Portanto a dinâmica dos carboidratos não estruturais é central para a produtividade. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de determinar os conteúdos de carboidratos não estruturais e os perfis de carboidratos solúveis em diferentes órgãos vegetativos do arroz de terras altas, genótipo BRS Esmeralda ao final do desenvolvimento vegetativo. Foram realizadas a análise qualitativa e a determinação das quantidades individuais dos carboidratos solúveis. Lâminas foliares completamente expandidas, lâminas foliares em expansão e caules apresentaram os maiores teores de carboidratos solúveis: 59,7, 53,3 e 52,3 mg g-1 MS, respectivamente. O caule é o principal órgão de armazenamento de carboidratos não estruturais a longo prazo, no qual o conteúdo de amido foi de 36.1 mg g-1 MS. Glicose, frutose e sacarose constituem os carboidratos solúveis. Carboidratos não estruturais foram encontrados em baixas quantidades nas raízes, evidenciando que este órgão não armazena reservas duradouras de carboidratos.

A novel voltammetric method with practically no sample pretreatment was developed for determination of Quinclorac (QNC) in rice samples by using a working Carbon Paste Electrode (CPE) modified with ionic liquid, with deposition potential (ED) of -1.43 V for 30 s in NaOH 0.01 mol L-1. The systematic influence of cations and anions of imidazole ionic liquids on the composition of CPE has evaluated. The best electrode composition was 65% (w/w) of graphite powder, 30% (w/w) of mineral oil and 5.0% (w/w) of C4min+BF4- ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate). The matrices analyzed were deionized water and extracts of upland rice: white, brown, peel and seed. The limits of quantification ranged between 0.954 mg kg-1 and 3.61 mg kg-1. The recovery percentages of QNC in rice samples ranged between 90% and 121%. The simplicity and good analytical frequency enable the proposed method to be used to obtain preliminary information on the presence of QNC, prior to the implementation of more detailed, costly and elaborate quantitative analyses. The technique can be applied in the study and evaluation of sorption mechanisms, metabolization of the herbicide in plants and its persistence and degradation in the environment.

This study aims to characterize soil chemical properties and microbial biomass, greenhouse gas production, and organic matter dynamics in upland rice field as affected by the long-term fertilizer m...

It was hypothesized that the application of eucalyptus biochar enhances nutrient use efficiencies of simultaneously supplied fertilizer, as well as provides additional nutrients (i.e., Ca, P, and K), to support crop performance and residual effects on subsequent crops in a degraded sandy soil. To test this hypothesis, we conducted an on‐farm field experiment in the Khon Kaen province of Northeastern Thailand to assess the effects of different application rates of eucalyptus biochar in combination with mineral fertilizers to upland rice and a succeeding crop of sugarcane on a sandy soil. The field experiment consisted of three treatments: (1) no biochar; (2) 3.1 Mg ha⁻¹ biochar (10.4 kg N ha⁻¹, 3.1 kg P ha⁻¹, 11.0 kg K ha⁻¹, and 17.7 kg Ca ha⁻¹); (3) 6.2 Mg ha⁻¹ biochar (20.8 kg N ha⁻¹, 6.2 kg P ha⁻¹, 22.0 kg K ha⁻¹, and 35.4 kg Ca ha⁻¹). All treatments received the same recommended fertilizer rate (32 kg N ha⁻¹, 14 kg P ha⁻¹, and 16 kg K ha⁻¹ for upland rice; 119 kg N ha⁻¹, 21 kg P ha⁻¹, and 39 kg K ha⁻¹ for sugarcane). At crop harvests, yield and nutrient contents and nitrogen (N) use efficiency were determined, and soil chemical properties and pH₀ monitored. The eucalyptus biochar material increased soil Ca availability (117 ± 28 and 116 ± 7 mg kg⁻¹ with 3.1 and 6.2 Mg ha⁻¹ biochar application, respectively) compared to 71 ± 13 mg kg⁻¹ without biochar application, thus promoting Ca uptake and total plant biomass in upland rice. Moreover, the higher rate of eucalyptus biochar improved CEC, organic matter, available P, and exchangeable K at succeeding sugarcane harvest. Additionally, 6.2 Mg ha⁻¹ biochar significantly increased sugarcane yield (41%) and N uptake (70%), thus enhancing N use efficiency (118%) by higher P (96%) and K (128%) uptake, although the sugar content was not increased. Hence, the application rate of 6.2 Mg ha⁻¹ eucalyptus biochar could become a potential practice to enhance not only the nutrient status of crops and soils, but also crop productivity within an upland rice–sugarcane rotation system established on tropical low fertility sandy soils.

Drought is one of the major limitations in dry land cultivation. Drought affects plant physiology processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, mineral and water transportation, and transpiraton, briefly called drought stress. Drought stress can be avoided by managing environment. Furrow containing organic matter for rain fed rice has been the subject of many studies, with special emphasis on soil moisture. This research is aimed to know the effects of the furrow containing organic matter on physiological responses of several upland rice varieties on agroforestry system based on kayu putih (cajuput). The experimental design applied the strip plot design. The vertical factor is the furrow system of treatment consisting of 2 levels i.e. without furrow + without organic matter and furrow + organic matters. The horizontal factors are the upland rice varieties consisting of 3 varieties i.e. Situ Patenggang, Situ Bagendit and Ciherang. The collected data were analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) applying a level of significance α = 5%. Whenever significant differences among treatments were found, further analysis was carried out by applying the Tukey's HSD (Honestly Significant Difference) test α = 5% levels. The result shows that drought affects plant physiology and can be avoided by using furrow containing organic matters. Situ Patenggang with furrow containing organic matters has the higher physiology capability, it had photosynthesis 387.18 µmol CO2 per clump s-1, transpiration 3038.50 mg per clump per secondand CO2 721.11 mol CO2 clump per mol. There different plant requirements for Cu between varieties.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-04T12:39:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-07-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-15T15:04:56Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1415-43662019000700511.pdf: 1852956 bytes, checksum: ba7e6d78c79dd232238c36a947214ac9 (MD5) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Instituto Federal Goiano The aluminum source to produce toxicity in upland rice in nutrient solution experiments is not yet well established, althought the aluminum potassium sulfate has been utilized source to produce aluminum toxicity. However, in recent studies have used aluminum chloride. The aim of this study was to evaluate the capacity of aluminum sources and doses to produce toxicity in upland rice plants grown in nutrient solution. The experiment was arranged in a block randomized design, in a 2 x 5 factorial scheme and four repetitions. The treatments were two aluminum sources (aluminum potassium sulfate - AlK(SO4)(2).12H(2)O and aluminum chloride - AlCl3.6H(2)O) and five aluminum doses in nutrient solution (0, 370, 740, 1100 and 1480 mu mol L-1). The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in Botucatu city, Sao Paulo state, Brazil, starting in April 2012, and was carried out for 56 days from transplanting of the seedlings. Using aluminum chloride, the rice plants show lower production of root and total dry weight, area and root volume, medium and thick root length, potassium and sulfur contents and accumulations. Using aluminum potassium sulfate, there are lower aluminum activity and availability, besides the formation of large amount of aluminum compounds non-toxic to the plants (aluminum sulfate) in the nutrient solution. The aluminum doses between 1100 to 1480 mu mol L-1, corresponding to aluminum activity of 336.8 to 429.0 mu mol L-1 of aluminum chloride as source, are more effective to produce aluminum toxicity in upland rice plants grown in nutrient solution. Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agron, Dept Solos & Recursos Ambientais, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Inst Fed Goiano, Cristalina, Go, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agron, Programa Posgrad Energia Agr, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Mato Grosso do Sul, Dept Agron, Cassilandia, MS, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agron, Dept Solos & Recursos Ambientais, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agron, Programa Posgrad Energia Agr, Botucatu, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 2011/09283-0 FAPESP: 2011/22182-8

Keeping in view the expanding environmental pollution and irrigation water deficit, a pot experiment was performed for the upland (Huyou2, Hanyou737) and paddy rice cultivars (Taigeng8; Yixiang2292), to study soil liming effects on methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission, bioavailability and accumulation of Cd, Pb in upland and paddy rice. Upland rice reduced 90% of soil CH4 emission as compared to paddy conditions. Soil CH4 emission decreased by 45% and 39% with dolomite, and it reduced by 35% and 33% with lime treatment both in upland and paddy conditions, respectively. Soil N2O emission decreased by 44% and 52% with dolomite, and with the lime application, it was reduced by 37% and 44% for both upland and paddy conditions respectively. Reduction in soil DTPA-extractable Cd was between 37-53% and 43–80% with dolomite and 16–37% and 24–72% Cd decreased with lime application in upland and paddy conditions respectively. Soil DTPA-extractable Pb reduced by 27–44% and 25–53% with dolomite and 16–40% and 11–42% with soil-applied lime in upland and paddy conditions, respectively. Cd accumulation in rice grain was decreased by 47–88% and 62–79% with dolomite and 31–86% and 45–52% reduction by lime application in upland and paddy rice respectively. Rice grain Pb reduced by 58–91% and 66–78% with dolomite application and 32–71% and 44–71% with lime in upland and paddy rice, respectively. Our results showed that soil liming significantly reduced soil N2O and CH4 emission and Cd, Pb accumulation in rice grain, but dolomite was more effective as compared to lime. Altogether, results of this study suggest that upland rice can be cultivated in Cd Pb polluted soils with least soil CH4 emission. Cd and Pb toxicity, accumulation, and N2O emission in upland rice can be minimized by soil liming of 3 g kg−1 and optimizing the nutrients composition of the soil.

Background Ten improved upland rice lines presently grown in dry upland rice field of Jharkhand, Odisha, and Bengal, the three most significant rice yielding states of eastern India, were screened under varying induced water stress to reveal their physiological and biochemical performance followed by rice microsatellite-based genotyping and detection of SNPs for a selected genetic loci (OsLEA3) associated with drought responses in higher plants. Results For physiological screening changes in plant height and external appearance of mature plant particularly greenish appearance were considered. Quantitative estimation of six biochemical compounds (chlorophyll, carotenoids, catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase), commonly associated with normal physiological processes of plants, showed variable response under induced water stress. Variety Vandana and CRdhan 40 were identified to be the most potent drought-avoiding genotypes, whereas variety Sneha and Kalinga III showed least degree of drought tolerance for the studied screening parameters under drought. In post stressed period, both the variety Vandana and CRdhan 40 showed best performance to recover by virtue of regular water supply for a month tenure. In SSR-based genotyping, RM3825 and RM242 showed highest degree of polymorphism, whereas RM321 was monomorphic across the selected rice lines. Genomic DNA of only four lines (Vandana, Anjali, CR dhan 40, and Sahabhagidhan) were amplified with the primer pairs designed from OsLEA3 gene sequence which resulted three distinct allelic forms. Vandana and CR Dhan 40 shared a common allele of mol. wt. 1173 bp size, whereas other two allelic forms were detected by Anjali and Sahbhagi of mol. wt. 1210 bp and 1036 bp respectively. A total number of 23 SNPs were detected for amplified sequence of OsLEA3 gene sequence in CR Dhan 40 of which 12 were transitions and 11 were transversions. Conclusion From this study, it could be concluded that var. CR Dhan 40, Vandana, and Sahabhagidhan performed better, both physiologically and biochemically under induced drought stress.

Nutrient deficiencies are considered major constraints to rice production in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), but a systematic, continent-wide analysis of these constraints is lacking. The objective of this study was to assess responses of rice yields to macronutrients (N, P, and K) across major rice production systems [irrigated lowland rice (IL), rainfed lowland rice (RL), and rainfed upland rice (RU)] and diverse agro-ecological zones (semi-arid, sub-humid, humid, and highlands) in SSA. Diagnostic trials were conducted in 17 countries in 18–60 farmers' fields in each of 30 sites (totaling 1037 farmers' fields), of which 12 sites were in IL, 15 in RL and 3 in RU. All trials had an NPK treatment, and three treatments in which either nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), or potassium (K) was omitted from the NPK treatment (minus N, P, and K plots). The trials were conducted during one or two seasons. Regression between yields in the NPK and minus N plots was used for calculating N fertilizer requirement, following the approach used for the development of a nutrient management decision support tool for rice (RiceAdvice) in SSA. Site mean yields in the NPK treatment ranged from 1.4 to 7.3 t ha−1. On average, these yields were 1.1 t ha−1 higher than farmers' yields previously observed in the same sites. N was generally the most limiting nutrient, followed by P. Rice yields without N, P, and K were 68, 84, and 89% of yields in the NPK treatment, and were positively correlated with those in the NPK treatment irrespective of production systems and agro-ecological zone (AEZ). Results from a regression model across sites indicated that achieving 3, 5, and 7 t ha−1 requires N fertilizer application at an average rate of 56, 91, and 122 kg N ha−1, respectively. However, there was significant treatment by site interaction on rice yield. Site mean yields were significantly lower without N, P, and K in 93, 60, and 50% of sites as compared to the NPK treatment. Yield response to macronutrients varied across sites and was not related to production system, nor AEZ. Results from this study will help further improvement of RiceAdvice for providing decision support tailored to the particular site, zone, or production system, thereby closing yield gaps, improving fertilizer nutrient efficiency and preventing negative environmental consequences of fertilizer use.

If future rice production is to contribute to food security for the increasing population of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), effective strategies are needed to control weeds, the crop’s fiercest competitors for resources. To gain better insights into farmers’ access to, and use of, herbicides as part of weed control strategies, surveys were conducted in key rice production locations across SSA. Farm surveys were held among 1965 farmers across 20 countries to collect data on rice yields, farmer’s weed management practices, herbicide use, frequencies of interventions and information sources regarding herbicides. Markets were surveyed across 17 countries to collect data on herbicide availability, brand names and local prices (converted to US$ ha−1). Herbicides are used by 34% of the rice farmers in SSA, but adoption ranges from 0 to 72% across countries. Herbicides are more often used by men (40%) than by women (27%) and more often in irrigated (44% of farmers) than in rainfed lowland (36%) or upland rice growing environments (24%). Herbicides are always used supplementary to hand weeding. Following this combination, yield loss reductions in irrigated lowlands and rainfed uplands are estimated to be 0.4 t ha−1 higher than hand weeding alone. In rainfed lowlands no benefits were observed from herbicide use. Sixty-two percent of the herbicides sold at rural agro-chemical supply markets are unauthorized. These markets are dominated by glyphosate and 2,4-D, sold under 55 and 41 different brand names, respectively, and at relatively competitive prices (below average herbicide price of US $17 ha−1). They are also the most popular herbicides among farmers. For advice on herbicide application methods, farmers primarily rely on their peers, and only a few receive advice from extension services (

This research studied the effect of biochar addition before upland rice planting, followed by sugarcane cropping, on soil fertility (nitrogen mineralization, β-glucosidase and urease activities), a...

Microbial fertilizers are inoculants made from beneficial microbes to improve soil nutrient availability and increase plant growth.The purpose of this research was to studythe effect of inoculants as microbial fertilizers (phosphate solubilizing microbes and Nitrogen-fixing bacteria) and NPK fertilizers on growth and yield of upland rice on Andisols. This experiment used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) in factorial pattern, consisting of two factors with three replications. The first factor consisted of inoculants, which were; without; inoculants A (Pseudomonas mallei, P. cepaceae, Aspergillusniger and Penicillium sp., Azotobacter sp., Azospirillum sp.); inoculantsB (Azotobacterchoroococum, A. viilandii, Azospirillum, Pseudomonas cepaceae, Penicillium and Acitenobacter) and inoculants A+B. The second factor were NPK fertilizers with four levels (100%, 75%, 50% and 25% dosage of recommendation). The results showed that microbial fertilizers improve growth and yield of upland rice.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the responses in grain yield and zinc concentration of wetland and upland rice varieties to Zn fertilizer application and different growing conditions. The wetland (Chainat 1, CNT1) and upland (Kum Hom CMU, KH CMU) rice varieties were grown under waterlogged and well-drained soil conditions with or without Zn fertilizer application. Zinc fertilizer (ZnSO4) was applied at 0 and 60 kg ha−1 in three stages at tillering, booting, and flowering. In the wetland variety, CNT1, grain yield decreased by 18.0% in the well-drained soil compared to the waterlogged conditions, but there was an 8.9% decrease in grain yield in the waterlogged soil compared to the well-drained soil in the upland variety, KH CMU. Applying Zn fertilizer affected yields differently between the varieties, decreasing grain yield by 11.9% in CNT1 while having no effect in KH CMU. For grain Zn concentrations in brown rice, applying Zn fertilizer increased Zn concentration by 16.5–23.1% in CNT1 and KH CMU under both growing conditions. In the well-drained soil, applying Zn fertilizer increased straw Zn concentration by 51.6% in CNT1 and by 43.4% in KH CMU compared with the waterlogged conditions. These results indicated that the wetland and upland rice varieties responded differently to Zn fertilizer application when grown in different conditions. Applying Zn fertilizer in the appropriate rice variety and growing conditions would help farmers to improve both the desirable grain yield and Zn concentration in rice.

Upland rice production is often constrained by phosphorus deficiency (P) and drought events. Methods are needed to maximize P use efficiency, while promoting deep root development to mitigate drought. This study evaluates micro-dose P placement as a technique to enhance drought resilience of upland rice, thereby hypothesizing that P placement enhances deep root development, stimulated by the local P supply in the planting hole, compared to broadcast P. Two pot experiments were conducted using P deficient upland soil in Tanzania (Expt.1) and Madagascar (Expt.2), with factorial combinations of P doses (control and two P levels), application method (placement versus broadcast), rice varieties (DJ123 & NERICA4) and water regimes (field capacity and drying periods). Micro-dose P placement strongly boosted the establishment of upland rice and enhanced P recovery rates (4- to 5-fold) and fertilizer use efficiency (9- to 14-fold) compared to broadcast P. Micro-dose P placements significantly enhanced the fraction of roots found at largest depth (> 30 cm, Expt. 1; >15 cm, Expt. 2) by 22- to 33 %. Surprisingly, shoot P concentrations were markedly lower under P placement than under broadcast at equivalent P doses or equivalent biomass, indicating a Piper-Steenbjerg effect. This study is first in showing the enhanced deep rooting after basal P placement, and suggests replication at field scale where subsurface moisture may yield stronger benefits than in pots. The depleted shoot P concentrations induced by vigorous plant establishment under P placement may, however, counteract benefits at later growth stages and need further attention.

The rice root system develops a large number of nodal roots from which two types of lateral roots branch out, large L-types and fine S-types, the latter being unique to the species. All roots including S-types are covered by root hairs. To what extent these fine structures contribute to phosphate (P) uptake under P deficiency was investigated using a novel 3-D root growth model that treats root hairs as individual structures with their own Michaelis-Menten uptake kinetics. Model simulations indicated that nodal roots contribute most to P uptake followed by L-type lateral roots and S-type laterals and root hairs. This is due to the much larger root surface area of thicker nodal roots. This thickness, however, also meant that the investment in terms of P needed for producing nodal roots was very large. Simulations relating P costs and time needed to recover that cost through P uptake suggest that producing nodal roots represents a considerable burden to a P-starved plant, with more than 20 times longer pay-off time compared to S-type laterals and root hairs. We estimated that the P cost of these fine root structures is low enough to be recovered within a day of their formation. These results expose a dilemma in terms of optimizing root system architecture to overcome P deficiency: P uptake could be maximized by developing more nodal root tissue, but when P is growth-limiting, adding more nodal root tissue represents an inefficient use of the limiting factor P. In order to improve adaption to P deficiency in rice breeding two complementary strategies seem to exist: (1) decreasing the cost or pay-off time of nodal roots and (2) increase the biomass allocation to S-type roots and root hairs. To what extent genotypic variation exists within the rice gene pool for either strategy should be investigated.