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The recycling of waste is act of charity as it takes part of maintain environmental clean as well as offer balance in supply to meet the same or alternate use. Thin Aluminium sheets made food packaging items are usually ‘use and through’ and AA 8079 obtained by recycled them after use by stir-casting process. This research aims to investigate the control over hardness and wear resistant by reinforcing alumina nanoparticles at different wt% in such recovered AA 8079 by Sliding wear test and Vickers micro hardness test to identify the degree of variation in mechanical and tribological aspect of reinforcement effects. The results of wear test reveal that the highly influencing functional parameter is normal pressure or load on the surface on the rate of wear than usage. The increase of quantity of reinforcement increases the wear rate in experimental results and the same confirmed with probability graph and the surface plots used to graphically analyses the relationship between combinations of parameters on wear rate. The increase of reinforcement increases, the microhardness also improved the same was depicted with microhardness graph. The effect of reinforcement in altering micro defects generation also investigated with SEM analysis and found that increase of reinforcement increases the micro defects. Contribution of wear functional factors and optimized parameter for minimum wear found by ANOVA and Taguchi analysis respectively. Hence the alteration of wear and microhardness properties can be done by nanoparticle reinforcement and the developed regression equation can be used for prediction of wear rate.

Here, the investigation is spotlighted on the aluminium alloy from the waste materials of the automobile bumpers which is a reinforced metal matrix composite created with 5 percentage of nickel and 5 percentage of magnesium oxide through the stir casting method. The stir casting process inputs parameters such as pressure of squeezing, time of squeezing, and speed of stirrer which were optimized based on the two mechanical properties’ outcome such as the tensile strength (TS) and Rockwell hardness. There are nine different experiments which were conducted based on the L9 array. The Taguchi method is used to identify the optimum input values for the greatest result of the processing condition by Minitab software. The responses-based parameters were ordered based on the rank identified through the investigational effects. Finally, the optimized input consideration values and the linear equations are recommended for both the considered outputs as conclusions.

Aluminium alloy is the most favourable material based on the various properties and economic factors. Always there are so many researches going on based on the enhancement of the material properties with various combinations and the various materials mixing rate depending upon the availability. These researches were focused on the augmentations of the properties, and then the corresponding properties can be used in the various applications depending upon the results. In this study, the AA6066 aluminium alloy composites were created with the magnesium oxide and coal ash with a variety of grouping. The specimens were named as AAMgOCA 1 to AAMgOCA 6 with respect to the volume concentration composition. Then, the composites were tested to identify the impact on various strengths such as yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, shear strength, and flexural strength. These strengths were compared with the two conditions of the composites such as annealed and heat-treated conditions. AAMgOCA 3 has the greatest results in heat-treated condition when compared with the annealed condition.

In the recent decades, the use of aluminum alloy has significantly enhanced especially in engineering applications extensively used in shipbuilding, aircraft, structural and automobile applications such as crankshaft, connecting rod and piston etc. This paper illustrates a comprehensive investigation on mechanical behavior of AA6061/Titanium diboride (TiB2)/Silicon carbide (SiC) composites joined by friction stir welding using cylindrical pin tool profile. Various sets of metal matrix composites were prepared by varying TiB2/SiC composition percentages in aluminum matrix using stir casting process. This process is followed by welding of samples by controlled input process parameters. Subsequently, microscopic analysis is performed on the various weld zones namely heat affected zone, thermo-mechanically affected zone and stir zone to observe the grain size and distribution of reinforcement ceramic particles in the matrix. Hardness and tensile tests are carried out to assess the strength of the weldment. Results emphasize that the ultimate tensile strength of the welded specimens is proportional to the weight percentage of TiB2 in the matrix. The maximum hardness observed is 135.56 HV which is marginally greater than the aluminum matrix. Percentage elongation also increased by 2.5% thereby improving the weld specimen’s ductile property.

The airline sector mostly preferable material as aluminium and its alloy due to light weight and better resistance combatant for environmental factors. In this work mainly focusing to fabricate the aluminium matrix composites and reducing the surface roughness value of the specimen in the machining process. Initially the AA7175 with reinforcement of zirconium carbide (ZrC) particles are synthesized by the route of stir casting process, the stirring deed improve the material strength. The Design of experiments is involved to optimize the machining (CNC vertical milling) parameters such as Spindle rotational speed (2000 rpm, 2400 rpm and 2800 rpm), Machine feed rate (1000 mm/min, 1400 mm/min and 1800 mm/min) and depth of cut (0.3mm, 0.6 mm and 0.9 mm). The L 27 orthogonal array model is conducted to optimize the factors with the help of Minitab numerical analysis. This approach finds the optimal factors and reduces the surface roughness value, the microstructure examine is carried out and its image is translated to analyze the 3D profilometry technique.

Delta 6 desaturase is a key enzyme involved in the production of omega 3/6 fatty acids and it is the rate-limiting step. The study aims to characterize the delta 6 desaturase enzyme and to find the binding affinity of various ligand with the protein by docking. It is found that delta 6 desaturase enzyme sequence is very unique and has less similarity with the other desaturase protein. The structural analysis was performed by Ramachandran plot and SCOPe structure prediction. Modeller is used to determine the DOPE score of the selected enzyme. The lowest DOPE score protein is chosen to determine the binding affinity of ligand molecules. Three different ligands were selected and its interaction was determined by the PyRX - Autodock Vina. These studies will give a better idea of the interaction of various molecules, which help to deduce its function by further experimentation.

The use of composite materials is an increasing area of interest. In today’s world most of the things are made by composites, due to their ability to produce higher mechanical properties that are very much needed by today’s economy. The composite material produces the combined properties of two or more materials such as metals, polymers, ceramics, etc. The composites provide high strength, durability, low weight and density, and several other mechanical properties. This paper investigates the mechanical properties of the hybrid fiber reinforced polymer composite material. The tensile test, flexural test and hardness test were carried out and the results were analyzed. The composite material showed better characteristics than the other materials.

In this experimental investigation intended on to fabricate the aluminium alloy AA6056 with adding together of Zirconium dioxide through Friction stir processing route. The Friction stir processing is a similar way of friction stir welding process, it is forced out to mixing the Zirconium dioxide into AA6056 while in FSP. The parameters of FSP are tool speed (800, 1000, 1200 and 1400 rpm), transverse speed (60 mm/min) and tool axial force (5 kN). The mechanical properties of tensile strength are measured for the four different specimens, produced with different rotational speed. The micro hardness is measured repeatedly on the joint area and base material zone with the help of Vickers hardness tester machine. Excellent hardness values are observed in the FSP zone compare to other zones; it tells about the FSP was carried out effectively. The SEM image of the tensile specimens for it in broken area was analyzed by the way of 3D profilometry images.

In recent trends the electrodeposition process are very important of the soft material as well as hard material to avoid the corrosion resistance. For this research, S275JR mild steel specimens are considered as a base material for the coating A thin film Nickel coatings are made on the S275JR mild steel with the concentration of electrodepositing route. Due to this electrodeposition work modified the surface structure, improves the mechanical properties and turned to high corrosion resistance in nature. Three process parameters are considered for this work namely: voltage rate, stirring speed and time. The response values of micro hardness and mass of deposition are analyzed by L9 orthogonal array effectively. Enhanced micro hardness and mass of deposition of S275JR mild steel is obtained by the influence of two major parameters such as time period and the stirring speed. Rank order and delta values are point out the parameters precedence. ANOVA statistical approaches informed the process factors role and contribution effectively.

The Aluminium has been popular in the recent years due to the necessity to produce light weight components in the aircraft and automobile industries. These have been used in the manufacture of producing light weight transmission cables, heat exchangers, evaporators, automotive cylinder heads and radiators. These materials have excellent mechanical properties such as high tensile strength, high strength to weight ratio, corrosion resistance, ductility, formability, recyclability, etc. For these reasons, Aluminium alloys have been used in most of the applications. In this work the characteristics of aluminium alloys are studied and a new alloy with a different chemical composition is studied through experimental tests such as tensile test, hardness test and chemical test. The results were obtained from the experiments and were analyzed and conclusions were drawn.

This test the AA7068 aluminium alloy materials are welded through laser welding process. This aluminium alloys are high potency with low weight hence it is used for aircraft manufacturing and martial service industries. The laser welding is carried out with the tradition of Nd:YAG lasers and the assist of filler material. Laser welding process is a quick and modern method of welding minimum thickness of materials efficiently. In this study four factors are to be considering optimizing the laser welding parameters for the output of tensile strength. The four parameters of this examine as transverse Speed (m/min), Laser power (kW), Wire supply rate (m/min) and Wire size (mm). The extreme strength of the tensile test is discovered by way of Taguchi design of experiments and the optimal tensile strength was identified. The factors manipulation and the part of change the response are examined by ANOVA from the arithmetic tool of Minitab 18.

In this experimental investigation focused with the augmentation of the mechanical properties of the AA6262 aluminium alloy composite with the combination of the magnesium oxide and Silicon carbide. There are the main composite material is AA6262 aluminium alloy which contains 88 percentage of volume in all composite specimens. The remaining twelve percentage of volume in the composite were created by the combination of the magnesium oxide and silicon carbide with different volume in percentage variation. There are seven different specimens were created. The magnesium oxide percentage increased from 3% to 9% in increasing order and the silicon carbide percentage decreased from 9% to 3% in decreasing order in each specimens. The basic properties like hardness, impact strength, tensile strength and percentage of elongation were measured for the each specimen. The superior qualified specimen is selected for identification of microstructure.

In order to solve the problem of emission of harmful gases like Nox, Sox, and CO which are being emitted into the atmosphere and to improve the performance of the engine we have made three subprojects like hydrogen generator equipment, urea injection in exhaust gas flow and a separate chamber to control the emission. In the hydrogen generator equipment, we have made a setup using aluminum rods and baking soda solution to generate hydrogen gas which should be mixed with the inlet compressed air of the engine. Then, the aqueous urea is injected in the exhaust before the Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) to increase the conversion of harmful nitrogen oxides to nitrogen and oxygen. At last, the separate chamber is made to absorb the fine carbon particles and to considerably reduce the Sox and Nox emission. Form this analysis engine emits less smoke than normal exhaust as the average value of HSU is 38.01.

This article focuses on the synthesizing of copper metal matrix material (CMMC). Titanium carbide and groundnut shell ash strengthen the steel. The 70 per cent hybrid mixture with copper powder, 15 per cent tungsten carbide powder and 15 per cent groundnut shell ash favoured where copper is mixture content. The composite made using metallurgical powder technology. The proposed composite studied through study of microscopy, corrosive analysis and measuring of hardness. Reinforcing the existing 15% Tungsten Carbide Powder mixture and 15% Groundnut Ash shell, enhanced hardness and diminished corrosion rate (increased corrosive resistance). The Scanning Electron Microscopy picture guarantees a clear distribution of reinforced particles in the matrix content.

In the current research study, AA6351 (Al-Si-Mg) is employed as matrix material and silicon nitride (Si3N4) particles as reinforcement material to manufacture the aluminum composites (AMCs). AA6351 matrix composites incorporated with several weight fractions of Si3N4 (0, 1, 2 and 3 wt.%) were synthesized via stir casting technique. The obtained composites were characterized through a scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS). EDS and XRD spectrums demonstrate the presence of Si3N4 reinforcement contents in the manufactured AMCs. The SEM analysis exhibits the even dissemination of Si3N4 particles in the Al alloy. The mechanical properties of the composites are examined by conducting several kinds of tests like compression test, impact test, tensile test and hardness test to understand the relationship between the weight percentages of reinforcement on the mechanical characteristics of the manufactured AMCs. The un-lubricant tribological characteristics of the proposed AMCs were assessed utilizing pin on disk tribometer. The hardness, compression and tensile strength of the AMCs were augmented concerning the mass proportion of reinforcement content. Finally, the wear test result reveals that the addition of nano-sized Si3N4 reinforcement contents up to a mass proportion of 3% downgrades the wear rate.

Aluminium alloy is the popular material in the world to produce lot of light weight parts with high strength, in additionally reinforcement is consider to these alloy is improve its strength. In this investigation consider the AA7050 aluminium alloy as a base material with reinforcement of Silicon Carbide (SiC) at various percentage level like as 0%, 4 % and 6 %. The wear of this composites are analysed through the design of experiments (Taguchi approach) for optimize the process parameters. This wear study is considered the parameters are Sliding velocity in m/s (1, 2 and 3), Sliding distance in m (1000, 1400 and 1800) and percentage of composition (0%, 43% and 6%). For this experimental investigation the sliding distance as most significant factor among three. The microstructure analysis demonstrated that there is a SiC particles which reduces wear of the samples.

This study paying attention on to optimize the variable factors involved in the stir casting to found the corrosion rate for the Aluminium matrix composite such as aluminium alloy 7010 and reinforcement of boron carbide. The composites are produced by stir casting route with consideration of different process factors while producing the casting. In optimization the stir casting process parameters selected as percentage of reinforcement (3%, 6% and 9%), stirring speed (250 rpm, 500 rpm and 750 rpm) and stirring time (3 min, 5 min and 7 min). The specimens are made not only a single aluminium alloy adding different percentage level of boron carbide to improve and minimize the corrosion rate. For this research, the Response Surface Method (RSM) is used to optimize the corrosion resistance and attained best specimen for further application usage. All the factors and their values are analyzed by applying of statistical method using Minitab.

The Metal Matrix Composition (MMC) is one of the encouraging methods in most of the manufacturing industry. In this paper we planned to prepare the MMC using magnesium alloy and tungsten carbide. Due to the influence of simulation in every manufacturing activity, the simulation is conducted before manufacturing any component. In literature there are many techniques proposed for the simulation of various manufacturing process. But parameter optimization using suitable algorithm is a challenging task. Hence in this paper, a league championship optimization (LCO) technique proposed for the optimal parameter selection for the MMC preparation. In the proposed work, the Magnesium alloy and tungsten carbide are consider for preparing light weight and high strength MMC for automobile and aeronautical component manufacturing. Initially the LCO is executed to select the optimal parameter or ratio of two material is selected. Then FEM analysis is conducted to evaluate the strength and hardness of the modelled MMC. Then the outcome model is experimentally created and its micro hardness and strength is tested to analysis the actual result. Then the results of predicted and actual results are compared to validate the effectiveness of proposed optimization technique. Ultimately result analysis proves the closeness of the actual and predicted results.

This study concentrated to optimize the surface roughness analysis for the AA5083 – Boron carbide (B4C) composites with three process factors. The high strength aluminium alloy 5083 is considered for this study and increasing the strength by the reinforcement of boron carbide particles with different percentage of weight. The aluminium matrix composites are produced by the stir casting route. The stirring action implies 600 rpm constantly to increase the strength of the composite for improving the machining parameters. The optimization of machining (drilling) parameters for this study considered as drilling speed (1000 rpm, 1500 rpm and 2000 rpm), drilling feed (60 mm/min, 100 mm/min and 140 mm/min) and percentage of reinforcement (5%, 10% and 15%). The Design of experiments (DOE) is involved to find the minimum surface roughness of the composites efficiently, using the L9 OA to optimize the factors of the drilling operation. Surface microstructure study is conducted through 3D surface profilometry approach with the aid of gwyddion software.

Rapid globalization and demand for the advanced material, hybrid materials are possessing an up marketed strategy in the field of material research. Due to the demand for lightweight and strong nature of materials, aluminium is considered as largely utilized material for manufacturing components in industrial and other manufacturing sectors. However, aluminium materials are being researched through the decades for improvising the mechanical properties. Therefore, hybrid matrix composites are introduced to improve the mechanical properties by the addition of reinforcements. One of the recent advancements in hybrid metal composites is the introduction of nanoparticles in the composition mixture. In this research work, an aluminium hybrid metal matrix composite is prepared by the nano reinforcement particles. Aluminium is considered to be an efficient element for manufacturing and numerous level of hybridization is carried out in the metal processing. In this current research work, aluminium alloy 2219 is hybridized with nanoparticles of Titanium Carbide, Aluminium Oxide and Silicon Nitride with the proportion of 94% of the primary material with 6% of reinforcement material. The reinforcements are fabricated by the conventional processing of advanced method of casting process namely stirring-squeeze casting process for manufacturing the proposed reinforced material. The advantage of this squeeze casting process, it can limit the defects than conventional casting process. The fabrication process develops eight sets of cylindrical specimens of dimension 50 × 150 mm for testing under varied melt and die temperatures which are maintained at 800 °C and 400 °C and squeeze pressure of 100 Mpa during each level of fabrication. Mechanical testing is carried out after the fabrication process and tested the properties of prepared specimens under loading conditions. Tensile testing and hardness of the material are tested on universal testing machine and Brinell hardness with intender ball of 5 mm diameter under 250 kg loading condition. The statistical method of analysis is one of the easiest way analysis the error rate of the result obtained in the experimentation through machine learning process. Therefore, this research develops a statistical analysis method for optimizing the process parameters for better improvement in mechanical properties. The K-nearest neighbour (KNN) and grey wolf optimization (GWO) are proposed for optimizing the process parameters of stirring-squeeze casting process. Conclusively, the result concludes with a comparative study of experimental and predicted outcomes. From the result of comparison, the proposed composition of material has highest level of mechanical properties for manufacturing components in a real-time scenario respectively.

In general connecting rods are manufactured by using carbon steel; nowadays aluminium alloys are best alternative material to produce connecting rod. Aluminium alloys are less weight and absorb high impact strength since it is best suited for high speed engine in the bike. In this work focused on to analysis of three different aluminium alloy materials as AA2014, AA6061 and AA7075. FEA analysis was carried out through ANSYS software for selected three materials and von misses stress; shear stress and total deformation were obtained from ANSYS software. The analysis on various geometric forms of connecting rod such as solid type, shell type has been carried out using modelling package such as SOLIDWORKS and ANSYS software. The apt result has obtained from the analysis, the deformation and stiffness of each material clearly shows in the output of the analyzed images and also in theoretical calculation. Comparing with the three materials the AA2014 possess less weight and better stiffness.

Welding is widely used in the final stage of the casting production and in fabricating the components for joining. The simplicity of titanium welding and its special effects on mechanical properties is therefore extremely important conditions in the case of engineering workings. The idea of this review is, to sum up the welding capability and its effects on mechanical properties of grade 5 titanium alloy tubes. It has been identified that the titanium welding is used in different fields throughout the world. The GTAW process is the best method to weld the titanium alloys.

This paper reports the mechanical properties and wear behaviour of AA6061/Silicon Carbide (SiC) composites fabricated through powder metallurgy routine. Green uni-axially pressed compacts in the range of 350 MPa was sintered at temperatures in the range of 610–640 °C. The microstructures of AA6061/SiC composites interfaces were characterized by Optical Microscope and mechanical properties were evaluated by Vickers hardness tester and compression test. The test results revealed that increase in hardness and compressive strength of the composite was evidenced with increasing reinforcement level. The fabricated composites showed a good sintering response and the density achieved was maximum. Optimal microstructure showed homogeneous distribution of reinforcement particles in the composites. The wear rate of composites gets decreased with increased wt% of SiC due to formation of mechanical mixed layer (MML) and resist the direct contact of mating parts.

In recent days, natural fibers are extremely influential in numerous applications such as automobile body building, boat construction, civil structure, and packing goods. Intensification of the properties of natural fibers is achieved by blending different natural fibers with resin in a proper mixing ratio. This investigation aims to synthesize a hybrid polymer matrix composite with the use of natural fibers of flax and loops of hemp in the epoxy matrix. The synthesized composites were characterized in terms of tribological and mechanical properties. The Taguchi L16 orthogonal array is employed in the preparation of composite samples as well as analysis and optimization of the synthesis parameters. The optimization of compression molding process parameters has enhanced the results of this investigation. The parameters chosen are percentage of reinforcement (20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%), molding temperature (150 °C, 160 °C, 170 °C, and 180 °C), molding pressure (1 MPa, 2 MPa, 3 MPa, and 4 MPa), and curing time (20 min, 25 min, 30 min, and 35 min). From the analysis, it was observed that the percentage of reinforcement is contributing more to altering the fatigue strength, and the curing time is influenced in the impact and wear analysis.

This work mainly focuses on increasing the mechanical strength and improving the corrosion resistance of an aluminum alloy hybrid matrix. The composites are prepared by the stir casting procedure. For this work, aluminum alloy 8079 is considered as a base material and titanium nitride and zirconium dioxide are utilized as reinforcement particles. Mechanical tests, such as the ultimate tensile strength, wear, salt spray corrosion test and microhardness test, are conducted effectively in the fabricated AA8079/TiN + ZrO2 composites. L9 OA statistical analysis is executed to optimize the process parameters of the mechanical and corrosion tests. ANOVA analysis defines the contribution and influence of each parameter. In the tensile and wear test, parameters are chosen as % of reinforcement (3%, 6% and 9%), stirring speed (500, 550 and 600 rpm) and stirring time (20, 25 and 30 min). Similarly, in the salt spray test and microhardness test, the selected parameters are: percentage of reinforcement (3%, 6% and 9%), pH value (3, 6 and 9), and hang time (24, 48 and 72 h). The percentage of reinforcement highly influenced the wear and microhardness test, while the stirring time parameter extremely influenced the ultimate tensile strength. From the corrosion test, the hang time influences the corrosion rate. The SEM analysis highly reveals the bonding of each reinforcement particle to the base material.

This work concentrates on design, manufacturing and improving the impact strength as well as compression strength of helmet using glass fibres. The work makes use of glass fibre and foams of aluminium for design and experimentation purpose. Materials that absorb high energy is used to make the mould using which the helmet is fabricated. This can result in reduced weight and improved strength of the helmet with minimal wearing property. Hand layup method is used form making the helmets. The cross sectional area collapses and the compression stress of 2.7 KN/mm2. The breaking load of the test specimen was recorded as 8.2 KN and the ultimate tensile strength was 101 N/mm2. The impact strength was recorded as 120 J/mm2.

The present study explores a facile and novel lucrative synthetic strategy to fabricate zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) and silver (Ag)/ZnO nanocomposites (NCs) via Withania somnifera root extract. The bending and stretching vibrations for ZnO and Ag/ZnO NCs were probed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analyses were showed that the synthesized nanomaterials were spherical with reduced size and an average dimension of about ~ 20 nm. The crystalline structure of the as-synthesized nanomaterials was characterized using X-ray diffraction studies. Elemental analysis of the fabricated NCs was analyzed using X-ray fluorescence studies. The synthesized ZnO and Ag/ZnO NCs have been examined for their catalytic activity toward anthropogenic pollutants such methyl orange (MO), methyl violet (MV), and malachite green (MG). The results portrayed that the Ag/ZnO NCs showed enhanced catalytic activity than ZnO NPs with degradation efficiency of 95, 88, and 97% in 6 min, 6 min, and 8 min for MO, MV, and MG. The enhanced catalytic property may be due to Ag ions' combined effect on ZnO NPs, which results in the high electron transfer efficiency between the donor and the acceptor molecule. Hence, the fascinating finding in the current research is that the synthesized nanomaterials act as a potent nanocatalyst to clear up various environmental issues.

Polymer composites are used in various fields of engineeringdue to their properties such as higher stiffness,strength,impact resistance,heat resistance,abrasion and wear resistanceand gas barrier. In addition,nowadays, natural fibres are widely used as additive composites for the preparation of hybrid composites. Thus,in this chapter,we present various types of hybrid composites and methods for preparation. Three types of hybridisation of natural and synthetic fibre are described along with the properties of most used materials. Then, the pultrusion and injection moulding method for the polymer composite preparation are described with process flow diagrams. Subsequently, the advantages and disadvantages of preferring natural fibre and composition method are explained. Finally, the applications of hybrid polymer composite are described. The overall chapter describes the design procedure of a hybrid polymer composite.

This investigation concentrated on the reinforced aluminium composites prepared by the stir casting methodology and joined the specimens using Friction stir welding process. For this study the aluminium alloy AA7010 has to be taken and adding Titanium Diboride (TiB2) at weight of 10% percentage while in stir casting. The casted plates are welded through FSW process with tool rotational speed of 1000 rpm, transverse speed of 45 mm/min and tool axial force of 4 kN. Welded sample is tested by Vickers hardness tester. The magnificent hardness value obtained in the weld region compared to the base material, it is noticed which selected welding parameters and reinforcement are influenced to increase the hardness. The microstructure analysis was carried out and it converted into 3D profilometry image to found the microstructure of the composite. The colour variation in the 3D image shows the Titanium Diboride distribution clearly.

In this paper, the hardness and wear properties of pure ceramic particles like silicon carbide, boron carbide and graphite are considered in micron size with the reinforced aluminium LM30 m...

Childhood-onset Takayasu arteritis (c-TA) is the third most common systemic vasculitic disorder in children. Vascular stenosis is the main complication, and aneurysms are reported in 19-65% of cases, often in combination with stenotic lesions. Management of patients with c-TA is largely based on studies involving predominantly patients with adult-onset TA (a-TA). More widely used criteria for patients with c-TA have been devised by the joint European League Against Rheumatism, Pediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organization, and Pediatric Rheumatology European Society. Of the available imaging modalities, those that do not use radiation (color Doppler ultrasound and magnetic resonance angiogram) are preferred over 18F-labeled fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron-emission tomography, computed tomography (CT), and CT angiogram in children. Remission rates have been reported to be lower in c-TA than in a-TA, and published mortality rates in c-TA range from 16 to 40%, which is much higher than reported in patients with a-TA. The usual drug therapy options include steroids plus steroid-sparing second-line immunosuppressants, such as mycophenolate, azathioprine, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, and cyclosporine, along with antiplatelet agents. Interleukin-6 inhibitors such as tocilizumab, as well as the tumor necrosis factor inhibitors, are other aggressive therapeutic options. As yet, no randomized controlled trials have been conducted in c-TA.

Aluminium alloy is widely used in engineering application, and it can be classified based on the constituent elements or alloying elements. Aluminium alloy is preferred for the nature of its tensile strength, ductility, and corrosion resistance in this research to make a dissimilar friction stir welding joint of aluminium alloys 7079 and 8050 materials. The tensile strength of the weld joint is estimated by the influence of the response surface methodology approach. The welding is carried out by preferred process parameters with a tool speed of 1000–2500 rpm, tool pin diameter of 2–6 mm, welding speed of 50–300 mm/min, and tool shoulder diameter of 10–20 mm. The ANOVA analysis and the prediction of tensile strength were conducted efficiently. From the RSM analysis, the tool pin diameter mostly modified the output of the result.

Automobile industries were ready to recycle the waste old parts as well as the damaged parts of the old vehicles as much as possible. This study mainly focused on the recycling of the waste and damaged aluminium frames of the automobile bodies. These aluminium-based frames only collected the metal matrix composite created by reinforcement of 3% silicon carbide (SiC) and 3% high carbon steel. The stir casting method is chosen to make the composites. Optimization is done by Taguchi ANOVA technique. Three input parameters such as stir speed, time of squeeze, and the temperature of the preheating were considered. The outputs such as compressive strength and porosity were experimentally measured with the combination of nine (L9) experimental trails. The measured experimental results were analyzed and optimized with the help of Taguchi technique with different plots for clear identification. The optimized parameters based on low porosity and high compressive strength were recommended for conclusion.

Currently, the aluminum alloys are utilized more in level of all industries for different applications; furthermore, industries need high-strength alloys for making innovative components. For those reasons, many researchers hope to prepare hybrid aluminum metal matrix composites at various composition levels. In this experimental work, we intended to prepare the hybrid metal matrix composites such as aluminum alloy 7079 with reinforcement of ZrO2 + Si3N4 through stir-casting process. Major findings of this work, as to optimize the stir-casting process, can be to continually conduct wear test and evaluate the microhardness of the stir-casted specimens. Optimization of stir-casting process parameters is a preliminary work for this research by Taguchi tool. The chosen parameters are % of reinforcement (0%, 4%, 8%, and 12%), agitation speed (450 rpm, 500 rpm, 550 rpm, and 600 rpm), agitation time (15 min, 20 min. 25 min, and 30 min), and molten temperature (700°C, 750°C, 800°C, and 850°C). The prepared stir-casted materials are tested by wear analysis and microhardness analysis, through Pin-on-Disc wear tester and Vickers hardness tester, respectively. Wear parameters are optimized, the minimum wear rate is evaluated, and also the wear worn-out surfaces are examined through SEM analysis.

In the current scenario, many natural fibers available in the world can be used in various applications in the day-to-day life of biomedical products, automobile parts, industrial products, etc. Biocomposites can replace or serve as a framework allowing the regeneration of traumatized, degenerated tissues, and organs, thus, improving the patients’ quality of life. This research work is aimed at fabricating and investigating the natural biopolymer composites for biomedical applications. There are two sets of fiber composites fabricated in this research work. Ramie fiber considers a common base fiber for both composites. Hemp fibers and coir fibers were considered as filler in this research work. Biodegradable and bioresorbable polypropylene resins are used to fabricate the biocomposite using the compression moulding technique. Different proportion specimen mechanical properties were compared for bone fixtures and joint applications. The contour plots and bar charts were plotted to identify the variations in the volume percentage. The individual fiber specimens also have significant properties when compared with the composite fibers. Then, the individual superior property-based combinations such as hemp and coir fiber mixed with biodegradable and bioresorbable polypropylene/ramie fiber were recommended to produce joints and bone fixtures to alleviate pain for patients.

Nowadays, most of the products are used in the electrical and electronics field, and copper alloy is playing a significant role such as Springs for relay contacts and switchgear, Rotor bars, and Busbars. In this work, the copper alloys consider as base alloy, and the reinforced factor of silicon nitride (Si3N4) is processed of reinforcement as 3 wt. %, 6 wt. %, 9 wt. %, 12 wt. % Si3N4 through powder metallurgy performance. The ball mill process is used for this work to obtain an enhanced homogeneous mixture of both base material as well as reinforced particles. Using a hydraulic press, the blended powders are compacted with applying 3 kN and 10 min period for obtained good strength of green compact specimens. Further, the green compacted specimens are sintered, and the sintered billets are machined in the conventional lathes with different cutting speeds 50 m/min, 100 m/min, and 150 m/min; feed rate of 0.1 mm/rev (fixed); and depth of cut of 0.5 mm, 0.8 mm, 1 mm, 1.2 mm, 1.4 mm, and 1.6 mm. Cutting speed and depth of cut to find the composites’ cutting force is ingenious. A wear test also can be conducted to find the wear resistance of the reinforced particles of the copper alloy material.

Two-body abrasive wear behavior of glass fabric reinforced (GC) epoxy and titanium dioxide (TiO₂) filled composites have been conducted out by using a tribo test machine. GC and TiO₂ filled GC composites were produced by the hand layup technique. The mechanical performances of the fabricated composites were calculated as per ASTM standards. Three different weight percentages were mixed with the polymer to develop the mechanical and abrasive wear features of the composites. Evaluation Based on Distance from Average Solution (EDAS), a multi-criteria decision technique is applied to find the best filler content. Based on the output, 2wt% TiO₂ filler gave the best result. Abrasive wear tests were used to compare GC and TiO₂ filled GC composites. The abrasion wear mechanisms of the unfilled and TiO₂ filled composites have also been studied by scanning electron microscopy. The outcome of the paper suggests the correct proportion of filler required for the resin in order to improve the wear resistance of the filled composites. Taguchi combined with Multi-Criteria Decision Method (MCDM) is used to identify the better performance of the TiO₂ filled epoxy composites. Published version The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through a research groups program under grant number (RGP.2/166/42).

Friction stir welding is an innovative welding process for similar and dissimilar joining of the materials effectively. FSW simply modified the grain structure and also improved the strength of the joints for any type of alloying elements. This experimental study planned to carry out the joining process for dissimilar materials such as aluminium alloys 5083 and 7068. Three different types of tools are involved to find the ultimate tensile strength and Vickers hardness. The tool types are straight cylindrical tool, taper cylindrical tool, and triangular tool. The process factors for this investigation are a rotational speed of 800, 1000, 1200, and 1400 rpm, welding speed of 30, 40, 50, and 60 mm/min, axial force of 3, 4, 5, and 6 kN, and plate thickness of 5, 6, 7, and 8 mm. The hardness value and the ultimate tensile strength were increased in the welding zone, which proves the effects of tool profiles are efficiently utilized.

Juvenile localized scleroderma (morphea) is the predominant scleroderma in childhood which affects the skin and may extend to the underlying fascia, muscle, joints and bone. The assessment of activity and damage can be done with a validated instrument like LoSCAT. Disease classified as "low severity" which includes superficial plaque morphea can be treated with topical mid potent- potent steroids, tacrolimus, calcipotriol or imiquimod in combination with phototherapy. Methotrexate is recommended for linear, deep and generalized morphea. Steroids are effective in the early inflammatory stage and used in combination with methotrexate. Methotrexate is continued for at least 12 months after adequate response is achieved. Mycophenolate mofetil is given in cases where methotrexate is contraindicated or for those who do not respond to methotrexate. There are also reports of improvement of disease with ciclosporine and hydroxychloroquine. In severe cases, recalcitrant to standard therapy there may be a role for biologics, JAK inhibitors, and IVIG. Supportive measures like physiotherapy and psychiatric counseling are also important in the management of morphea. Orthopedic surgery and other measures like autologous fat transfer may be advocated once the disease is inactive.

This Experimental investigation deals about the inlet and outlet temperature variation on Flat Plate Collector by using Silicon carbide as a nanofluid compared with normal water with sequence of time interval in the same operating arrangement. Nanofluid provides significant improvement in the heat transfer rate with respect to temperature difference. So only temperature difference only consider for this investigation because here area of the heat transfer is constant for both cases without and with Nanoparticles.

Materials are indispensible but the supply is limited. In particularly, the supply of material is limited for specific applications. Light weight low strength applications are very wide. This investigation focuses the natural fibre hybrid with artificial fiber-based hybrid composite preparation. The banana fibre is used to prepare the composite with glass fibre. The banana fiber is here treated with specific concentration of sodium oxidanide in the distilled water. The composites synthesized with treated and untreated banana fibres. The alternate fashion of horizontal and vertical is followed for fibres’ orientation. The bio epoxy is employed as matrix material with mix of hardener. The prepared composite are characterized by water absorbability, tensile properties, flexural properties and shock absorption capacities. The synthesized composites also characterized for dry and wet applications.

In solar panel system, Flat Plate Collector (FPC) is generally used for household hot-water making, room space heating as well as drying etc., Nano fluids are one of the combinations of fluid with Nano-sized solid particles with high thermal conductivity for increase the performance of the system. In this simple study deals with temperature difference of Aluminium nitride used as nanofluid in FPC and comparisons with normal water for the same operating condition. From this study about the mixture of Nano fluids and water to increase temperature difference and improve the efficiency of heating.

Kinetics and mechanistic aspects of oxidation of Vanillin Schiff bases (obtained from Vanillin and p-substituted anilines) by bromate in acid medium has been studied at 313 K. The reaction exhibited first order in [bromate] and less than unity order each in [Vanillin Schiff base] and [acid]. The increase in the rate of reaction with decrease in dielectric constant of the medium is observed with all the studied substrates. The reaction failed to induce the polymerization of acrylonitrile. Electron withdrawing substituents in the aniline ring moiety of Vanillin Schiff base accelerate the rate of oxidation to a large extent and electron releasing substituents retard the rate. The order of reactivity is found to be p-nitro > p-bromo > p-chloro > –H > p-fluoro > p-methyl > p-methoxy > p-ethoxy and the sensitivity of the substrates towards the reaction rate is further supported by the semi-empirical calculation of electronic properties and global descriptors of the substrates (Vanillin Schiff bases) with different substituents in the aniline ring moiety. The observed trend in the reactivity of the substrates was correlated with the calculated descriptors like electronegativity, chemical potential, electrophilicity index, chemical hardness and frontier molecular orbitals. The linear free-energy relationship is characterized by a straight line in the Hammett's plot of log k versus σ. The ρ values are positive and increase with increase in temperature. From the Exner and Arrhenius plots, the isokinetic relationship is discussed. Oxidation products identified are p-substituted azobenzene and vanillic acid. Based on the experimental observations, a plausible mechanism is proposed and rate law is derived.

This paper deals a set of studies performed on AA6063-TiC composites produced by adding 3%, 6% and 9% wt. of TiC in aluminium alloy 6063 and processed with abrasive water jet cutting that are formed with garnet abrasive of 80 mesh size. These studies are effectively meant to evaluate the surface roughness (Ra) of abrasive water jet cutting on various compositions of AA6063-TiC produced by stir casting route. Abrasive water jet cutting was carried out on cylindrical samples of various compositions of AA6063-TiC composites by varying traverse speed, stand-off distance and abrasive flow rate at three different levels. The experiments were performed using Taguchi’s L27 orthogonal array. Contribution of these parameters on the Ra was determined by ANOVA and regression analysis to optimize the process parameters for effective machining. Among the interaction effects, traverse speed and stand-off distance combinations contribute more to the Ra. The microstructures of machined surfaces were also analysed by scaning electron microscope images and F-profile plots.

l -Glutaminase ( l -glutamine amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.2) is a deamiding enzyme that has current focus on a therapeutic potentials and flavor enhancement agent in food industry. It was noticed that the amidase production was depended on the bacterial growth. However, the enhancement of bacterial growth by other substrates suppress the secretion of l -glutaminase. Governing the growth as well as amidase production is challenging task. In this study a multi-objective based superimposed optimization method was employed to control the biomass as well as to enhance the production of l -glutaminase. Various parameters such as volume of medium, pH, incubation temperature, inoculum level, l -glutamine concentration and rpm were optimized. The interactive influence of these parameters with their effect on enzyme and biomass production was analyzed using fractional factorial central composite design (FFCCD). The coefficient of determination (R2) was calculated as 0.9862 and 0.9513 for l -glutaminase and biomass production respectively. Overlay graphs were plotted by superimposing the contours for the various response surfaces of biomass and enzyme production. Based on superimposing method the cultural conditions obtained was volume of media 85 mL, temperature 37 °C, pH 7.24, inoculum concentration 2.47 mL, l -glutaminase concentration 1.01 g/L and agitation speed of 109 rpm. At these conditions 225 U/mL l -glutaminase and 0.79 g/L biomass were obtained. The current study provides a good description for balanced optimization of fermentation process of multi response or objective systems by using FFCCD method.

The in situ AA6063/ZrB2 composite is being widely manufactured by the direct metal reaction technique. The potassium hexafluorozirconate (K2ZrF6) and the potassium tetrafluoroborate (KBF4) were used to synthesize the ZrB2 particles through the salt reaction method. The weight percentage of ZrB2 varied from 0 to 10 in steps of 5. The exothermic reaction between the inorganic salts, K2ZrF6 and KBF4 and the molten aluminium leads to the formation of ZrB2. Micro hardness and tensile strength of the composite were examined. The prepared composites were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM). SEM micrographs display that the particles are nearly homogeneous dissemination in the AA6063 matrix alloy. The increase in weight percentage of zirconium diboride particles improves the mechanical properties of the composite. The test results showed that the AA6063/10wt.% of ZrB2 composites had revealed greater hardness and tensile strength than the base matrix.

Particulate reinforced aluminium matrix composites (PRAMCs) are extensively substituting the conventional aluminium alloys in several applications and components in aircraft, marine, construction and automobile industries. Research is being carried out across the globe to enrich the mechanical, tribological and physical properties of PRAMCs using novel manufacture techniques and reinforcements. In this article, an attempt is made to analyse the influence of the different weight fraction of aluminum nitride (AlN) particle reinforced composites. Aluminium alloy AA7075 was reinforced with several quantities (0, 5, 10 and 15 wt%) of AlN through stir casting route. The microstructures, as well as mechanical properties of the manufactured composites are analysed. The manufactured composites were inspected by using Optical Microscope. Optical micrographs revealed the nearly uniform dissemination of reinforcement particles in the matrix alloy (AA7075). The hardness, as well as the tensile strength of the composite, has increased with the increase in weight fraction of aluminium nitride particulates in the AA7075 matrix.

The automotive sector is concerned about menacing towards depleting fossil fuel and exhaust emissions generated by conventional engines. To meet the challenges of fossil fuel scarcity and strict emission regulations, alternative fuels have grown in importance and play a significant role in reducing the dependency on gasoline in spark ignition (SI) engines. Among alternative fuels, alcohol fuels have some major advantages including compatibility with conventional engines and the potential to limit greenhouse (GH) emissions. Many researches have been carried out on the application and impact of alcohols on the engine-out characteristics of SI engines. However, understanding the behaviours of combustion characteristics have humongous importance in acquiring improved performance and emission characteristics. Also, the improvisation of low carbon alcohols (LCA) powered SI engine has a higher potential in the automotive industry currently. The combustion characteristics can be analysed by combustion indicators like max. in-cylinder pressure (Pmax), heat release rate (HRR), combustion duration (CD) and ignition delay (ID). Therefore, this review is devoted to study and analyze the combustion characteristics of LCA powered SI engines. Also, this paper systematically reviews the impact of blend ratio, supplementary fuel, engine operational and design parameters on combustion characteristics of the engine LCA fuelled SI engines. The literature correlated to fuel and engine parameters was reviewed and epitomized to illustrate their impacts on combustion characteristics. Furthermore, the problem of transitioning from a traditional to an alcohol application is addressed, along with possible options for potential improvements to the future.

Aluminium based composites are extensively used in various applications because of its excellent properties. Aluminium alloy (AA7075) matrix reinforced with Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and Aluminium Nitride (AlN) have been developed via stir casting (SC) method. The mechanical properties such as hardness, tensile strength (TS) and compressive strength (CS) have been studied and reported. The increase in amount of AlN in the matrix improved the properties and decreased the elongation. The porosity % is high for the increase in quantity of the reinforcement particles.