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Complete aqueous dissolution of starch requires the use of temperatures exceeding 100 °C. During and after cooling of the resultant aqueous solutions, starch polymers precipitate by aggregation and crystallization. Low-temperature gelatinization and dissolution of maize starch (MS) is induced, and the stability of the resultant solutions is enhanced when they contain the hydrotrope sodium salicylate (NaSal). Differential scanning calorimetry and optical microscopy evidence showed that MS gelatinization shifts to lower temperatures and that the associated enthalpy decreases with increasing NaSal concentrations. The enhanced gelatinization and dissolution are probably brought about by the association of NaSal with the more hydrophobic MS structural moieties. The minimum NaSal content of aqueous mixtures allowing full gelatinization of MS at room temperature, that is, about 11 wt %, was found to be independent of MS content (in the range 10-66.7 wt % MS). ispartof: BIOMACROMOLECULES vol:23 issue:7 ispartof: location:United States status: published

Previous studies have demonstrated nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug treatment in early lactation had a positive impact on whole-lactation milk production in older cows. The objective of this study was to evaluate proliferative, transcriptional, and epigenetic changes in the mammary gland that could explain increased production responses due to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug treatment. Sodium salicylate (SAL; 125 g/d) or water (CON) were administered via oral drench to multiparous Holstein cows (n = 8/treatment) once daily for 3 d beginning approximately 24 h after parturition, and mammary tissue was collected on d 1, 4, and 45 postpartum. Day 1 tissue was collected immediately preceding the initial drench, and d 4 tissue was collected 24 h following the final drench. Blood was collected twice weekly and analyzed for plasma glucose, insulin, β-hydroxybutyrate, free fatty acids, and prolactin. Cows were milked twice daily until d 7 of lactation, and thrice daily for the remainder of the study. Total RNA extracted from tissue was deep-sequenced and analyzed for differential gene expression using DESeq2. We detected no treatment effect on milk yield or plasma metabolites through 45 d of lactation; additionally, no change in mammary epithelial cell proliferation was detected when assessed by Ki67 labeling. Comparison of SAL versus CON revealed that only 16 of 18,286 genes were differentially expressed (false discovery rate

The treatment of acne presents a major clinical and dermatological challenge. Investigating the nanomechanical properties of the microcomedone precursor lesions using atomic force microscopy (AFM) may prove beneficial in understanding their softening, dissolution and prevention. Although the exact biochemical mechanism of NaSal on microcomedones is not fully understood at present, it appears to exhibit a significant exfoliation effect on the skin via corneodesmosome dissolution.Therefore, to support this exploration, sodium salicylate (NaSal), a common ingredient employed in skin care products, is applied ex vivo to microcomedones,collected by nose strip adhesive tape, and their nanomechanical properties are assessed using AFM. Although the exact biochemical mechanism of NaSal on microcomedones is not fully understood at present, it appears to exhibit a significant exfoliation effect on the skin via corneodesmosome dissolution.Herein, our findings demonstrate that when microcomedones are treated with 2% NaSal, samples appeared significantly more compliant ('softer') ((1.3 ± 0.62) MPa) when compared to their pre-treated measurements ((7.2 ± 3.6) MPa; p = 0.038). Furthermore, elastic modulus maps showed that after 2% NaSal treatment, areas in the microcomedone appeared softer and swollen in some, but not in all areas, further proving the valuable impact of 2% NaSal solution in altering the biomechanical properties and morphologies in microcomedones.Our results are the first of their kind to provide qualitative and quantitative mechanobiological evidence that 2% NaSal decreases the elastic modulus of microcomedones. Therefore, this study provides evidence that NaSal can be beneficial as an active ingredient in topical treatments aimed at targeting microcomedones.Le traitement de l'acné présente un défi clinique et dermatologique majeur. L'étude des propriétés nanomécaniques des lésions précurseurs en tant que microcomédons à l'aide de la microscopie à force atomique (AFM) peut s'avérer bénéfique pour comprendre leur ramollissement, leur dissolution et leur prévention. MÉTHODES: Par conséquent, pour soutenir cette exploration, le salicylate de sodium (NaSal), un ingrédient couramment utilisé dans les produits de soins de la peau, est appliqué ex vivo aux microcomédons et leurs propriétés nanomécaniques sont évaluées à l'aide de l'AFM. Bien que le mécanisme biochimique exact du NaSal sur les microcomédons ne soit pas entièrement compris à l'heure actuelle, il semble présenter un effet exfoliant significatif sur la peau via la dissolution des cornéodesmosomes. RÉSULTATS: Ici, nos résultats démontrent que lorsque les microcomédons sont traités avec 2% de NaSal, les échantillons semblaient significativement plus conformes ("plus doux") ((1.3 ± 0.62) MPa) par rapport à leurs mesures pré-traitées ((7.2 ± 3.6) MPa ; P = 0,03826). De plus, les cartes du module d'élasticité ont montré qu'après un traitement à 2 % de NaSal, les zones du microcomédon semblaient plus molles et gonflées dans certaines zones, mais pas dans toutes, prouvant ainsi l'impact précieux d'une solution de NaSal à 2 % dans la modification des propriétés biomécaniques et de la morphologie des microcomédons.Nos résultats sont les premiers du genre à fournir des preuves mécanobiologiques qualitatives et quantitatives que 2% de NaSal diminue le module d'élasticité des microcomédons. Par conséquent, cette étude fournit des preuves que NaSal peut être bénéfique en tant qu'ingrédient actif dans les traitements topiques visant à cibler les microcomédons.

Sodium salicylate is an anti-inflammatory medication with a side-effect of tinnitus. Here, we used mouse cochlear cultures to explore the effects of salicylate treatment on cochlear inner hair cells (IHCs). We found that IHCs showed significant damage after exposure to a high concentration of salicylate. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings showed that 1–5 mmol/L salicylate did not affect the exocytosis of IHCs, indicating that IHCs are not involved in tinnitus generation by enhancing their neuronal input. Instead, salicylate induced a larger peak amplitude, a more negative half-activation voltage, and a steeper slope factor of Ca(2+) current. Using noise analysis of Ca(2+) tail currents and qRT-PCR, we further found that salicylate increased the number of Ca(2+) channels along with Ca(V)1.3 expression. All these changes could act synergistically to enhance the Ca(2+) influx into IHCs. Inhibition of intracellular Ca(2+) overload significantly attenuated IHC death after 10 mmol/L salicylate treatment. These results implicate a cellular mechanism for tinnitus generation in the peripheral auditory system.

Sodium salicylate, one of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, is widely prescribed in the clinic, but a high dose of usage can cause hyperactivity in the central nervous system, including the hippocampus. At present, the neural mechanism underlying the induced hyperactivity is not fully understood, in particular, in the hippocampus under an in vivo condition. In this study, we found that systemic administration of sodium salicylate increased the field excitatory postsynaptic potential slope and the population spike amplitude in a dose-dependent manner in the hippocampal dentate gyrus area of rats with in vivo field potential extracellular recordings, which indicates that sodium salicylate enhances basal synaptic transmission and neural excitation. In the presence of picrotoxin, a GABA-A receptor antagonist, sodium salicylate failed to increase the initial slope of the field excitatory postsynaptic potential and the amplitude of the population spike in vivo. To further explore how sodium salicylate enhances the neural excitation, we made whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from hippocampal slices. We found that perfusion of the slice with sodium salicylate decreased electrically evoked GABA receptor-mediated currents, increased paired-pulse ratio, and lowered frequency and amplitude of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents. Together, these results demonstrate that sodium salicylate enhances the neural excitation through suppressing GABAergic synaptic transmission in presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms in the hippocampal dentate gyrus area. Our findings may help understand the side effects caused by sodium salicylate in the central nervous system.

Interactions among the oppositely charged polymer and surfactant are significantly complex in comparison to the interaction between an ionic surfactant and nonionic polymer vis-a-vis the physicochemical properties of the resulting polymer–surfactant solutions. In this work, we have deliberated upon the interactions taking place in between a water-soluble anionic polymer, sodium alginate (SA), with a cationic amphiphile, hexadecylbenzyldimethylammonium chloride (C16BzCl), in absence and in presence of sodiumchloride (NaCl) and sodium salicylate (NaSl) employing tensiometric, conductometric, and rheometric measurements. The system was characterized by evaluating physicochemical properties like viscosity curves, critical aggregation concentration (cac), and critical micelle concentration (cmc) as a function of C16BzCl concentration. The results show significant differences between the ions furnished by NaCl and NaS1 which could be justified on the basis of effect of solubilization, differential binding of NaSl to polymeric backbone, electrolyte effect, and the solvent modifying tendencies in contrast to the only salt effect of NaCl.

This study reports the application of Spruce wood sawdust as a low-cost and eco-friendly adsorbent for the removal of sodium salicylate from aqueous solutions. The effects of physicochemical parameters on the sodium salicylate adsorption process such as initial pH, temperature, solid/liquid ratio, initial concentration, contact time, and ionic strength were investigated. The optimum adsorption conditions were found as: equilibrium time = 3h, adsorbent dosage = 0.5 g/L, pH= 6.5, initial sodium salicylate concentration = 10 mg/L and temperature = 25°C. The kinetic study shows that the pseudo-second-order model is suitable to describe the adsorption process. The adsorption isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and generalized) were tested to understand the adsorption mechanism of sodium salicylate onto wood sawdust surface. The adsorption of sodium salicylate follows the Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum monolayer uptake capacity was found to be 99.01 mg/g. In addition, the temperature seems to have no noticeable effect on the adsorption of sodium salicylate. Finally, the thermodynamic parameters indicate that the adsorption is spontaneous (ΔG°˂ 0) and exothermic (ΔH°=-5.081 kJ/mol) in nature. Overall, Spruce wood sawdust can be used as a cost-effective and eco-friendly adsorbent for wastewater treatment applications.

The focus of the current research is to evaluate the adsorption mechanisms of sodium salicylate and metronidazole on the polyaniline (PANi) using density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory. The molecular electrostatic potentials of sodium salicylate, metronidazole and PANi were calculated. The theoretical data show that the oxygenated functional groups of adsorbates and amino groups of PANi are the nucleophilic and electrophilic attack sites, respectively. The structural, electronic and energetic properties of PANi complexed with sodium salicylate and metronidazole were investigated. The adsorption mechanism is due to the formation of hydrogen bond between polymer and adsorbate molecules. The low intermolecular electron transfer at solute/solid interface reveals that the sodium salicylate and metronidazole are physisorbed onto the PANi. In addition, the interaction energies between PANi and adsorbate molecules suggest the stability of the formed complexes, indicating a good adsorbate-adsorbent affinity. All quantum chemical data are in good agreement with the experimental observations.

Objective: To describe the preparation and characterization of nanoemulsion of sodium salicylate loaded butane tetracarboxylic acid (Bt-Sc-NPs). It also investigates the possible protective effects of Bt-Sc-NPs and\or medicinal plant ginger to evaluate the changes of liver functions, oxidative stress and histopathological investigations against cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity. Methods: Serum was used to determine alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), δ-glutamyl transferase (δGT), serum human laminin (LN) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase1 (TIMP1). Liver tissue samples collected from the rats were used for the measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) and paraoxonase 1 (PON1). Results: The beneficial effects of Bt-Sc-NPs with its anti-inflammatory effect and the medicinal ginger with its antioxidant effect were observed. Injection of rats with cisplatin significantly increased serum ALT, AST, ɤGT, TIMP1 and LN. It also increased cisplatin-induced oxidative stress by a significant elevation in liver MDA, NO content; however, a significant decrease of PON1 content. While protection with Bt-Sc-NPs or ginger significantly improved these parameters. In addition, combination of both Bt-Sc-NPs and ginger significantly induced a decrease in serum ALT, AST, ɤGT, TIMP1 and LN. It also reduced cisplatin-induced oxidative stress by the significant reduction in liver MDA, NO content and elevation of PON1 content much more than protection with Bt-Sc-NPs or ginger alone. Conclusion: Bt-Sc-NPs were synthesized using nanoemulsion with the help of homogenization and ultra-sonication waves. Combination with both of Bt-Sc-NPs and ginger showed a hepatoprotective role in ameliorating cisplatin‑induced hepatotoxicity due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.

Ketoprofen used as a Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug selected as a poorly water-soluble model drug. Due to the poorly soluble nature of Ketoprofen liberate reduced bioavailability. Hydrotropic solubilization technique is a promising technique used to improve the solubility of water-insoluble drugs. In this investigation, 2M sodium salicylate has been employed in the titrimetric estimation of Ketoprofen and shows synergistic enhancement in the solubility of Ketoprofen by many folds as compared to the distilled water. It excluded the use of various organic solvent like ethanol; methanol and chloroform widely utilized in the titrimetric estimation of various poorly soluble drugs but due to the higher cost, volatility, toxicities lead to environmental pollution hence are the cons of it. The proposed method is new, simple, precise, and inexpensive. The results of the analysis have been validated statistically. The mean % recoveries were found to be close to 100, indicating the accuracy of the proposed method. Low values of standard deviation, % coefficient of variation, and standard error further proved the reproducibility and precision of the proposed method.

A natural compound of marine herbal origin has been used in Persian Traditional Medicine to relieve some symptoms of multiple sclerosis. The present study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of a patented extracts of the traditional receipt (MS14). In this preliminary experiment, we used seven groups of six rats: the control group received vehicle, the two positive control groups were treated with either sodium salicylate (300 mg/kg) intraperitoneal (i.p.) or methyl prednisolon (MPN 10 mg/kg) i.p., while the test groups were treated with a solution centrifuged MS14 (SANT 100 mg/kg) and suspension of MS14 (SUSP 100, 150, 300 mg/kg) i.p. After thirty minutes, paw volume was measured by plethysmometer and immediately formalin solution was injected subcutaneously into the hind paw and after an hour, inflamed paw volume was measured. In days 2-8, the inflamed paw volume was measured and immediately drugs were injected i.p. The anti-inflammatory effect of MPN was significant only on days 5 and 6. The anti-inflammatory effect of SS was significant only on the 6th day, while the anti-inflammatory effect of SANT MS14 (100 mg/kg) was also significant only on the 6th day. SUSP MS14 (150 mg/kg) significantly reduced edema from second to 6th day. Intra-peritoneal injection of SUSP MS14 with 300 mg/kg was toxic, so excluded from the study. This research indicates that the MS14 possesses an anti-inflammatory effect after intra-peritoneal administration. Comparative anti-inflammatory effects of MS14 with Glucocorticoids in this study, may justify a possible mechanism for its action in multiple sclerosis, if further studies will provid strong statistically confirmatory effects in animals and safety human trials.

The terahertz spectra of salicylic acid and sodium salicylate are measured by broadband terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). Two absorption features of salicylic acid and three characteristic features of sodium salicylate are reported for the first time. Our investigation shows that salicylic acid and sodium salicylate can be easily distinguished based on their distinctive THz spectra, which could be attributed to their intra- and intermolecular structure differences. Furthermore, solid-state density functional theory calculations reveal that the absorption features of salicylic acid mainly originate from intermolecular interactions, except for the absorption feature at 2.28 THz, while gaseous-state theory calculations show that the absorption features of sodium salicylate mainly come from intramolecular vibrations except for the absorption feature at 0.40 THz. Our investigation indicates that THz vibrational modes are highly sensitive to molecular structures and intermolecular interactions, promoting the application of THz spectroscopy in distinguishing chemicals and pharmaceuticals with similar molecular structures.

Solubility, extraction and stabilization of curcumin extracted from Curcuma longa are still a challenge. Either the solubility power of the extracting solvent mixture is not at its optimum or non-sustainable solvents are used or the curcumin instability against oxidation is a problem. In order to tackle these problems, we consider here a promising alternative solvent medium, which is a ternary system composed of water/sodium salicylate (an anionic, preservative hydrotrope)/ethyl acetate. The effects of the structuring of the system are also studied. The position of the new critical point and the orientation of tie-lines in the liquid/liquid area were determined and further examined via interfacial tension and diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY NMR) measurements. The critical point between the mono-phasic region and the liquid/liquid area is a classical one, around which no special nano-structuring is found, in contrast to some other ternary mixtures with hydrotropes. The system was investigated in terms of its curcumin solubility and its extraction power thereof. Good extraction yields (~90% of the Soxhlet reference) could be achieved in the area of best solubility. Surprisingly, the hydrophobic curcumin shows a significant solubility in systems that contain a significant amount of water in presence of sodium salicylate. These mixtures are far from the critical point but show significant structuring. The solubility is even higher than in pure ethyl acetate. At the point of highest solubility (water/sodium salicylate/ethyl acetate 7/13/80 w/w/w) 15.48 mg of curcuminoids per g Curcuma longa are successfully extracted. The partition coefficient in the lower liquid/liquid two-phasic region was determined for a subsequent purification of curcumin by precipitation. Surprisingly, curcumin accumulates at the “oil-water” interface in the more polar phase. Sodium salicylate could be removed from the precipitated curcumin by washing it with water (no trace of sodium salicylate has been detected with NMR after the washing process). The preservative effect of salicylate against the oxidative effect of light on curcumin was found to be significant. A better stabilization of curcumin was observed far away from the critical point and was most efficient in the region, where aggregates could be detected. So, extraction, solubilization, and chemical stabilization of a light sensitive substance could be performed using an anti-oxidative hydrotrope.

HYPOTHESIS The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) participates in sodium salicylate (SS)-induced tinnitus through alteration of the disordered neural activity and modulates the neuronal changes in the auditory cortex (AC). BACKGROUND Although the mechanism underlying tinnitus remains unclear, the crucial roles of the auditory center and limbic system in this process have been elucidated. Recent reports suggest that dysfunction of the ACC, an important component of the limbic system that regulates and controls the conduction of multiple sensations, is involved in tinnitus. Although altered functional connectivity between the ACC and the auditory system has been observed in humans with tinnitus, the underlying neuronal mechanism remains unexplored. METHODS SS (350 mg/kg, 10%, i.p.) was used to yield tinnitus model in rats, followed by comparison of the alteration in the spontaneous firing rate (SFR), local field potential (LFP), and extracellular glutamic acid in the ACC. The responses of neurons in the AC to electrical stimulation from the ACC were also observed. RESULTS We determined significant increases in the neuronal SFR and extracellular glutamate level in the ACC after SS injection (p

Fusarium head blight caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Fusarium graminearum is one of the most devastating diseases of wheat which reduces both grain yield and quality. To better understand mechanism underlying wheat resistance to this pathogen, the expressions of five candidate genes encoding phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), glucanase-2 (Gl 2), class IV chitinase (Cht-4), cytochrome P450 (CYP), and pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) following spike inoculation with F. graminearum was compared in susceptible cv. Falat and resistant cv. Sumai3 at three time points (48, 96, 144 h after inoculation). Real-time quantitative PCR analysis indicated earlier and greater inductions of PAL, Glu-2, and Cht-4 in spikes of 'Sumai3' as compared to 'Falat' in response to F. graminearum inoculation. The expression of CYP in the resistant 'Sumai3' was about three times higher than in 'Falat' at 144 h after pathogen inoculation. Moreover, soil drench application of sodium salicylate (SA) one day before pathogen inoculation drastically curtailed pathogen infection in both the cultivars. Furthermore, SA treatment caused an induction of these genes in spikes of the susceptible cultivar to show a similar pattern as in the resistant one when inoculated with F. graminearum. Proteomics analysis of F. graminearum treated spikes 96 h after inoculation confirmed an increase of Glu and Cht spot volume in 'Sumai3' whereas a decrease in 'Falat'. The SA treatment also caused significant increases in Glu and Cht spot volumes in both the cultivars. Our findings show an association between SA improvement of wheat defense against F. graminearum infection and induction of genes encoding proteins involved in pathogen response (Glu-2, Cht-4), secondary metabolite biosyntheses (PAL), and xenobiotic detoxification (CYP and PDR).

Taylor dispersion is used to measure the binary mutual diffusion coefficient (D) of aqueous solutions of sodium salicylate (NaSal), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). The D° value estimated by extrapolation to zero NaSal concentration is used to calculate the limiting mobility of the Sal− ion for comparison with the value determined previously from conductivity data. Salt effects on NSAID diffusion are studied by measuring the ternary mutual diffusion coefficients (Dik) of aqueous NaSal(C1) + NaCl(C2) solutions, including results for the diffusion of NaSal in physiological saline solutions with C2 = 0.15 mol dm−3. As the NaCl:NaSal ratio increases, NaSal diffusion coefficient D11 changes from the binary diffusion coefficient of aqueous NaSal (a weighted average of the Na+ and Sal− diffusion coefficients) to the tracer diffusion coefficient of the Sal− ion in NaCl solutions. Coupled diffusion in the solutions is analysed by using Nernst-Planck equations to calculate the fluxes of ions migrating in the electric field (diffusion potential) generated by NaSal and NaCl concentration gradients.

The purpose of this study was to observe the regulatory effects of GABAA (γ-aminobutyric acid A) receptor on the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor during excitotoxicity in spiral ganglion neurons in the rat cochlea induced by sodium salicylate (SS). Western blot illustrated SS decreased the expression of NMDA receptor 2B subunit (NR2B) surface protein through affecting GABAA receptor, but the total protein content did not significantly change. Y1472 and S1480 are important phosphorylation sites in NR2B, SS downregulated the Fyn-dependent phosphorylation of Y1472 in a manner not related to the CK2 (Casein Kinase 2) dependent phosphorylation of S1480, thus regulating the surface distribution and internalization of NMDA receptor through GABAA receptor. These results suggest that the modified pattern of dynamic balance between excitation and inhibition by coactivation of the GABAA receptor can attenuate the excitatory NMDA receptor under the action of SS, via inhibiting the Fyn-dependent phosphorylation of Y1472.

BackgroundMDR bacterial infections are currently a serious problem for clinicians worldwide. Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter spp., among Enterobacteriaceae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, are part of the group of ESCAPE pathogens or bacteria that ‘escape’ from common antibacterial treatments. The lack of effectiveness of the first common line of antibiotics has led to the search for new therapies based on older antibiotics, such as colistin.ObjectivesWe searched for new enhancers of the action of colistin against MDR Gram-negative bacteria that can be easily applicable to clinical treatments.MethodsColistin MICs were determined alone and with the protonophores CCCP, sodium benzoate, sodium salicylate and aspirin using the broth microdilution method and FIC indexes were calculated to assess synergy between colistin and each chemical. Time–kill assays of colistin with and without protonophores were performed to determine the bactericidal action of combinations of colistin with protonophores. Likewise, the effect of sucrose, l-arginine and l-glutamic acid on the MICs of colistin alone and combined with each protonophore was assessed.ResultsIt was found that sodium benzoate, sodium salicylate and aspirin, at concentrations allowed for human and animal use, partially or totally reversed resistance to colistin in P. aeruginosa and highly resistant enterobacterial strains. The mechanism of action could be related to their negative charge at a physiological pH along with their lipid-soluble character.ConclusionsSodium benzoate, sodium salicylate and aspirin are good enhancers to use in antibiotic therapies that include colistin.

To examine whether exposure to sodium salicylate disrupts expression of vesicular glutamate transporter 3 (VGLUT3) and whether the alteration in expression corresponds to increased risk for tinnitus. Rats were treated with saline (control) or sodium salicylate (treated) Rats were examined for tinnitus by monitoring gap-pre-pulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex (GPIAS). Auditory brainstem response (ABR) was applied to evaluate hearing function after treatment. Rats were sacrificed after injection to obtain the cochlea, cochlear nucleus (CN), and inferior colliculus (IC) for examination of VGLUT3 expression. No significant differences in hearing thresholds between groups were identified (p>0.05). Tinnitus in sodium salicylate-treated rats was confirmed by GPIAS. VGLUT3 encoded by solute carrier family 17 members 8 (SLC17a8) expression was significantly increased in inner hair cells (IHCs) of the cochlea in treated animals, compared with controls (p0.05). Exposure to sodium salicylate may disrupt SLC17a8 expression in IHCs, leading to alterations that correspond to tinnitus in rats. However, the CN and IC are unaffected by exposure to sodium salicylate, suggesting that enhancement of VGLUT3 expression in IHCs may contribute to the pathogenesis of tinnitus.

The development of alternatives to antibiotics is crucial to limiting the incidence of antimicrobial resistance, especially in prophylactic and metaphylactic use to control post-weaning diarrhea (PWD). Feed additives, including bioactive compounds, could be a promising alternative. This study aimed to test two bioactive compounds, sodium salicylate (SA) and a chestnut extract (CE) containing hydrolysable tannins, on the occurrence of PWD. At weaning, 72 piglets were assigned to four treatments that combined two factors: CE supplementation (with 2% of CE (CE+) or without (CE-)) and SA supplementation (with 35 mg/kg BW of SA (SA+) or without (SA-)). Then, 4 days after weaning, all piglets were infected with a suspension at 108 CFU/ml of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC F4ac). Each piglet had free access to an electrolyte solution containing, or not, SA. This SA supplementation was administered for 5 days (i.e., from the day of infection (day 0) to 4 days post-infection (day 4). During the 2 weeks post-infection, supplementation with SA had no effect (P > 0.05) on growth performances nor on fecal scores. A significant SA × time interaction (P < 0.01) for fecal scores and the percentage of diarrhea indicated that piglets with SA did not recover faster and did have a second episode of diarrhea. In contrast to SA treatment, inclusion of CE increased (P < 0.05) growth performances and feed intake. In the first week post-infection, CE decreased (P < 0.001) the overall fecal scores, the percentage of piglets with diarrhea, the days in diarrhea, and ETEC shedding in the feces. There was a SA×CE interaction (P < 0.05) for ETEC shedding, suggesting a negative effect of combining SA with CE. This study highlighted that, in contrast to SA, CE could represent a promising alternative to antibiotics immediately after weaning for improving growth performance and reducing PWD.

Previous research has shown that cows who receive treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs after calving may have increased milk yield beginning near peak lactation, resulting in greater 305-d milk production. It has not been demonstrated whether this response is associated with greater feed intake following the first 3 wk of lactation. Dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were measured daily for 56 cows over the first 120 d in milk. Cows in their second parity and greater were blocked by parity and alternately enrolled 12 to 36 h after calving into 1 of 2 treatments: either 3 daily drenches of water or 3 daily drenches of a similar volume of water containing 125 g of sodium salicylate (SAL) beginning 12 to 36 h after calving. Cows were housed in individual stalls to monitor DMI. Blood samples were collected before calving and on the last day of treatment, as well as at 7, 11, 14, 18, 21, 35, 49, 63, 77, 91, 105, and 120 d in milk. The SAL treatment did not affect estimated 305-d milk, fat, or protein yields (from monthly test days), daily milk yield or components, energy-corrected milk, fat-corrected milk, or DMI; however, an interaction between parity and treatment was observed for DMI, where second-parity SAL cows had decreased intake with no differences observed in older cows. This resulted in a parity by treatment interaction for the ratio of energy-corrected milk to DMI. Similarly, no main effects of treatment were observed for plasma glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), or fatty acid concentrations, but we noted interactions between treatment and parity for glucose, BHB, and insulin. Older cows had greater plasma glucose and insulin concentrations and decreased plasma BHB following SAL but no differences were observed in second parity animals. Alterations in glucose and insulin resulted in a tendency for a treatment by time interaction for the revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index. Feeding behavior was also altered following SAL administration, resulting in fewer but longer meals, as well as a tendency for greater meal weight. A tendency for a treatment by week interaction for inter-meal interval was observed, as well as a parity by treatment interaction for meal weight. Despite the lack of a milk yield response, SAL had a prolonged programming effect on feeding behavior and blood variables over the first 120 DIM, with responses largely dependent on parity.

Salicylates, one of the oldest medicinal compounds known to humans, have been reported to show anti-inflammatory effects via cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition. However, the pathophysiological role of COX-2 in the heart is conflicting, and the role of sodium salicylate in the regulation of cardiac inflammation has not yet been elucidated. We aimed to investigate the effect of salicylate on COX-2 expression and its associated prostaglandin production using cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. The cells were incubated in the presence or absence of sodium salicylate (8 mM). Treatment with sodium salicylate significantly increased COX-2 expression at both mRNA and protein levels, induced prostaglandin D2 release, and increased TNF-α mRNA expression in cardiomyocytes. In addition, salicylate treatment induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Taken together, we demonstrated that salicylate induced COX-2 expression, which in turn resulted in the regulation of expression of several inflammatory mediators in cardiomyocytes.

Solubility enhancement of poorly soluble drug, paracetamol using hydrotropic agents like sodium salicylate and nicotinamide has been studied. In the present investigation, 1, 2, 3 and 4M of both sodium salicylate and nicotinamide are employed to enhance the solubility of poorly soluble paracetamol to study its different physico-chemical properties at 298.15, 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15 K. The values of density (d) and sound velocity (U) have been measured in aqueous paracetamol and paracetamol + aqueous solutions of sodium salicylate and nicotinamide separately in five different concentrations. Densities of these solutions were measured at the above said four temperatures but the ultrasonic velocities (U) have been measured at 298.15 K only. Experimental density data have been used to estimate various important parameters, such as apparent molar volume (Vɸ), limiting apparent molar volume ( V ɸ 0 ), apparent molar expansibility (Eɸ) and limiting apparent molar expansibility ( E ɸ 0 ). Further, from the ultrasonic data, different thermo-acoustical parameters, such as isentropic compressibility (Ks), apparent molar isentropic compressibility (Ks, ɸ), acoustic impedance (Z), molar compressibility (W), free volume (Vf), internal pressure (πi), molar sound velocity (R) and relative association (RA) have been evaluated and discussed in the light of solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions.

Drug interactions in presence of co-solute in aqueous solution have always created an interest in the mind of chemists. The physical properties give an idea of types of interactions taking place in aqueous solution. Volumetric and compressibility are the important physical properties. Keeping this in mind we have measured the densities ( ρ ) and speeds of sound ( u ) of sodium salicylate (NaSl) drug (0.01–0.1) mol·kg−1 in 0.06 mol·kg−1 aqueous sodium chloride solution and 0.06 mol·kg−1 myo-inositol as a function of temperature at T = (288.15, 298.15 and 308.15) K and atmospheric pressure. These values have been used to estimate the apparent molar volume of solute ( V ϕ ) , apparent molar isentropic compressibility ( κ s ) of solution and apparent molar isentropic compressibility ( κ ϕ ) of solute. The limiting apparent molar expansivity ( E ϕ 0 ) of solute and coefficient of thermal expansion ( α ∗ ) of sodium salicylate in aqueous binary and ternary solutions have also been obtained. Limiting values of apparent molar volume of solute ( V ϕ 0 ) and apparent molar compressibility of solute ( κ ϕ 0 ) were obtained from the plots V ϕ and κ ϕ as a function of molality and have been utilized in obtaining transfer volumes ( Δ tr V ϕ 0 ) and transfer compressibilities ( Δ tr κ ϕ 0 ) of sodium salicylate from water to 0.06 mol·kg−1 aqueous solutions of sodium chloride and myo-inositol at different temperatures. The co-sphere overlap model is used to interpret the values of ( Δ tr V ϕ 0 ) and ( Δ tr κ ϕ 0 ) . The Helper’s constant has been obtained. It indicates structure making ability of sodium salicylate in aqueous as well as in 0.06 mol·kg−1 aqueous sodium chloride and 0.06 mol·kg−1 aqueous myo-inositol solutions. The results obtained have been interpreted in terms of various interactions taking place among solute and solvent molecules.

Hypoxia is an oxygen deficiency commonly found in growing tissues and is speculated to occur in the rapidly developing mammary gland in peripartum dairy cattle. Low oxygen concentrations can activate hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), which increases transcription of genes involved in angiogenesis (VEGFA) and glucose transport (GLUT1), among other processes. The mRNA stability of these genes is positively regulated by heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D (HNRNPD; also known as AUF1). In our previous research, postpartum administration of sodium salicylate (SS) increased whole-lactation milk yield in multiparous cows but tended to reduce milk yield in primiparous cows. Because rapid mammary tissue development likely occurs in cows approaching first lactation, we hypothesized that SS inhibited the activation of HIF-1α and decreased transcription of downstream targets. MAC-T cells were treated with SS (100 μM) or control medium before incubation under either hypoxic (1% O2) or normoxic conditions for 12 h. Additionally, cells were transfected with either HIF1A small interfering RNA (siRNA) or a scrambled siRNA negative control 48 h before hypoxia treatments. HIF1A, GLUT1, VEGFA, and HNRNPD were quantified relative to the internal control gene NENF. Transcript abundance was assessed using a linear mixed model with the fixed effects of SS, hypoxia, siRNA, and all 2- and 3-way interaction terms and the random effect of plate nested within hypoxia. Treatment with SS interacted with hypoxia for GLUT1, as SS reduced GLUT1 when MAC-T cells were cultured in normoxic conditions; however, no effect of SS was found in hypoxia-treated cells. Regardless of oxygen status, SS reduced HNRNPD and tended to decrease VEGFA mRNA relative to untreated cells. Hypoxia increased GLUT1, yet no effect was observed on VEGFA or HNRNPD. Small interfering RNA knocked down HIF1A, but no effect was found on GLUT1, VEGFA, or HNRNPD. In conclusion, SS reduced transcript abundance of genes involved with mammary gland development but generally did not interact with oxygen status.

Currently, antibiotics and salicylates are the most highly consumed medications worldwide. The side effects of these pharmaceuticals on the nervous system have been little investigated. Thus, this study aimed to examine the influence of the gentamicin (GM) and sodium salicylates (SS) on neurobehavioral functions, including locomotors function, memory, and sensorimotor functions together with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter levels. Also, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and apoptotic indicators of brain tissue were assessed. Additionally, the histopathological architecture of brain tissues was investigated. This study also evaluated the curcumin (CUR) efficacy to counteract the GM or SS induced neurotoxic impacts in rats. For this purpose, seven groups were administered physiological saline (1 ml/rat; orally), olive oil (1 ml/rat; orally), CUR (50 mg/kg bwt; orally), GM (120 mg/kg bwt; intraperitoneally), SS (300 mg /kg bwt; intraperitoneally), CUR + GM, or CUR + SS for consecutive 15 days. The results revealed that GM and SS exposure evoked impaired memory, sensorimotor deficit functions, and depressive-like behavior together with the depletion of GABA. GM and SS exposure elevated malondialdehyde and Caspase-3 levels, but total antioxidant capacity and Bcl-2 levels were reduced. Besides, GM and SS exposure induced distinct pathological perturbations in cerebral cortices and hippocampus tissues. CUR significantly reversed the GM and SS harmful impacts. In conclusion, these findings verified that CUR could be a biologically efficient protective intervention against GM and SS induced neurotoxic impacts and neurobehavioral aberrations.

Compared with traditional drug delivery methods, transdermal drug delivery has many advantages in avoiding the side effects in gastrointestinal tract, reducing the fluctuations in drug concentration, and improving patients' compliance. Among them, electrically controlled drug delivery is a promising solution. This work presents a wireless, battery-free and wearable device with electrically controlled drug delivery capability. The electronic component of the device is a flexible circuit board with a temperature sensor and a near-field communication module. With the help of smartphone, the device could wirelessly obtain energy and implement data transmission. The drug delivery component is a paper-based electrode modified with polypyrrole, in which non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug sodium salicylate was encapsulated. The applied potential for electrically controlled drug delivery was more negative than -0.6 V. The drug release dose and release rates could be controlled by applying potentials with different amplitudes and durations through this device. It provided a minimalized wearable transdermal drug delivery platform for monitoring diseases such as gout. This wearable device shows promising potential in develop closed-loop drug delivery and monitoring systems for the treatment of various diseases.

Uniform stimuli-responsive (“smart”) magnetic chitosan or chitosan/poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) microcapsules were successfully prepared by using carboxyl-functionalized polystyrene particles as a core template. Magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4) were dispersed on the surface of microcapsules under mild conditions and the “smart” response of microcapsule shells was still retained. The structure and morphology of magnetic microcapsules were characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD and TGA. Microcapsules were prepared after removing the polystyrene core by exposing it to solvent, and the microcapsules exhibited a hollow structure. The magnetic nanoparticles also appeared on the surface of microcapsules and the chitosan/poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) composite microcapsules could be readily and quickly collected by an external magnetic field. The pH values of the aqueous dispersion and the temperature response properties of the magnetic microcapsules were investigated with sodium salicylate as the hydrophilic drug.

The micellar solution of a surface active ionic liquid, 1-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (C16mimBF4), with the presence of organic salt sodium salicylate (NaSal) was investigated by rheological measurements and 1HNMR. According to steady-shear viscosity curves, with the increase of NaSal concentration, the zero-shear viscosity η0 firstly showed an increase which meant the gradual formation of wormlike micelles in solutions (the most optimal concentration of NaSal was 4.5 mM), then η0 decreased to the previous value which indicated the wormlike micelles were destroyed. And the results of 1HNMR were further verified the structure transformation. The C16mimBF4/NaSal solution showed special viscoelastic property with the increase of NaSal concentration. When the linear wormlike micelles formed, the mixture solutions had viscosity (G′G″). In the frequency sweep rheological measurements, the curves of G′ and G″ showed two intersections, which indicates the structure of long wormlike micelles is weak and may be cut into short ones at higher shear frequency.

Sodium salicylate (SS), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, was loaded into starch-based hydrogels and the release characteristics of SS therefrom was studied. The hydrogels were prepared from wheat and arrowroot starches and crosslinked with either glutaraldehyde or sodium tetraborate decahydrate (borax). SS was loaded into hydrogel at concentrations of 10 and 20%w/w based on dry weight of sample. The study of release characteristics was carried out by total immersion method for 24 h in an acetate buffer solution (pH 5.5) at 32°C as the same condition of human skin. A burst release of SS at the initial time followed by a gradual release to reach a plateau was observed. The maximum amounts of SS released from the hydrogels were about 8-22 mg. The amount of water retention of hydrogels was also determined at the same condition with that of the study of release. The hydrogels with the greater amount of water retention showed the higher release of SS. The hydrogels crosslinked with borax had higher amounts of SS released than those crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. The hydrogels containing 20% SS-loaded showed higher amounts of SS released than those containing 10% SS-loaded. The hydrogels prepared from arrowroot starch showed higher amounts of SS released than those prepared from wheat starch. From the study of release kinetics based on the Korsmeyer-Peppas model, the exponents of release (n) of all specimens were close to 1 which indicated Case II diffusion.

It is known that mixtures of CTAB and NaSal form viscoelastic solutions. For a 100 mM CTAB solution and increasing NaSal concentration, the viscosity increases strongly at a concentration of 10 mM NaSal, reaches a maximum at 60 mM NaSal, decreases then to a minimum at 100 mM, and, on further, increases passes over a second maximum at a NaSal concentration of 220 mM. The changes of the viscosity at the first maximum, at the minimum, and at the second maximum are due to changes of the mechanism that effect the structural relaxation times while the shear modulus remains constant. On addition of 1-propanol to the solutions at the maximum and at the minimum, the viscosities decrease strongly to the viscosity slightly above water while the shear modulus in the viscous solution remains constant. The data can be explained by assuming that part of the 1-propanol adsorbs at the surface of the three-dimensional network that is formed from wormlike micelles and makes the hydrophobic surface hydrophilic. On addition of 2-propanol to the solutions at the first maximum, the viscosity decreases also at first up to a concentration of 4% 2-propanol. On further increase of 2-propanol, a second relaxation effect with a different relaxation time and a different shear modulus appear. The sum of the two moduli remains about the same as the shear modulus of the solution without isopropanol. The second relaxation effect can be explained by assuming that only one methyl group of 2-propanol binds to the surface of the network while the other one sticks into water. The surface remains therefore hydrophobic and parts of the network can bind to each other what gives rise to the second relaxation effect.

This study aimed to investigate sodium salicylate (SS) treatment effects on the proteome of adipose tissue (AT) in postpartum cows. Twenty Holstein cows were assigned to control (CON, n = 10) or SS (n = 10) provided via drinking water (2.3 g/L) during the first 7 d of lactation. Subcutaneous AT was collected on d 7 of treatment and label-free quantitative shotgun proteomics and immunoblotting were analyzed in a subset of 5 AT per group. Eighty out of 1422 proteins (5.6%) were differentially abundant between CON and SS [fold change ±1.5, P 0.05]. Top canonical pathways differing between CON and SS (Ingenuity) were complement system, interleukin-10 signaling, and acute phase response signaling. The abundances of complement C1r, C1qC, C1qB and C6 were greater in SS than CON. Regarding IL-10 signaling, the abundances of BLVRB, STAT3, and lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) were greater in SS AT compared to CON. Immunoblots revealed increased abundance of paraoxanase-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, as well as a tendency for greater abundance of cluster differentiation 172a in SS AT, which may indicate of increased macrophage infiltration. SS treatment postpartum likely promotes inflammatory signaling in AT of dairy cows, perhaps due to immune cell recruitment. SIGNIFICANCE: This work demonstrates that treating early lactating cows with sodium salicylate, an anti-inflammatory agent that has been shown to have metabolic effects and increase milk production in dairy cows, affects the proteome of subcutaneous adipose tissue in early lactating dairy cows. Unexpectedly, sodium salicylate treatment enriched inflammatory pathways of the complement system, cytokine signaling, and acute phase response, as revealed by proteomic analysis of subcutaneous adipose tissues from cows at 7 d postpartum. These findings imply that SS treatment during the first 7 d of lactation likely promotes inflammatory signaling in AT of the dairy cow, perhaps due to immune cell recruitment. Tissue-specific impacts of systemic sodium salicylate requires further scrutiny.

The solute–solute and solute–solvent interactions of drug sodium salicylate in aqueous-carbohydrate solutions are investigated using experimentally measured densities, ρ, ultrasonic speeds, u and viscosities, η of the drug sodium salicylate in water and in aqueous−D-xylose/L-arabinose (5% and 10% D-xylose/L-arabinose in water, w/w) solvents at temperatures (293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15 and 318.15) K and at atmospheric pressure. The ρ, u and η data were used to calculate the apparent molar volumes, V ϕ , limiting apparent molar volumes, V ϕ ° , limiting apparent molar expansibilities, E ϕ ° , apparent molar compressibilities, K s , ϕ , limiting apparent molar compressibilities, K s , ϕ ° along with the transfer volumes, V ϕ , t r ° and transfer compressibilities, K s , ϕ , t r ° . Furthermore, Falkenhagen coefficient A, Jones-Dole coefficient B, free energy of activation of viscous flow per mole of solvent, Δ μ 1 ° # and per mole of solute, Δ μ 2 ° # , enthalpies, Δ H ° # and entropies, Δ S ° # of activation of viscous flow were obtained from the viscosity data. The observed trends in these properties as function of temperature and composition were analysed in terms of molecular interactions amongst the solute and solvent molecules. The results are discussed in terms of hydrophilic-hydrophilic and hydrophilic-hydrophobic interactions in these systems along with the structure breaking/making ability of the drug.

Solubility of drugs in aqueous media is a real issue for scientists and a lot of work is going on to resolve the issue. The same is the case for ibuprofen, which is a derivative of propionic acid and belongs to the NSAIDs family having low solubility in pure water. Therefore, its solubility has been investigated in the presence of hydrotropic agents like urea, sodium salicylate and nicotinamide at four different temperatures ranging from 298.15 K to 313.15 K at 5 K interval. The values of density (d) and sound velocity (U) have been measured in aqueous ibuprofen and ibuprofen + aqueous solution of urea, sodium salicylate and nicotinamide separately in five different concentrations. Densities of these solutions were measured at the above said four temperatures. The ultrasonic velocities (U) have been measured at 298.15 K only. Experimental density data have been used to estimate various important parameters, such as apparent molar volume(Vɸ), limiting apparent molar volume V ɸ 0 , apparent molar expansibility (Eɸ) and limiting apparent molar expansibility ( E ɸ 0 ) . Further, from the ultrasonic data, different thermo-acoustical parameters, such as isentropic compressibility (KS), apparent molar isentropic compressibility (Ks , ɸ) and acoustic impedance (Z), have been evaluated, and discussed in the light of solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions. Solubility parameters were found to be useful for selecting a suitable hydrotropic agent in drug dissolution.

The effects of addition of sodium salicylate (NaSal) on micellar solutions of didecyldimethylammonium formate (DDAF) were investigated by equilibrium surface tension, wetting measurements and dynamic surface tension. The experimental results showed that the critical micelle concentration (cmc) values of DDAF aqueous solutions decrease in the presence of NaSal. It could be concluded that the net structure among Sal − ions formed by intermolecular hydrogen bonds (O H O) caused the diffusion rate slowing down from bulk phase solution to subsurface at the very beginning for a few seconds. These could be also reflected on the increase of contact angle and dynamic surface tension at first. The addition of the structure-forming agent sodium salicylate could induce the phase transformation from wormlike micelle to vesicle in aqueous solution with the molar concentration ratio of DDAF/NaSal ranging from 7/3 to 8/2. In addition, the package of Gaussian09 was applied to explore some weak interactions, such as hydrogen bonding of NaSal and electrostatic interactions. We found that the strength of intramolecular hydrogen bonding (O H O) of NaSal is reduced by electrostatic interaction, which would contribute to the formation of intermolecular O H O bonding between NaSal molecules. The existence of these weak interactions could be also confirmed by UV–visible spectroscopy and FT-IR.

Vitamin B12, sodium salicylate, and electrolyte treatments are commonly used to modulate pathogen induced fevers and aid in appetite stimulation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the extent to which a B12 and sodium salicylate or an isotonic electrolyte treatment could improve growth performance and feed intake, and reduce the febrile response in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus inoculated pigs. A total of 32 PRRS-naïve gilts (7.7 ±1.5 kg BW; PIC Camborough x PIC 337) were selected and randomly assigned to individual pens across four treatments (n = 8/trt): 1) Control, PRRS-naïve, 2) PRRS virus infected, 3) As #2 plus B12 and sodium salicylate supplementation, and 4) As #2 plus isotonic electrolyte supplementation. On days post inoculation (dpi) 0, pigs were inoculated with PRRS virus. B12 was administered weekly, sodium salicylate and the electrolyte solution were given orally daily in the water or fed daily from dpi 4-18. Body temperatures and feed intakes were measured daily, and body weights, G:F, and PRRS serology assessed weekly for 21 dpi. Over the 21 day test period, irrespective of treatment, PRRS virus infection resulted in a significant increase in PRRS viremia and antibody titers compared to the control (P < 0.05). Compared to treatment #2, B12 + sodium salicylate and electrolyte treatments did not have differing body temperatures, ADG, ADFI or G:F. However, PRRS infection resulted in a significant increase in average body temperature compared to the control (39.8 vs. 39.3 oC, respectively, P = 0.021). Compared to the control, PRRS infection reduced overall ADG by 83% (0.54 verses 0.09 g/d, P < 0.001), end BW by 9 kg (P < 0.001) and ADFI by 11% (P < 0.001) compared to the control. Although treatment did not improve pig performance in the face of PRRS, mortality rates were significantly (P < 0.050) reduced compared to the PRRS only treatment.

OBJECTIVE: High doses of sodium salicylate (SS) are known to induce tinnitus, general hyperexcitability in the central auditory system, and to cause mild hearing loss. We used the auditory brainstem response (ABR) to assess the effects of SS on auditory sensitivity and temporal processing in the auditory nerve and brainstem. DESIGN: ABRs were evoked using tone burst stimuli varying in frequency and intensity with presentation rates from 11/sec to 81/sec. ABRs were recorded and analyzed prior to and after SS treatment in each animal, and peak 1 and peak 4 amplitudes and latencies were determined along with minimal response threshold. STUDY SAMPLE: Nine young adult CBA/CaJ mice were used in a longitudinal within-subject design. RESULTS: No measurable effects of presentation rate were found on ABR threshold prior to SS; however, following SS administration increasing stimulus rates lowered ABR thresholds by as much as 10 dB and compressed the peak amplitude by intensity level functions. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that SS alters temporal integration and compressive nonlinearity, and that varying the stimulus rate of the ABR may prove to be a useful diagnostic tool in the study of hearing disorders that involve hyperexcitability.

A viscoelastic fluid, composing of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium salicylate (NaSal) at a mole ratio of 0.75 has been synthesized in the present investigation along with the incorporation of N, N-dimethylcyclohexylamine (DMCA) to endow CO2 responsive property into it. In present of CO2, DMCA was found to be protonated into quaternary ammonium salt, and thus converted to water soluble species. With addition of DMCA, the system transforms from gel-like fluid to water-like system, and subsequently self-assemble to form viscoelastic fluid after spraying of CO2. The rheological measurements and cryo-transmission electron microscopic (Cryo-TEM) characterization revealed that, the sol–gel transition was associated with the spherical-wormlike miceller transformation. This transformation was found to be reversible in nature. The micelle structures, molecular states and intermolecular interactions were exploited to achieve at the most plausible mechanism associated to the transformation.

A comparative study of the rheological properties of cationic surfactants 3-hexadecyloxy-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, referred to as R16HTAC, and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) in the presence of sodium salicylate (NaSal) have been carried out by using steady state and frequency sweep rheological measurements. The zero-shear viscosities η0 all appears maximum value in the especial point where the molar ratio of surfactant and NaSal is 1 for both surfactants (R16HTAC and CTAC). The characteristic parameters for two systems are discussed on the basis of their different molecular structures, which leaded to higher viscoelasticity for R16HTAC mixed solution than CTAC. The microstructure of the formed micelles and strong network for R16HTAC/NaSal mixed aqueous solution has been confirmed by transmission electronic microscopy and 1H NMR technology. The antimicrobial properties and toxicity of two surfactants were also investigated.

Two biodegradable, non toxic cationic gemini surfactants having ester linkage in the spacer namely, CmH2m+1(CH3)2N+(CH2COOCH2)2N+(CH3)2CmH2m+1.2Cl- (m-E2-m, m = 12, 14), were synthesized and characterized using elemental analysis, FT-IR and 1H-NMR. The corrosion inhibition performance of synthesized compounds separately and in combination with sodium salicylate (SS), along with the nature and stability of inhibitive film, for mild steel (MS) in 1 M HCl solution at 30–60 °C was evaluated using weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, EIS, UV–visible spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM/EDAX, TGA and quantum chemical calculations. Results of the studies confirm m-E2-m as effective corrosion inhibitor for MS in HCl; the inhibition effect being synergistically strengthened in presence of SS. The synthesized compounds act as mixed type inhibitor and adsorb on MS surface in accordance with Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Experimentally measured inhibition efficiencies are correlated with the molecular parameters obtained using PM6 semi-empirical method. Empirical results are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions.

Different physiological conditions, such as NaCl, low pH, and sodium salicylate, have been shown to affect antibiotic resistance determinants in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of NaCl, sodium salicylate, and low pH on the susceptibility of A. baumannii to carbapenem. We cloned genes encoding oxacillinases (OXA) of different subclasses, with their associated promoters, from carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii isolates into the same vector and transferred them to the A. baumannii reference strains ATCC 19606 and ATCC 17978. Carbapenem MICs were determined at least in triplicate by agar dilution under standard conditions, as well as in the presence of 200 mM NaCl or 16 mM sodium salicylate, or at pH 5.8. OXA-58-like gene expression was determined by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). Under some experimental conditions, significant MIC reductions were shown for some transformants but not for others. Only in one instance were all transformants harboring the same OXA affected by the same condition: at pH 5.8, the imipenem and meropenem MICs for strains expressing OXA-58-like enzymes decreased from a resistant level (32 to 64 mg/liter) to an intermediate-susceptible level (8 mg/liter). However, bla OXA-58-like gene expression remained the same. MICs for both wild-type reference strains were not affected by the conditions tested. Our results indicate that the effects of the experimental conditions tested on OXA in vivo are mostly strain dependent. MICs were not reduced to wild-type levels, suggesting that the conditions tested do not lead to complete OXA inhibition in the bacterial cell.

This study examined the effect of sodium salicylates (SS), alone and in combination with curcumin (CUR), on kidney function and architecture in rats. Five rat groups were given 1 mL physiological saline/rat orally, 1 mL olive oil/rat orally, 50 mg CUR/kg bwt orally, 300 mg SS/kg bwt intraperitoneally, or CUR+SS for 15 days. The hematological indices, serum protein profile, serum electrolytes balance, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation of kidney tissues were assessed. The histopathological examination and immune expression of Caspase-3 and nuclear factor kappa (NF-κB) were conducted. The findings showed that SS injection induced nephrotoxic activity, including increased serum urea, creatinine, and uric acid levels. It also caused apparent pathological alterations with increased Caspase-3 and NF-κB immuno-expression. In addition, thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis, neutrophilia, hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hypocalcemia, and hypomagnesemia but not hyperkalemia and hyperphosphatemia were evident in SS-injected rats. Moreover, SS exposure increased serum α1 globulin, renal tissue malondialdehyde, and Caspase-3 levels but superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and Bcl-2 levels declined. Meanwhile, CUR significantly counteracted the SS harmful impacts on kidneys but SS+CUR co-administration induced an anemic condition. Overall, CUR has an evident protective role against SS-induced renal damage, but the disturbed hematological alterations should be carefully taken into consideration in their combined use.

Interactions between three types of novel sodium salicylate (NaSal)–imidazole ionic liquids (ILs) and coal were studied at the macro, micro, and micro levels. The experimental results show that the three synthetic ILs effectively dissolved coal and reduced the coal particle size, whereby IL 3 had the strongest ability to dissolve coal and the particle size of most coal samples obtained by dissolution was