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Objective: The growth rate of pigs is related to differentiation and proliferation of muscle cells, which are regulated by growth factors and expression of growth-related genes. Thus, the objective of this study was to establish optimal culture conditions for Jeju black pig (JBP) muscle cells and determine the relationship of various factors involved in muscle growth with the proliferation of JBP muscle cells. Methods: Muscles were taken from the femur skeletal muscle of JBP embryos. After isolation of the muscle cells, cells were cultured in a 6-well plate under four different culture conditions to optimize culture conditions for JBP muscle cells. To analyze proliferation rate of JBP muscle cells, these muscle cells were seeded into 6-well plates at a density of 1.5×105 cells per well and cultured for 3 days. Western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were applied to verify the myogenic differentiation 1 (MyoD) expression and growth-related gene expression in JBP muscle cells, respectively. Results: We established a muscle cell line from JBP embryos and optimized its culture conditions. These muscle cells were positive for MyoD, but not for paired box 7. The proliferation rate of these muscle cells was significantly higher in a culture medium containing bFGF and epidermal growth factor + basic fibroblast growth factor (EGF+bFGF) than that without a growth factor or containing EGF alone. Treatment with EGF and bFGF significantly induced the expression of MyoD protein, an important transcription factor in muscle cells. Moreover, we checked the changes of expression of growth-related genes in JBP muscle cells by presence or absence of growth factors. Expression level of collagen type XXI alpha 1 gene was changed only when EGF and bFGF were added together to culture media for JBP muscle cells. Conclusion: Concurrent use of EGF and bFGF increased the expression of MyoD protein, thus regulating the proliferation of JBP muscle cells and the expression of growth-related genes.

Purpose Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is an indicator of overall body metabolism and may portend unique aberrations in urine physico-chemistry and stone recurrence. The present study examined the effect of predicted BMR on 24 hours urinary metabolic profiles and stone recurrence in obese stone patients. Materials and Methods Data from 308 obese patients (body mass index [BMI] ≥30 kg/m2) diagnosed with urinary stone disease between 2003 and 2015 were analyzed retrospectively. BMR was calculated using the Harris–Benedict equation, and patients were classified into two predicted BMR categories (, Graphical Abstract

To determine the value of 24-h urine osmolality (UOsm) as a representative index of adequate hydration and predictor of stone recurrence in patients with urolithiasis. Medical records of consecutive patients presenting with renal or ureteric stones between 1994 and 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were grouped according to the results of 24-h UOsm (low ≤ 564 mOsm/kg H2O, high > 564 mOsm/kg H2O). Metabolic parameters and risk of stone recurrence were compared between the two groups. The low urine concentration group were more likely to be older, to be female, and to have a lower body mass index and higher glomerular filtration rate than the high concentration group (each P

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulate various functions of cells, including cell death, viability, and differentiation, and nanoparticles influence ROS depending on their size and shape. Selenium is known to regulate various physiological functions, such as cell differentiations and anti-inflammatory functions, and plays an important role in the regulation of ROS as an antioxidant. This study aims to investigate the effect of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) on the differentiation of osteogenic MC3T3-E1 cells. After fabrication of SeNPs with a size of 25.3 ± 2.6 nm, and confirmation of its oxidase-like activity, SeNPs were added to MC3T3-E1 cells with or without H2O2: 5~20 μg/mL SeNPs recovered cells damaged by 200 μM H2O2 via the intracellular ROS downregulating role of SeNPs, revealed by the ROS staining assay. The increase in osteogenic maturation with SeNPs was gradually investigated by expression of osteogenic genes at 3 and 7 days, Alkaline phosphatase activity staining at 14 days, and Alizarin red S staining at 28 days. Therefore, the role of SeNPs in regulating ROS and their therapeutic effects on the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells were determined, leading to possible applications for bone treatment.

Humic acid (HA) is composed of a complex supramolecular association and is produced by humification of organic matters in soil environments. HA not only improves soil fertility, but also stimulates plant growth. Although numerous bioactivities of HA have been reported, the molecular evidences have not yet been elucidated. Here, we performed transcriptomic analysis to identify the HA-prompted molecular mechanisms in Arabidopsis. Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that HA up-regulates diverse genes involved in the response to stress, especially to heat. Heat stress causes dramatic induction in unique gene families such as Heat-Shock Protein (HSP) coding genes including HSP101, HSP81.1, HSP26.5, HSP23.6, and HSP17.6A. HSPs mainly function as molecular chaperones to protect against thermal denaturation of substrates and facilitate refolding of denatured substrates. Interestingly, wild-type plants grown in HA were heat-tolerant compared to those grown in the absence of HA, whereas Arabidopsis HSP101 null mutant (hot1) was insensitive to HA. We also validated that HA accelerates the transcriptional expression of HSPs. Overall, these results suggest that HSP101 is a molecular target of HA promoting heat-stress tolerance in Arabidopsis. Our transcriptome information contributes to understanding the acquired genetic and agronomic traits by HA conferring tolerance to environmental stresses in plants.

We determined the associations between serum haptoglobin concentration and peri- and postpartum disorders, milk yield, and reproductive performance in dairy cows. Furthermore, associations between haptoglobin and some blood metabolites were also investigated. We collected blood from 112 Holstein cows 1 week postpartum to measure serum haptoglobin and metabolite/enzyme (aspartate aminotransferase [AST], total bilirubin [T-bilirubin], total cholesterol [TCH], non-esterified fatty acids [NEFA], and β-hydroxybutyrate [BHBA]) concentrations. Cows were divided into two groups based on their haptoglobin concentrations: a low-HP group ( 100 µg/mL, n = 40). The incidence of peri- and postpartum disorders (dystocia, retained placenta, metritis, and endometritis) was higher (P

Purpose Animal models show a strong relationship between lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis. However, the clinical significance of lymphangiogenesis in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) remains uncertain. This study aimed to evaluate the association between c-Met and lymphangiogenic factors and to elucidate the prognostic significance of c-Met in patients with CRC. Methods A total of 379 tissue samples were obtained from surgically resected specimens from patients with CRC at Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital between January 2002 and December 2010. The expressions of c-Met, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C, VEGF-D, VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-3, and podoplanin were examined using immunohistochemistry. The expression of c-Met and clinical factors were analyzed. Results Of the 379 tissues, 301 (79.4%) had c-Met expression. High expression of c-Met in tumor cells was significantly associated with high expression of VEGF-C (P < 0.001) and VEGFR-3 (P = 0.001). However, no statistically significant association with podoplanin (P = 0.587) or VEGF-D (P = 0.096) was found. Of the 103 evaluable patients, expression of c-Met in tumor cells was significantly associated with advanced clinical stage (P = 0.020), positive lymph node status (P = 0.038), and high expression of VEGF-C (P = 0.020). However, no statistically significant association with podoplanin (P = 0.518), VEGFR-3 (P = 0.085), VEGF-D (P = 0.203), or overall survival (P = 0.360) was found. Conclusion Our results provide indirect evidence for an association and possible regulatory link of c-Met with the lymphangiogenic markers, but c-Met expression in patients with CRC is not a prognostic indicator for overall survival.

Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is a common disease with a high recurrence rate requiring lifetime surveillance. Although NMIBC is not life-threatening, it can progress to muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), a lethal form of the disease. The management of the two diseases differs, and patients with MIBC require aggressive treatments such as chemotherapy and radical cystectomy. NMIBC patients at a high risk of progression benefit from early immediate cystectomy. Thus, identifying concordant markers for accurate risk stratification is critical to predict the prognosis of NMIBC. Candidate genetic biomarkers associated with NMIBC prognosis were screened by RNA-sequencing of 24 tissue samples, including 16 NMIBC and eight normal controls, and by microarray analysis (GSE13507). Lastly, we selected and investigated a mitotic checkpoint serine/threonine kinase, BUB1, that regulates chromosome segregation during the cell cycle. BUB1 gene expression was tested in 86 NMIBC samples and 15 controls by real-time qPCR. The performance of BUB1 as a prognostic biomarker for NMIBC was validated in the internal Chungbuk cohort (GSE13507) and the external UROMOL cohort (E-MTAB-4321). BUB1 expression was higher in NMIBC patients than in normal controls (p < 0.05), and the overexpression of BUB1 was correlated with NMIBC progression (log-rank test, p = 0.007). In in vitro analyses, BUB1 promoted the proliferation of bladder cancer cells by accelerating the G2/M transition of the cell cycle. Conclusively, BUB1 modulates the G2/M transition to promote the proliferation of bladder cancer cells, suggesting that it could serve as a prognostic marker in NMIBC.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are continuously produced by skeletal muscle during contractile activity and even at rest. However, the ROS generated from excessive exercise or traumatic damage may produce more ROS than can be neutralized by an antioxidant capacity, which can be harmful to muscle function. In particular, selenium is a known antioxidant that regulates physiological functions such as cell differentiation and anti-inflammatory function. In this study, we developed nano-sized antioxidative biomaterials using selenium to investigate the protective and differentiation effects against C2C12 myoblasts in an H2O2-induced oxidative stress environment. The selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) were produced with a size of 35.6 ± 4.3 nm and showed antioxidant effects according to the 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine assay. Then, SeNPs were treated to C2C12 cells with or without H2O2. Our results showed that SeNPs reduced C2C12 apoptosis and intracellular ROS levels. Additionally, SeNPs effectively up-regulated in the presence of H2O2, MyoD, MyoG, α-actinin, and myosin heavy chain, which are well known to increase during myoblast differentiation as assayed by qRT-PCR, immunocytochemistry-staining, western blotting. These results demonstrate that SeNPs can accelerate differentiation with its protective effects from the ROS environment and can be applied to the treatment of skeletal muscle in a cellular redox environment.

Urolithiasis is common and is becoming more prevalent worldwide. This study assessed the chronological trends in clinical and urinary metabolic features over 20 years in Korean urolithiasis patients. We performed a retrospective analysis of 4,076 patients treated at our clinic from 1996 to 2015. Urinary metabolic data and stone analysis data were available for 1,421 and 723 patients (34.9% and 17.7%), respectively. Patients were categorized into 4 groups according to the date of initial diagnosis: group 1 (1996–2000, n = 897), group 2 (2001–2005, n = 1,018), group 3 (2006–2010, n = 1,043), and group 4 (2011–2015, n = 1,118). Incidental detection of uric acid renal stones has become more prevalent in the past 10 years, accompanied by an increase in body mass index and age at diagnosis. Similarly, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and of hypertension increased from one group to the next throughout the study period. Levels of 24-hour urinary excretion of sodium, calcium, uric acid, and oxalate have decreased significantly over the study period. The incidence of urinary metabolic abnormalities also showed an identical tendency. The proportion of stones composed of uric acid increased over the study period. In conclusion, incidental detection of uric acid renal stones has become more prevalent in Korea in the past 20 years. Urinary excretion of lithogenic constituents and the incidence of urinary metabolic abnormalities have decreased significantly over this period., Graphical Abstract

Background: The present study investigated the association of serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and calcium levels with prostate cancer (CaP). Methods: The study population consisted of an experimental group [459 patients including 216 patients with CaP and 243 patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH)] and a prostatectomy group (47 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy). Patients with serum creatinine levels >1.4 mg/dl, parathyroid disease, and/or PTH levels 20 ng/ml), Gleason score (≤7 or ≥8), and stage (≤T3 or ≥ T4), there was no significant difference in PTH levels between the two groups. Mean postoperative PTH levels (26.93 ± 13.58 pg/ml) were significantly lower than preoperative PTH levels (36.71 ± 21.04 pg/ml) in the same patients who underwent radical prostatectomy. Conclusion: Serum PTH levels were higher in patients with CaP than in patients with BPH and decreased significantly after radical prostatectomy. The present results suggest an association between serum PTH and CaP. Further large cohort studies are necessary to validate the present data.

An epoxy resin (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A) was blended with different loadings of a glycidyl-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) and isothermally cured with an amine hardener at varying temperatures and times. The glass transition temperature (T g) of the samples was measured at different chemical conversions (α) using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Time-temperature shifts were made for T g vs. ln(time) data to be superposed at an arbitrary reference temperature in the kinetically controlled reaction regime, and these shift factors were used to obtain an Arrhenius activation energy. The influence of POSS on different reaction systems was investigated in terms of the T g-α relationship, which was fitted with two models; DiBenedetto and Venditti/Gillham equations. It was found that POSS molecules played different roles at different stages of the curing process. At lower conversions, the inorganic cage of the incorporated POSS (up to 20 wt%) reduced the mobility of the molecular segments, giving rise to an increase in T g. However, above the 20 wt% POSS, there was a depression of T g, which may be associated with a plasticizing effect of organic substituents of the POSS molecules. Moreover, the effect of POSS on T g became less pronounced when the conversion reached 0.8.

Poly(p-phenylenebenzobisoxazole) (PBO) composite fibers containing small amounts (~2 wt.%) of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) were successfully prepared by in-situ polymerization and dry-jet wet spinning. Polarized optical microscopy images displayed a lyotropic liquid-crystalline phase in the as-polymerized dopes. Solution viscosity measurements revealed that the molecular weights of the composite fibers were in the range from 1.81×104 gmol-1 to 2.2×104 gmol-1. Field emission scanning electron microscopy images of the composite fibers etched by UV irradiation showed that CNFs embedded in the PBO matrix were individually dispersed, and well oriented along the fiber direction. Tensile tests indicated that the tensile moduli of the PBO/CNF composite fibers were higher than those of the pristine PBO fibers, whereas the tensile strengths were lower or similar to those of the pristine PBO fibers. The elastic loop test was carried out to measure the compressive strength of the fibers. The compressive strength of the pristine PBO fiber was 0.3 GPa, whereas that of a PBO composite fiber containing 1.0 wt.% CNF increased to 0.92 GPa, which is about twice the compressive strength of Zylon (0.43 GPa). Moreover, a heat-treated PBO composite fiber containing 2.0 wt.% CNFs exhibited the high compressive strength of 1.17 GPa, which is the second highest value among all reported values for organic polymers.

Sulfonic acid-functionalized graphene (S-graphene) is employed as a promising inorganic filler as well as a solid acid proton conducting medium to realize a composite membrane with Nafion for polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) applications under reduced relative humidity (RH). The functionalization of graphene is performed by sulfonic acid-containing aryl radicals to increase the number of sulfonate groups per unit volume of a domain. A Nafion–S-graphene composite membrane is obtained by embedding S-graphene in Nafion, which provides high absorption of water and fast proton-transport across the electrolyte membrane under low RH values. The proton conductivity of the Nafion–S-graphene (1%) composite membrane at 20% RH is 17 mS cm–1, which is five times higher than that of a pristine recast Nafion membrane. PEFCs incorporating the Nafion–S-graphene composite membrane deliver a peak power density of 300 mW cm–2 at a load current density of 760 mA cm–2 while operating at optimum temperature of 70 °C under 2...

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were functionalized with benzoic acid groups via an “on water” technique and further derivatized with norbornene groups. The norbornene groups grafted onto the MWNT surface were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) to confirm covalent functionalization. Observations of suspensions and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and SEM images of nanocomposites suggested improved dispersibility of norbornene-functionalized MWNTs (nMWNTs) in dicyclopentadiene/5-norbornene-2-carboxylic acid (DCPD/NCA) monomers relative to pristine MWNTs (pMWNTs). Cure kinetics and mechanical properties of MWNT/poly(DCPD/NCA) nanocomposites with various functionalized nanotube loadings (0.1–0.6 wt%) were investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), a universal testing machine (UTM), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). It was found from DSC that the functionalized nanotubes have an acceleration effect on the cure process, which is likely related to enhanced heat transfer from the carbon nanotubes. The swelling ratio increased with increasing nanotube loading, revealing that the formation of crosslinks was hindered by the addition of nanotubes. The incorporation of the functionalized nanotubes resulted in improved Young’s modulus and yield strength compared with neat poly(DCPD/NCA), far beyond the enhancement with pMWNTs. Although a decrease in the elongation at break was observed as the nanotube loading increases, the tensile toughness remained almost unchanged up to 0.4 wt% nMWNT loading. Furthermore, the addition of the nMWNTs also shifted the glass transition toward higher temperatures. These enhancements are presumably attributed to better nanotube dispersion and stronger nanotube-matrix interfacial affinity.

We present here the complete genome sequence of Bacillus subtilis strain DKU_NT_03 isolated from the traditional Korean food chung-gook-jang, which is made from soybeans. This strain was chosen to identify genetic factors with high-quality nattokinase activity.

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/carbon nanofiber (CNF) composites with different CNF contents (0.5 wt% and 1 wt%) were prepared by solution blending. Isothermal crystalliza- tion of the PLA/CNF composites and the pristine PLA was investigated by differential scan- ning calorimetry and analyzed based on the Avrami equation. The crystallization half-times of the PLA/CNF composites were smaller than that of pristine PLA, indicating that the CNF embedded in the PLA matrix enhanced the PLA crystallization rate. Avrami exponents of the PLA/CNF composites were within the range 2.3�3.0, suggesting that a mixture of two- and three-dimensional crystals was formed by heterogeneous nucleation. Polarized optical microscopy images showed that the crystalline morphology of the PLA/CNF composites looked like small grains. Tensile tests indicated that the tensile modulus and strength of the PLA/CNF composites were higher than those of pristine PLA.

− Hemicellulosic hydrolysates contain not only sugars but also several kinds of ethanol fermentation inhibitory substances such as carboxylic acids, furans and phenolic compounds. In this work, emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) was chosen as a separation technology to remove the inhibitors. A basic simulated hemicellulosic hydrolysate was composed of xylose as sugar, dilute sulfuric acid solution as solvent, and acetic acid as carboxylic acid, and furfural as furan derivative or p-hydroxybenzoic acid(HBA) as phenolic compound was added to the hydrolysate when necessary. Acetic acid and HBA as weak acid could be selectively removed from the hydrolysates in all the ELM systems considered here, but furfural as aldehyde was quite hard to remove. Also, when HBA was added to the basic simulated hemicellulosic hydrolysate, both of acetic acid and HBA in the feed phase could be selectively removed up to 99% in an ELM system with tributyl phosphate as extractant.

Blends of poly(lactic acid)s (PLAs) containing three different concentrations of d -isomer (i.e., 1, 4, and 10 mol%; referred to as PLA1, PLA4, and PLA10, respectively) with poly( dl -lactic acid) (PDLLA) were prepared via solution blending. The three PLAs were miscible with PDLLA, as determined by dynamic mechanical analysis. Drawn films of PLA1/PDLLA, PLA4/PDLLA, and PLA10/PDLLA blends exhibited endothermic peaks just above the glass transition temperature, which is evidence of strain-induced enthalpy relaxation. A thermodynamic model for the miscible blend system was applied to determine contributions of intramolecular and intermolecular energy changes to strain-induced enthalpy relaxation for PLA1, PLA4, and PLA10; the resultant values suggested that intramolecular energy changes are mainly responsible for strain-induced enthalpy relaxation.

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of intraruminal infusion of propionate on ruminal fermentation characteristics and blood hormones and metabolites in Hanwoo (Korean cattle) steers. Four Hanwoo steers (average body wt. 270 kg, 13 month of age) equipped with rumen cannula were infused into rumens with 0.0 M (Water, C), 0.5 M (37 g/L, T1), 1.0 M (74 g/L, T2) and 1.5 M (111 g/L, T3) of propionate for 1 hour per day and allotted by 4x4 Latin square design. On the 5th day of infusion, samples of rumen and blood were collected at 0, 60, 120, 180, and 300 min after intraruminal infusion of propionate. The concentrations of serum glucose and plasma glucagon were not affected (p>0.05) by intraruminal infusion of propionate. The serum insulin concentration at 60 min after infusion was significantly (p

A cost-effective five-step sugar purification process involving simultaneous removal and recovery of fermentation inhibitors from biomass hydrolysates was first proposed here. Only the three separation steps (PB, PC and PD) in the process were investigated here. Furfural was selectively removed up to 98.4% from a simulated five-component hydrolysate in a cross-current three-stage extraction system with n-hexane. Most of acetic acid in a simulated four-component hydrolysate was selectively removed by emulsion liquid membrane, and it could be concentrated in the stripping solution up to 4.5 times its initial concentration in the feed solution. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural was selectively removed from a simulated three-component hydrolysate in batch and continuous fixed-bed column adsorption systems with L-493 adsorbent. Also, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural could be concentrated to about 9 times its feed concentration in the continuous adsorption system through a fixed-bed column desorption experiment with aqueous ethanol solution. These results have shown that the proposed purification process was valid.

In this retrospective cohort study we assessed the effect on prostate specific antigen concentration of low dose finasteride or dutasteride treatment for male androgenetic alopecia in men with baseline serum prostate specific antigen less than 2.5 ng/ml.The cohort consisted of 1,379 consecutive male patients who were treated for androgenetic alopecia with finasteride 1.25 mg daily or dutasteride 0.5 mg every 3 days in 2002 to 2012 and who underwent prostate specific antigen measurements at baseline and at least once thereafter. Patients in whom baseline or followup prostate specific antigen after prescription exceeded 2.5 ng/ml were excluded from study to rule out men with a higher likelihood of prostate cancer. Patients were stratified according to age, baseline prostate specific antigen, medication type and treatment duration.Overall low dose 5α-reductase inhibitor treatment reduced prostate specific antigen by 27.8% relative to baseline. Of the patients 1,094 (79.3%) showed prostate specific antigen decreases (average 40.8%). In the remaining 285 patients (20.7%) prostate specific antigen was stable or increased (average 24.2% increase). Closer analysis largely showed that only men with baseline prostate specific antigen 0.5 ng/ml or greater had a treatment related prostate specific antigen reduction. On multivariate logistic analysis low baseline prostate specific antigen was significantly associated with stable/increased prostate specific antigen. Low dose dutasteride and finasteride reduced prostate specific antigen to similar degrees (31.1% and 25.1%, respectively). A marked prostate specific antigen decrease of 26.0% was observed even after short-term treatment (3 to 6 months).Dutasteride and finasteride reduced prostate specific antigen to similar degrees. This effect was observed soon after commencing treatment. In patients with low baseline prostate specific antigen the levels could remain stable or even increase. These findings are limited to men with baseline prostate specific antigen less than 2.5 ng/ml.

− Acetic acid is the most abundant and serious ethanol fermentation inhibitor in dilute-acid hemicellulosic hydrolysates. A mixture of xylose, acetic acid and sulfuric acid was chosen as a simulated hemicellulosic hydrolysate so as to find an optimal separation system to selectively remove acetic acid from the hydrolysates. In order to attain the purpose, emulsion liquid membrane was applied to removal of acetic acid from the simulated hemicellulosic hydrolysate. The effects of main constituents of water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion, such as amine extractant type, surfactant composition, additive type, and type and concentration of stripping agent, on extraction of acetic acid, xylose, and sulfuric acid in the simulated hemicellulosic hydrolysate were investigated. Under specific experimental conditions, degree of extraction of acetic acid was higher than 95% while loss of xylose was insignificant, which means that the current emulsion liquid membrane can be an economically feasible process.

Purification of xylose in simulated hemicellulosic hydrolysates was attempted using a two-step emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) process. The effects of various experimental variables on extraction of each component in the hydrolysates were investigated in the ELM steps. In the first ELM step, acetic acid could be selectively removed from the hydrolysates and highly enriched in the stripping phase, and loss of xylose was insignificant. In the second ELM step, sulfuric acid could be selectively removed from simulated acetic acid-free hemicellulosic hydrolysates and somewhat enriched in the stripping phase. There was just small loss of xylose, and the final pH of the feed phase approached a pH level suitable for ethanol fermentation. Also, concentration of xylose in the feed phase was attained as an incidental outcome during each ELM run. Conclusively, the two-step ELM process was found to be a promising futuristic technology for purification of sugars in real hemicellulosic hydrolysates.

To assess the association between dyslipidemia and urolithiasis, a propensity score-matching study was performed.Fasting blood samples were taken, and serum lipid profiles were measured in 655 stone formers (SF) and 1965 propensity score-matched controls between 2005 and 2011. The controls, from a health-screening program, did not have a history of dyslipidemia or statin use and have any evidence of stone disease, as determined by abdominal radiography, ultrasonography examination. Propensity score-matching with respect to age, sex, and body mass index was used to minimize selection bias, and the logistic regression analysis was adjusted for other components of metabolic syndrome.Compared with controls, the SF group had significantly higher mean triglyceride and lower total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels (each P0.001). The SF group was also more likely to have hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL-cholesterolemia, and less likely to have hypercholesterolemia and high LDL cholesterolemia compared with controls (each P0.05). When adjusted for other components of metabolic syndrome including obesity, presence of diabetes mellitus or hypertension, the odds ratio (OR) for urinary stones appeared with hypercholesterolemia (OR=0.747, P=0.003), hypertriglyceridemia (OR=1.901, P0.001), low HDL cholesterolemia (OR=1.886, P0.001) and high LDL cholesterolemia (OR=0.610, P0.001).Our study implies that dyslipidemia may play a crucial part in urinary stone risk.

An attempt to separate acetic acid from xylose and sulfuric acid in a simulated hemicellulosic hydrolysate by emulsion liquid membranes (ELMs) was made in a batch reactor for the first time. This is the first step to realize the ultimate goal of xylose purification by removal of acetic acid from the hydrolysate and by subsequent removal of sulfuric acid. In order to develop the ELM system for selective removal of acetic acid, the effects of various experimental variables on extraction of acetic acid, xylose and sulfuric acid were investigated. Under a specific operating condition, the apparent degree of extraction of acetic acid was higher than 99% in the ELM system while those of xylose and sulfuric acid were below zero. Also, the enrichment ratio of acetic acid was 5.45 while those of xylose and sulfuric acid were below 0.15. These results demonstrated the superiority of the current ELM work.

C9232 is a typical emulsifier of emulsion liquid membrane and its main component, bis-succinimide, has amine functional groups which react with carboxylic acids. The average numbers of secondary amine groups and isobutylene units in the bis-succinimide were determined through elemental analysis. Acetic acid was extracted by emulsion liquid membrane with use of C9232, and we verified that C9232 was suitable for its extractant in the emulsion liquid membrane systems. Equilibrium experiments for reactive extraction of acetic acid by C9232 were carried out by varying the overall acetic acid concentration and overall C9232 concentration in liquid-liquid extraction systems. Also, an equilibrium model for the reactive extraction of acetic acid was investigated for the purpose of analyzing the emulsion liquid membrane systems for separation of acetic acid from other carboxylic acids or sugars in the future. The calculated results from the equilibrium model were in good agreement with the experimental data.

Binary blends of poly(m-methylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PmN, m=2-8) were prepared by the solution-blendingmethod and their miscibility was investigated with glass transition, crystallization, and melting behaviors, which wereobtained from differential scanning calorimetry. It was determined that all the blends in which the difference in thenumber of methylene units between two component polymers was one were miscible. The blends in which the dif-ference in the number of methylene units was two show divergent miscibility: two miscible, two partially miscible, andone immiscible systems. Among the blends in which the difference in the number of methylene units was three, twosystems were partially miscible and the other two were immiscible. All the blends in which the difference in the num-ber of methylene units was four or more were immiscible. It was thus found that the difference in the number of meth-ylene units between two component polymers in the blend is the primary structural factor affecting the miscibility of abinary blend of PmN. The border between miscible blends and immiscible ones was found to be at differences in meth-ylene-unit numbers of two or three.Keywords: blend, miscibility, poly(m-methylene 2,6-naphthalatea), methylene-unit number

It has been proposed to remove all potential inhibitors and sulfuric acid in biomass hydrolysates generated from dilute-acid pretreatment of biomass, based on three steps of sugar purification process. This study focused on its first step in which furan and phenolic compounds were selectively removed from the simulated hydrolysates using activated charcoal. Batch adsorption experiments demonstrated that the affinity of activated charcoal for each component was highest in the order of vanillic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, furfural, acetic acid, sulfuric acid, and xylose. The affinity of activated charcoal for furan and phenolic compounds proved to be significantly higher than that of the other three components. Four separation strategies were conducted with a combination of batch adsorption and continuous fixed-bed column adsorption methods. It was observed that xylose loss was negligible with near complete removal of furan and phenolic compounds, when at least one fixed-bed column adsorption was implemented in the strategy.

Department of Animal Science, Gyeongsang National University, KoreaABSTRACTThis study was conducted to investigate the effects of grain sources on the ruminal methane production in Hanwoo steers. Six Hanwoo steers(BW = 614.4 ± 8.3kg) were fed, on a DM basis(TDN 6.91kg), 10% rice straw and 90% barley or corn based concentrate, respectively, according to Korean Feeding Standards(Hanwoo). Each period lasted 18 days including a 14-day adaptation and a 4-day measuring period. The steers were in the ventilated hood-type respiration chamber system(one cattle per chamber) during each measuring period to measure heat and methane production for 1 day. Nutrient intake and digestibility were not affected by steer fed grain sources. Methane concentration was not affected by steer fed either barley or corn-based concentrate, respectively(0.022% vs. 0.025%). Methane production was greater by steers fed corn than those fed barley(119.3 g/day vs. 139.4g/day). This result indicated that methane emission factor by maintenance energy requirement for the late fattening Hanwoo fed corn was higher than the steers fed barley(43.6kg/head/year) vs. corn(50.9kg/head/year). Methane conversion rate (Ym) was 0.04 Ym and 0.05 Ym for barley and corn, respectively. (Key words :Barley, Corn, Methane)

This study investigated the main origin of the thermochromism of a novel compound, 1,3-bis(hydroxyethylamino)-4,6-dinitrobenzene (BDB). In order to unravel the relative dependence of reversible color change between yellow and orange on proton transfer reaction and crystal-crystal phase transformation, kinetic experiments were executed. The recovery rates of thermochromic transition, proton transfer reaction, and crystal-crystal phase transformation were calculated from the data measured through UV-vis spectrophotometry, IR spectrometry, and X-ray diffractometry with a lapse of time at fixedtemperatures (30, 40, and 50 °C) after cooling from heated temperature (150 °C). The kinetic experiments revealed that the recovery takes place more quickly at lower temperature. At each fixed-temperature, the recovery rate is in the order of the crystal-crystal phase transformation > the proton transfer reaction > the thermochromic transition. It is concluded that the proton transfer reaction is the main origin for thermochromism of BDB in solid state and the crystal-crystal phase transformation is a collateral one.

Emulsion liquid membranes (ELMs) were first applied to extraction of succinic acid in simulated media (feed solution) where concentration of succinic acid was as high as that in an actual fermentation broth producing succinic acid. In order to develop an ELM system where a high degree of extraction of succinic acid can be obtained, in the beginning we investigated the effects of several operating variables of the ELM system, i.e. surfactant composition in the membrane phase, stripping agent type and its concentration in the stripping phase and feed solution type, on its degree of extraction for a low initial succinic acid concentration, which was sensitive to the operating variables. The optimal values of the operating variables were used in the ELM system with a high initial concentration of succinic acid. Finally, extraction of succinic acid in the feed phase with the high initial succinic acid concentration was carried out varying 1-octanol and Amberlite LA-2 concentrations in the membrane phase, initial Na 2 CO 3 concentration in the stripping phase, and initial volume ratio of emulsion phase to feed phase. Under a specific operating condition, the degree of extraction of succinic acid was as high as 98%, and its enrichment ratio reached about 1.3.

We have prepared a series of poly(lactic acid)/hydroxyapatite (PLA/HAp) composite foams by a supercritical CO2 foaming process and investigated the lead ion (Pb2+) removal performances of the foam samples in batch aqueous solutions (foam sample of 5 g, aqueous solution of 500 ml, initial Pb2+ ion concentration of 275 mg/l, pH values of 2.0–6.0) at 25°C. It is characterized that the porosity of the foams decreases from 96.3% to 50.3% as the HAp content increases from 0 to 40 wt%, although all the foam samples exhibit well-developed open porous structures. The maximum capacity of Pb2+ ions removed by the composite foams increases from 81.2 to 140.5 mg/g with increasing the HAp content from 10 to 40 wt%, due to the increased adsorption sites of HAp for Pb2+ ions. However, the removal kinetic analysis based on the pseudo-second order model demonstrates that the Pb2+ ion removal rate is slightly faster for the composite foams with higher porosity (i.e., lower HAp content). The maximum Pb2+ ion removal capacity of a given composite foam increases from 20.2 to 140.5 mg/g with increasing the initial pH value from 2.0 to 5.0 but it decreases slightly to 111.7 mg/g at the initial pH value of 6.0. POLYM. COMPOS., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers

Glycerol is rapidly fermented to propionate in the rumen. Due to the inverse relationship between propionate production and enteric CH 4 emissions, glycerol may reduce rumen CH 4 production. However, little data have been reported to substantiate this hypothesis. Our objectives were to determine ruminal fermentation rate of glycerol and effects of glycerol on in vitro fermentation and CH 4 production. Glycerol (0.5 g), alfalfa hay (0.5 g), corn grain (0.5 g), alfalfa hay (0.5 g) + glycerol (0.1 g) and corn grain (0.5 g) + glycerol (0.1 g) were anaerobically incubated in vitro using strained rumen fluid for 0, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h. At each incubation time, total gas and CH 4 production, pH, ammonia and volatile fatty acid concentrations (VFA) were measured. By fitting an exponential model with a single lag, a fractional gas production rate of 0.051/h with a lag of 7.9 h for glycerol, which was a slower rate and a longer lag than for the other substrates (P 4 production (P 4 production/unit DE (P 4 production and increase efficiency of dietary energy use in ruminant diets. This article is part of the special issue entitled: Greenhouse Gases in Animal Agriculture – Finding a Balance between Food and Emissions, Guest Edited by T.A. McAllister, Section Guest Editors; K.A. Beauchemin, X. Hao, S. McGinn and Editor for Animal Feed Science and Technology, P.H. Robinson.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of saponin contained plant extracts on in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics and methane production. Ruminal fluid was collected from rumen cannulated Hanwoo steers fed rice straw and concentrate (5:5). Collected rumen fluids, corn starch and buffer including saponin contained plant extracts (ginseng, Ogapi, soapwort, tea plant and yucca; 0.5%/15 ml) were incubated at 39 for 24 h. All incubations were repeated five times. Rumen pH in all treatments was lower (p

Methane production during anaerobic fermentation in the rumen represents an energy loss to the host animal and induces emissions of greenhouse gases in the environment. Our study focused on comparison in methane production from growing Korean native steers fed different grain sources. Six Hanwoo steers (BW = 180.6 ± 3.1 kg) were fed, on a DM basis (TDN 2.80 kg), 40% timothy and 60% barley concentrate (Barley) or corn concentrate (Corn), respectively, based on the Korean Feeding Standards. Each period lasted 18 days including a 14-day adaptation and a 4-day measuring times. The steers were in the head hood chamber system (one cattle per chamber) during each measuring time to measure heat and methane production per day. Different grain sources did not affect digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, NDF, ADF and nitrogen-free extract. The mean methane concentrations per day were 202.0 and 177.1 ppm for Barley and Corn, respectively. Methane emission averaged 86.8 and 77.7 g/day for Barley and Corn, respectively. Methane emission factor by maintenance energy requirement for the growing steers fed barley based concentrate was higher than the steers fed corn based concentrate (Barley vs. Corn, 31.7 kg CH4 head 1 yr 1 vs. 28.4 kg CH4 head 1 yr 1 ). Thus, methane conversion rate was 0.065 (6.5%) and 0.055 (5.5%) for Barley and

Present experiment was carried out to determine maintenance energy requirements for growing Hanwoo steers. Six Hanwoo steers (BW = kg) were used in two 3 3 latin square design with three different energy intake levels; TDN 1.70 kg (Low), 2.05 kg (Medium), 2.80 kg (High), respectively, based on the Korean Feeding Standards. Each period lasted 18 days including a 14-day adaptation and a 4-day measuring period. The steers were in the head hood chamber system (one cattle per chamber) during each measuring time to measure heat and methane production for 1 day. Dry matter intake was 2,058, 3,256 and 3,881 g/day for Low, Medium and High TDN, respectively. Increase in energy intake did not affect digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, NDF, ADF and nitrogen-free extract. Gross energy intake averaged 180.21, 292.74 and 337.15 kcal/ for Low, Medium and High TDN, respectively. Energy loss was 28.7% in feces and 2.1% in urine of gross energy intake. Further, energy loss from methane produced during rumen fermentation was 6~8.3%, while body heat loss averaged 34~60%. Intercept of regression equation between ME intake and retained energy indicated that the energy requirement was 109.84 kcal ME/.

PURPOSE This phase II clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the activity and safety of a combination treatment of paclitaxel (Genexol®) plus carboplatin in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemotherapy-naive patients having histologically confirmed advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer were enrolled. Genexol® was administered at 225 mg/m(2) intravenous (IV) infusion over 3 hours, followed by carboplatin (area under the concentration-time curve=6) IV on day 1 every 3 weeks. RESULTS Twenty-eight patients were enrolled between January 2003 and January 2005. A total of 110 cycles of chemotherapy were given. The median number of chemotherapy cycles was 4. A total of 25 study patients were evaluable. On an intent-to-treat basis, there were ten partial responses (response rate 35.7%). The median time-to-progression was 3.2 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5 to 4.9) and the median overall survival was 8.2 months (95% CI, 4.1 to 12.3). The main hematologic grade 3/4 toxicity was neutropenia, which was observed in 14 (50.0%) patients. The main non-hematologic toxicity was peripheral neuropathy, which was observed in 12 patients (42.9%). Grade 3/4 neuropathy occurred in 8 patients (28.6%) and three patients discontinued treatment because of neuropathy. CONCLUSION In this trial, the combination of Genexol® and carboplatin showed significant activity as first line treatment for patients with advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. However, a modest dose reduction of Genexol® is needed due to sensory neuropathy.

The present study was conducted to examine the fermentation characteristics and effective degradability (ED) in the rumen, and whole tract digestibility of whole crop silage based TMR in comparison with conventional separate feeding of concentrate and roughage. Three ruminally fistulated non-lactating Holstein cattle were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square design. The cattle were fed 8kg of whole crop barley silage based TMR (BS-TMR) or 8kg (DM basis) of whole crop rye silage based TMR (RS-TMR) twice (08:00 and 18:00) daily in an equal amount. The cattle were also fed concentrate (5.6kg) and rice straw (1.4kg) seperately (DM basis, Control) twice daily in an equal amount. The both silages were included in TMR at 20% level (as fed basis). pH in the rumen fluid was not influenced by the diets but was slightly higher from TMR than from control. No difference was found in ammonia-N concentration between diets. Total VFA concentration was relatively increased in the cattle fed RS-TMR to the other diets up to 6h post feeding. The proportion of acetate was increased in the TMR feeding at right before feeding (0 h, p

Thirty six Hanwoo steers (average BW, 564.5± 25.7 kg; average age, approximately 23 months) were used to evaluate the effects of a mixture of eugenol (14%), thymol (1%) and malate (85%) on growth performance, beef quality and liver function in Hanwoo finishing steers fed ahigh-concentrate diet. A feeding trial was conducted for 7 months in National Agricultural Cooperative Federation farm located in Anseong, Korea. Steers were assigned randomly to one of three treatments: control (without additive supplementation), treatment 1 (0.05% additive of concentrate), treatment 2 (0.1% additiveof concentrate). The results of this study showed that initial and final BW averaged 564 and 755 kg, respectively, and BW gain was significantly higher (P

We herein report the effects of interfacial reinforcement on mechanical and electrical properties of nanocomposites based on polylactide (PLA) and multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT). For this purpose, a series of MWCNTs grafted with PLA chains of various lengths (MWCNT- g -PLAs) were prepared by ring-opening polymerization of l -lactide with carboxylic acid-functionalized MWCNT (MWCNT-COOH). MWCNT- g -PLAs were then mixed with commercial PLA to obtain PLA/MWCNT- g -PLA nanocomposites with 1.0 wt.% MWCNT content. It was revealed that morphological, mechanical, and electrical properties of PLA/MWCNT- g -PLA nanocomposites were strongly dependent on the PLA chain length of MWCNT- g -PLAs. FE-SEM images exhibited that the nanocomposites containing MWCNT- g -PLA with longer PLA chain length exhibited better dispersion of MWCNTs in the PLA matrix. Initial moduli and tensile strengths of PLA/MWCNT- g -PLA composites increased with the increment of chain length of PLA grafted on MWCNTs, which attributes to the improved interfacial adhesion between the grafted PLA chains of MWCNT- g -PLA and the PLA matrix. As a result, the experimental initial modulus (2775 ± 193 MPa) of the nanocomposite including MWCNT- g -PLA with PLA chains of average molecular weight of 530 g/mol was quite close to the theoretical value (2911 MPa) predicted for the nanocomposite with perfect interfacial adhesion. Unexpectedly, electrical resistivities of PLA/MWCNT- g -PLA nanocomposites were found to increase from ∼10 4 to ∼10 12 Ω/sq with increasing the PLA chain length of MWCNT- g -PLA, which is due to the fact that the PLA chains grafted on MWCNTs prevent the formation of the electrical conduction path of MWCNTs in the PLA matrix.

An attempt to separate acetic acid from succinic acid in an aqueous solution by emulsion liquid membranes was made in a batch reactor for the first time. In order to find an optimal operating condition under which a high degree of extraction of acetic acid and a high separation factor for acetic acid and succinic acid were simultaneously obtained, we investigated the effects of various experimental variables, such as stirrer speed, concentration of carboxylic acids in the feed phase, organic membrane composition, and concentration of stripping agent in the stripping phase, on degree of extraction of acetic acid, separation factor, and enrichment ratio of acetic acid in the stripping phase. The ELM system containing only a bifunctional polyamine, acting as extractant and emulsifier, in the membrane phase gave a much higher separation factor than that containing both of the polyamine and a commercial amine extractant. Under a specific operating condition, the degree of extraction of acetic acid reached to 99% and its maximal enrichment ratio was higher than 7, while the degree of extraction of succinic acid and its enrichment ratio were very low.

We prepared a series of polyurethane(PU)/chitosan composite foams with different chitosan content of 5∼20 wt% and investigated their adsorption performance of acid dye (Acid Violet 48) in aqueous solutions with various dye concentrations and pH values. It was observed that PU/chitosan composite foams exhibited well-developed open cell structures. Dye adsorption capacities of the composite foams increased with the increment of chitosan content in composite foams, because amine groups of chitosan serve as the binding sites for sulfonic ions of acid dyes in aqueous solutions. In addition, dye adsorption capacities of composite foams were found to increase with decreasing the pH value, which stems from the fact that the enhanced chemisorption between protonated amine groups of chitosan and sulfonic ions of acid dye is available in acidic solutions. The dye adsoption kinetics and equilibrium isotherm of the composite foams were well described with the pseudo-second order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) for the PU/chitosan composite foams with 20 wt% chitosan content is evaluated to be ca. 30 mg/g.

OBJECTIVES To assess the changes and sex-specific differences in urinary metabolic risk factors with time. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of 619 patients with first-time calcium stone formation (SF) with complete metabolic assessments, who had been diagnosed and treated from 1994 to 2007 at our institution. Patients with SF were categorized into 2 groups according to the date of initial diagnosis: group 1 (1994-1999, n = 353 [57.0%]) and group 2 (2000-2007, n = 266 [43%]). RESULTS The incidence of obesity was greater in group 2 than in group 1, and this difference was statistically significant among male patients with SF. The urinary pH and total urine volume were lower and the excretion of uric acid was greater in group 2 than in group 1. The incidence of metabolic abnormalities such as low urine volume was more common in group 2 than in group 1. The incidence of hyperuricosuria was increased in male patients with SF in group 2 compared with that in the men in group 1. However, no significant differences were found in the incidence of hyperuricosuria in the female patients with SF between groups 1 and 2. CONCLUSIONS The pattern of urinary lithogenic factors in Korean patients with SF has changed with time. Hyperuricosuria has become more prevalent in recent years. We found a high prevalence of hyperuricosuria in men, which might have been due to the increased incidence of obesity in this subgroup.

Equilibrium experiments for physical and reactive extraction of penicillin G were carried out with varying pH, overall penicillin concentration and overall amine concentration in liquid–liquid extraction systems with four different types of organic solvents, i.e. amphiprotic solvent, hydrogen-bond donor solvent, hydrogen-bond acceptor solvent, and nonpolar organic solvent. Also, physical and reactive extraction equilibrium models were suggested to find the appropriate equilibrium model for each organic solvent type. By comparison between the experimental data and the calculated results from the extraction equilibrium models, the most probable physical and reactive extraction equilibrium models were determined. The physical extraction equilibrium models for all types of the organic solvents except for nonpolar organic solvent reflected solute–solvent interaction, while the reactive extraction equilibrium models were dependent on the organic solvent type.

We have synthesized poly(octamethylene terephthalate) (POT), poly(octamethylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PON), and poly(octamethylene terephthalate- co -octamethylene 2,6-naphthalate)s [P(OT- co -ON)s] with various comonomer composition by melt-polycondensation reaction and investigated their chain structures, crystalline structures, melting and cocrystallization behavior by using 1 H NMR spectroscopy, wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. It was observed that P(OT- co -ON)s exhibit clear melting and crystallization peaks in DSC thermograms and sharp diffraction peaks in WAXD patterns throughout the copolymer composition, resulting from the cocrystallization behavior of OT and ON units in copolymers. When the melting and crystallization temperatures of P(OT- co -ON)s are compared as a function of the copolymer composition, there exists an eutectic point at around 23 mol% ON, where the crystal transformation from POT-type to PON-type occurs. It was confirmed from WAXD patterns of the melt-crystallized samples that the crystal transformation from POT-type to PON α-type to PON β-type occurs with the increment of the comonomer ON content in copolymers, i.e., POT-type crystals for POT and P(OT- co -ON) with 11 mol% ON, PON α-type crystals for P(OT- co -ON)s with 23–48 mol% ON, and PON β-type crystals for PON and P(OT- co -ON)s with 62–87 mol% ON. Both DSC and WAXD results demonstrate the isodimorphic cocrystallization of P(OT- co -ON)s. Based on the Wendling–Suter model for cocrystallization thermodynamics, it was found that the average defect free energy for the inclusion of OT units into PON β-type crystals is much lower than the value of the incorporation of ON units into POT-type crystals.

Acinetobacter baumannii BD5 was isolated from waters of Baek-du mountain, and the lipase gene was cloned using a PCR technique. The deduced amino acid sequence of the lipase and lipase chaperone were found to encode proteins of 325 aa and 344 aa with a molecular mass of 35 kDa and 37 kDa, respectively. The lipase gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (trxB) as an inclusion body, which was subsequently solubilized by urea, and then purified using Ni-affinity chromatography. After being purified, the lipase was refolded by incubation at 4oC in the presence of a 1:10 molar ratio of lipase:chaperone. The maximal activity of the refolded lipase was observed at a temperature of 35 degrees and pH 8.3 when p-NP caprate (C10) was used as a substrate; however, 28% of the activity observed at 35 degrees was still remaining at 0 degrees . The stability of the purified enzyme at low temperatures indicates that it is a cold-adapted enzyme. The refolded lipase was activated by Ca2+, Mg2+, and Mn2+, whereas Zn2+ and Cu2+ inhibited it. Additionally, 0.1% Tween 20 increased the lipase activity by 33%, but SDS and Triton X-100 inhibited the lipase activity by 40% and 70%, respectively.