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1. UV irradiation of biomarkers adsorbed on minerals under Martian-like conditions: Hints for life detection on Mars

Author

Robert M. Hazen, Andrew Steele, Inge Loes ten Kate, Arjen Boosman, John Robert Brucato, Sandra Siljeström, Giovanni Poggiali, Teresa Fornaro, Petrology, ITA, USA, NLD, and CHE

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Diffuse reflectance infrared fourier transform, Inorganic chemistry, Infrared spectroscopy, Martian soil, engineering.material, 01 natural sciences, Mars soil analogues, Apatite, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Martian, Laboratory simulations, Chemistry, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Mars Exploration Program, Hematite, Natrolite, Space and Planetary Science, visual_art, Raman spectroscopy, visual_art.visual_art_medium, engineering, ToF-SIMS, Biomarkers
Abstract

Laboratory simulations of Martian conditions are essential to develop quantitative models for the survival of organic biomarkers for future Mars exploration missions. In this work, we report the results of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation processing of biomarkers adsorbed on minerals under Martian-like conditions. Specifically, we prepared Mars soil analogues by doping forsterite, lizardite, antigorite, labradorite, natrolite, apatite and hematite minerals with organic compounds considered as potential biomarkers of extant terrestrial life such as the nucleotides adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and uridine monophosphate (UMP). We characterized such Mars soil analogues by means of Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and Confocal Raman Imaging Spectroscopy (CRIS), in order to get insights into the specific molecule-mineral interactions and explore the capabilities of different techniques to reveal diagnostic features of these biomarkers. Then, we performed irradiation experiments in the mid-UV spectral region under simulated Martian conditions and under terrestrial ambient conditions for comparison, monitoring the degradation process through DRIFTS. We observed that degradation under Martian-like conditions occurs much slower than in terrestrial ambient conditions. The minerals labradorite and natrolite mainly promote photodegradation of nucleotides, hematite and forsterite exhibit an intermediate degrading effect, while apatite, lizardite and antigorite do not show any significant catalytic effect on the degradation of the target organic species.

Published
2018

2. The Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer (MOMA) Instrument: Characterization of Organic Material in Martian Sediments

Author

Andrej Grubisic, Caroline Freissinet, Jorge L. Vago, Fred Goesmann, Arnaud Buch, Xiang Li, Stephanie Getty, Ryan M. Danell, Fabien Stalport, John Robert Brucato, Mitchell D. Schulte, Ricardo Arevalo, Veronica Pinnick, William B. Brinckerhoff, Cyril Szopa, Noël Grand, Uwe J. Meierhenrich, Daniel P. Glavin, Harald Steininger, François Raulin, Walter Goetz, Robert Lindner, Friso H. W. van Amerom, Sandra Siljeström, Helge Mißbach, Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Danell Consulting Inc., RISE Bioscience and Materials/Chemistry and Materials, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux - EA 4038 (LGPM), CentraleSupélec, PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Chimie de Nice (ICN), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA), NASA Headquarters, INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri (OAA), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Mini-Mass Consulting, Inc., Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMPEC - LATMOS, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), and Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA)

Subjects
Martian, Spectrum analyzer, Mass spectrometry, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Special Collection of Papers: ExoMars Rover MissionGuest Editor: Jorge L. Vago, Chemistry, Planetary instrumentation, Mars, Mars Exploration Program, 01 natural sciences, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), [SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Astrobiology, Characterization (materials science), 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Life detection, Martian surface, 0103 physical sciences, Subsurface sediments, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing
Abstract

The Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer (MOMA) instrument onboard the ESA/Roscosmos ExoMars rover (to launch in July, 2020) will analyze volatile and refractory organic compounds in martian surface and subsurface sediments. In this study, we describe the design, current status of development, and analytical capabilities of the instrument. Data acquired on preliminary MOMA flight-like hardware and experimental setups are also presented, illustrating their contribution to the overall science return of the mission. Key Words: Mars—Mass spectrometry—Life detection—Planetary instrumentation. Astrobiology 17, 655–685., Table of Contents 1. Introduction: The Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer (MOMA) Investigation 2. Science Goals 3. Objectives and Requirements 4. Instrument Top-Level Description 5. Instrument Development 5.1. Team organization 5.2. Instrument integration flow 5.3. Instrument verification 5.4. Achieved milestones and deliveries 6. Instrument Subsystems 6.1. Oven and tapping station subsystems 6.1.1. Derivatization 6.1.1.1. MTBSTFA 6.1.1.2. DMF-DMA 6.1.2. Thermochemolysis 6.1.3. Wet chemistry: storage and release of chemical agents 6.2. Gas chromatograph subsystem 6.2.1. Design requirements 6.2.2. Design overview 6.2.2.1. General architecture 6.2.2.2. Injection system 6.2.2.3. Separation of volatiles 6.2.2.4. Detection of volatiles 6.2.2.5. Gas handling system 6.2.2.6. GCMS coupling campaigns 6.3. Laser subsystem 6.3.1. Design requirements 6.3.2. Laser architecture 6.3.3. Verification data 6.4. Mass spectrometer subsystem 6.4.1. Design requirements 6.4.2. Analyzer architecture 6.4.2.1. Linear Ion Trap assembly 6.4.2.2. Detection channels 6.4.2.3. Electron Ionization Source 6.4.2.4. Fast-actuating aperture valve 6.4.2.5. Micropirani pressure sensor 6.4.2.6. Wide-Range Pump 6.4.3. Temperature control 6.4.4. Driving electronics 7. Operation of MOMA on the Surface of Mars 7.1. Expected measurement scenarios 7.2. Sequenced operational modes 7.3. Synergy with other instruments 7.3.1. Data interpretation 7.4. LDMS operations on Mars and test experiments on LDMS prototype system 7.5. Test experiments on GCMS prototype system: a case study 7.5.1. Sample and setup 7.5.2. Methods 7.5.2.1. Stepwise pyrolysis 7.5.2.2. Derivatization/thermochemolysis 7.5.2.3. GCMS parameters 7.5.3. Results and discussion 7.5.3.1. Pyrolysis 7.5.3.2. Derivatization and thermochemolysis 8. Discussion 9. Summary Acknowledgments Author Disclosure Statement References Abbreviations Used

Published
2017

3. Molecular Insights into Covalently Stained Carious Dentine Using Solid-State NMR and ToF-SIMS

Author

Diana Bernin, Sandra Siljeström, Åke Nilsson, Åsa Östlund, Jörgen G. Norén, Ulrica Almhöjd, and Peter Lingström

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Normal teeth, Spectrometry, Mass, Secondary Ion, Dentistry, Covalent binding, Dental Caries, In Vitro Techniques, Stain, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, stomatognathic system, Humans, Limited capacity, Coloring Agents, General Dentistry, Lucifer yellow, business.industry, 030206 dentistry, Isoquinolines, Staining, stomatognathic diseases, Hydrazines, 030104 developmental biology, chemistry, Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, Covalent bond, business, Nuclear chemistry
Abstract

Dyes currently used to stain carious dentine have a limited capacity to discriminate normal dentine from carious dentine, which may result in overexcavation. Consequently, finding a selective dye is still a challenge. However, there is evidence that hydrazine-based dyes, via covalent bonds to functional groups, bind specifically to carious dentine. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible formation of covalent bonds between carious dentine and 15N2-hydrazine and the hydrazine-based dye, 15N2-labelled Lucifer Yellow, respectively. Powdered dentine from extracted carious and normal teeth was exposed to the dyes, and the staining reactions were analysed using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), solid-state 13C-labelled nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and 15N-NMR spectroscopy. The results showed that 15N2-hydrazine and 15N2-labelled Lucifer Yellow both bind to carious dentine but not to normal dentine. It can thus be concluded that hydrazine-based dyes can be used to stain carious dentine and leave normal dentine unstained.

Published
2017

4. H/C elemental ratio of the refractory organic matter in cometary particles of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Author

C. Briois, Martin Hilchenbach, Nicolas Fray, Hervé Cottin, Kurt Varmuza, Donia Baklouti, Sandra Siljeström, Conel M. O'd. Alexander, A. Bardyn, John Paquette, François-Régis Orthous-Daunay, Cecile Engrand, Oliver Stenzel, Robin Isnard, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Carnegie Institution for Science [Washington], Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Sciences Nucléaires et de Sciences de la Matière (CSNSM), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Institute of Statistics and Mathematical Methods in Economics, ANR: 10-LABX-0047,ESEP,Space explorations of Planetary Environments(2010), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), ANR-10-LABX-0047,ESEP,Space explorations of Planetary Environments(2010), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and Carnegie Institution for Science

Subjects
Physics, chemistry.chemical_classification, Astrochemistry, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Comet, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Astronomy and Astrophysics, Context (language use), Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Secondary ion mass spectrometry, Meteorite, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 0103 physical sciences, Atomic ratio, Organic matter, comets: individual: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko / astrochemistry, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Refractory (planetary science), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Context. Because comets are part of the most primitive bodies of our solar system, establishing their chemical composition and comparing them to other astrophysical bodies gives new constraints on the formation and evolution of organic matter throughout the solar system. For two years, the time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometer COmetary Secondary Ion Mass Analyzer (COSIMA) on board the Rosetta orbiter performed in situ analyses of the dust particles ejected from comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P). Aims. The aim is to determine the H/C elemental ratio of the refractory organic component contained in cometary particles of 67P. Methods. We analyzed terrestrial and extraterrestrial calibration samples using the COSIMA ground-reference model. Exploiting these calibration samples, we provide calibration lines in both positive and negative ion registration modes. Thus, we are now able to measure the cometary H/C elemental ratio. Results. The mean H/C value is 1.04 ± 0.16 based on 33 different cometary particles. Consequently, the H/C atomic ratio is on average higher in cometary particles of 67P than in even the most primitive insoluble organic matter extracted from meteorites. Conclusions. These results imply that the refractory organic matter detected in dust particles of 67P is less unsaturated than the material in meteorites.

Published
2019

6. Organic synthesis on Mars by electrochemical reduction of CO2

Author

Juan Diego Rodriguez Blanco, Erik H. Hauri, J. L. Eigenbrode, Andrew Steele, Marc Fries, Francis M. McCubbin, Liane G. Benning, Karyn L. Rogers, Pamela G. Conrad, A. Needham, J. H. Wang, R. Wirth, Sandra Siljeström, D. Kilcoyne, and A. Schreiber

Subjects
Martian, Total organic carbon, Multidisciplinary, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Mars Exploration Program, Pyroxene, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Astrobiology, chemistry.chemical_compound, Igneous rock, Meteorite, chemistry, Organic synthesis, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Melt inclusions
Abstract

The sources and nature of organic carbon on Mars have been a subject of intense research. Steele et al. (2012) showed that 10 martian meteorites contain macromolecular carbon phases contained within pyroxene- and olivine-hosted melt inclusions. Here, we show that martian meteorites Tissint, Nakhla, and NWA 1950 have an inventory of organic carbon species associated with fluid-mineral reactions that are remarkably consistent with those detected by the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission. We advance the hypothesis that interactions among spinel-group minerals, sulfides, and a brine enable the electrochemical reduction of aqueous CO2 to organic molecules. Although documented here in martian samples, a similar process likely occurs wherever igneous rocks containing spinel-group minerals and/or sulfides encounter brines.

Published
2018

7. COSIMA data analysis using multivariate techniques

Author

Harry Lehto, Kurt Varmuza, Sandra Siljeström, Martin Hilchenbach, Hervé Cottin, Jochen Kissel, and Johan Silen

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Multivariate statistics, Multivariate analysis, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Chemistry, Calibration (statistics), business.industry, lcsh:QC801-809, Geology, Pattern recognition, Oceanography, computer.software_genre, 01 natural sciences, Secondary ion mass spectrometry, lcsh:Geophysics. Cosmic physics, Similarity (network science), 0103 physical sciences, Mass spectrum, Data mining, Artificial intelligence, Cluster analysis, business, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, computer, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

We describe how to use multivariate analysis of complex TOF-SIMS (time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry) spectra by introducing the method of random projections. The technique allows us to do full clustering and classification of the measured mass spectra. In this paper we use the tool for classification purposes. The presentation describes calibration experiments of 19 minerals on Ag and Au substrates using positive mode ion spectra. The discrimination between individual minerals gives a cross-validation Cohen κ for classification of typically about 80%. We intend to use the method as a fast tool to deduce a qualitative similarity of measurements.

Published
2015

8. Spectral characterization of ten cyclic lipids using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry

Author

Peter Sjövall, Martin Blumenberg, Sandra Siljeström, Christine Heim, Tim Leefmann, and Volker Thiel

Subjects
Physics::Biological Physics, Ergosterol, Chromatography, Chemistry, 010401 analytical chemistry, Organic Chemistry, 010402 general chemistry, Quantitative Biology::Genomics, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Analytical Chemistry, Characterization (materials science), Quantitative Biology::Subcellular Processes, Secondary ion mass spectrometry, Terpene, chemistry.chemical_compound, Time of flight, Mathematics::K-Theory and Homology, Physics::Plasma Physics, Chlorophyll, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Spectroscopy
Abstract

Spectral characterization of ten cyclic lipids using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry

Published
2013

9. High-molecular-weight organic matter in the particles of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko

Author

Harald Krüger, Jochen Kissel, H. Henkel, Anais Bardyn, Albrecht Glasmachers, François-Régis Orthous-Daunay, Hervé Cottin, Elmar K. Jessberger, Eberhard Grün, Harry Lehto, François Raulin, Kirsi Lehto, Kurt Varmuza, Sihane Merouane, Nicolas Fray, H. Höfner, Yves Langevin, Luigi Colangeli, Laurent Thirkell, Kathrin Altwegg, Andreas Koch, Johan Silen, Gerhard Haerendel, Léna Le Roy, Jouni Rynö, Christelle Briois, Paola Modica, Oliver Stenzel, Klaus Torkar, Donia Baklouti, Karl-Peter Wanczek, Martin Hilchenbach, Thomas Stephan, John Paquette, R. Thomas, Rita Schulz, Klaus Hornung, Henning Fischer, Cécile Engrand, W. Steiger, Sandra Siljeström, B. Zaprudin, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA), Centre de Sciences Nucléaires et de Sciences de la Matière (CSNSM AS), Université Paris-Saclay-Univ. Paris-Sud-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern] (CEP), Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik (MPIK), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Institut für Strömungsmechanik und Aerodynamik (LRT-7), Universität der Bundeswehr München [Neubiberg], Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Finnish Meteorological Institute Observation Services, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Department of Chemistry, Materials and Surfaces [Boras], SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Department of Geophysical Sciences [Chicago], University of Chicago, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Saclay-Univ. Paris-Sud, Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire inter-universitaire des systèmes atmosphèriques ( LISA ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 ( UPEC UP12 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace ( LPC2E ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université d'Orléans ( UO ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ), Center for Space and Habitability ( CSH ), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale ( IAS ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), European Space Research and Technology Centre ( ESTEC ), European Space Agency ( ESA ), Centre de Sciences Nucléaires et de Sciences de la Matière ( CSNSM AS ), Université Paris-Saclay-Univ. Paris-Sud-CNRS/IN2P3, Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern], Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik ( MPIK ), Institut für Strömungsmechanik und Aerodynamik ( LRT-7 ), Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research ( MPS ), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung ( MPS ), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble ( IPAG ), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble ( OSUG ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ) -Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans ( LMV ), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 ( UBP ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] ( UJM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, Institute of Marine Research, Science Faculty, Department Biology, Padualaan 8, Utrecht University [Utrecht], The University of Chicago, Department of the Geophysical Sciences ( THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ), and The Univerity of Chicago, Department of the Geophysical Sciences

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Multidisciplinary, ta115, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Hydrogen, Comet dust, chemistry.chemical_element, Methods• References• Acknowledgements• Author information• Extended data figures and tables, 01 natural sciences, Astrobiology, Interstellar medium, chemistry, Meteorite, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Carbonaceous chondrite, 0103 physical sciences, Sublimation (phase transition), Organic matter, Formation and evolution of the Solar System, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, [ SDU ] Sciences of the Universe [physics], 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience; The presence of solid carbonaceous matter in cometary dust was established by the detection of elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen in particles from comet 1P/Halley1, 2. Such matter is generally thought to have originated in the interstellar medium3, but it might have formed in the solar nebula—the cloud of gas and dust that was left over after the Sun formed4. This solid carbonaceous material cannot be observed from Earth, so it has eluded unambiguous characterization5. Many gaseous organic molecules, however, have been observed6, 7, 8, 9; they come mostly from the sublimation of ices at the surface or in the subsurface of cometary nuclei8. These ices could have been formed from material inherited from the interstellar medium that suffered little processing in the solar nebula10. Here we report the in situ detection of solid organic matter in the dust particles emitted by comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko; the carbon in this organic material is bound in very large macromolecular compounds, analogous to the insoluble organic matter found in the carbonaceous chondrite meteorites11, 12. The organic matter in meteorites might have formed in the interstellar medium and/or the solar nebula, but was almost certainly modified in the meteorites’ parent bodies11. We conclude that the observed cometary carbonaceous solid matter could have the same origin as the meteoritic insoluble organic matter, but suffered less modification before and/or after being incorporated into the comet.

Published
2016

10. A Reduced Organic Carbon Component in Martian Basalts

Author

L. Kater, Hans E. F. Amundsen, R. Bowden, Edward P. Vicenzi, Pamela G. Conrad, Francis M. McCubbin, Steven B. Shirey, Allan H. Treiman, Sandra Siljeström, Richard N. Zare, Nabil Z. Boctor, Marc Fries, Mihaela Glamoclija, Maegan K. Spencer, Christopher D. K. Herd, Andrew Steele, Matthew R. Hammond, Marilyn L. Fogel, A. J. T. Jull, Emma S. Bullock, Amy L. Morrow, and Bjorn O. Mysen

Subjects
Total organic carbon, Martian, Basalt, Multidisciplinary, Extraterrestrial Environment, Chemistry, Silicates, Mars, chemistry.chemical_element, Mineralogy, Oxides, Meteoroids, Mars Exploration Program, Spectrum Analysis, Raman, Carbon, Astrobiology, Carbon cycle, Meteorite, Sample Analysis at Mars, Organic Chemicals, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Crystallization, Oxidation-Reduction
Abstract

Abiotic Martian Organics Understanding the sources and the formation mechanisms of organic carbon compounds on Mars has implications for our understanding of the martian carbon cycle. Steele et al. (p. 212 , published online 24 May) present measurements of organic material in 11 martian meteorites, including the Tissint meteorite, which fell in the Moroccan desert in July 2011. Ten of the meteorites contain complex hydrocarbons encased within igneous minerals. The results imply that the organics formed as the magma melt crystallized and are thus of abiotic origin.

Published
2012

11. Structural effects of C60+ bombardment on various natural mineral samples—Application to analysis of organic phases in geological samples

Author

Tomas Hode, Peter Sjövall, Sandra Siljeström, Jukka Lausmaa, and Mikael Sundin

Subjects
Mineral, General Physics and Astronomy, Mineralogy, chemistry.chemical_element, Surfaces and Interfaces, General Chemistry, Natural mineral, Condensed Matter Physics, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Geobiology, Carbon deposition, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Kerogen, Fluid inclusions, Carbon
Abstract

Organic phases trapped inside natural mineral samples are of considerable interest in astrobiology, geochemistry and geobiology. Examples of such organic phases are microfossils, kerogen and oil. I ...

Published
2011

12. Intricate tunnels in garnets from soils and river sediments in Thailand – Possible endolithic microborings

Author

Apichet Boonsoong, Sara J. M. Holmström, Federica Marone, Mingkhwan Kruachanta, Bongkot Phichaikamjornwut, Veneta Belivanova, Prayote Ounchanum, Magnus Ivarsson, Sandra Siljeström, Stefan Bengtson, and Henrik Skogby

Subjects
Geologic Sediments, Fungal Structure, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Geochemistry, lcsh:Medicine, Marine and Aquatic Sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Biochemistry, 01 natural sciences, Soil, chemistry.chemical_compound, Naturvetenskap, Electron Microscopy, lcsh:Science, Trophic level, Sedimentary Geology, Abiotic component, Minerals, Microscopy, Crystallography, Multidisciplinary, Mineral, Fossils, Physics, Fatty Acids, Geology, Thailand, Mineralogy, Condensed Matter Physics, Lipids, Physical Sciences, Crystal Structure, Chemical attack, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Natural Sciences, Research Article, Freshwater Environments, Materials by Structure, Materials Science, Mycology, Research and Analysis Methods, Crystals, Rivers, Solid State Physics, Ferrous Compounds, Petrology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Silicates, lcsh:R, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission, Aquatic Environments, Biology and Life Sciences, Sediment, Bodies of Water, Silicate, chemistry, Soil water, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Earth Sciences, lcsh:Q
Abstract

Garnets from disparate geographical environments and origins such as oxidized soils and river sediments in Thailand host intricate systems of microsized tunnels that significantly decrease the quality and value of the garnets as gems. The origin of such tunneling has previously been attributed to abiotic processes. Here we present physical and chemical remains of endolithic microorganisms within the tunnels and discuss a probable biological origin of the tunnels. Extensive investigations with synchrotron-radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) reveal morphological indications of biogenicity that further support a euendolithic interpretation. We suggest that the production of the tunnels was initiated by a combination of abiotic and biological processes, and that at later stages biological processes came to dominate. In environments such as river sediments and oxidized soils garnets are among the few remaining sources of bio-available Fe2+, thus it is likely that microbially mediated boring of the garnets has trophic reasons. Whatever the reason for garnet boring, the tunnel system represents a new endolithic habitat in a hard silicate mineral otherwise known to be resistant to abrasion and chemical attack., PLoS ONE, 13 (8), ISSN:1932-6203

Published
2018

13. Analysis of hopanes and steranes in single oil-bearing fluid inclusions using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS)

Author

Tomas Hode, Sandra Siljeström, Jukka Lausmaa, Peter Sjövall, Volker Thiel, and Curt Broman

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Chemistry, Organic chemicals, Analytical chemistry, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Mass spectrometry, 01 natural sciences, Hopanoids, Secondary ion mass spectrometry, Time of flight, 13. Climate action, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Fluid inclusions, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science
Abstract

Steranes and hopanes are organic biomarkers used as indicators for the first appearance of eukaryotes and cyanobacteria on Earth. Oil-bearing fluid inclusions may provide a contamination-free sourc ...

Published
2010

14. Detection of organic biomarkers in crude oils using ToF-SIMS

Author

Tomas Hode, Jan Toporski, Volker Thiel, Sandra Siljeström, Jukka Lausmaa, and Peter Sjövall

Subjects
Chromatography, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Geochemistry and Petrology, Chemistry, Environmental chemistry, food and beverages, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Mass spectrometry, 01 natural sciences, Hopanoids, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

In this study, we show that time of flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) can be used todetect organic biomarkers, such as hopanes and steranes, in non-fractionated crude oils, without ...

Published
2009

15. Organic Geochemical Microanalysis by Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS)

Author

Tomas Hode, Peter Sjövall, Volker Thiel, Sandra Siljeström, Jukka Lausmaa, and Christine Heim

Subjects
Secondary ion mass spectrometry, Time of flight, Geochemistry and Petrology, Chemistry, Solid surface, 010401 analytical chemistry, Analytical chemistry, Mineralogy, Geology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Microanalysis, 0104 chemical sciences
Abstract

Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry(ToF-SIMS) is a powerful method for the chemicalanalysis of solid surfaces. In this paper, thecapabilities and limitations of this technique andthe pot ...

Published
2008

16. Extreme 13C depletion of carbonates formed during oxidation of biogenic methane in fractured granite

Author

Henrik Drake, Curt Broman, Jan Åström, Sandra Siljeström, Peter Sjövall, Martin J. Whitehouse, Magnus Ivarsson, Mats E. Åström, and Christine Heim

Subjects
Geologic Sediments, Time Factors, Iron, General Physics and Astronomy, Mineralogy, Sulfides, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Methane, Calcium Carbonate, chemistry.chemical_compound, Naturvetenskap, carbonates, biogenic methane, fractured granite, Groundwater, Carbon Isotopes, Multidisciplinary, General Chemistry, Authigenic, Silicon Dioxide, Calcium carbonate, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Isotopes of carbon, Isotope Labeling, Environmental chemistry, Anaerobic oxidation of methane, Carbonate, Natural Sciences, Crystallization, Oxidation-Reduction
Abstract

Precipitation of exceptionally 13C-depleted authigenic carbonate is a result of, and thus a tracer for, sulphate-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation, particularly in marine sediments. Although these carbonates typically are less depleted in 13C than in the source methane, because of incorporation of C also from other sources, they are far more depleted in 13C (δ13C as light as −69‰ V-PDB) than in carbonates formed where no methane is involved. Here we show that oxidation of biogenic methane in carbon-poor deep groundwater in fractured granitoid rocks has resulted in fracture-wall precipitation of the most extremely 13C-depleted carbonates ever reported, δ13C down to −125‰ V-PDB. A microbial consortium of sulphate reducers and methane oxidizers has been involved, as revealed by biomarker signatures in the carbonates and S-isotope compositions of co-genetic sulphide. Methane formed at shallow depths has been oxidized at several hundred metres depth at the transition to a deep-seated sulphate-rich saline water. This process is so far an unrecognized terrestrial sink of methane., Precipitation of 13C-depleted authigenic carbonate is a tracer of sulphate-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation, particularly in marine sediments. Here, the authors present extremely 13C-depleted carbonates from deep granitoid rocks suggesting the presence of microbial sulphate reducers and methane oxidisers.

Published
2015

17. Hemoglobin-derived porphyrins preserved in a Middle Eocene blood-engorged mosquito

Author

Dale E. Greenwalt, Timothy R. Rose, Y. S. Goreva, Ralph E. Harbach, and Sandra Siljeström

Subjects
Taphonomy, Porphyrins, Hematophagy, media_common.quotation_subject, Zoology, Insect, Plasmodium, Mass Spectrometry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Hemoglobins, stomatognathic system, Commentaries, Animals, Heme, media_common, Multidisciplinary, Fossil Record, biology, Montana, Ecology, Fossils, fungi, Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission, social sciences, Biological Sciences, biology.organism_classification, Blood meal, Culicidae, chemistry, Hemoglobin
Abstract

Although hematophagy is found in ∼14,000 species of extant insects, the fossil record of blood-feeding insects is extremely poor and largely confined to specimens identified as hematophagic based on their taxonomic affinities with extant hematophagic insects; direct evidence of hematophagy is limited to four insect fossils in which trypanosomes and the malarial protozoan Plasmodium have been found. Here, we describe a blood-engorged mosquito from the Middle Eocene Kishenehn Formation in Montana. This unique specimen provided the opportunity to ask whether or not hemoglobin, or biomolecules derived from hemoglobin, were preserved in the fossilized blood meal. The abdomen of the fossil mosquito was shown to contain very high levels of iron, and mass spectrometry data provided a convincing identification of porphyrin molecules derived from the oxygen-carrying heme moiety of hemoglobin. These data confirm the existence of taphonomic conditions conducive to the preservation of biomolecules through deep time and support previous reports of the existence of heme-derived porphyrins in terrestrial fossils.

Published
2013

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