Author: "Spinks A" / Topic: chemistry - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

421 results on '"Spinks A"'

1. Dynamic Mechanical and Creep Behaviour of Meltspun PVDF Nanocomposite Fibers

Author: Fatemeh Mokhtari, Geoffrey M. Spinks, Sepidar Sayyar, and Javad Foroughi
Subjects: polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), composite fibers, piezoelectric, dynamic mechanical analysis, creep, storage modulus, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract: Piezoelectric fibers have an important role in wearable technology as energy generators and sensors. A series of hybrid nanocomposite piezoelectric fibers of polyinylidene fluoride (PVDF) loaded with barium–titanium oxide (BT) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) were prepared via the melt spinning method. Our previous studies show that high-performance fibers with 84% of the electroactive β-phase in the PVDF generated a peak output voltage up to 1.3 V and a power density of 3 W kg−1. Herein, the dynamic mechanical and creep behavior of these fibers were investigated to evaluate their durability and piezoelectric performance. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was used to provide phenomenological information regarding the viscoelastic properties of the fibers in the longitudinal direction. DSC and SEM were employed to characterize the crystalline structure of the samples. The storage modulus and the loss tangent increased by increasing the frequency over the temperature range (−50 to 150 °C) for all of the fibers. The storage modulus of the PVDF/rGO nanocomposite fibers had a higher value (7.5 GPa) in comparison with other fibers. The creep and creep recovery behavior of the PVDF/nanofillers in the nanocomposite fibers have been explored in the linear viscoelastic region at three different temperatures (10–130 °C). In the PVDF/rGO nanocomposite fibers, strong sheet/matrix interfacial interaction restricted the mobility of the polymer chains, which led to a higher modulus at temperatures 60 and 130 °C.
Published: 2021
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2. How carbonate dissolution facilitates sediment-hosted Zn-Pb mineralization

Author: Matthew Glenn, Colin M. MacRae, Mark A. Pearce, Weihua Liu, and Sam Spinks
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Environmental chemistry, Sediment, Carbonate, Geology, Mineralization (soil science), Dissolution
Abstract: Most of the world's Zn and Pb is extracted from sediment-hosted Zn-Pb deposits. The Zn-Pb deposits hosted in carbonate rocks are hypothesized to form by mixing of acidic metal-bearing brines with reduced sulfur-bearing fluids while dissolving sedimentary carbonate. To test the role of carbonate in this process, we conducted hydrothermal experiments simulating ore formation by reacting Zn ± Pb ± Ba–bearing brines with H2S and SO42– produced by native sulfur, with and without carbonate minerals (calcite or dolomite crystals), at 200 °C and water-saturated pressure. Sphalerite, galena, and barite (or anhydrite) crystals formed only when carbonate was present in the experiment, accompanied by carbonate dissolution. The textures of sphalerite clusters are similar to those observed in ancient and modern hydrothermal deposits. Thermodynamic modeling at 150 °C and 250 °C demonstrates that mixing of metal-rich brines and H2S causes most of the Zn in solution to precipitate as sphalerite only when carbonate dissolution occurs to buffer the pH, consistent with the experimental observations. The need for a pH buffer increases with increasing temperature, and different pH buffers may play a role for different deposit types. We propose that carbonate-buffered fluid mixing is a critical process for forming post-sedimentary Zn ± Pb ± Ba deposits in sedimentary carbonate rocks.
Published: 2021
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3. DnaB helicase dynamics in bacterial DNA replication resolved by single-molecule studies

Author: N. Patrick J. Stamford, Slobodan Jergic, Nicholas E. Dixon, Lisanne M. Spenkelink, Antoine M. van Oijen, Richard R. Spinks, Susan E. Brown, Sarah A. Stratmann, Zhi-Qiang Xu, and Molecular Biophysics
Subjects: DNA Replication, AcademicSubjects/SCI00010, Context (language use), DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase, Genome Integrity, Repair and Replication, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Multienzyme Complexes, Escherichia coli, Genetics, dnaB helicase, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, biology, 030302 biochemistry & molecular biology, DNA replication, Helicase, DNA Replication Fork, Single Molecule Imaging, 3. Good health, Cell biology, chemistry, Replication Initiation, biology.protein, Replisome, bacteria, DnaB Helicases, DNA
Abstract: In Escherichia coli, the DnaB helicase forms the basis for the assembly of the DNA replication complex. The stability of DnaB at the replication fork is likely important for successful replication initiation and progression. Single-molecule experiments have significantly changed the classical model of highly stable replication machines by showing that components exchange with free molecules from the environment. However, due to technical limitations, accurate assessments of DnaB stability in the context of replication are lacking. Using in vitro fluorescence single-molecule imaging, we visualise DnaB loaded on forked DNA templates. That these helicases are highly stable at replication forks, indicated by their observed dwell time of ∼30 min. Addition of the remaining replication factors results in a single DnaB helicase integrated as part of an active replisome. In contrast to the dynamic behaviour of other replisome components, DnaB is maintained within the replisome for the entirety of the replication process. Interestingly, we observe a transient interaction of additional helicases with the replication fork. This interaction is dependent on the τ subunit of the clamp-loader complex. Collectively, our single-molecule observations solidify the role of the DnaB helicase as the stable anchor of the replisome, but also reveal its capacity for dynamic interactions., Graphical Abstract Graphical AbstractSingle-molecule observation of the DnaB helicase in E. coli DNA replication shows a single, stably-integrated helicase supports replication, with additional helicases able to interact via available τ subunits.
Published: 2021

4. Carbonate Replacement as the Principal Ore Formation Process in the Proterozoic McArthur River (HYC) Sediment-Hosted Zn-Pb Deposit, Australia

Author: G.F. Moorhead, William D.A. Rickard, Marcus Kunzmann, R. Kirkham, Heather A. Sheldon, Mark A. Pearce, Chris Ryan, Teagan Blaikie, P. M. Schaubs, Sam Spinks, and Weihua Liu
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Proterozoic, Geochemistry, Sediment, Geology, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Geophysics, chemistry, Geochemistry and Petrology, Carbonate, Economic Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: The McArthur River (HYC) Zn-Pb-Ag deposit in the Carpentaria Zn belt, northern Australia, is one of the world’s largest and most studied sediment-hosted base metal deposits, owing to its lack of deformation and preservation of sedimentary and ore textures. However, the ore formation process (syngenetic vs. epigenetic) is still a subject of controversy. In this paper we focus on key characteristics of the HYC deposit that remain unexplained: preservation of sedimentary carbonate (dolomite) and its association with Zn, and the role of thallium (Tl) and manganese (Mn) distribution in the orebody. Our findings demonstrate a sequence of events during ore formation: Tl is hosted almost exclusively within euhedral pyritic overgrowths around early diagenetic pyrite; sphalerite mineralization occurred after Tl-bearing pyrite overgrowths, in association with acid dissolution (replacement) of laminated and nodular dolomite across the subbasin; and outer rims are enriched in Mn on preserved dolomite at the dissolution reaction front in contact with sphalerite. New thermodynamic fluid chemistry modeling demonstrates the metal distribution and paragenesis can be explained by acidic, oxidized ore fluids entering the pyrite-dolomite host lithology, allowing reduction and pH buffering by acid carbonate dissolution, resulting in stepwise metal deposition in an evolving fluid. We argue this represents strong evidence for epigenetic ore formation at HYC. Furthermore, the primary control on ore deposition is not synsedimentary faulting in the subbasin; rather, the chemical potential of sedimentary carbonate within reduced, sulfidic lithologies appears to be of critical importance to precipitation of sphalerite.
Published: 2021
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5. Photocontrolled directional transport using water-in-oil droplets

Author: Nicolas D. Martino, Geoffrey M. Spinks, Pawel Wagner, Yang Xiao, David L. Officer, and Klaudia Wagner
Subjects: Photoisomerization, Chemistry, technology, industry, and agriculture, 02 engineering and technology, General Chemistry, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Organic media, Chemical reaction, Catalysis, Isothermal process, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Water soluble, Chemical engineering, Materials Chemistry, Merocyanine, Delivery system, 0210 nano-technology, Water in oil
Abstract: Based on the photoisomerization of a water soluble merocyanine, the isothermal light-directed movement of water droplets in organic media has been achieved, which allows controlled chemical transport and site-directed chemistry. The application of this new photoactive delivery system was demonstrated by effecting a chemical reaction as a result of merging two reactive droplets.
Published: 2021
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6. Bond Reformation, Self-Recovery, and Toughness in Hydrogen-Bonded Hydrogels

Author: Geoffrey M. Spinks, Farshad Oveissi, and Sina Naficy
Subjects: Toughness, Materials science, Self recovery, Polymers and Plastics, Hydrogen, Process Chemistry and Technology, Bond, Organic Chemistry, Soft robotics, chemistry.chemical_element, Fracture mechanics, chemistry, Self-healing hydrogels, Composite material, Biomimetics
Abstract: Tough hydrogels have gained attention due to their potential applications in biomimetics and soft robotics. Among all proposed topologies, tough hydrogels comprising physical bonds (e.g., hydrogen ...
Published: 2020
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7. Identification and Optimization of a Series of 8-Hydroxy Naphthyridines with Potent In Vitro Antileishmanial Activity: Initial SAR and Assessment of In Vivo Activity

Author: Michael G. Thomas, Maria L. Marco, John Thomas, Daniel Spinks, Ian H. Gilbert, Laste Stojanovski, Frederick R. C. Simeons, Ola Epemolu, Sujatha Manthri, Claire Naylor, Timothy J. Miles, Manu De Rycker, Suzanne Norval, Susan Wyllie, Stephen Patterson, Jennifer Riley, Maria Osuna-Cabello, Richard J. Wall, Jose M. Fiandor, Paul G. Wyatt, Kevin D. Read, and Stephen Thompson
Subjects: 0303 health sciences, Chemistry, Pharmacology, medicine.disease, 01 natural sciences, Parasitic infection, In vitro, 0104 chemical sciences, 010404 medicinal & biomolecular chemistry, 03 medical and health sciences, Visceral leishmaniasis, In vivo, Drug Discovery, Toxicity, medicine, Molecular Medicine, Water chemistry, Structure–activity relationship, Inhibitory concentration 50, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a parasitic infection that results in approximately 26 000–65 000 deaths annually. The available treatments are hampered by issues such as toxicity, variable efficacy...
Published: 2020
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8. Coaxial mussel-inspired biofibers: making of a robust and efficacious depot for cancer drug delivery

Author: In Kyong Shim, Kara L. Vine, Sepehr Talebian, Song Cheol Kim, Javad Foroughi, and Geoffrey M. Spinks
Subjects: Male, Drug, Biocompatibility, Cell Survival, Surface Properties, media_common.quotation_subject, Biomedical Engineering, Mice, Nude, Antineoplastic Agents, Biocompatible Materials, 02 engineering and technology, engineering.material, Deoxycytidine, Mice, 03 medical and health sciences, Drug Delivery Systems, In vivo, Tumor Cells, Cultured, medicine, Animals, Humans, General Materials Science, Doxorubicin, Particle Size, Cell Proliferation, 030304 developmental biology, media_common, 0303 health sciences, Molecular Structure, Chemistry, Optical Imaging, Proteins, Hydrogels, Neoplasms, Experimental, General Chemistry, General Medicine, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Gemcitabine, Drug delivery, Self-healing hydrogels, Biophysics, engineering, Biopolymer, Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor, Coaxial, 0210 nano-technology, medicine.drug
Abstract: Biopolymer-based hydrogels have emerged as promising platforms for drug delivery systems (DDSs) due to their inherent biocompatibility, tunable physical properties and controllable degradability. Yet, drug release in majority of these systems is solely contingent on diffusion of drug molecules through the hydrogel, which often leads to burst release of drugs from these systems. Herein, inspired by the chemistry of mussel adhesive proteins, a new generation of coaxial hydrogel fibers was developed that could simultaneously exert both affinity and diffusion control over the release of chemotherapeutic drugs. Specifically, dopamine-modified alginate hydrogel along with chemotherapeutic drugs (doxorubicin or gemcitabine) was used as the main core component to confer affinity-controlled release, while a methacrylated-alginate hydrogel was used as the shell composition to provide the controlled diffusion barrier. It was shown that our coaxial mussel-inspired biofibers yielded biocompatible hydrogel fibers (as indicated by comprehensive in vitro and in vivo experiments) with favourable properties including controlled swelling, and enhanced mechanical properties, when compared against single fibers made from unmodified alginate. Notably, it was observed that these coaxial fibers were capable of releasing the two drugs in a slower manner, when compared to single fibers made from pure alginate, which was partly attributed to stronger interactions of drugs with dopamine-modified alginate (the core element of coaxial fibers) as observed from zeta-potential measurements. It was further shown that these drug-loaded coaxial fibers had optimal anticancer activity both in vitro and in vivo using various pancreatic cancer cell lines. Most remarkably, drug loaded coaxial fibers, particularly doxorubicin-containing fibers, had higher anticancer effect in vivo compared to systemic injection of equivalent dosage of the drugs. Altogether, these biocompatible and robust hydrogel fibers may be further used as neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapies for controlled delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs locally to the tumor sites.
Published: 2020
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9. Azithromycin in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial

Author: Eugenia Abaleke, Mustafa Abbas, Sadia Abbasi, Alfie Abbott, Ashraf Abdelaziz, Sherif Abdelbadiee, Mohamed Abdelfattah, Basir Abdul, Althaf Abdul Rasheed, Rezan Abdul-Kadir, Abdulfatahi Abdulmumeen, Niyaz Abdulshukkoor, Kula Abdusamad, Yazeed Abed El Khaleq, Mai Abedalla, Abeer UA Abeer Ul Amna, Adebanke Aboaba, Hani Abo-Leyah, Ahmed Abou-Haggar, Mahmoud Abouibrahim, Miriam Abraham, Tizzy Abraham, Abraheem Abraheem, Judith Abrams, Hyacinth-John Abu, Ahmad Abu-Arafeh, Syed M Abubacker, Akata Abung, Yaa Aceampong, Devikumar Acharya, Janet Acheson, Andres Acosta, Catherine Acton, Jacqueline Adabie-Ankrah, Fiona Adam, Matthew Adam, Huzaifa Adamali, Carol Adams, Kate Adams, Richard Adams, Tim Adams, Malgorzata Adamus, Kirsty Adcock, Aderonke Adebiyi, Ken Adegoke, Vicki Adell, Aldrin Adeni, Sherna Adenwalla, Oluwasegun A Adesemoye, Emmanuel O Adewunmi, Joyce Adeyemi, Elizabeth Adeyeye, Gabrielle Adkins, Adnan Adnan, John Aeron-Thomas, Lynn Afari, Debbie Affleck, Carmel Afnan, Deborah Afolabi, Muhammad Afridi, Rachel Agbeko, Chris Agbo, Sunil Aggarwal, Arameh Aghababaie, Judith Agwada-Akeru, Kwame A Agyapong, Shafana Ahamed Sadiq, Mohamed H Ahammed Nazeer, Jonathan Ah-Chuen, Mahin Ahmad, Ashar Ahmed, Bilal Ahmed, Forizuddin Ahmed, Iram Ahmed, Irshad Ahmed, Liban Ahmed, Maria C Ahmed, Muhammad S Ahmed, Naseer Ahmed, Nausheen Ahmed, Osama Ahmed, Rajia A Ahmed, Rizwan Ahmed, Saif Ahmed, Sammiya Ahmed, Sara Ahmed, Syed H Ahmed, Roa Ahmed Ali, Sana Ahmer, Dhiraj Ail, Adam Ainsley, Mark Ainsworth, Myriam Aissa, Lucy Aitchson, Lindianne Aitken, Bini Ajay, Abdulakeem Ajibode, Ayesha Ajmi, Muhammad N Akhtar, Nasim Akhtar, Suha Akili, Oludoyinsola Akindolie, Yinka Akinfenwa, Olugbenga Akinkugbe, Ibrahim Akinpelu, Umeh Akudo, Asma Al Balushi, Majd Al Dakhola, Narendra Aladangady, Sajid Alam, Abbas Al-Asadi, Kyriaki Alatzoglou, Lorraine Albon, Stephen Alcorn, Aggie Aldana, David Alderdice, Rayan Aldouri, Jonathan Aldridge, Nicolas Aldridge, Ana Alegria, Alison Alexander, John Alexander, Peter DG Alexander, Julyan Al-Fori, Bahij Al-Hakim, Shams Al-Hity, Ali Ali, Anyat Ali, Fawzia R Ali, Jawad Ali, Mariam Ali, Mohammad Ali, Oudai Ali, Sakina Ali, Syed Ali, Abid Alina, Katrin Alizaedeh, Maithem Al-Jibury, Moutaz Alkhusheh, Alison Allanson, Robert Allcock, Eireann Allen, Jonathan Allen, Kerry Allen, Louise Allen, Rebecca Allen, Sam Allen, Sharon Allen, Simon Allen, Kathryn Allison, Bethan Allman, Lynne Allsop, Christine Almadenboyle, Hassan Al-Moasseb, Magda Al-Obaidi, Lina Alomari, Akram Al-Rabahi, Bahar Al-Ramadhani, Zayneb Al-Saadi, Warkaq Al-Shamkhani, Bashar Al-Sheklly, Mary Alvarez, Maysaa Alzetani, Susan Amamou, Sakarai Ambalavanan, Sarah-Jayne Ambler, Robert Ambrogetti, Chris Ambrose, Amir Ameen, Maria R Amezaga, Allison Amin, Amina Amin, Kanish Amin, Amjad Amjad, Victoria Amosun, Khaled Amsha, Atul Anand, Samantha Anandappa, Julie Anderson, Laura Anderson, Michelle Anderson, Nicola Anderson, Rachel Anderson, Rory Anderson, Prematie Andreou, Angela Andrews, Jill Andrews, Kanayochukwu Aneke, Andrew Ang, Wan Wei Ang, Tammy Angel, Paola Angelini, Lazarus Anguvaa, Oleg Anichtchik, Millicent Anim-Somuah, Krishnan Aniruddhan, Alpha Anthony, Aaron Anthony-Pillai, Philip Antill, Zhelyazkova Antonina, Varghese Anu, Muhammad Anwar, Aristeidis Apostolopoulos, Sarah Appleby, Diane Appleyard, Bianca Araba, Angela Aramburo, Ann Archer, Denise Archer, Simon Archer, Christian Ardley, Ana-Maria Arias, Ryoki Arimoto, Charlotte Arkley, Charlotte Armah, Ilianna Armata, Adam Armitage, Ceri Armstrong, Maureen Armstrong, Sonia Armstrong, Philippa Armtrong, Heike Arndt, Clare Arnison-Newgass, David Arnold, Rachael Arnold, Dhawal Arora, Pardeep Arora, Rishi Arora, Arslam Arter, Ganesh Arunachalam, Rita Arya, Salma Asam, Denisa Asandei, Adeeba Asghar, Catherine Ashbrook-Raby, Helen Ashby, Jan Ashcroft, John Ashcroft, Ayesha Ashfaq, Abdul Ashish, Sally Ashman-Flavell, Sundar Ashok, Muhammad Z Ashraf, Saima Ashraf, Mohammad B Ashraq, Deborah Ashton, Susan Ashton, Andrew Ashworth, Rebecca Ashworth, Harshini Asogan, Julia Asplin, Atif Asrar, Omar Assaf, Raine Astin-Chamberlain, Deborah Athorne, Christopher Atkins, Stacey Atkins, John Atkinson, Vicki Atkinson, Ahmed Attiq, Paula Aubrey, Suzannah August, Aye CT Aung, Hnin Aung, Kyaw Thu Aung, Nini Aung, Zaw Myo Aung, Emily Austin, Karen Austin, Miriam Avery, Joanne Avis, Cristina Avram, Paula Avram, Gabriel Awadzi, Aszad Aya, Eman Ayaz, Amanda Ayers, Vivek Ayra, Jawwad Azam, Mohammed Azharuddin, Ghazala Aziz, Ashaari Azman Shah, Giada Azzopardi, Hocine Azzoug, Nasaruilla Babajan, Fiyinfoluwa Babatunde, Melvin Babi, Babiker Babiker, Gayna Babington, Matthew Babirecki, Adetona O Babs-Osibodu, Gina Bacon, Jenny Bacon, Bibi Badal, Gurpreet R Badhan, Shreya Badhrinarayanan, Joseph Bae, Alice Baggaley, Amy Baggott, Graham Bagley, Dinesh Bagmane, Kasra Bahadori, Gayathri Baijiu, Charles Bailey, Julie Bailey, Katie Bailey, Lindsey Bailey, Liz Bailey, Morgan Bailey, Peter Bailey, Hamish Baillie, Kenneth Baillie, Jennifer Bain, Karen Bain, Becky Bainton, David Baird, Yolanda Baird, Aiysha Bajandouh, Evelyn Baker, Johanne Baker, Kenneth Baker, Pearl Baker, Hugh Bakere, Nawar Bakerly, Michelle Baker-Moffatt, Panos Bakoulas, Abhijit Bal, Niranjan Balachandran, Irvin Balagosa, Andrea Balan, Theodosios Balaskas, Madhu Balasubramaniam, Alison Balcombe, Cheryl Baldwick, Alexander Baldwin, Ashley Baldwin, Danielle Baldwin, Lisa Baldwin, Rebekah Baldwin-Jones, James Balfour, Ceri Ball, Craig Balmforth, Gabby Bambridge, Alasdair Bamford, Amy Bamford, Peter Bamford, Adefunke Bamgboye, Kasun Bamunuarachchi, Elizabeth Bancroft, Hollie Bancroft, Joyce Banda, Srini Bandi, Nageswar Bandla, Somaditya Bandyopadhyam, Ritwik Banerjee, Sandip Banerjee, Harrison Banks, Luke Banks, Daniel Banner, Oliver Bannister, Christopher Bannon, Laura Banton, Mariamma Baptist, Tanya Baqai, Ananya M Baral, Desislava Baramova, Russell Barber, Emma Barbon, Monica Barbosa, Jamie Barbour, Alexander Barclay, Charlotte Barclay, Stephanie Bareford, Shahedal Bari, Amy Barker, Debbie Barker, Joseph B Barker, Leon Barker, Oliver Barker, Kerry Barker-Williams, Sinha Barkha, Juliana Barla, Gavin Barlow, Richard Barlow, James Barnacle, Alex Barnard, Debi Barnes, Nicky Barnes, Amy Barnett, Debra Barnett, Ashton Barnett-Vanes, William Barnsley, Andrew Barr, David Barr, Shaney Barratt, Manuella Barrera, Fiona Barrett, Jessica Barrett, Jazz Bartholomew, Sarah Bartholomew, Claire Bartlett, Georgina Bartlett, Greg Barton, Jill Barton, Rachael Barton, Rosaleen Baruah, Sonia Baryschpolec, Archana Bashyal, Betsy Basker, Ayten Basoglu, Amira Bassaly, G Bassett, Bengisu Bassoy, Anupam Basumatary, Adam Bataineh, Freddie Batalla, Tristan Bate, Harry John Bateman, Kathryn Bateman, Vhairi Bateman, Eleanor Bates, Hayley Bates, Michelle Bates, Rizvan Batha, Sally Batham, Ana Batista, Amit Batla, Dushyant Batra, Harry Batty, Thomas Batty, Miranda Baum, Carina Bautista, Fatima S Bawani, Simon Bax, Matt Baxter, Nicola Baxter, Hannah Bayes, Farid Bazari, Rohit Bazaz, Ahmad Bazli, Laura Beacham, Hannah Beadle, Wendy Beadles, Philip Beak, Andy Beale, Kathy Beardsal, Jack Bearpark, Karen Beaumont, Matthew Beaumont, Dawn Beaumont-Jewell, Theresa Beaver, Sarah Beavis, Christy Beazley, Sarah Beck, Virginia Beckett, Rosie Beckitt, Heidi Beddall, Seonaid Beddows, Deborah Beeby, Michelle Beecroft, Sally Beer, Jane Beety, Gabriela Bega, Alison Begg, Susan Begg, Sara Beghini, Ayesha Begum, Safia Begum, Teresa Behan, Roya Behrouzi, Jon Beishon, Claire Beith, James Belcher, Holly Belfield, Katherine Belfield, Ajay Belgaumkar, Dina Bell, Gareth Bell, Gillian Bell, Lauren Bell, Louise Bell, Nicholas Bell, Stephanie Bell, Jennifer L Bell, Mary Bellamy, Arianna Bellini, Amanda Bellis, Fionn Bellis, Lesley Bendall, Naveena Benesh, Nicola Benetti, Leonie Benham, Guy Benison-Horner, Ann Bennett, Caroline Bennett, Gillian Bennett, Kristopher Bennett, Lorraine Bennett, Sara Bennett, Vivienne Benson, Andrew Bentley, Ian Benton, Eva Beranova, Matthew Beresford, Colin Bergin, Malin Bergstrom, Jolanta Bernatoniene, Thomas Berriman, Zoe Berry, Kimberley Best, Yvonne Beuvink, Emily Bevan, Sarah Bevins, Tom Bewick, Helen Bexhell, Andrew Bexley, Sonay Beyatli, Fenella Beynon, Arjun Bhadi, Sanjay Bhagani, Shweta Bhagat, Shiv Bhakta, Rekha Bhalla, Mahesh Bhalme, Khushpreet Bhandal, Kulbinder Bhandal, Ravina Bhanot, Prashanth Bhat, Nikhil Bhatia, Rahul Bhatnagar, Janki Bhayani, Deepika Bhojwani, Salimuzzaman Bhuiyan, Anna Bibby, Naheeda Bibi, Salma Bibi, Tihana Bicanic, Julie Bigg, Sarah Biggs, Alphonsa Biju, Andras Bikov, Sophie Billingham, Jessica Billings, Alice Binns, Oliver Bintcliffe, Catherine Birch, Janine Birch, Jenny Birch, Katherine Birchall, Sam Bird, Sumedha Bird, Mark Birt, Kilanalei Bishop, Linda Bishop, Lisa Bishop, Nibedan Biswas, Sahar Biuk, Karen Blachford, Ethel Black, Helen Black, Karen Black, Mairead Black, Polly Black, Sabrina Black, Bethan Blackledge, Joanne Blackler, Samantha Blackley, Helen Blackman, Caroline Blackstock, Francesca Blakemore, Helen Blamey, Sujata Blane, Simon Blankley, Parry Blaxill, Jane Blazeby, Natalie Blencowe, Ben Bloom, Angela Bloss, Hannah Bloxham, Louise Blundell, Susara Blunden, Mark Blunt, Ian Blyth, Kevin Blyth, Andrew Blythe, Karen Bobruk, Pritesh Bodalia, Neena Bodasing, Gabriele Boehmer, Marta Boffito, Sumit Bokhandi, Maria Bokhar, Saba Bokhari, Sakina Bokhari, Syed Owais Bokhari, Ambrose Boles, Matthew Bolton, Helena Bond, Stuart Bond, Thomas Bond, Alice Bone, Georgia Boniface, Lizzy Bonney, Joanne Borbone, Stephanie Borg, Catherine Borra, Samuel Bosompem, Liam Botfield, Fiona Bottrill, Hannah Bouattia, Laura Bough, Hayley Boughton, Zoe Boult, Miriam Bourke, Karen Bourne, Michelle Bourne, Rachel Bousefield, Lucy Boustred, Alexandra Bowes, Amy Bowes, Philip Bowker, Louise Bowman, Simon Bowman, Angie Bowring, Geetha Boyapati, Jenny Boyd, Laura Boyd, Namoi Boyle, Pauline Boyle, Rosalind Boyle, Louise Boyles, Leanna Brace, Jodie Bradder, Clare J Bradley, Pamela Bradley, Patrick Bradley, Joanne Bradley-Potts, Lynne Bradshaw, Zena Bradshaw, Rebecca Brady, Shirin Brady, Marie Branch, Emily Brandl-Salutz, Christina Branfield, Jamie Brannigan, Louise Brassington, Fiona Bray, Nancy Bray, Manny Brazil, Lucy Brear, Tracy Brear, Stephen Brearey, Morwenna Brend, Andrew Brereton, Chris Brewer, Gavin Bridgwood, Sara Brigham, John Bright, Christopher Brightling, Elaine Brinkworth, Robin Brittain-Long, Vianne Britten, Lauren Broad, Sarah Broad, Rosie Broadhurst, Andrew Broadley, Marie Broadway, Christopher Brockelsby, Megan Brocken, Tomos Brockley, Fiona Brogan, Felicity Brokke, Jacob Brolly, David Bromley, Hannah Brooke-Ball, Verity Brooker, Matthew Brookes, Alison Brooks, Kate Brooks, Nicole Brooks, Rachel Brooks, Sophie Brooks, Natalie Broomhead, Chloe Broughton, Nathaniel Broughton, Matt Brouns, Alison Brown, Carly Brown, Catrin Brown, Ellen Brown, Heather Brown, Janet Brown, Louise Brown, Niall Brown, Pauline Brown, Richard Brown, Robert Brown, Steven Brown, Tom Brown, Charlotte Browne, Duncan Browne, Rachel Browne, Stephen Brownlee, David Bruce, Johanna Bruce, Michelle Bruce, Wojciech Brudlo, Nigel Brunskill, Luke Brunton, Margaret Brunton, Jade Bryant, Mark Bryce, Maya Buch, Ruaridh Buchanan, Amanda Buck, Elizabeth Buckingham, Laura Buckley, Philip Buckley, Sarah Buckley, Carol Buckman, George Bugg, Ramadan Bujazia, Shanzay Bukhari, Richard Bulbulia, Alex Bull, Damian Bull, Rhian Bull, Thomas Bull, Sam Bullard, Naomi Bulteel, Katherine Bunclark, Roneleeh Bungue-Tuble, Caroline Burchett, Christy Burden, Thomas G Burden, Sarah Burge, Mika Burgess, Sophia Burgess, Emma Burke, Sara Burnard, Caroline Burnett, Amy Burns, Collette Burns, James Burns, Karen Burns, Daniel Burrage, Kate Burrows, Claire Burston, Ben Burton, Fiona Burton, Angus Butchart, Aaron Butler, Jo Butler, Joanne Butler, Joshua Butler, Peter Butler, Susan Butler, Al-Tahoor Butt, Caryl Butterworth, Nicola Butterworth-Cowin, Robert Buttery, Heather Button, Daniel Buttress, Jane Byrne, Wendy Byrne, Victoria Byrne-Watts, Ruth Cade, Donna Cairney, Claire Calderwood, James Calderwood, Giorgio Calisti, Debbie Callaghan, Jennifer Callaghan, Claire Callens, Caroline Calver, Melissa Cambell-Kelly, Tracey Camburn, David R Cameron, Eleanor Cameron, Fraser Cameron, Sheena Cameron, Christian Camm, Renee FD Cammack, Alison Campbell, Amy Campbell, Barbara Campbell, Bridget Campbell, Debbie Campbell, Helen Campbell, Hilary Campbell, Jonathan Campbell, Mark Campbell, Robyn Campbell, Wynny Campbell, Quentin Campbell Hewson, Laura Camrasa, Julie Camsooksai, Shaula M Candido, Cielito Caneja, Johnathon Cann, Ruby Cannan, Emma Cannon, Michael Cannon, Petra Cannon, Vivienne Cannons, Jane Cantliff, Ben Caplin, Angelika Capp, Thomas Capstick, Simon Carley, Tammy Carlin, Samantha Carmichael, Margaret Carmody, Mandy Carnahan, Charlotte Caroline, Patrick Carr, Sharon Carr, Anna Carrasco, Zoe Carrington, Jonathan Carter, Paul Carter, Penny Carter, Douglas Cartwright, Claire Carty, Jaime Carungcong, Paula Carvelli, Aisling Cashell, Barbara Cassimon, Teresa Castiello, Gail Castle, Melanie Caswell, Ana Maria Catana, Heidi Cate, Susanne Cathcart, Katrina Cathie, Christine Catley, Laura Catlow, Kerry Causer, Luke Cave, Frianne Cawa, Kathryn Cawley, Philippa Cawley, Chloe Caws, Hankins Cendl, Jeva Cernova, Ed Cetti, Stephanie Chabane, Manish Chablani, Cathleen Chabo, David Chadwick, Julie Chadwick, Robert Chadwick, Ela Chakkarapani, Arup Chakraborty, Mallinath Chakraborty, Mollika Chakravorty, James Chalmers, Georgina Chamberlain, Sarah Chamberlain, Carol Chambers, Emma Chambers, Jonathan Chambers, Lucy Chambers, Naomi Chambers, Shreekant Champanerkar, Carmen Chan, Cheuk Chan, Evelyn Chan, Kimberley Chan, Ping Chan, Rebekah (Pui-Ching) Chan, Xin H Chan, Chris Chandler, Kim J Chandler, Zoe Chandler, Badrinathan Chandrasekaran, Josephine Chaplin, Graeme Chapman, John Chapman, Katie Chapman, Laura Chapman, Lianne Chapman, Polly Chapman, Timothy 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Dermody, Amisha Desai, Purav Desai, Sanjeev Deshpande, Vai Deshpande, Sirjana Devkota, Prakash Dey, Vishal Dey, Rogin Deylami, Gurlove K Dhaliwal, Kevin Dhaliwal, Sundip Dhani, Amandeep Dhanoa, Mili Dhar, Sukhjit Dhariwal, Devesh Dhasmana, Ekanjali Dhillon, Reiss Dhillon, Kayleigh Diaz-Pratt, Pamela Dicks, Matthew Dickson, Sean Dillane, Sarah Diment, Paul Dimitri, Alex Dipper, Laura Dirmantaite, Lisa Ditchfield, Sarah Diver, Nandita Divikar, Lavanya Diwakar, Masroor Diwan, Caroline Dixon, Catherine Dixon, Petr Dlouhy, Paul Dmitri, Marinela Dobranszky Oroian, Charlotte Dobson, Lee Dobson, Marie Docherty, Morven Dockery, Emma Docks, James Dodd, Jackie Dodds, Rebecca Dodds, Steve Dodds, Richi Dogra, Erin Doherty, Warren Doherty, Yumiko Doi, Iain Doig, Daniel Dolan, Mark Dolman, Rozzie Dolman, Lisa Donald, Callum Donaldson, Denise Donaldson, Kate Donaldson, Sinead Donlon, Joanne Donnachie, Christopher Donnelly, Eilish Donnelly, Emma Dooks, Andrew Dooley, Kane Dorey, Sharon Dorgan, Davinder Dosanjh, Paula Dospinescu, Andrew Dougherty, Katie Douglas, Lucy Dowden, Michelle Dower, Sud Dowling, Hayley Downe, Nicola Downer, Charlotte Downes, Rob Downes, Thomas Downes, Damian Downey, Louise Downs, Simon Dowson, Cornel Dragan, Cristina Dragos, Chelsea Drake, Victoria Drew, Olivia Drewett, Celine Driscoll, Helena Drogan, Ronald Druyeh, Simon Drysdale, Hazel Dube, Judith Dube, Stephen Duberley, Simon Dubrey, Roger Duckitt, Hayley Duckles-Leech, Nicola Duff, Helen Duffy, Lionel Dufour, Annette Duggan, Parveen Dugh, Janice Duignan, Simon Dummer, Andrew Duncan, Barrie Duncan, Christopher Duncan, Fullerton Duncan, Alessia Dunn, Damian Dunn, Laura Dunn, Karen Dunne, Fiona Dunning, Aidan Dunphy, Venkat Duraiswamy, Beatriz Duran, Ingrid DuRand, Alison Durie, Emily Durie, Laura Durrans, Hannah Durrington, Akshay Dwarakanath, Laasya Dwarakanath, Ellen Dwyer, Claudia Dyball, Harvey Dymond, Tom Dymond, Chris Eades, Melissa Earwaker, Nicholas Easom, Clare East, Jack Easton, Ruth Eatough, Oluwadamilola Ebigbola, Martin Ebon, Sinan Eccles, Chloe Eddings, Michael Eddleston, Maureen Edgar, Katharine Edgerley, Mary Edmondson, Tracy Edmunds, Alexandra Edwards, Andrea Edwards, Catherine Edwards, Joy Edwards, Kennedy Edwards, Mandy Edwards, Steven Edwards, Jenny Eedle, Dawn Egginton, Sarah Eisen, Ugochukwu Ekeowa, Mohamed Ekoi, Ayomide Ekunola, Kate El Bouzidi, Ashley Elden, Jennifer Elder, Haifa Eldew, Diana Eleanor, Maysoon Elfadil, Eman Elfar, Mayy M Elgamal, Amr Elgohary, Stellios Elia, Jennifer Elias, Tania Elias, Nadia Elkaram, Amin Elkhawad, Andrew V Elkins, Julie Ellam, Nikki Ellard, Laura Nicola Ellerton, Amy Elliott, Fiona Elliott, Kerry Elliott, Valmai Elliott, Annie Ellis, Hayley Ellis, Kaytie Ellis, Tak-Yan Ellis, Yvette Ellis, Rahma Elmahdi, Einas Elmahi, Omer Elneima, Mohamed Elokl, Ahmed Elradi, Mohamed Elsaadany, Sally El-Sayeh, Hana El-Sbahi, Tarek Elsefi, Karim El-Shakankery, Sarah Elyoussfi, Jonathan Emberson, John Emberton, Julian Emmanuel, Ingrid Emmerson, Charis Emmett, Michael Emms, Marieke Emonts, Angila Engden, Katy English, Nicola Entwistle, Hene Enyi, Ruth Erin Jones, Agota Ermenyi, Hanif Esmail, Ajmal Eusuf, Brynach Evans, Chris Evans, Debra Evans, Gail Evans, Gareth Evans, Jennifer Evans, Lynn Evans, Melanie Evans, Mim Evans, Morgan Evans, Ranoromanana Evans, Teriann Evans, Terry J Evans, Caroline Everden, Lynsey Evison, Jacqueline Faccenda, Leila Fahel, Youstina Fahmay, Sara Fairbairn, Andy Fairclough, Louise Fairlie, Anne Fajardo, Euan Falconer, John Fallon, David Faluyi, Qayyum Farah, Novin Fard, Amr Farg, Adam Farmer, Katie Farmer, Toni Farmery, Frances Farnworth, Samantha Farnworth, Faiyaz Farook, Hadia Farooq, Sidrah Farooq, Fiona Farquhar, Aaron Farrell, Barbara Farrell, James Farthing, Syeda Farzana, Rahmatu Fasina, Azam Fatemi, Mina Fatemi, Nibah Fatimah, Saul N Faust, Joe Fawke, Sinmidele Fawohunre, Alex Feben, Federico Fedel, Christopher Fegan, Mae Felongco, Lynsey Felton, Tim Felton, Kate Fenlon, Andrea Fenn, Isabelle Fenner, Ciara Fenton, Melisa Fenton, Cameron Ferguson, Jenny Ferguson, Kathryn Ferguson, Katie Ferguson, Lisa Ferguson, Susan Ferguson, Susie Ferguson, Victoria Ferguson, Denzil Fernandes, Candida Fernandez, Eduardo Fernandez, Sonia Fernandez Lopez, Ahmed Feroz, Pietro Ferranti, Thais Ferrari, Catarina Ferreira-De Almeida, Alexandra Ferrera, Emma Ferriman, Nicholas Fethers, Ben Field, Janet Field, Andra Fielding, Julie Fielding, Sarah Fielding, Asma Fikree, Sarah Ann Filson, Joanne Finch, Laurie Finch, Natalie Fineman, Adam Finn, Joanne Finn, Sofia Fiouni, Jo Fiquet, James Fisher, Neil Fisher, Daniel Fishman, Krystofer Fishwick, Marie Fisk, Jan Flaherty, Michael Flanagan, Charles Flanders, Julie Fleming, Lucy Fleming, Paul Fleming, William Flesher, Alison Fletcher, Lucy Fletcher, Sophie Fletcher, Christopher Flood, Jonathan Flor, Vincent Florence, Sharon Floyd, Adama Fofana, Georgina Fogarty, Linda Folkes, Aiwyne Foo, Andrew Foot, Jayne Foot, Jane Forbes, Kathryn Forcer, Jamie Ford, Jennifer Foreman, Caroline Fornolles, Adam Forrest, Ellie Forsey, Thomas Forshall, Elliot Forster, Julian Forton, Emily Foster, Joseph Foster, Rachel A Foster, Tracy Foster, Angela Foulds, Ian Foulds, Folakemi Fowe, Emily Fowler, Robert Fowler, Stephen Fowler, Caroline Fox, Claire Fox, Heather Fox, Jonathan Fox, Lauren Fox, Natalie Fox, Simon Fox, Sarah-Jane Foxton, Rebecca Frake, Alex Francioni, Olesya Francis, Rebecca Francis, Sarah Francis, Theodora Francis-Bacon, Victoria Francois, Sharon Frayling, Martyn Fredlund, Michael Freeborn, Carol Freeman, Elaine Freeman, Hannah Freeman, Nicola Freeman, Clare Freer, Eleanor French, Anastasia Fries, Matthew Frise, Renate Fromson, Claire Froneman, John Frost, Victoria Frost, Rachel Frowd, Arun Fryatt, Bridget Fuller, Elizabeth Fuller, Tracy Fuller, Duncan Fullerton, Sarah Funnell, John Furness, Hassina Furreed, Waqas Gaba, Elizabeth Gabbitas, Claire Gabriel, Joshua Gahir, Katarzyna Gajewska-Knapik, Christopher Gale, Hugo Gale, 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Julia Greig, Rebecca Grenfell, Teena Grenier, Susan Grevatt, Glaxy Grey, Andrew Gribbin, Ben Griffin, Denise Griffin, Mel Griffin, Sian Griffith, Andrew Griffiths, Daniel Griffiths, David Griffiths, Donna Griffiths, Isabel Griffiths, Nicola Griffiths, Oliver Griffiths, Sofia Grigoriadou, Steph Grigsby, Russell Gritton, Evelina Grobovaite, Clarissa Grondin, Rachel Groome, Liliana Grosu, Jenny Grounds, Jayne Groves, Neil Grubb, Julie Grundy, Francesca Guarino, Sharada Gudur, Shivang Gulati, Vikas Gulia, Pumali Gunasekera, Kirun Gunganah, Jessica Gunn, Emma Gunter, Alok Gupta, Atul Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Richa Gupta, Tarun Gupta, Vineet Gupta, Ankur Gupta-Wright, Sambasivarao Gurram, Ishy Gurung, Shraddha Gurung, Hazel Guth, Ruth Habibi, Pamela Hackney, Christian Hacon, Aiman Haddad, Denise Hadfield, Michalis Hadjiandreou, Anna Haestier, Nauman Hafiz, Rana Hafiz-Ur-Rehman, Samantha Hagan, Jack W Hague, Rosemary Hague, Andrew Haigh, Kate Haigh, Christina Haines, Scott Hainey, Morton Hair, Brigid Hairsine, Juraj Hajnik, Anne Haldeos, Carmel Halevy, William Halford, Alistair Hall, Anthony Hall, Chloe Hall, Claire Hall, Emily Hall, Helen Hall, Jennifer Hall, Kathryn Hall, Toni Hall, Jan Hallas, Kyle Hallas, Charles Hallett, Heather Halls, Maryam Hamdollah-Zadeh, Bilal Hameed, Imran Hamid, Mohamad Hamie, Bethany Hamilton, Fergus Hamilton, Leigh Hamilton, Ruth Hamlin, Eleanor Hamlyn, Shirley Hammersley, Kate Hammerton, Bev Hammond, Leah Hammond, Rachel Hammond-Hall, Fiona Hammonds, Nidal Hammoud, Ibrahim Hamoodi, Karen Hampshire, Jude Hampson, Shi Han Lee, Ozan Hanci, James Hand, Soran Handrean, Georgina Hands, Sheharyar Hanif, Amy Hannington, Merhej Hannun, Aidan Hanrath, Jane Hanson, Kathryn Hanson, Mazhar U Haq, Ala Haqiqi, Monjurul Haque, Zoe Harding, Simon Hardman, Kumar Haresh, Rachel Harford, Beverley Hargadon, Carolyn Hargreaves, James Hargreaves, Alice Harin, Mohammed Haris, Helen Harizaj, Edward Harlock, Paula Harman, Tracy Harman, Mark Harmer, Muhammad A Haroon, Charlie H Harper, Heather Harper, Peter Harper, Rosemary Harper, Sarah Harrhy, Sian Harrington, Yasmin Harrington-Davies, Claire Harris, Jade Harris, Julie Harris, Laura Harris, Marie-Clare Harris, Nichola Harris, David Harrison, Laura Harrison, Melanie Harrison, Rowan Harrison, Susie Harrison, Tom Harrison, Wendy Harrison, Elizabeth Harrod, Ciaran Hart, Dominic Hart, Rosemary Hartley, Ruth Hartley, Tom Hartley, William Hartrey, Hans Hartung, Alice Harvey, Angela Harvey, Max Harvey, Catherine Harwood, Helen Harwood, Neda Hasan, Brigitte Haselden, Mohammed Hashimm, Imranullah Hashmi, Zena Haslam, Abdulhakim Hassan, Adil Hassan, Ali Hassan, Waqar Ul Hassan, Philip Hassell, Alex Hastings, Bethany Hastings, Jonathan Hatton, Jennifer Haugh, May Havinden-Williams, Stefan Havlik, Dan Hawcutt, Liz Hawes, Nicola Hawes, Annie Hawkins, Nancy Hawkins, Daniel Hawley, Edward Haworth, Cathy Hay, Jamal Hayat, Anne Hayes, Melony Hayes, Fiona Hayes, Antara Hayman, Melanie Hayman, Matthew Haynes, Richard Haynes, Rachel Hayre, Patrick Haywood, Tracy Hazelton, Phoebe Hazenberg, Zhengmai He, Elizabeth Headon, Carrie Heal, Brendan Healy, Amy Hearn, Angela Heath, Rowan Heath, Diane Heaton, Kerry Hebbron, Neil Hedger, Katrine Hedges, Cheryl Heeley, Elaine Heeney, Rajdeep Heire, David Helm, Ulla Hemmila, Scott Hemphill, Deborah Hemsley, Alistair Henderson, Jennifer Henderson, Steven Henderson, Joanne Henry, Karol Henry, Lavinia Henry, Margo Henry, David Henshall, Gillian Herdman, Rosaleen Herdmangrant, William Herrington, Emilia Heselden, Peta Heslop, Simon Hester, Emily Hetherington, Joseph Hetherington, Andrew Hetreed, Chamila Hettiarachchi, Gihan Hettiarachchi, Hayley Hewer, John Hewertson, Anna Hewetson, Sue Hewins, Claire Hewitt, Davina Hewitt, Richard Hewitt, Robert S Heyderman, Matthis Heydtmann, Joseph Heys, Jonathan Heywood, Meg Hibbert, Naomi Hickey, Alexander Hicks, Jenny Hicks, Scott R Hicks, Daniel Higbee, Jennifer Higgins, Lucy Higgins, Andrew Higham, Martin Highcock, Judith 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Nicola Hornby, Sophie Horrocks, Latoya Horsford, Megan Horsford, Valana Horsham, Alex Horsley, Ashley Horsley, Elizabeth Horsley, Sarah Horton, Jane Hosea, Toby Hoskins, Ejaz Hossain, Muhammad S Hossain, Rashed Hossain, Maxine Hough, Sarah Hough, Kathryn Houghton, Rebecca Houlihan, Gordon Houston, Hamish Houston, Eleanor Hoverd, Roseanna Hovvels, Lee How, Laura Howaniec, Laura Howard, Linda Howard, Lucy Howard, Sarah Howard, Richard Howard-Griffin, Serena Howe, Mark Howells, Lyn Howie, Alex Howlett, Sophie Howlett, Josh Hrycaiczuk, Desmond Hsu, Hein Htet, Zaw Htet, Naing Z Htoon, Su Htwe, Ying Hu, Abby Huckle, Shahzya Huda, Alison Hudak, Lisa Hudig, Heather Hudson, Alison Hufton, Conor Huggins, Alistair Hughes, Emma Hughes, Gareth Hughes, Heather Hughes, Luke Hughes, Rachel Hughes, Rhian Hughes, Samantha Hughes, Stephen Hughes, Vikki Hughes, Wesley Hughes, Lukas Huhn, Ching Hui, Ruth Hulbert, Diana Hull, Robert Hull, Amanda Hulme, Peter Hulme, Wendy Hulse, George Hulston, Ryan Hum, Charlotte Humphrey, Alasdair Humphries, Joanne Humphries, David Hunt, Fiona Hunt, Jane Hunt, Kristen Hunt, Luke Hunt, Karl Hunter, Neil Hunter, Elizabeth Hurditch, Cian Hurley, Katrina Hurley, Mohammed A Husain, Syeda Y Husaini, Coralie Huson, Ibraar Hussain, Mohammad Hussain, Muhammad Hussain, Reda Hussain, Sajid Hussain, Samia Hussain, Sanniah Hussain, Yasmin Hussain, Mohammed Hussam El-Din, Rebecca Hussey, Christopher Hutchcroft, Camille Hutchinson, Dorothy Hutchinson, Elizabeth Hutchinson, John Hutchinson, Claire Hutsby, Paula Hutton, Daniella Hydes, Jamie Hyde-Wyatt, Niamh Hynes, Megan Hyslop, Ahmed Ibrahim, Asil Ibrahim, Kamal Ibrahim, Mohamed Ibrahim, Wadah Ibrahim, Muhammad Idrees, Hina Iftikhar, Chukwuemeka Igwe, Mohammad Ijaz, Amaju Ikomi, Clare Iles, Stamatina Iliodromiti, Lorna Ilves, La'ali Imam-Gutierrez, Christopher Imray, Haider Imtiaz, Jack Ingham, Julie Ingham, Rory Ingham, Tejas Ingle, Anne Ingram, Luke Ingram, Peter Inns, Ken Inweregbu, Andreea A Ionescu, Ana 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Sabrina Jansz, Deepa Japp, Catherine Jardine, Ellie Jarvie, Rosina Jarvis, Patrycja Jastrzebska, Hafsa Javed, Lona Jawaheer, Dinakaran Jayachandran, Deepak Jayaram, Geeshath Jayasekera, Lalith Jayasekera, Saman Jeddi, Mohammad S Jeelani, Katie Jeffery, Rachel Jeffrey, Nathan Jeffreys, Benjamin Jeffs, Debbie Jegede, Taylor Jemima, Ifan Jenkin, Alison Jenkins, David Jenkins, Elinor Jenkins, Sarah Jenkins, Sian Jenkins, Stephen Jenkins, Edward Jenner, David Jennings, Jacqui Jennings, Louise Jennings, Virginia Jennings, Ellen Jerome, Douglas Jerry, Ellen Jessup-Dunton, Jorge A Jesus Silva, Kishan Jethwa, Abi Jeyabalan, Akhilesh Jha, Shaman Jhanji, Khoo Jian, Zhixin Jiao, Ana Jimenez Gil, Jithin Jith, Teishel Joefield, Navraj Johal, Karine Johannessen, Aisyah Johari, Annie John, Anu John, Emma Johns, Margaret Johns, Antoinette Johnson, Gillian Johnson, Kathryn Johnson, Luke Johnson, Mark Johnson, Claire Johnston, Janet Johnston, Susan Johnston, Victoria Johnston, Dawn Johnstone, Ed 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Catherine Penman, Julie Penman, James Penny, Justin Pepperell, Adriana Pereira, Rita Pereira, Elena Perez, Jane Perez, Tanaraj Perinpanathan, Lakshmi Periyasamy, Alison Perry, Emily Perry, Meghan Perry, Guilherme Pessoa-Amorim, Ruth Petch, Lionel Peter, Cecilia Peters, Mark Peters, Steve Peters, Tim Peters, Alexandra Peterson, Leon Peto, Ilianna Petrou, Boyanka Petrova, Mirela Petrova, Paul Pfeffer, Mysore Phanish, Paul Phelan, Christopher Philbey, Jennifer Philbin, Alex Phillips, Dylan Phillips, Rachael Phillips, Marie Phipps, Virach Phongsathorn, Nang T Phoo, Mandeep Phull, Masroor M Phulpoto, Sara Pick, James Pickard, Charlotte Pickering, Gillian Pickering, Thomas Pickett, Joanna Pickles, Benjamin Pickwell-Smith, Natalia Pieniazek, Angelo Pieris, Samia Pilgrim, Paul Anthony Pillai, Zoe Pilsworth, Heather Pinches, Stacey Pinches, Kirsty Pine, Ed Pineles, Muni T Pinjala, Stefania Pintus, Graeme Piper, Tasneem Pirani, Sally Pitts, Aiden J Plant, Naomi Platt, Robert Pleass, Laura Plummer, Charles Plumptre, Tatiana Pogreban, Joshua Pointon, Stephen Poku, Rachel Pollard, Louisa Pollock, Oluwamayowa Poluyi, Gary J Polwarth, Fiona Pomery, Ponmurugan Ponnusamy, Aravind Ponnuswamy, Inês Ponte Bettencourt dos Reis, Alice Poole, Lynda Poole, Michele Poole, Sharon Poon, Tajinder Poonian, David Porter, Linda Porter, Kelly Postlethwaite, Narayana Pothina, Priyadarshan Potla, Dorota Potoczna, Jason Pott, Alison Potter, Jean Potter, Sarah Potter, Elspeth Potton, Julie Potts, Kathryn Potts, Maria Poulaka, Una Poultney, Katherine Poulton, Vanessa Poustie, James Powell, Jordan Powell, Deborah Power, Nick Power, Joseph Poxon, Robin Poyner, Helena Prady, Krishna Prasad, Fredy Prasanth Raj, Sangeetha Prasath, Anezka Pratley, Euan Pratt, Steven Pratt, David Preiss, Claire Prendergast, Lynn Prentice, Verity Prescott, Laura Presland, Catharine Prest, Stephen Preston, Natalie Prevatt, Sandra Prew, Ashley Price, Carly Price, Claire Price, David Price, Elizabeth Price, Nathan Price, Vivien Price, Anne Priest, Kate Priestley, Lorraine Primrose, Judith Prince, Laura Prince, Shirley Pringle, Veronika Pristopan, Kelly Pritchard, Lucy Pritchard, Simon Pritchard, Verma Priyash, Andrew Procter, Clare Proctor, Rebecca Proudfoot, Heather Prowse, Benjamin Prudon, David Pryor, Solomon Pudi, Amy Pugh, Joanne Pugh, Mark Pugh, Nichola Pugh, Richard Pugh, Veronika Puisa, Kirandip Punia, Saleel Punnilath Abdulsamad, Laura Purandare, Martha Purcell, Corrina Purdue, Bally Purewal, Molly Pursell, Gregory Purssord, Sarah Purvis, Kathryn Puxty, Michael Pynn, Tariq Qadeer, Sheena Quaid, Alice Quayle, Ian Quayle, Siobhan Quenby, Xinyi Qui, Vanessa Quick, Julie Quigley, Tom Quinn, Quratulain Quratulain, Danya Qureshi, Hasanain Qureshi, Khadija Qureshi, Nawaz Qureshi, Qurratulain Qurratulain, Saad Qutab, Muhammad S Rabbani, Madalina Raceala, Laura Rad, Jane Radford, Liz Radford, Jayachandran Radhakrishnan, Michael Raffles, Cecillia Rafique, Muhammad Rafique, Ravi Ragatha, Sarika Raghunath, Aiswarya Raghunathan, Abigail Raguro, Shankho D Raha, Sana Rahama, Karen Rahilly, Faisal Rahim, Haseena R Rahimi, Muhammad Rahman, Salim Ur Rahman, Lenka Raisova, Mehul Raithatha, Arjun Raj, Pradeep Rajagopalan, Nithy Rajaiah, Arvind Rajasekaran, Aylur Rajasri, Jyothi Rajeswary, Gayathri Rajmohan, Matsa Ram, Balaji Ramabhadran, Niranjani Ramachandran, Iyad Ramadan, Mohamed Ramali, Athimalaipet Ramanan, Shashikira Ramanna, Maheshi Ramasamy, Dhanishta Ramdin, Jozel Ramirez, Lidia Ramos, Shanthi Ramraj, Lisa Ramsawak, Alex Ramshaw, Aleem Rana, Ghulam F Rana, Rehman Rana, Abby Rand, James Rand, Georgina Randell, Poonam Ranga, Manu Rangar, Harini Rangarajan, Sameer Ranjan, Poormina Ranka, Christopher Ranns, Anita Rao, Deepak Rao, Sandhya Rao, Sanjay Rao, Khalid Rashid, Simbisai Ratcliff, Sam Ratcliffe, Sophy Ratcliffe, Sanjeev Rath, Mohmad I Rather, Selina Rathore, Aravinden Ratnakumar, Jonathan Ratoff, Deepa Rattehalli, Jason Raw, Gautam Ray, Samiran Ray, Adam Raymond-White, Dana Raynard, Nicola Rayner, Jareer Raza, Salman Razvi, Zarine Razvi, Kerry Read, Ajay Reddy, Anvesh Reddy, Harsha Reddy, Ravi Reddy, Aine Redfern-Walsh, Alex Redome, Joan Redome, Anna Reed, Andrew Rees, James Rees, Martyn Rees, Sarah Rees, Stephanie Rees, Tabitha Rees, Fiona Regan, Karen Regan, Susan Regan, Kanchan Rege, Ahmed Rehan, A Rehman, Siddiqur Rehman, Ada Reid, Jeremy Reid, Sharon Reid, Mkyla Reilly, Christina Reith, Alda Remegoso, Dinakaran Rengan, Stephen Renshaw, Remya Renu Vattekkat, Henrik Reschreiter, Glynis Rewitzky, Charles Reynard, Dominic Reynish, Jessica Reynolds, Peter Reynolds, Tom Reynolds, Kat Rhead, Jo Rhodes, Jonathan Rhodes, Naghma Riaz, Emily Rice, Matthew Rice, Mel Rich, Alison Richards, Suaznne Richards, Celia Richardson, Neil Richardson, Nicky Richardson, Joanne Riches, Katie Riches, William Ricketts, Anna Riddell, Laura Riddles, Carrie Ridley, Paul Ridley, Gudrun Rieck, Hannah Riley, Matthew Riley, Phil Riley, Dominic Rimmer, Robert Rintoul, Andrew Riordan, Naomi Rippon, Chloe Rishton, Michael Riste, Jane Ritchie, Andrew Ritchings, Pilar Rivera Ortega, Vanessa Rivers, Syed AS Rizvi, Syed HM Rizvi, Ian Roberts, Karen Roberts, Mark Roberts, Nicky Roberts, Rebecca Roberts, Calum Robertson, Nichola Robertson, Stuart Robertson, Caroline Robinson, Emily Robinson, Emma Robinson, Gisela Robinson, Hannah Robinson, Jemima Robinson, Kate Robinson, Matthew Robinson, Sandra Robinson, Steve Robson, Lisa Roche, Samantha Roche, Natalie Rodden, Alistair Roddick, Jack Roddy, Marion Roderick, Alison Rodger, Faye Rodger, Megan Rodger, Alicia Rodgers, Natasha Rodgers, Penny Rodgers, Sarah Rodrigues, Rocio Rodriguez-Belmonte, Nicholas Roe, Charles C Roehr, Gill Rogers, Jason Rogers, Joanne Rogers, John Rogers, Leigh Rogers, Lindsay Rogers, Michaela Rogers, Naomi Rogers, Paula Rogers, Thomas Rogers, Sakib Rokadiya, Lee Rollins, Jennifer Rollo, Catherine Rolls, Claire Rook, Kevin Rooney, Laura Rooney, Lynsey Rooney, Lace Rosaro, Alastair Rose, Annie Rose, Steve Rose, Zoe Rose, Josephine Rosier, Jennifer Rossdale, Sabrina Rossi, Andrew Ross-Parker, Alex Rothman, Joanne Rothwell, Lindsay Roughley, Guy Rousseau, Kathy Rowan, Neil Rowan, Stephen Rowan, Louise Rowe-Leete, Benjamin Rowlands, Aparajita Roy, Subarna Roy, Anna Roynon-Reed, Sam Rozewicz, Antonio Rubino, Anna Rudenko, Senthan Rudrakumar, Banu Rudran, Shannon Ruff, Prita Rughani, Mike Ruiz, Sharon Rundell, Hitasha Rupani, Darren Rusk, Joseph Russell, Peter Russell, Richard Russell, Cristina Russo, Marieke Rutgers, Aidan Ryan, Brendan Ryan, Lucy Ryan, Matthew Ryan, Pat Ryan, Phil Ryan, Declan Ryan-Wakeling, Chloe Saad, M Saad, Javeson Sabale, Suganya Sabaretnam, Gorka Sacher, Noman Sadiq, Ashiq Saffy, Diaeddin Sagar, Beth Sage, Harkiran Sagoo, Rajnish Saha, Nikhil Sahdev, Jagdeep Sahota, Nooria Said, Sreekanth Sakthi, Abdul Salam, Erika Salciute, Jessica Sale, Gina Saleeb, Mumtaz Saleh, Hizni Salih, Laylan Salih, Sarah Salisbury, Rustam Salman, Jenny Salmon, Dario Salutous, Mfon Sam, Sally Sam, Tinashe Samakovna, Razan Saman, Renaldo Samlal, Emily Sammons, David Sammut, Mark Sammut, Sunitha Sampath, Julia Sampson, Anda Samson, Debbie Samuel, Johnson Samuel, Reena Samuel, Thomas DL Samuel, Elsward Samuels, Theo Samuels, Joanna Samways, Manjula Samyraju, Ilves Sana, Aabid Sanaullah, Veronica Sanchez, Amada Sanchez, Tom Sanctuary, Peter Sandercock, Amy Sanderson, Paul Sanderson, Tom Sanderson, Kuljinder Sandhu, Loveleen Sandhu, Victoria Sandrey, Sarah Sands, Mirriam Sangombe, Matthew Sanju, Rojy Santosh, Jayanta Sanyal, Aureo F Sanz-Cepero, Najam Saqib, Sarbjit Sarai, Dinesh Saralaya, Arun Saraswatula, Avishay Sarfatti, Rebecca Sargent, Beatrix Sari, Rahul Sarkar, Sruthi Sarma, Varun Sarodaya, Zainab Sarwar, Thea Sass, Sonia Sathe, Sobitha Sathianandan, Abilash Sathyanarayanan, Thozhukat Sathyapalan, Prakash Satodia, Rachel Saunders, Samantha Saunders, Anne Saunderson, Heather Savill, Karishma Savlani, Matthew Saxton, Amrinder Sayan, Diane Scaletta, Lyndsay Scarratt, Sean Scattergood, Alvin Schadenberg, Alex Schoolmeesters, Natasha Schumacher, Nicola Schunke, Martin Schuster Bruce, Karin Schwarz, Tim Scorrer, Fiona Scothern, A Scott, Anne Scott, Christine Scott, Emily Scott, Kerrie Scott, Stephen Scott, Timothy Scott, Sarah Scourfield, Wendy Scrase, Angela Scullion, Emily Seager, Cathy Seagrave, Eleanor Sear, Isabella Seaton, Anna Seckington, Joanna Sedano, Gabrielle Seddon, Muhammad A Seelarbokus, Christopher Sefton, Matias Segovia, Gillian Sekadde, Georgina Selby, Katharine Sellers, Joseph Selley, Victoria Sellick, Gobika Selvadurai, Brintha Selvarajah, Haresh Selvaskandan, Gary Semple, Nandini Sen, Seema Sen, Namrita Sengreen, Aditya Sengupta, Niladri Sengupta, HoJan Senya, Jaskaran Sethi, Niranjan Setty, Abigail Seward, Teswaree Sewdin, Jack Seymour, Tariq Shafi, Aashni Shah, Ahmar Shah, Anand Shah, Anjnee Shah, Bhavni Shah, Neil Shah, Pallav Shah, Priyank Shah, Qasim Shah, Sarfaraz H Shah, Snehal Shah, Suraj Shah, Syed Shah, Sousan Shahi, Sipan Shahnazari, Ramli Shahrul, Muhammad Shahzeb, Amina Y Shaikh, Rajit Shail, Mariya Shaji, Korah Shalan, Nafe Shami, Nadia Shamim, Kazi Shams, Thomas Shanahan, Paul Shannon, Hamed Sharaf, Asir Sharif, Akhilesh Sharma, Ash Sharma, Mona Sharma, Ojasvi Sharma, Rajeev Sharma, Sanjeev Sharma, Sarkhara Sharma, Alexander Sharp, Charles Sharp, Gemma Sharp, Paula Sharratt, Phoebe Sharratt, Christopher Shaw, David Shaw, Deborah Shaw, Joanne Shaw, Jonathan Shaw, Lisa Shaw, Tomos G Shaw, Anna Shawcross, Jill Shawe, Sophy Shedwell, Jonathan Sheffield, Zak Shehata, Arshiya Sheik, Asif Sheikh, Noorann Sheikh, Benjamin Shelley, Sarah Shelton, Anil Shenoy, Julie Shenton, Amy Shepherd, Lorna Shepherd, Scott Shepherd, Rhian Sheppeard, Helen Sheridan, Ray Sheridan, Samuel Sherridan, Leanne Sherris, Susanna Sherwin, Shaad Shibly, Norma Shields, Chiaki Shioi, Lucy Shipp, Anand Shirgaonkar, Kim Shirley, Adebusola Shonubi, Rohan Shotton, Sarah Shotton, Ervin Shpuza, Nora Shrestha, Karen Shuker, Jack Shurmer, Loria Siamia, Seshnag Siddavaram, Nasir Siddique, Sohail Siddique, Nyma Sikondari, Malcolm Sim, Robert Sime, Oliver Simmons, Richard Simms, Angela Simpson, Anna Simpson, Danny Simpson, Georgina Simpson, Kathryn Simpson, Kerry Simpson, Phillip Simpson, Thomas Simpson, Janet Sinclair, Ankita Singh, Claire Singh, Jayaprakash Singh, Jyoti Singh, Manjeet Singh, Nadira Singh, Pankaj Singh, Prabhsimran Singh, Salil Singh, Parag Singhal, Surendra Singham, Bryan Singizi, Manas Sinha, Sharad Sinha, Utkarsh Sinha, Guy Sisson, Karthikadevi Sivakumar, Shanmugasundaram Sivakumar, Darshi Sivakumaran, Sivanthi Sivanadarajah, Nicole Skehan, Robert Skelly, Jill Skelton, Orlagh Skelton, Imogen Skene, Denise Skinner, Tabitha Skinner, Victoria Skinner, Agnieszka Skorko, Iwona Skorupinska, Mariola Skorupinska, Amy Slack, Katie Slack, Heather Slade, Mark Slade, Holly Slater, Lynda Slater, Nicola Slawson, Andrew Sloan, Brendan Sloan, Derek Sloan, Grace Sluga, Ellen Small, Samuel Small, Karen D Smallshaw, Andy Smallwood, Carien Smit, Aileen Smith, Amanda Smith, Amy Smith, Andrew Smith, Catherine Smith, Chris Smith, Christopher Smith, Dominic Smith, Eleanor Smith, Hazel Smith, Helen Smith, Jacky Smith, Jeannette Smith, Jessica Smith, John Smith, Kate Smith, Kerry Smith, Lara Smith, Lesley Smith, Linda Smith, Lisa Smith, Loren Smith, Lucy Smith, Matthew Smith, Mel Smith, Rachel Smith, Rebecca Smith, Richard Smith, Sally Smith, Stacey Smith, Stephanie Smith, Susan Smith, Sue Smolen, Sara Smuts, Jennifer Smyth, Naoise Smyth, Anette Snell, Alfred So, Beng So, Michelle Soan, Toluleyi Sobande, Alberto Sobrino Diaz, Basit Sohail, Bina Sohail, Roy Soiza, Olajumoke Solademi, Babak Soleimani, Amanda Solesbury, Louise Solomon, Subash Somalanka, Chandrashekaraiah Somashekar, Raj Sonia, Shiu-Ching Soo, Jennifer Soren, Vittoria Sorice, Apina Sothinathan, Pragalathan Sothirajah, Carmen Soto, Najwa Soussi, Donna Southam, David Southern, Iain Southern, Louise Southern, Sara M Southin, Thomas Southworth, Jason Sowter, Claudia Spalding, Enti Spata, Katie Spears, Mark Spears, Branwell Spencer, Gisele Spencer, Sue Spencer, Helen Spickett, Jennifer Spillane, William Spiller, Kerry Spinks, Michelle Spinks, Nick Spittle, Johanna Sporrer, Oliver Spring, Gemma Squires, Jack Squires, Rebecca Squires, Ram Sreenivasan, Ramesh Srinivasan, Asha Srirajamadhuveeti, Vino Srirathan, Sybil Stacpoole, Louise Stadon, Jennifer Stahle, Nikki Staines, Roxana Stanciu, Grazyna Stanczuk, Simon Stapley, Natalie Staplin, Michelle Starr, Rachael Stead, Conor Steele, Paula Stefanowska, Alison Stephens, David Stephensen, Courtney Stephenson, Elaine Stephenson, Monique Sterrenburg, Will Stevens, Amy Stevenson, Andrew Stevenson, Daniel Stevenson, Lesley Stevenson, Sarah Stevenson, Claire Stewart, Grant Stewart, Richard Stewart, Jo Stickley, Beverley Stidolph, Gemma Stiller, Sarah Stirrup, Sarah Stock, Alexander Stockdale, Lynne Stockham, Emma Stoddard, Chris Stokes, Ben Stone, Sarah Stone, Sophia Stone, Imogen Storey, Kim Storton, Frederick Stourton, Angela Strachan, Emma Stratton, Jane Stratton, Sam Straw, Dieter Streit, Emma Stride, Sally Stringer, Sophia Strong-Sheldrake, Siske Struik, Carmel Stuart, Anna Stubbs, Harrison Stubbs, Ann Sturdy, Sharon Sturney, Matt Stuttard, Cristina Suarez, Karuna Subba, Chris Subbe, Manjula Subramanian, Vaidyanathan Subramanian, Venkatram Subramanian, Chinari Subudhi, Rebecca Suckling, Srivatsan Sudershan, Taku Sugai, Peter Sugden, Rudresh Sukla, Ali Suliman, Fatimah Suliman, Sugrah Sultan, Alasdair Summers, Samyukta Sundar, Reka Sundhar, Nadia Sunni, Jay Suntharalingam, Amitava Sur, Dharmic Suresh, Shilpa Suresh, Michael Surtees, Danielle Suter, Helen Sutherland, Rebecca Sutherland, Dovile Sutinyte, Deborah Sutton, Sam Sutton, Amy Sutton-Cole, Mihaela Sutu, Marie-Louise Svensson, Sima Svirpliene, Andrew Swain, Thomas Swaine, Keshav Swarnkar, Tirion Swart, Ealish Swift, Pauline Swift, Rachael Swift, Rachel Swingler, Sophie Swinhoe, Katarzyna Swist-Szulik, Luke Swithenbank, Yasir Syed, Catriona Sykes, Daisy Sykes, Dominic Symon, Lesley Symon, Jen Syson, Gemma Szabo, Tamas Szakmany, Megan Szekely, Matthew Szeto, Maria Tadros, Lucy Tague, Hasan Tahir, Abigail Takyi, James Talbot-Ponsonby, Bradley Tallon, Bee TT Tan, Hock Tan, Huey Tan, WeiTeen Tan, Anand Tana, Rebecca Tangney, Christina Tanney, Tabitha Tanqueray, Emma Tanton, Hayley Tarft, Syed Tariq, David Tarpey, Antonia Tasiou, Elizabeth Tatam, Margaret Louise Tate, Paul Tate, Kate Tatham, Vera Tavoukjian, Alexander Taylor, Andrew Taylor, Beverley Taylor, Claire Taylor, David Taylor, Jennifer Taylor, Joanne Taylor, Julie Taylor, Karen Taylor, Leanne Taylor, Margaret Taylor, Matthew Taylor, Melanie Taylor, Natalie Taylor, Rachael Taylor, Rachel Taylor, Samantha Taylor, Suzanne Taylor, Tracey Taylor, Vicky Taylor, Michelle Taylor-Siddons, Thomas Taynton, Amelia Te, Jessica Teasdale, Julie Tebbutt, Caroline Tee, Adam Telfer, Vibha Teli, Jennifer Tempany, Julie Temple, Natalie Temple, Helen Tench, Yi He Teoh, Lynne Terrett, Louise Terry, Dariusz Tetla, Daniel Tewkesbury, Manish Thakker, Mini Thankachen, Dushen Tharmaratnam, Hilary Thatcher, Andrew Thayanandan, Krishna Thazhatheyil, Eaint Thein, Byron Theron, Phyu Thet, Kapeendran Thevarajah, Brinda Thillainathan, Yvette Thirlwall, Muthu Thirumaran, Alice Thomas, Amy Thomas, Andrew Thomas, Emma Thomas, Enson Thomas, Esther Thomas, Helen Thomas, James Thomas, Karen Thomas, Koshy Thomas, Lucy Thomas, Megan Thomas, Rachel Thomas, Rebecca Thomas, Rhys Thomas, Ruth Thomas, Sarah Thomas, Sherine Thomas, Tessy Thomas, Vicky Thomas, Rhian Thomas-Turner, Catherine Thompson, Christopher Thompson, Clara Thompson, Fiona Thompson, Katharine Thompson, Laura Thompson, Liz Thompson, Orla Thompson, Roger Thompson, Jason Thomson, Nicola Thomson, Natasha Thorn, Charlotte Thorne, Nicola Thorne, Jim Thornton, Richard Thornton, Sarah Thornton, Susan Thornton, Thomas Thornton, Christopher Thorpe, Sarah Thorpe, Paradeep Thozthumparambil, Laura Thrasyvoulou, Hannah Thraves, Guy Thwaites, Simon Tiberi, Serena Tieger, Carey Tierney, Caroline Tierney, Mark Tighe, Sorrell Tilbey, Amanda Tiller, Elizabeth Timlick, Hayley Timms, Anne-Marie Timoroksa, Samakomva Tinashe, Heather Tinkler, Marianne Tinkler, Jacqui Tipper, Sophie Tisi, Helen Tivenan, Suzy Tluk, Helen T-Michael, Anne Todd, Jackie Todd, Stacy Todd, Mohamed Tohfa, Melanie Tolson, Ana L Tomas, Natalia Tomasova, Sharon Tomlin, Simon Tomlins, Ivan Tonna, Kirsty Topham, Mathew Topping, Parisa Torabi, M Estee Torok, Mark Toshner, Ruhaif Tousis, Peter Tovey, Gareth Towersey, Jill Townley, Richard Tozer, Myat T Trafford, Helen Tranter, Christopher Travill, Sarah Traynor, Ascanio Tridente, Sanchia Triggs, Fiona Trim, Alex Trimmings, Tom Trinick, Maria Tripouki, Ashifa Trivedi, Dawn Trodd, Amy Trotter, Madeleine Trowsdale Stannard, Nigel Trudgill, Daniel Trushell-Pottinger, Maria Truslove, Shaun Trussell, Tariq Trussell, Kyriaki Tsakiridou, Christine Tsang, Peter Tsang, Kyriaki K Tsilimpari, Georgios Tsinaslanidis, Simon Tso, Sally Tucker, Aisha Tufail, Redmond Tully, Killian Turbitt, Rezon Turel, Tolga Turgut, Claudia Turley, Alison Turnbull, Aine Turner, Ash Turner, Charlotte Turner, Gail Turner, Kate Turner, Kelly Turner, Lucy Turner, Mark Turner, Patricia Turner, Sally Turner, Samantha Turner, Victoria Turner, Sharon Turney, Jon Turvey, Emma Twohey, Bhavya Tyagi, Vedang Tyagi, Abigail Tyer, Jayne Tyler, Jennifer Tyler, Alison Tyzack, Petros Tzavaras, Mohammad S Uddin, Ruhama Uddin, Salamat Ullah, Sanda Ullah, Athavan Umaipalan, Judith Umeadi, Akudo Umeh, Wilfred Umeojiako, Lizzie Undrell, Adam Unsworth, Veerpal SU Uppal, Gerry Upson, Alison Uriel, Sebastian Urruela, Hiromi Uru, Miranda Usher, Rebecca Usher, Andrew Ustianowski, Linda C Vaccari, Abhay Vaidya, Erika Vainieri, Bernardas Valecka, Jennifer Valentine, Balan Valeria, Luke Vamplew, Ekaterini Vamvakiti, Joannis Vamvakopoulos, Maud van de Venne, Alex van der Meer, Nora van der Stelt, Lynne Van Koutrik, Joseph Vance-Daniel, Rama Vancheeswaran, Samuel I Vandeyoon, Padma Vankayalapati, Chloe Vansomeren, William Van't Hoff, Sejal Vara, Anu Varghese, Maria Varghese, Teena Varghese, William Varney, Giulia Varnier, Valeria Vasadi, Vimal Vasu, Vasanthi Vasudevan, Ramu Vathenen, Manu Vatish, Heloyes Vayalaman, Christopher Vaz, Niki Veale, Bar Velan, Swati Velankar, Luxmi Velauthar, Neyme Veli, Nicola Vella, Anitha Velusamy, Ian Venables, Mavi Venditti, Ramya Venkataramakrishnan, Richard Venn, Robert Venn, Lyn Ventilacion, Mark Veres, Stefania Vergnano, Will Verling, Amit Verma, Britney Vernon, Nathan Vernon, Mark Vertue, Natalie Vethanayagam, Lucy Veys, Jennifer Vidler, Denise Vigni, Vinod W Vijayaraghavan Nalini, Enric Vilar, Neringa Vilimiene, Joseph Villiers, Sylvia Vinay, Latha Vinayakarao, Rachel Vincent, Rosie Vincent, Lisa Vincent Smith, Emma Virgilio, Abdullah M Virk, Elisa Visentin, Karunakaran Vithian, Alain Vuylsteke, Eleftheria Vyras, Richard Wach, Beverley Wadams, Susan Wadd, Natalia Waddington, Kirsten Wadsworth, Syed EI Wafa, Daniel Wagstaff, Lynda Wagstaff, Dalia Wahab, Zaroug Wahbi, Khalilullah Wahdati, Sawan Waidyanatha, Rachel Wake, Alice Wakefield, Emma Wakefield, Harry Wakefield, William Wakeford, Fiona Wakinshaw, Andrew Walden, Lorna Walding, Claire Walker, Ian Walker, Kevin Walker, Kim Walker, Linda Walker, Marie Walker, Rachel Walker, Susan Walker, Elaine Wall, Rebecca Wallbutton, Jessica Wallen, Karl Wallendszus, Arabella Waller, Michael Waller, Rosemary Waller, Gabriel Wallis, Louise Wallis, Donna Walsh, Elizabeth Walsh, Lani Walshaw, Daniel Walter, Holt Walters, Jocelyn Walters, Eileen Walton, Maggie Walton, Michael Walton, Olivia Walton, Susan Walton, Mandy Wan, Thin Wan, Mary Wands, Rachel Wane, Frank Wang, Nick Wang, Ran Wang, Deborah Warbrick, Samantha Warburton, Deborah Ward, Emma Ward, Katie Ward, Luke Ward, Rachael Ward, Thomas Ward, Scott A Warden, Steve Wardle, Hassan Wardy, Tobias Wareham, Scott Waring, Jenny Warmington, Ben Warner, Christian Warner, Lewis Warnock, Sarah Warran, Lisa Warren, Yolanda Warren, Hannah Warren-Miell, Hazel J Watchorn, Holly Waterfall, Abby Waters, Donald Waters, Mark Waterstone, Catherine Watkins, Catrin Watkins, Eleanor Watkins, Karen Watkins, Lynn Watkins, Adam JR Watson, Ekaterina Watson, Eleanor Watson, Paul Watson, Robert Watson, Malcolm Watters, Donna Watterson, Daniel Watts, John Watts, Merlin Watts, Victoria Waugh, Emma Wayman, Akhlaq Wazir, Nick Weatherly, Hayley Webb, Kathryn Webb, Stephen Webb, Ian Webster, Tim Webster, Ling Wee, Thanuja Weerasinghe, Janaka Weeratunga, Maria Weetman, Shuying Wei, Freshtah Weidi, Hugh Welch, James Welch, Leanne Welch, Steven Welch, Samantha Weller, Claire Wells, Susan Wellstead, Berni Welsh, RIchard Welsh, Ingeborg Welters, Rachael Welton, Lauren Wentworth, Kate Wesseldine, Magdelena West, Raha West, Ruth West, Sophie West, Heather Weston, Alice Westwood, Bill Wetherall, Helen Wheeler, Matthew Whelband, Amanda Whileman, Jenny Whitbread, Benjamin White, Catherine White, Christopher White, Duncan White, James White, Jonathan White, Katie White, Marie White, Nick White, Sarah White, Sonia White, Tracey White, Catherine Whitehead, Anne Whitehouse, Claire Whitehouse, Tony Whitehouse, Sophie Whiteley, Gabriel Whitlingum, Elizabeth Whittaker, Lindsay Whittam, Ashley Whittington, Helen Whittle, Eunice Wiafe, Lou Wiblin, John Widdrington, Jason Wieboldt, Hannah Wieringa, Cornelia Wiesender, Laura Wiffen, Andrew Wight, Christopher Wignall, Danielle Wilcock, Emma Wilcock, Louise Wilcox, Karen Wild, Laura Wild, Stephen Wild, Michael Wilde, Peter Wilding, Tracey Wildsmith, Joe Wileman, Joy Wiles, Kate Wiles, Elva Wilhelmsen, Thomas Wiliams, David Wilkin, Hannah Wilkins, Joy Wilkins, Suzanne Wilkins, Iain Wilkinson, Lesley Wilkinson, Nicola Wilkinson, Sophia Wilkinson, Susan Wilkinson, Tim Wilkinson, Sylvia Willetts, Alexandra Williams, Alison Williams, Angharad Williams, Ava Williams, Carl Williams, Caroline V Williams, Claire Williams, Dewi Williams, Felicity Williams, Gail Williams, Hannah Williams, James Williams, Jennie Williams, John Williams, Joseph JR Williams, Karen Williams, Kathryn Williams, Marie Williams, Matthew Williams, Patricia Williams, Penny Williams, Samson Williams, Sarah Williams, Sophie Williams, Tamanna Williams, Annie Williamson, Cath Williamson, Catherine Williamson, Dawn Williamson, James D Williamson, Elizabeth Willis, Emily Willis, Heather Willis, Herika Willis, Joanna Willis, Louise Wills, Lucy Willsher, Francesca Willson, Alison Wilson, Andrea Wilson, Antoinette Wilson, Debbie Wilson, James Wilson, Kate Wilson, Lucinda Wilson, Mark Wilson, Toni Wilson, Tim Wilson, Marlar Win, Tin T Win, Lucinda Winckworth, Laura Winder, Piers Winder, Nicola Window, Simon Winn, Carmen Winpenny, Helen Winslow, Martin Winstanley, Helen Winter, Jonathan Winter, Barbara Winter-Goodwin, Stephen Wisdom, Martin Wiselka, Sophie Wiseman, Steven Wishart, Eric Witele, Nicholas Withers, Janet Wittes, Donna Wixted, Nicola Wolff, Kirsten Wolffsohn, Rebecca Wolf-Roberts, Elena Wolodimeroff, Chi-Hung Wong, Edwin Wong, Jessica SY Wong, Kit Y Wong, Nick Wong, Sam Wong, Caroline Wood, Dianne Wood, Fiona Wood, Hannah Wood, Jennifer Wood, Joe Wood, Lisa Wood, Louise Wood, Michelle Wood, Stephen Wood, Tracy Wood, Katharine Woodall, Rebecca Woodfield, Christopher Woodford, Jill Woodford, Louise Woodhead, Timothy Woodhead, Philip Woodland, Marc Woodman, Jane Woods, Katherine Woods, Sarah Woods, Elizabeth Woodward, Zoe Woodward, Megan Woolcock, Gemma Wooldridge, Rebecca Woolf, Chris Woollard, Louisa Woollen, Emma Woolley, Jade Woolley, Daniel Woosey, Dan Wootton, Joanne Wootton, Stephy Worton, Jonathan Wraight, Lynn Wren, Caroline Wrey Brown, Demi Wright, Francesca Wright, Imogen Wright, Lianne Wright, Rachel Wright, Caroline Wroe, Henry Wu, Peishan Wu, Pensee Wu, Johnathan Wubetu, Retno Wulandari, Kim Wyness, Frederick Wyn-Griffiths, Inez Wynter, Bindhu Xavier, Zhongyang Xia, Masseh Yakubi, May Yan, Michael Yanney, Salima Yasmin, Bryan Yates, David Yates, Edward Yates, Helen Yates, Mark Yates, Charlotte Yearwood Martin, Khin Yein, Robert Yellon, Fiona Yelnoorkar, Peter Yew, Kawai Yip, Laura Ylquimiche Melly, Inez Ynter, Cissy Yong, Jemma Yorke, Abdel Younes Ibrahim, Gail Young, Louise Young, Sajeda Youssouf, Ahmed Yousuf, Chrissie Yu, Bernard Yung, Daniel Yusef, Anna-Sophia Zafar, Silvia Zagalo, Su Zaher, Kareem Zaki, Nabhan Zakir, Kasia Zalewska, Ane Zamalloa, Mohsin Zaman, Shakir Zaman, Julie Zamikula, Louise Zammit, Marie Zammit-Mangion, Ausra Zdanaviciene, Esther Zebracki, Daniel Zehnder, Lisa Zeidan, Xiaobei Zhao, Dongling Zheng, Jane Zhixin, Doreen Zhu, Madiha Zia, Omar Zibdeh, Rabia Zill-E-Huma, Ei T Zin, Vivian Zinyemba, Christos Zipitis, Arkadiusz Zmierczak, Azam Zubir, Naz Zuhra, Rasha Zulaikha, Carol Zullo, Ana Zuriaga-Alvaro, National Institute for Health Research, UK Research and Innovation, University of St Andrews. School of Medicine, Horby, PW, Roddick, A, Spata, E, Staplin, N, Emberson, JR, Pessoa-Amorim, G, Peto, L, Day, J, Thwaites, G, Mafham, M, Haynes, R, and Landray, MJ
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_treatment, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Azithromycin, ResearchInstitutes_Networks_Beacons/humanitarian_conflict_response_institute, Rate ratio, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, RA0421, Oxygen therapy, RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Hospital Mortality, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, azithromycin, education.field_of_study, Covid19, clinical trial, General Medicine, 3rd-DAS, Middle Aged, Hospitalization, Survival Rate, Treatment Outcome, Humanitarian and Conflict Response Institute, Female, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, medicine.medical_specialty, RM, Population, COVID-19/drug therapy, Azithromycin/therapeutic use, 03 medical and health sciences, Pharmacotherapy, Tocilizumab, Medicine, General & Internal, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Internal medicine, General & Internal Medicine, medicine, Humans, education, Survival rate, Mechanical ventilation, Science & Technology, business.industry, COVID-19, NIS, Length of Stay, R1, United Kingdom, COVID-19 Drug Treatment, RM Therapeutics. Pharmacology, RECOVERY Collaborative Group, chemistry, Relative risk, business, RA, Anaesthesia Pain and Critical Care
Abstract: The RECOVERY trial is supported by a grant to the University of Oxford from UK Research and Innovation (Medical Research Council) and NIHR (MC_PC_19056) and by core funding provided by NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Department for International Development, Health Data Research UK, the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, the NIHR Health Protection Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, and NIHR Clinical Trials Unit Support Funding. TJ is supported by a grant from UK Medical Research Council (MC_UU_0002/14) and an NIHR Senior Research Fellowship (NIHR-SRF-2015-08-001). WSL is supported by core funding provided by NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre. Background: Azithromycin has been proposed as a treatment for COVID-19 on the basis of its immunomodulatory actions. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of azithromycin in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Methods: In this randomised, controlled, open-label, adaptive platform trial (Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy [RECOVERY]), several possible treatments were compared with usual care in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 in the UK. The trial is underway at 176 hospitals in the UK. Eligible and consenting patients were randomly allocated to either usual standard of care alone or usual standard of care plus azithromycin 500 mg once per day by mouth or intravenously for 10 days or until discharge (or allocation to one of the other RECOVERY treatment groups). Patients were assigned via web-based simple (unstratified) randomisation with allocation concealment and were twice as likely to be randomly assigned to usual care than to any of the active treatment groups. Participants and local study staff were not masked to the allocated treatment, but all others involved in the trial were masked to the outcome data during the trial. The primary outcome was 28-day all-cause mortality, assessed in the intention-to-treat population. The trial is registered with ISRCTN, 50189673, and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04381936. Findings: Between April 7 and Nov 27, 2020, of 16 442 patients enrolled in the RECOVERY trial, 9433 (57%) were eligible and 7763 were included in the assessment of azithromycin. The mean age of these study participants was 65·3 years (SD 15·7) and approximately a third were women (2944 [38%] of 7763). 2582 patients were randomly allocated to receive azithromycin and 5181 patients were randomly allocated to usual care alone. Overall, 561 (22%) patients allocated to azithromycin and 1162 (22%) patients allocated to usual care died within 28 days (rate ratio 0·97, 95% CI 0·87-1·07; p=0·50). No significant difference was seen in duration of hospital stay (median 10 days [IQR 5 to >28] vs 11 days [5 to >28]) or the proportion of patients discharged from hospital alive within 28 days (rate ratio 1·04, 95% CI 0·98-1·10; p=0·19). Among those not on invasive mechanical ventilation at baseline, no significant difference was seen in the proportion meeting the composite endpoint of invasive mechanical ventilation or death (risk ratio 0·95, 95% CI 0·87-1·03; p=0·24). Interpretation: In patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19, azithromycin did not improve survival or other prespecified clinical outcomes. Azithromycin use in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 should be restricted to patients in whom there is a clear antimicrobial indication. Publisher PDF
Published: 2021
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10. Single-Molecule Insights Into the Dynamics of Replicative Helicases

Author: Lisanne M. Spenkelink, Richard R. Spinks, Nicholas E. Dixon, and Antoine M. van Oijen
Subjects: Magnetic tweezers, QH301-705.5, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Review, DNA replication, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (miscellaneous), Biochemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, multi-protein complexes, Molecular motor, Molecular Biosciences, Biology (General), Molecular Biology, biology, replisome, Chemistry, helicases, Helicase, dynamics, biology.organism_classification, Cell biology, Replication Initiation, biology.protein, Replisome, single-molecule, fluorescence, DNA
Abstract: Helicases are molecular motors that translocate along single-stranded DNA and unwind duplex DNA. They rely on the consumption of chemical energy from nucleotide hydrolysis to drive their translocation. Specialized helicases play a critically important role in DNA replication by unwinding DNA at the front of the replication fork. The replicative helicases of the model systems bacteriophages T4 and T7, Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been extensively studied and characterized using biochemical methods. While powerful, their averaging over ensembles of molecules and reactions makes it challenging to uncover information related to intermediate states in the unwinding process and the dynamic helicase interactions within the replisome. Here, we describe single-molecule methods that have been developed in the last few decades and discuss the new details that these methods have revealed about replicative helicases. Applying methods such as FRET and optical and magnetic tweezers to individual helicases have made it possible to access the mechanistic aspects of unwinding. It is from these methods that we understand that the replicative helicases studied so far actively translocate and then passively unwind DNA, and that these hexameric enzymes must efficiently coordinate the stepping action of their subunits to achieve unwinding, where the size of each step is prone to variation. Single-molecule fluorescence microscopy methods have made it possible to visualize replicative helicases acting at replication forks and quantify their dynamics using multi-color colocalization, FRAP and FLIP. These fluorescence methods have made it possible to visualize helicases in replication initiation and dissect this intricate protein-assembly process. In a similar manner, single-molecule visualization of fluorescent replicative helicases acting in replication identified that, in contrast to the replicative polymerases, the helicase does not exchange. Instead, the replicative helicase acts as the stable component that serves to anchor the other replication factors to the replisome.
Published: 2021
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11. Dynamic Mechanical and Creep Behaviour of Meltspun PVDF Nanocomposite Fibers

Author: Sepidar Sayyar, Geoffrey M. Spinks, Javad Foroughi, and Fatemeh Mokhtari
Subjects: dynamic mechanical analysis, Nanocomposite, Materials science, composite fibers, General Chemical Engineering, Medizin, storage modulus, Modulus, Dynamic mechanical analysis, Piezoelectricity, Viscoelasticity, Article, creep, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), Chemistry, Creep, Dissipation factor, General Materials Science, piezoelectric, Melt spinning, Composite material, QD1-999
Abstract: Piezoelectric fibers have an important role in wearable technology as energy generators and sensors. A series of hybrid nanocomposite piezoelectric fibers of polyinylidene fluoride (PVDF) loaded with barium–titanium oxide (BT) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) were prepared via the melt spinning method. Our previous studies show that high-performance fibers with 84% of the electroactive β-phase in the PVDF generated a peak output voltage up to 1.3 V and a power density of 3 W kg−1. Herein, the dynamic mechanical and creep behavior of these fibers were investigated to evaluate their durability and piezoelectric performance. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was used to provide phenomenological information regarding the viscoelastic properties of the fibers in the longitudinal direction. DSC and SEM were employed to characterize the crystalline structure of the samples. The storage modulus and the loss tangent increased by increasing the frequency over the temperature range (−50 to 150 °C) for all of the fibers. The storage modulus of the PVDF/rGO nanocomposite fibers had a higher value (7.5 GPa) in comparison with other fibers. The creep and creep recovery behavior of the PVDF/nanofillers in the nanocomposite fibers have been explored in the linear viscoelastic region at three different temperatures (10–130 °C). In the PVDF/rGO nanocomposite fibers, strong sheet/matrix interfacial interaction restricted the mobility of the polymer chains, which led to a higher modulus at temperatures 60 and 130 °C.
Published: 2021

12. The E. coli helicase does not use ATP during replication

Author: Jacob S. Lewis, Lisanne M. Spenkelink, Antoine M. van Oijen, Slobodan Jergic, Richard R. Spinks, and Nicholas E. Dixon
Subjects: biology, ATP hydrolysis, Chemistry, biology.protein, DNA replication, Helicase, Replisome, Context (language use), Energy source, dnaB helicase, Polymerase, Cell biology
Abstract: The replisome is responsible for replication of DNA in all domains of life, with several of its individual enzyme components relying on hydrolysis of nucleoside triphosphates to provide energy for replisome function. Half a century of biochemical studies have demonstrated a dependence on ATP as an energy source for helicases to unwind duplex DNA during replication. Through single-molecule visualization of DNA replication by the Escherichia coli replisome, we demonstrate that the DnaB helicase does not rely on hydrolysis of ATP (or any ribo-NTPs) in the context of the elongating replisome. We establish that nucleotide incorporation by the leading-strand polymerase is the main motor driving the replication process.One Sentence SummaryPolymerases provide the energy for helicase-mediated DNA unwinding during E. coli DNA replication.
Published: 2021
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13. Self-healing graphene oxide-based composite for electromagnetic interference shielding

Author: Seon Jeong Kim, Geoffrey M. Spinks, Hyeon Jun Sim, Duck Weon Lee, Gordon G. Wallace, Hyunsoo Kim, Yongwoo Jang, Sanjeev Gambhir, and David L. Officer
Subjects: Materials science, Graphene, Composite number, Oxide, 02 engineering and technology, General Chemistry, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Electromagnetic interference, 0104 chemical sciences, law.invention, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, law, EMI, Self-healing, Electromagnetic shielding, General Materials Science, Electronics, Composite material, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: The electromagnetic pollution issues have been arising from the fast-growing development for electronic devices. Hence, the demand for materials with high electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding performance has increased. Here, we developed self-healable, flexible and printable graphene oxide/silver nanowire films and textiles with excellent EMI shielding performance. The maximum electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) of 92 dB was recorded for an 18 μm-thickness film. In addition, the specific EMI shielding effectiveness was 31 dB cm3/g or 48,275 dB cm2/g when normalized to film thickness. Both values are higher than reported EMI shielding products. The composite film and coated textile were tolerant of damage induced by cracking or scratching. Damaging the films by cracking reduced the electrical conductivity, mechanical properties, and the EMI SE was decreased from 72 dB to 56 dB at 8.2 GHz. After the healing process, the EMI SE was recovered to 71 dB and mechanical properties restored. The EMI SE of textile reached a maximum of 30 dB which is suitable to use as a commercial EMI shielding product. In addition, the textile exhibited high flexibility, and showed excellent mechanical stability with no change in performance after 1000 bending cycles.
Published: 2019
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14. Methane in sulphides from gold-bearing deposits, Britain and Ireland

Author: Sam Spinks, Nigel J.F. Blamey, and John Parnell
Subjects: Bearing (mechanical), Chalcopyrite, 020209 energy, Geochemistry, 02 engineering and technology, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology, 01 natural sciences, Methane, law.invention, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Geochemistry and Petrology, law, visual_art, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), visual_art.visual_art_medium, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: The direct measurement of gases trapped in sulphide minerals shows that samples from gold-bearing deposits in Britain and Ireland are anomalously rich in methane. Chalcopyrite samples in de...
Published: 2019
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15. Quenching factor measurements of sodium nuclear recoils in NaI:Tl determined by spectrum fitting

Author: N. J. Spinks, Phillip Urquijo, M. S. M. Gerathy, Heiko Timmers, Alan Mitchell, T. J. Gray, B. J. Coombes, Francesco Nuti, G. J. Lane, A. Akber, M. Zurowski, To. Baroncelli, J. T. H. Dowie, B. P. McCormick, Md. Shahinur Rahman, Lei Wang, Federico Scutti, Andrew Stuchbery, Lindsey J. Bignell, W. Dix, I. Mahmood, T. K. Eriksen, Y. Y. Zhong, and E. L. Barberio
Subjects: Physics, Quenching (fluorescence), Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Scattering, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Sodium, Dark matter, chemistry.chemical_element, FOS: Physical sciences, Electron, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Recoil, chemistry, Neutron source, Neutron, Atomic physics, Nuclear Experiment, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics
Abstract: We have performed measurements of sodium nuclear recoils in NaI:Tl crystals, following scattering by neutrons produced in a 7Li(p,n)7Be reaction. Understanding the light output from such recoils, which is reduced relative to electrons of equivalent energy by the quenching factor, is critical to interpret dark matter experiments that search for nuclear scattering interactions. We have developed a spectrum-fitting methodology to extract the quenching factor from our measurements, and report quenching factors for nuclear recoil energies between 36 and 401 keV. Our results agree with other recent quenching factor measurements that use quasi-monoenergetic neutron sources. The new method will be applied in the future to the NaI:Tl crystals used in the SABRE experiment.
Published: 2021

16. Single-Molecule Fluorescence Methods to Study Protein Exchange Kinetics in Supramolecular Complexes

Author: Antoine M. van Oijen, Richard R. Spinks, and Lisanne M. Spenkelink
Subjects: 0303 health sciences, Chemistry, DNA replication, Supramolecular chemistry, Exchange kinetics, Single-molecule experiment, Fluorescence, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Biophysics, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, DNA, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract: Recent single-molecule studies have demonstrated that the composition of multi-protein complexes can strike a balance between stability and dynamics. Proteins can dynamically exchange in and out of the complex depending on their concentration in solution. These exchange dynamics are a key determinant of the molecular pathways available to multi-protein complexes. It is therefore important that we develop robust and reproducible assays to study protein exchange. Using DNA replication as an example, we describe three single-molecule fluorescence assays used to study protein exchange dynamics. In the chase exchange assay, fluorescently labeled proteins are challenged by unlabeled proteins, where exchange results in the disappearance of the fluorescence signal. In the FRAP exchange assay, fluorescently labeled proteins are photobleached before exchange is measured by an increase in fluorescence as non-bleached proteins exchange into the complex. Finally, in the two-color exchange assay, proteins are labeled with two different fluorophores and exchange is visualized by detecting changes in color. All three assays compliment in their ability to elucidate the dynamic behavior of proteins in large biological systems.
Published: 2021
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17. Twisted and coiled multi-ply yarns artificial muscles

Author: Dharshika Kongahage, Geoffrey M. Spinks, and Javad Foroughi
Subjects: Materials science, Soft robotics, Medizin, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Computer Science::Robotics, 0103 physical sciences, Ultimate tensile strength, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Composite material, Instrumentation, 010302 applied physics, chemistry.chemical_classification, Metals and Alloys, Polymer, Yarn, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Synthetic polymer, Computer Science::Other, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, chemistry, visual_art, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Artificial muscle, 0210 nano-technology, Actuator
Abstract: Artificial muscle plays an interesting role in science discoveries. Large scale torsional and tensile actuation is achieved by twisting and coiling of synthetic polymer fibres. Research reports to date have discussed the theoretical background of actuation of twisted monofilament yarn. Twisting and coiling of several yarns together is another approach to fabricate polymer actuators and here we present the experimental observations of performance of actuators fabricated with multiple number of yarns. The theoretical background for the reasons of decreasing the actuation performance with increasing number of yarns are critically analysed and presented in this study. This analysis concludes that a minor change in the length of the fibre can significantly affect the stroke and force values of the twisted polymer actuators.
Published: 2021

18. Bidirectional Core Sandwich Structure of Reduced Graphene Oxide and Spinnable Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Effectiveness

Author: Bum-Joon Kim, Gordon G. Wallace, Ray H. Baughman, Duck Weon Lee, Seon Jeong Kim, Ji Hwan Moon, Jae-Hun Jeong, Hyunsoo Kim, Junggi Choi, Jae Sang Hyeon, and Geoffrey M. Spinks
Subjects: Materials science, business.industry, Graphene, Oxide, 02 engineering and technology, Carbon nanotube, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Electromagnetic radiation, Electromagnetic interference, 0104 chemical sciences, law.invention, Wavelength, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, EMI, law, Electromagnetic shielding, Optoelectronics, General Materials Science, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract: Thin and flexible electromagnetic shielding materials have recently emerged because of their promising applications in drones, portable electronics, and military defense facilities, etc. This research develops an electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding material by a bi-directional lattice sandwich structure (BLSS) which is formed by liquid crystalline graphene oxide (LCGO) and an orthogonal pattern of spinnable multiwalled nanotubes (OPSM) in consideration of the movement of electromagnetic waves. The average EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of the developed material with 0.5 wt % reduced LCGO (r-LCGO) and an OPSM composed of 64 layers was approximately 66.1 dB in the X-band frequency range (8.2–12.4 GHz, wavelength: 3.5–2.5 cm), which corresponds to a shielding efficiency of 99.9999%. Also, its absorption effectiveness is 99.7% of the total EMI SE, indicating that it has remarkable ability to prevent secondary damage induced by EM reflection. The specific EMI SE (SSE/t) of the composite material considering the contribution of thickness (t) ranged from 21,953 dB cm2 g-1 to 2,259 dB cm2 g-1.
Published: 2020

19. Gold in Irish Coal: Palaeo-Concentration from Metalliferous Groundwaters

Author: John Parnell, Joseph G.T. Armstrong, Magali Perez, Sam Spinks, and Liam A. Bullock
Subjects: Mineralization (geology), lcsh:QE351-399.2, Geochemistry, Metamorphism, 010501 environmental sciences, engineering.material, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Siderite, chemistry.chemical_compound, groundwater, platinum, Foreland basin, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, coal, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, lcsh:Mineralogy, Bedrock, siderite, Geology, Massif, gold, Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology, pyrite, Basement (geology), chemistry, engineering, Pyrite, Ireland, Variscan orogeny
Abstract: Gold grains, up to 40 &mu, m in size and containing variable percentages of admixed platinum, have been identified in coals from the Leinster Coalfield, Castlecomer, SE Ireland, for the first time. Gold mineralisation occurs in sideritic nodules in coals and in association with pyrite and anomalous selenium content. Mineralisation here may have reflected very high heat flow in foreland basins north of the emerging Variscan orogenic front, responsible for gold occurrence in the South Wales Coalfield. At Castlecomer, gold (&ndash, platinum) is attributed to precipitation with replacive pyrite and selenium from groundwaters at redox interfaces, such as siderite nodules. Pyrite in the cores of the nodules indicates fluid ingress. The underlying Caledonian basement bedrock is mineralised by gold, and thus likely provided a source for gold. The combination of the gold occurrences in coal in Castlecomer and in South Wales, proximal to the Variscan orogenic front, suggests that these coals along the front could comprise an exploration target for low-temperature concentrations of precious metals.
Published: 2020

20. Artificial Muscles from Hybrid Carbon Nanotube-Polypyrrole-Coated Twisted and Coiled Yarns

Author: Javad Foroughi, Shazed Aziz, Geoffrey M. Spinks, Edwin Jager, and Jose G. Martinez
Subjects: Materials science, Polymers and Plastics, General Chemical Engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Carbon nanotube, engineering.material, 010402 general chemistry, Polypyrrole, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, chemistry.chemical_compound, Coating, law, Ultimate tensile strength, Materials Chemistry, Manufacturing, Surface and Joining Technology, Composite material, Bearbetnings-, yt- och fogningsteknik, Conductive polymer, Shearing (physics), artificial muscles, carbon nanotubes, conductive polymers, polymeric actuators, smart textiles, Organic Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, Polyester, chemistry, engineering, Artificial muscle, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: Electrochemically or electrothermally driven twisted/coiled carbon nanotube (CNT) yarn actuators are interesting artificial muscles for wearables as they can sustain high stress. However, due to high fabrication costs, these yarns have limited their application in smart textiles. An alternative approach is to use off-the-shelf yarns and coat them with conductive polymers that deliver high actuation properties. Here, novel hybrid textile yarns are demonstrated that combine CNT and an electroactive polypyrrole coating to provide both high strength and good actuation properties. CNT-coated polyester yarns are twisted and coiled and subjected to electrochemical coating of polypyrrole to obtain the hierarchical soft actuators. When twisted without coiling, the polypyrrole-coated yarns produce fully reversible 25 degrees mm(-1)rotation, 8.3x higher than the non-reversible rotation from twisted CNT-coated yarns in a three-electrode electrochemical system operated between +0.4 and -1.0 V (vs Ag/AgCl). The coiled yarns generate fully reversible 10 degrees mm(-1)rotation and 0.22% contraction strain, 2.75x higher than coiled CNT-coated yarns, when operated within the same potential window. The twisted and coiled yarns exhibit high tensile strength with excellent abrasion resistance in wet and dry shearing conditions that can match the requirements for using them as soft actuators in wearables and textile exoskeletons. Funding Agencies|Promobilia Foundation [F17603]; Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linkoping University (faculty grant SFO Mat LiU) [2009-00971]; Swedish Research CouncilSwedish Research Council [2014-3079]; Carl Trygger Foundation [CTS:17-215]; European Unions Horizon 2020 research and innovation program [825232]; University of Wollongongs Visiting International Scholar Award
Published: 2020

21. The role of fungi in the biogeochemical cycling of supergene gold and satellite transition metals: A potential new exploration tool

Author: Tsing Bohu, Melvyn J. Lintern, Anna H. Kaksonen, Ravi R. Anand, Ignacio González-Álvarez, Ryan Noble, Xuliang Zhuang, Anais Pagès, and Sam Spinks
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, Biogeochemical cycle, Supergene (geology), Geochemistry, Geology, Biota, Regolith, Mineral exploration, Pedogenesis, chemistry, Geochemistry and Petrology, Economic Geology, Organic matter, Biomineralization
Abstract: Fungi play a pivotal role in metals biomineralization and biogeochemical cycling thereby influencing various essential pedogenic processes, e.g., rock weathering, organic matter turnover, and element distribution. Geomycology, the scientific study of fungal contributions to geological processes and the impact of geology on fungal biota, has the potential in developing new approaches for mineral exploration. This study provides an overview of geomycology on supergene Au and transition metals (TM), e.g., Fe, Mn, Cu, and U that are often associated with Au in regolith enrichments. In doing so, this manuscript discusses the mechanisms involved in geomycological Au and TM biomineralization, transportation, and the community-scale response, which are underpinned, at least partially, through similar ecophysiological pathways. We point out that these pathways and related fungal consortia are the future studies for efficient supergene Au probing. We also propose a workflow which can be potentially adopted by the mineral exploration industry.
Published: 2022
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22. 2,4-Diamino-6-methylpyrimidines for the potential treatment of Chagas’ disease

Author: Manu De Rycker, John Thomas, Michael G. Thomas, Timothy J. Miles, Paul G. Wyatt, Ignacio Cotillo Torrejon, Kevin D. Read, Jennifer Riley, Daniel Spinks, and Ian H. Gilbert
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi, 030231 tropical medicine, Clinical Biochemistry, Population, Pharmaceutical Science, Disease, Biochemistry, Article, Structure-Activity Relationship, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Parasitic Sensitivity Tests, parasitic diseases, Drug Discovery, medicine, Humans, Chagas Disease, Nifurtimox, education, Molecular Biology, Chronic stage, education.field_of_study, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Molecular Structure, biology, Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Metabolic stability, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Pyrimidines, 030104 developmental biology, Benznidazole, Immunology, Molecular Medicine, medicine.drug
Abstract: Chagas’ disease, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, affects 8–10 million people across the Latin American population and is responsible for around 12,500 deaths per annum. The current frontline treatments, benznidazole and nifurtimox, are associated with side effects and lack efficacy in the chronic stage of the disease, leading to an urgent need for new treatments. A high throughput screening campaign against the physiologically relevant intracellular form of the parasite identified a series of 2,4-diamino-6-methylpyrimidines. Demonstrating the series did not work through the anti-target TcCYP51, and was generally cytocidal, confirmed its suitability for further development. This study reports the optimisation of selectivity and metabolic stability of the series and identification of a suitable lead for further optimisation.
Published: 2018
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23. A Sequential Debonding Fracture Model for Hydrogen-Bonded Hydrogels

Author: Sina Naficy, Farshad Oveissi, Hai Xin, and Geoffrey M. Spinks
Subjects: Materials science, Polymers and Plastics, Hydrogen, Hydrogen bond, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry, Self-healing hydrogels, Materials Chemistry, Fracture (geology), Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Composite material, 0210 nano-technology
Published: 2018
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24. A Soft Stretchable Sensor: Towards Peripheral Nerve Signal Sensing

Author: Geoffrey M. Spinks, Zhigang Suo, Canhui Yang, Kevin Tian, Marc in het Panhuis, Joost J. Vlassak, Charles V. Hamilton, Jinhye Bae, and Gursel Alici
Subjects: Capacitive coupling, Materials science, Polydimethylsiloxane, Mechanical Engineering, 010401 analytical chemistry, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Signal, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Mechanics of Materials, Peripheral nerve, Electrode, Waveform, General Materials Science, Detection theory, 0210 nano-technology, Electrical conductor, Biomedical engineering
Abstract: We propose a 3D-printable soft, stretchable, and transparent hydrogel-elastomer device that is able to detect simulated ‘nerve’ signals. The signal is passed to a conductive hydrogel electrode through a non-contact method of capacitive coupling through polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). We demonstrate that the device is able to detect sinusoidal waveforms passed through a simulated ‘nerve’ made from conductive hydrogel over a range of frequencies (1 kHz – 1 MHz). Analysis of signal detection showed a correlation to the electrode contact area and a Vin/Vout of larger than 10%. This provides the framework for the future development of a soft, 3D-printable, capacitive coupling device that can be used as a cuff electrode for detecting peripheral nerve signals.
Published: 2018
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25. Tellurium and selenium in Mesoproterozoic red beds

Author: Sam Spinks, Connor Brolly, and John Parnell
Subjects: Red beds, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Archean, Geochemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Geology, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Diagenesis, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Geochemistry and Petrology, Telluride, Erosion, Tellurium, Selenium, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Samples of red bed sediments in several Mesoproterozoic successions contain enrichments of tellurium (Te), including discrete telluride minerals. The tellurides were neoformed during redox-controlled diagenesis, rather than representing mechanical concentrations of heavy minerals. Tellurium is enriched relative to selenium, which may reflect erosion of Archean and Palaeoproterozoic rocks with high Te contents. High continentality during the Mesoproterozoic would have limited the delivery of Te and other trace elements to the oceans, so accumulated Te on the continents.
Published: 2018
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26. Zinc isotope composition of the Proterozoic clastic-dominated McArthur River Zn-Pb-Ag deposit, northern Australia

Author: Teagan Blaikie, Si-Yu Hu, Xiaopeng Bian, Sam Spinks, Marcus Kunzmann, Raphael J. Baumgartner, and Seth G. John
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, Sulfide, Proterozoic, Continental crust, Geochemistry, Geology, Fractionation, engineering.material, Fluid transport, Sphalerite, Isotope fractionation, chemistry, Geochemistry and Petrology, Clastic rock, engineering, Economic Geology
Abstract: This study provides a Zn isotope characterization (δ66Zn) of the c. 1,640 Ma clastic-dominated McArthur River Zn-Pb-Ag deposit. Dolomitic, siltstone-hosted sulfide ores were sampled in two separate drill cores. One intersects the stratiform, vertically stacked orebodies at the centre of the deposit, and the other one intersects the south-eastern periphery of the deposit. The analyzed ores show relatively invariable δ66Zn values typical of the continental crust (0.35 ‰ median with 0.05 ‰ standard deviation). This signature is consistent with (near-) quantitative sulfide (sphalerite) precipitation during ore formation, negligible Zn isotope fractionation during fluid transport, and perhaps muted fractionation associated with near-quantitative Zn extraction from the source. Hence, our data show that a pronounced Zn isotope fractionation pattern characterized by lower δ66Zn values closer to the hydrothermal source, as reported from other Zn-Pb deposits, is not developed within the McArthur River deposit. However, across some orebodies, we note a subtle Zn isotope fractionation trend that correlates with the relative abundances of several temperature-sensitive base and trace metals (Zn, Pb, and Ag). This trend can be explained by subtle influence of Rayleigh-type Zn isotope fractionation during fluid evolution and Zn sulfide precipitation. Previous studies have suggested that Zn isotopes may be useful in the exploration for economic mineralization, as these studies observed both a significant Zn isotope halo and δ66Zn values markedly different from the continental crust. However, because both characteristics are not observable at McArthur River, the Zn isotope system may not have been useful in finding this deposit.
Published: 2021
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27. Sulfur and CO2 gases emitted during weathering of sulfides: Role of microbial activity and implications to exploration through cover

Author: Coralie Siegel, Robert Thorne, Anais Pagès, Martijn Woltering, Ryan Noble, Ravi R. Anand, Chloé Plet, and Sam Spinks
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, Mineral, Sulfide, 020209 energy, Soil gas, Geochemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Geology, Weathering, 02 engineering and technology, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Sulfur, World class, Mineral exploration, Equilibrium thermodynamic, chemistry, Geochemistry and Petrology, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Economic Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: In mineral exploration, a thick cover is challenging and can hinder the discovery of new world class mineral deposits. Traditional surface geochemistry techniques are virtually “blind” in areas where the cover exceeds a few meters. Therefore, alternative surface geochemistry approaches such as the detection of soil gas anomalies over buried mineral deposits have been investigated and developed. This study investigates the source and potential of soil gases for mineral exploration by comparing equilibrium thermodynamic models with gases detected during weathering of “pure” sulfides and sulfide ores in the laboratory. Weathering experiments were conducted under moist settings, both for sterile and non-sterile conditions, and under water-saturated settings for non-sterile environments. Gaseous hydrocarbons were below detection limits, suggesting that any hydrocarbons produced during sulfide oxidation would only reach low abundances. Thermodynamic models undertaken in both moist and water-saturated conditions predict CO2 as the dominant gas produced. However, CS2 is the dominant sulfur gas produced in laboratory experiments, contradicting thermodynamic predictions. This suggests that experiments did not reach equilibrium. Sulfide weathering under non-sterile conditions produce greater relative abundance of gases than sterile experiments. This suggests that microbes play an important role in the weathering of sulfide to produce gases. Thus, the mechanisms involved in the production of gases from microbes-sulfide interactions must be considered in soil gas geochemical studies applied to mineral exploration.
Published: 2021
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28. Effect of anisotropic thermal expansion on the torsional actuation of twist oriented polymer fibres

Author: Hugh R. Brown, Sina Naficy, Shazed Aziz, Javad Foroughi, and Geoffrey M. Spinks
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, Polypropylene, Materials science, Polymers and Plastics, Organic Chemistry, 02 engineering and technology, Polymer, Polyethylene, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Thermal expansion, body regions, chemistry.chemical_compound, 020303 mechanical engineering & transports, 0203 mechanical engineering, chemistry, Thermal, Ultimate tensile strength, Helix, Materials Chemistry, Composite material, 0210 nano-technology, Anisotropy
Abstract: Torsional actuation of twisted polymer fibres is the basis for high performance tensile actuation when these fibres are formed into coils. The thermally-induced torsional actuation of twisted polyamide-6 fibres can be predicted by a single helix approximation when the measured diameter and length direction thermal expansion coefficients are known. The single helix model illustrates the sensitivity of the magnitude of torsional actuation to the volume expansion anisotropy for a given volume change. The applicability of the model has been further assessed by investigating three polymer fibres that display different thermal expansion anisotropies. Commercially available polyethylene, polypropylene and polyamide-6 fibres were twisted to the maximum extent without coiling and then heat treated to fix the twisted structure. Heating the twisted fibres between 26 and 62 °C resulted in a partial untwist which was reversed during cooling. The single-helix model of the twisted fibres was used to accurately predict the torsional stroke based on the measured fibre length and diameter change during heating. Comparative torsional stroke of twisted polyamide-6, polyethylene and polypropylene was explained in terms of materials thermo-physical properties. Generated blocked torques was also correctly predicted by the single-helix model when combined with the measured fibre torsional stiffness. Variances between torsional stiffnesses were found to be dependent of different anisotropic thermal properties of tested fibres.
Published: 2017
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29. Thermal actuation of hydrogels from PNIPAm, alginate, and carbon nanofibres

Author: Marc in het Panhuis, Holly Warren, Geoffrey M. Spinks, and David L. Officer
Subjects: Materials science, Polymers and Plastics, Composite number, Microfluidics, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Compressive strength, chemistry, Electrical resistivity and conductivity, Self-healing hydrogels, Thermal, Materials Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Composite material, 0210 nano-technology, Joule heating, Carbon
Abstract: Composite ionic-covalent entanglement (ICE) hydrogel networks were prepared from poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), alginate, and carbon nanofibres. An optimised triple network hydrogel with 86% water content exhibited a compressive strength of 3.0 ± 0.1 MPa and 66 ± 13 mS/cm electrical conductivity. Thermal actuation was shown to have a shorter response time for gels containing nanofibres, compared to those which did not and hydrogel samples more than halved in volume within 1 minute when placed in a 60 °C water bath. Controlled dye release was demonstrated as a potential application and used to further quantify thermal actuation over short times. Joule heating techniques were used to electronically actuate the hydrogel samples, removing the traditional requirements for immersion in a temperature controlled liquid. It is expected that devices based on these materials will find potential applications in soft robotics and micro fluidics. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2018, 56, 46–52
Published: 2017
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30. High-strength graphene and polyacrylonitrile composite fiber enhanced by surface coating with polydopamine

Author: Gordon G. Wallace, Geoffrey M. Spinks, Rouhollah Jalili, Hyunsoo Kim, and Seon Jeong Kim
Subjects: Materials science, Graphene, Carbonization, Composite number, General Engineering, Polyacrylonitrile, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, law.invention, chemistry.chemical_compound, Surface coating, chemistry, law, Advanced composite materials, Ceramics and Composites, Fiber, Composite material, 0210 nano-technology, Pyrolysis
Abstract: Carbon fibers are well-known reinforcing elements in advanced composites, but these materials remain expensive partly due to the complex processing methods used to form high strength and high modulus fibers. Graphene is seen as an alternative precursor for the formation of high strength carbon-based fibers. Here it is shown that the strength and modulus of graphene-based fibers are enhanced by incorporating a polyacrylonitrile (PAN) binder, surface coating with polydopamine (PDA) and through appropriate pyrolysis heat treatments. Fiber samples were prepared by a wet-spinning method such that the composition of liquid-crystalline graphene oxide (LCGO) and PAN could be varied over the full range. The maximum fiber mechanical strength (220 MPa) and modulus (19 GPa) occurred at a composition of LCGO (80 wt%) and PAN (20 wt%). The mechanical strength was further significantly increased to 526 MPa through pyrolysis of the LCGO/PAN fiber at 800 °C in a nitrogen atmosphere which caused carbonization of PAN. In addition, surface treatment of the LCGO/PAN fiber with PDA before carbonization improved the mechanical strength by an additional 40%.
Published: 2017
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31. Dietary management of children with type 1 diabetes

Author: Joanne J Spinks and Solenne Guest
Subjects: Gerontology, chemistry.chemical_classification, medicine.medical_specialty, Type 1 diabetes, Continuous glucose monitoring, business.industry, Insulin, medicine.medical_treatment, Dietary management, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Healthy eating, medicine.disease, 03 medical and health sciences, Carbohydrate counting, 0302 clinical medicine, Endocrinology, chemistry, Internal medicine, Diabetes mellitus, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Essential nutrient, business
Abstract: Effective dietary management of children with type 1 diabetes helps to optimize glycaemic control and leads to improvements in clinical and metabolic outcomes. Current recommendations are based on healthy eating principles for children and families with the aim to promote healthy life-long eating habits whilst maintaining social and psychological well-being. The intake of energy and essential nutrients should aim to maintain ideal body weight, promote health and growth, optimize glycaemic control, whilst minimizing the risk of chronic complications. Recent advances include the use of intensive insulin regimes together with accurate and consistent carbohydrate counting, as well as low glycaemic index food choices which have been shown improve glycaemic control. The use of continuous glucose monitoring has provided us with an insight into the effect of the composition of meals on glucose levels and the opportunity to tailor insulin therapy and dietary advice on an individual basis. This article reviews the aims of dietary management and the current understanding of what diet is optimal for children and young people with diabetes.
Published: 2017
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32. Detection of zinc deposits using terrestrial ferromanganese crusts

Author: Holly R. Meadows, Sam Spinks, Yulia Uvarova, Monica leGras, David J. Gray, Nicki Bardwell, Yusen Ley-Cooper, Alistair J.R. White, Robert Thorne, R. R. Anand, and Nathan Reid
Subjects: Mineralization (geology), Oxide minerals, integumentary system, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Iron oxide, Geochemistry, food and beverages, Mineralogy, chemistry.chemical_element, Geology, Weathering, Manganese, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Ferromanganese, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Geochemistry and Petrology, Subaerial, Economic Geology, skin and connective tissue diseases, Base metal, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Ferromanganese crusts, coatings of iron oxide and manganese (oxyhydr)oxide minerals, occur in various forms on a broad range of surface materials in the subaerial environment. Manganese (oxyhydr)oxide minerals in particular, have very high adsorption capacities for heavy metals and trace elements. Thus in the scenario whereby metals from ore deposits are liberated and mobilized to the surface and interact with ferromanganese crusts, there is potential for such crusts to adsorb anomalous concentrations of target and pathfinder elements, thereby offering a potential sampling medium during geochemical exploration. Two case studies were undertaken at known base metal deposits, the > 200 m deep Abra and 6 ∗ 10− 3) were returned from crusts proximal to the Prairie-Wolf deposits, and ratios in crusts decreased to as low as Our results suggest deposits which lie deep below the base of weathering that are geochemically-blind remain difficult to detect, but the analysis of ferromanganese crusts from semi-arid environments can be used to detect relatively shallow base metal mineralization.
Published: 2017
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33. Bio-Inspired Stretchable and Contractible Tough Fiber by the Hybridization of GO/MWNT/Polyurethane

Author: Seon Jeong Kim, Jung Gi Choi, Yongwoo Jang, Ji Hwan Moon, Gordon G. Wallace, Hyunsoo Kim, Dong Yeop Lee, Geoffrey M. Spinks, Sanjeev Gambhir, and David L. Officer
Subjects: Toughness, Materials science, Composite number, Soft robotics, 02 engineering and technology, Carbon nanotube, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, law.invention, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, law, General Materials Science, Spider silk, Artificial muscle, Fiber, Composite material, 0210 nano-technology, Polyurethane
Abstract: Spider silks represent stretchable and contractible fibers with high toughness. Those tough fibers with stretchability and contractibility are attractive as energy absorption materials, and they are needed for wearable applications, artificial muscles, and soft robotics. Although carbon-based materials and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) composite fibers exhibit high toughness, they are still limited in low extensibility and an inability to operate in the wet-state condition. Herein, we report stretchable and contractible fiber with toughness that is inspired by the structure of spider silk. The bioinspired tough fiber provides 495 J/g of gravimetric toughness, which exceeds 165 J/g of spider silk. Besides, the tough fiber was reversibly stretched to ∼80% strain without damage. This toughness and stretchability are realized by hybridization of aligned graphene oxide/multiwalled carbon nanotubes in a polyurethane matrix as elastic amorphous regions and β-sheet segments of spider silk. Interestingly, the bioinspired tough fiber contracted up to 60% in response to water and humidity similar to supercontraction of the spider silk. It exhibited 610 kJ/m3 of contractile energy density, which is higher than previously reported moisture driven actuators. Therefore, this stretchable and contractible tough fiber could be utilized as an artificial muscle in soft robotics and wearable devices.
Published: 2019

34. Biomimetic Thermal-sensitive Multi-transform Actuator

Author: Ju Young Byun, Sungmin Kim, Jung Gi Choi, Seon Jeong Kim, Tae Hyeob Kim, Geoffrey M. Spinks, and Yongwoo Jang
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Multidisciplinary, Materials science, Polymers, Microfluidics, lcsh:R, Soft robotics, lcsh:Medicine, Nanotechnology, Molding (process), Bending, Lower critical solution temperature, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 030104 developmental biology, 0302 clinical medicine, Monomer, chemistry, Self-healing hydrogels, lcsh:Q, Actuator, lcsh:Science, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Actuators
Abstract: Controllable and miniaturised mechanical actuation is one of the main challenges facing various emerging technologies, such as soft robotics, drug delivery systems, and microfluidics. Here we introduce a simple method for constructing actuating devices with programmable complex motions. Thermally responsive hydrogels based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and its functionalized derivatives (f-PNIPAM) were used to control the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) or the temperature at which the gel volume changes. Techniques for ultra-violet crosslinking the monomer solutions were developed to generate gel sheets with controllable crosslink density gradients that allowed bending actuation to specified curvatures by heating through the LCST. Simple molding processes were then used to construct multi-transform devices with complex shape changes, including a bioinspired artificial flower that shows blossoming and reverse blossoming with a change in temperature.
Published: 2019

35. Double helix artificial muscles (Conference Presentation)

Author: Geoffrey M. Spinks and David J. Shepherd
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, Quantitative Biology::Biomolecules, Absorption of water, Materials science, chemistry, Pultrusion, Composite number, Helix, Ultimate tensile strength, Torsion (mechanics), Artificial muscle, Polymer, Composite material
Abstract: High performance artificial muscles based on twisted and coiled polymer fibers have attracted considerable attention since their discovery in 2014. These artificial muscles generate tensile strokes as a result of a torsional actuation occurring within the twisted fiber. The torsion is due to a volume expansion and is related to the helical topology of the twisted polymer fiber or fiber composite. The volume expansion can be induced thermally, electrochemically, photonically or by absorption of small molecules, such as water. The magnitude of the torsional stroke and/or the torque generated has been successfully modeled using a single helix approximation. This paper presents a new type of tensile artificial muscle that exploits the properties of the double helix. Two fibers are plied to form the double helix structure and diameter expansion of the fibers generates a large lengthwise contraction in the plied structure. The process is successfully modeled using the single helix approach. The example plied double helix actuators were fabricated from cotton yarn impregnated with hydrogel. The cotton was pultruded through a solution containing the polyurethane based hydrogel. Actuators were made by air drying followed by co-twisting two lengths of the hydrogel-cotton and heat-setting at 60 degrees C. The samples were tested in isotonic mode by tensioning and fully immersing in water. The samples contracted in length when wet and the process was reversed on drying. The effect of hydrogel content and twist density have been investigated. Single hydrogel-cotton yarn samples showed negligible change in length when immersed in water, but two-ply double helix samples showed contractions of more than 10% in length. The length contraction of the double helices was attributed to the increase in fiber diameter during water absorption. The geometry changes were successfully modeled using a single helix approach.
Published: 2019
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36. Insecticide Seed Treatment Efficacy Against Sugarcane Aphid in Grain Sorghum, 2017

Author: Courtney Spinks and Glenn Studebaker
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_compound, Aphid, biology, chemistry, Agronomy, Seed treatment, General Medicine, Sorghum, biology.organism_classification
Published: 2019
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37. Efficacy of Insecticide Tank Mixes With Bifenthrin Against Tarnished Plant Bug in Cotton, 2018

Author: Glenn Studebaker and Courtney Spinks
Subjects: Toxicology, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Bifenthrin, General Medicine, Biology, Tarnished plant bug, biology.organism_classification
Published: 2019
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38. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Hydrogel for Diving/Surfacing Device

Author: Seon Jeong Kim, Hocheol Gwac, Jung Gi Choi, Geoffrey M. Spinks, Holly Warren, Yongwoo Jang, and Christopher J. Richards
Subjects: Materials science, lcsh:Mechanical engineering and machinery, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Lower critical solution temperature, Article, chemistry.chemical_compound, medicine, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), lcsh:TJ1-1570, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Underwater, Composite material, Mechanical Engineering, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, diving/surfacing device, chemistry, Control and Systems Engineering, Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), Underwater robot, Ultrasonic sensor, hydrogel, Swelling, medicine.symptom, 0210 nano-technology, human activities
Abstract: Underwater robots and vehicles have received great attention due to their potential applications in remote sensing and search and rescue. A challenge for micro aquatic robots is the lack of small motors needed for three-dimensional locomotion in water. Here, we show a simple diving and surfacing device fabricated from thermo-sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) or a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-containing hydrogel. The poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-containing device exhibited fast and reversible diving/surfacing cycles in response to changing temperature. Modulation of the interaction between poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) chains and water molecules at temperatures above or below the lower critical solution temperature regulates the gel density through the swelling and de-swelling. The gel surfaced in water when heated and sank when cooled. We further showed reversible diving/surfacing cycles of the device when exposed to electrical and ultrasonic stimuli. Finally, a small electrically heated gel was incorporated into a miniature submarine and used to control the diving depth. These results suggest that the poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-containing device has good potential for underwater remote-controlled micro aquatic robots.
Published: 2021
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39. The Suitability of 3-D Printed Eutectic Gallium-Indium Alloy as a Heating Element for Thermally Active Hydrogels

Author: Marc in het Panhuis, Charles Alan Hamilton, Gursel Alici, and Geoffrey M. Spinks
Subjects: Materials science, Heating element, Mechanical Engineering, Alloy, Soft robotics, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, engineering.material, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry, Mechanics of Materials, Self-healing hydrogels, engineering, General Materials Science, Extrusion, Gallium, Composite material, 0210 nano-technology, Indium, Eutectic system
Abstract: We report the use of a novel extrusion tip that allows for the omnidirectional printing of eutectic gallium-indium (eGaIn) alloy onto the surface of hydrogel materials into complex 2-dimensional patterns. The use of these printed soft “wires” as an electrothermal heating element for soft robotics purposes was explored. Heating of the eGaIn structures encapsulated in an alginate/acrylamide ionic-covalent entanglement hydrogel was measured by a thermal imaging camera. It was determined that eGaIn is a suitable material for use in future soft robotics applications as an electrothermal heating element to actuate thermally responsive N-isoproylacrylamide hydrogels.
Published: 2016
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40. Characterization of organic matter in the Torridonian using Raman spectroscopy

Author: Sam Spinks, Stephen A. Bowden, David Muirhead, and John Parnell
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Earth science, Mineralogy, Geology, Ocean Engineering, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Constructive, Early life, Characterization (materials science), symbols.namesake, chemistry, symbols, Organic matter, Raman spectroscopy, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology
Abstract: We gratefully acknowledge two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments on an earlier version of this manuscript. Earth System Evolution and Early Life: a Celebration of the Work of Martin Brasier. ed. / A. T. Brasier; D. McIlroy; N. McLoughlin. 978-1-78620-279-6
Published: 2016
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41. Stretchable artificial muscles from coiled polymer fibers

Author: Geoffrey M. Spinks
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, 0209 industrial biotechnology, Materials science, Mechanical Engineering, Mechanical engineering, Stiffness, 02 engineering and technology, Polymer, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Mechanical elements, 020901 industrial engineering & automation, chemistry, Mechanics of Materials, Electromagnetic coil, Polymer chemistry, medicine, Robot, General Materials Science, Artificial muscle, medicine.symptom, 0210 nano-technology, Actuator, Material properties
Abstract: Soft robots are being developed to mimic the movement of biological organisms and as wearable garments to assist human movement in rehabilitation, training, and tasks encountered in functional daily living. Stretchable artificial muscles are well suited as the active mechanical element in soft wearable robotics, and here the performance of highly stretchable and compliant polymer coil muscles are described and analyzed. The force and displacements generated by a given stimulus are shown to be determined by the external loading conditions and the main material properties of free stroke and stiffness. Spring mechanics and a model based on a single helix are used to evaluate both the coil stiffness and the mechanism of coil actuation. The latter is directly coupled to a torsional actuation in the twisted fiber that forms the coil. The single helix model illustrates how fiber volume changes generate a partial fiber untwist, and spring mechanics shows how this fiber untwist generates large tensile strokes and high gravimetric work outputs in the polymer coil muscles. These analyses highlight possible as yet unexplored means for further enhancing the performance of these systems.
Published: 2016
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42. Low‐temperature concentration of tellurium and gold in continental red bed successions

Author: David J. Bellis, Sam Spinks, and John Parnell
Subjects: Red beds, chemistry.chemical_element, Mineralogy, Geology, 010501 environmental sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Mercury (element), Diagenesis, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Telluride, Sedimentary rock, Tellurium, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: There is very little understanding of tellurium (Te) distribution and behaviour in sedimentary rocks. A suite of 15 samples of reduction spheroids (centimetre-scale pale spheroids in otherwise red rock), including samples from eight localities in Triassic red beds across the British Isles, were mapped for Te using Laser Ablation–Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry. Almost all showed enrichment in Te in the cores of the spheroids relative to background red bed concentrations, by up to four orders of magnitude. Some were also enriched over background in gold and/or mercury. In one case, discrete telluride minerals were recorded. The data show that Te is mobile and can be concentrated in low-temperature sedimentary environments, controlled by redox variations. The consistency in enrichment across widely separate localities implies that the enrichment is a normal aspect of red bed diagenesis and so likely to be controlled by a ubiquitous process, such as microbial activity.
Published: 2016
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43. Controlled and scalable torsional actuation of twisted nylon 6 fiber

Author: Shazed Aziz, Javad Foroughi, Geoffrey M. Spinks, Hugh R. Brown, and Sina Naficy
Subjects: Materials science, Polymers and Plastics, Fiber structure, Physics::Optics, Torsion (mechanics), 02 engineering and technology, Atmospheric temperature range, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Nylon 6, chemistry, Materials Chemistry, Torque, Artificial muscle, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Composite material, Twist, 0210 nano-technology, Actuator
Abstract: Large-scale torsional actuation occurs in twisted fibers and yarns as a result of volume change induced electrochemically, thermally, photonically, and other means. A quantitative relationship between torsional actuation (stroke and torque) and volume change is here introduced. The analysis is based on experimental investigation of the effects of fiber diameter and inserted twist on the torsional stroke and torque measured when heating and cooling nylon 6 fibers over the temperature range of 26-62 degrees C. The results show that the torsional stroke depends only on the amount of twist inserted into the fiber and is independent of fiber diameter. The torque generated is larger in fibers with more inserted twist and with larger diameters. These results are successfully modeled using a single-helix approximation of the twisted fiber structure.
Published: 2016
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44. Selenium enrichment in Carboniferous Shales, Britain and Ireland: Problem or opportunity for shale gas extraction?

Author: Stephen A. Bowden, Sam Spinks, John Parnell, and Connor Brolly
Subjects: Molybdenum, Bowland Shale, Shale gas, Extraction (chemistry), Geochemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, 010501 environmental sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Pollution, Arsenic, Selenium, Carboniferous, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Geochemistry and Petrology, Environmental Chemistry, Oil shale, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: The Carboniferous Bowland Shale in England, and its correlatives in Ireland, contain anomalously high concentrations of trace elements, including selenium (Se), molybdenum (Mo) and arsenic (As). High levels of these elements reflect high sulphur contents as these elements occur as trace constituents of pyrite. Anomalous Se in particular may have a volcanic provenance, from contemporary volcanic activity and/or drainage from Ordovician volcanogenic sulphide deposits. Following concern over the release of Se and As into groundwater during shale gas extraction in the US, the potential fate of Se and As during any future shale gas extraction from the Bowland Shale merits attention. It is at least an environmental issue that must be managed, but at best it could be an opportunity for extraction of Se in an environmentally sensitive manner.
Published: 2016
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45. Remobilization and mineralization of selenium–tellurium in metamorphosed red beds: Evidence from the Munster Basin, Ireland

Author: David J. Bellis, John Still, John Parnell, and Sam Spinks
Subjects: inorganic chemicals, Mineralization (geology), Red beds, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Geochemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Geology, Orogeny, 010501 environmental sciences, Sedimentary basin, Structural basin, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Devonian, chemistry, Geochemistry and Petrology, Economic Geology, Sedimentary rock, Selenium, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Selenium and tellurium are vital elements for the ongoing development of carbon-free energy generation, but are only recovered in small volumes as by-products of base and precious metal processing. Security of supply of these commodities is of high importance as their demand is forecast to increase in the near future, thus more research is required on the varying mineralization systems where their occurrence and behavior are poorly understood, such as sedimentary basins and metasedimentary terranes. The Munster Basin of southern Ireland is a good study area for sedimentary Se–Te in such environments as it has a regionally-high soil selenium anomaly, and is characterized by Devonian terrestrial red beds, which were metamorphosed during the Hercynian (Variscan) Orogeny. The area also contains ore-grade biogenic sediment-hosted copper and remobilized vein-hosted copper sulfides, which are prospective for chalcophile selenium and tellurium. Quartz vein-hosted Se–Te mineralization was identified across the Munster Basin, accompanied by trace gold–silver–mercury accessory phases. New sulfur isotope data reinforces the model of sulfur and selenium remobilized from a biogenic red bed source, which reflects a wider association of selenium deposits with oxidizing environments. The co-occurrence of tellurium mineralization suggests that it too may be concentrated in oxidizing environments. Associated traces of gold add to a growing body of evidence that gold is also transported and precipitated in oxidizing conditions in continental basins.
Published: 2016
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46. Shape-engineerable composite fibers and their supercapacitor application

Author: Jae Ah Lee, Seon Jeong Kim, Geoffrey M. Spinks, Kang Min Kim, Rouhollah Jalili, Kyung Ah Kim, and Hyeon Jun Sim
Subjects: Supercapacitor, Vinyl alcohol, Materials science, Graphene, Composite number, 02 engineering and technology, Carbon nanotube, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, law.invention, Nanomaterials, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, law, Ribbon, General Materials Science, Fiber, Composite material, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: Due to excellent electrical and mechanical properties of carbon nano materials, it is of great interest to fabricate flexible, high conductive, and shape engineered carbon based fibers. As part of these approaches, hollow, twist, ribbon, and other various shapes of carbon based fibers have been researched for various functionality and application. In this paper, we suggest simple and effective method to control the fiber shape. We fabricate the three different shapes of hollow, twisted, and ribbon shaped fibers from wet spun giant graphene oxide (GGO)/single walled-nanotubes (SWNTs)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) gels. Each shaped fibers exhibit different mechanical properties. The average specific strengthes of the hollow, twist, and ribbon fibers presented here are 126.5, 106.9, and 38.0 MPa while strain are 9.3, 13.5, and 5%, respectively. Especially, the ribbon fiber shows high electrical conductivity (524 ± 64 S cm(-1)) and areal capacitance (2.38 mF cm(-2)).
Published: 2016
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47. Fabrication of a graphene coated nonwoven textile for industrial applications

Author: Dharshika Kongahge, Sanjeev Gambhir, Geoffrey M. Spinks, Javad Foroughi, and Gordon G. Wallace
Subjects: Materials science, Fabrication, Textile, Graphene, business.industry, General Chemical Engineering, Composite number, 02 engineering and technology, General Chemistry, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Polypyrrole, 01 natural sciences, Dip-coating, 0104 chemical sciences, law.invention, Polyester, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, law, Composite material, 0210 nano-technology, business, Electrical conductor
Abstract: A cost effective electrically conductive textile for large scale applications would revolutionise numerous industries. Herein, we demonstrate a novel processing approach to produce conductive textiles for industrial applications. A conductive nonwoven textile was successfully fabricated using a simple dip coating method. The nonwoven polyester was coated with liquid crystallite graphene oxide with subsequent non-toxic chemical reduction. The process is readily scalable. The graphene coated fabric has been characterized by electron microscopy as well as by electrical, mechanical, thermal and abrasion resistance measurements. It was found that the electrical surface resistivity of the prepared polyester–graphene composite fabric was 330 Ω □−1. The electrical surface resistivity was 3 and 150 times lower than that of polypyrrole coated woven polyester fabric and graphene coated nonwoven fabrics, respectively, in previously published reports. The hybrid polyester–graphene textile prepared here should find applications in high-performance geotextiles or as heating elements.
Published: 2016
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48. Safety and tolerability of nintedanib for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in routine UK clinical practice

Author: Vanessa Titmuss, Rachel K. Hoyles, Felix Chua, Christopher J. Brereton, Lisa G. Spencer, Helen Parfrey, Sophie V. Fletcher, Muhunthan Thillai, Nicola Simler, A Kwok, Katherine Spinks, Athol U. Wells, Elizabeth Renzoni, Maria Kokosi, Luca Richeldi, Mark Jones, Chris Warburton, and Toby M. Maher
Subjects: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, MEDLINE, lcsh:Medicine, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal medicine, Medicine, In patient, Lung volumes, 030212 general & internal medicine, business.industry, Original Research Letters, lcsh:R, respiratory system, medicine.disease, respiratory tract diseases, Clinical Practice, 030228 respiratory system, Tolerability, chemistry, Nintedanib, business
Abstract: Nintedanib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), reduces annual forced vital capacity (FVC) decline in these patients by ∼50% with combined analysis of data from clinical trials showing a trend towards reduction in mortality [1–3]. Nintedanib prescription criteria for the treatment of IPF vary between countries and in 2016, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence approved nintedanib in England and Wales for patients with an FVC between 50% and 80% predicted [4]. Prior to this approval, nintedanib was available through a manufacturer-funded programme with varying prescribing criteria. We investigated the safety and tolerability of nintedanib in UK clinical practice during this period in which FVC prescription criteria differed from those now available in routine practice., In IPF, commencement of antifibrotic therapy in patients with preserved lung volume may increase the duration of therapy http://ow.ly/4HeM30lFS67
Published: 2018

49. Design of DNA rolling-circle templates with controlled fork topology to study mechanisms of DNA replication

Author: Ben S. Hoatson, Enrico Monachino, Antoine M. van Oijen, Nicholas E. Dixon, Richard R. Spinks, Slobodan Jergic, Harshad Ghodke, Zhi-Qiang Xu, and Molecular Biophysics
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, DYNAMICS, DNA Replication, DNA, Bacterial, Computer science, Biophysics, BINDING PROTEIN, Topology, Network topology, Biochemistry, RESTART, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Escherichia coli, A-DNA, HELICASE, REPLISOME, SINGLE-MOLECULE, Molecular Biology, biology, Nucleic-acid biochemistry, DNA replication, Helicase, Cell Biology, Templates, Genetic, Rolling-circle amplification, 030104 developmental biology, Template, chemistry, Rolling circle replication, biology.protein, Replisome, Nucleic Acid Conformation, DNA, Circular, Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques, DNA
Abstract: Rolling-circle DNA amplification is a powerful tool employed in biotechnology to produce large from small amounts of DNA. This mode of DNA replication proceeds via a DNA topology that resembles a replication fork, thus also providing experimental access to the molecular mechanisms of DNA replication. However, conventional templates do not allow controlled access to multiple fork topologies, which is an important factor in mechanistic studies. Here we present the design and production of a rolling-circle substrate with a tunable length of both the gap and the overhang, and we show its application to the bacterial DNA-replication reaction.
Published: 2018

50. The development and understanding of composite yarn hydrogel actuators (Conference Presentation)

Author: Geoffrey M. Spinks and David J. Shepherd
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, Materials science, Composite number, Nanowire, Polymer, Yarn, chemistry, visual_art, Self-healing hydrogels, medicine, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Artificial muscle, Swelling, medicine.symptom, Composite material, Actuator
Abstract: Artificial muscles have the potential to fill inherent gaps left behind by large, hard, complex traditional actuators. One such emerging category of artificial muscles which is showing potential in filling these gaps is composite yarn hydrogel actuators. Hydrogels are soft, potentially biocompatible, polymer materials which can be tuned to have varying swelling ratios to produce the desired mechanical response. Composite yarn hydrogel actuators function by an embedded hydrogel swelling within the confined fibrous structure of a twisted yarn. This hydrogel swelling exerts pressure on the yarn which, in turn, drives either torsional or linear actuation, depending on the twisted structure of the composite yarn. The focus of this research is to develop techniques to produce, test and model this new class of actuator. We will endeavor to garner a deeper understanding of the effects of hydrogel swelling ratio, applied yarn-twist, and the complex structure of the composite actuator. Composite yarn hydrogel actuators comprising of niobium nanowire/hydrogel twisted composites have been produced that can generate large and fast torsional stroke as high as 300 deg/mm over 15 seconds when stimulated by water. Simple cotton/hydrogel coiled composites have demonstrated large repeatable linear stroke lengths of 30% contraction upon hydration. A new class of composite actuator (hydrogel composite tube actuators) can show combined linear and torsional actuation within the same device.
Published: 2018
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