Search

В данной статье предусмотрен технология получения жидкого экстракта из растений сумаха пушистого (rhus typhina l.). Для получения жидкого экстракта в качестве экстрагента использовали 70% этиловый спирт. В качестве эффективного и оптимального метода был использован метод перколяции. This article provides a technology for producing a liquid extract from the plants of rhus (rhus typhina l). To obtain a liquid extract, 70% ethyl alcohol was used as an extractant. The percolation method was used as an effective and optimal method.

The aim of the study was to produce different types of coatings based on natural dyes obtained from invasive alien plant species and residues after paper production. As a source of dye we used extracts of Rhus typhina, Japanese knotweed, Himalayan balsam and Canadian and giant goldenrod. The substrates for the application of the coating were the wood of the tree of heaven and the wood of the horse chestnut. The coatings were observed visually, and the hydrophobicity of the coated surfaces was determined by measuring the contact angles of water droplets. In addition to the transparent and brown coloured coatings, we also achieved intense red, yellow, green, and brown and purple colourings. With a combination of different components, the hydrophobic properties of the coated surfaces varied. By combining an extract of giant goldenrod flowers and 3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl isocyanate, we succeeded in producing a coating with pronounced hydrophobicity. A process for the production of coloured and transparent hydrophobic coatings was developed in this research. Through the presence of various silane-containing molecules and the application of the coating to wooden surfaces, we changed their appearance and improved their hydrophobicity.

Functional traits, specifically leaf functional traits, are core-topics to explore importance to the invasion success of invasive plant species. This study aims to address the differences in leaf functional traits and their corresponding variability of the invasive tree staghorn sumac Rhus typhina L. with different invasion success, including lower and higher invasion success, in two climatic regions in North China, including a warm temperate region and a cold temperate region. No significant differences were found for leaf functional traits of staghorn sumac across different invasion success. However, the variability of leaf chlorophyll and nitrogen concentrations of staghorn sumac under higher invasion success were approximately 66.023% and 68.615% higher than those under lower invasion success, respectively. The leaf chlorophyll and nitrogen concentrations of staghorn sumac in the warm temperate region were approximately 18.432% and 16.337% higher than those in cold temperate region, respectively. The variability of specific leaf area of staghorn sumac in warm temperate region was approximately 59.802% higher than that in cold temperate region. Accordingly, leaf chlorophyll and N concentrations as well as specific leaf area of staghorn sumac and their corresponding variability may play an essential role in shaping ecological success of studied invader along a climatic gradient.

The present investigation reports the chemical composition of the Rhus typhina L. stem identified via mass spectrometry and NMR as gallic acid, 1-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, tryptophan, scopolin, methyl gallate, fustin, quercetin, rutin, and 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose. The antioxidant properties and the chemical composition contents of the R. typhina L. stem grown in different regions in China were determined. To determine the antioxidant activity, a total phenolic content analysis, 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, and β-carotene linoleic acid model system were conducted. The results showed that the Rhus typhina L. stem possessed high antioxidant capacities due to its high phenolic content. The contents of the nine isolated compounds were determined by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The calibration curves of the nine isolated compounds were linear within the concentration range and the average recoveries were high. The result showed that 1-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, gallic acid, methyl gallate, and 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose could be the compounds mainly responsible for the antioxidant capacity of the R. typhina L. stem. This reveals that the R. typhina L. stem is a good source of antioxidants. Keywords: Rhus typhina L. stem, Antioxidant activity, Chemical composition, UPLC-ESI-MS/MS

The present work was tested the anti-proliferation activity of Rhus typhina fruits extract (RTFE) in HEK293 and HT-29 cells, and studied their underlying mechanisms through the analysis of oxidative stress and apoptosis-related genes expressions by flow cytometer and RT-qPCR. In addition, the bioactive constituents were identified from RTFE by chromatography and NMR analysis. Among the various type of the fractions from the RTFE, the ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) was showed the potent anti proliferation effect in HT-29 cells. Thus EAF was selected for the further extensive analysis. Cytotoxcity and RT-qPCR results revealed that the treatment of EAF significantly inhibit the growth of the HT-29 cells by the up regulating of Bax and down regulation of Bcl-2, Survivn, AIF and SOD-2 gene expressions in time and dose dependent manner. Followed by sub G1 accumulation and the G0/G1 phase arrest, ROS production, and mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm). Finally, the active anti-proliferations agents such as luteolin and luteolin-7-O-glucuronide were identified from EAF by NMR. This work suggests that EAF could be a functional food to treat the chronic diseases.

The genus Rhus of the Anacardiaceae family includes about 120–150 species of small trees, bushes, and lianas. The chemical composition of the sumac fluffy Rhus typhina (L.) is almost unknown. Previously, some phenolic compounds (rutin, quercetin, hyperoside, tannin, gallic acid) were identified in the fruits of the plant. To quantify the amount of phenolic compounds in the raw materials studied, a method based on the complexation reaction of phenolic compounds with a phosphomolybdic-tungsten reagent (Folin-Denis reagent) in an alkaline medium was chosen. The optimal conditions for the complexation reaction are selected: the ratio of the solution of gallic acid and Denis-Folin reagent is 0.06 mg / 1.6 ml, respectively. For the quantitative determination of the amount of phenolic compounds for the aqueous extraction of sumac fluffy must be added 1.1 ml of Denis-Folin reagent, to alcohol-water extraction – 1.2 ml of Folin-Denis reagent. The maximum value of optical density in aqueous and alcohol-aqueous extractions is observed at a wavelength of 720 nm. In alcohol-water extraction, more phenolic compounds (A = 0.8683) pass into the alcoholic water than to the aqueous one (A = 0.6346). The method used is valid and can be used for quantitative determination of the amount of phenolic compounds in fruits of sumac fluffy. To evaluate the linearity, the regression equation is calculated y = 941.67x + 0.0725 and the correlation coefficient r = 0.9895. The concentration of phenolic compounds in alcohol-water extraction was determined from the calibration graph. The average content of the sum of the phenolic compounds in terms of the gallic acid in the alcohol- water extraction was 10.04 ± 0.17%. The relative standard deviation (RSD) is 2.61%., Род сумах Rhusсемейства Anacardiaceae включает около 120–150 видов небольших деревьев, кустарников, лиан. Химический состав сумаха пушистого Rhus typhina (L.) почти не изучен. Ранее в плодах растения идентифицированы некоторые фенольные соединения (рутин, кверцетин, гиперозид, танин, кислота галловая). Для количественного определения суммы фенольных соединений в исследуемом сырье была выбрана методика, основанная на реакции комплексообразования фенольных соединений с фосфорномолибденово-вольфрамовым реактивом (реактив Фолина-Дениса) в щелочной среде. Подобраны оптимальные условия проведения реакции комплексообразования: соотношение раствора кислоты галловой и реактива Дениса-Фолина – 0.06 мг/1.6 мл соответственно. Для проведения количественного определения суммы фенольных соединений к водному извлечению плодов сумаха пушистого необходимо прибавлять 1.1 мл реактива Дениса-Фолина, к спирто-водному извлечению – 1.2мл реактива Фолина-Дениса. Максимальное значение оптической плотности в водном и спирто-водном извлечениях наблюдается при длине волны 720 нм. В спирто-водное извлечение переходит больше фенольных соединений (А=0.8683), чем в водное (А=0.6346). Использованная методика валидна и может применяться для количественного определения суммы фенольных соединений в плодах сумаха пушистого. Для оценки линейности рассчитаны уравнение регрессии y = 941.67x + 0.0725 и коэффициент корреляции r=0.9895. Концентрацию фенольных соединений в спирто-водном извлечении определяли по градуировочному графику. Среднее содержание суммы фенольных соединений в пересчете на кислоту галловую вспирто-водном извлечении составило 10.04±0.17%. Относительное стандартное отклонение (RSD) равно 2.61%.

According to the ‘novel weapons hypothesis’, invasive success depends on harmful plant biochemicals, including allelopathic antimicrobial roots exudate that directly inhibit plant growth and soil microbial activity. However, the combination of direct and soil-mediated impacts of invasive plants via allelopathy remains poorly understood. Here, we addressed the allelopathic effects of an invasive plant species (Rhus typhina) on a cultivated plant (Tagetes erecta), soil properties and microbial communities. We grew T. erecta on soil samples at increasing concentrations of R. typhina root extracts and measured both plant growth and soil physiological profile with community-level physiological profiles (CLPP) using Biolog Eco-plates incubation. We found that R. typhina root extracts inhibit both plant growth and soil microbial activity. Plant height, Root length, soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN) and AWCD were significantly decreased with increasing root extract concentration, and plant above-ground biomass (AGB), below-ground biomass (BGB) and total biomass (TB) were significantly decreased at 10 mg·mL-1 of root extracts. In particular, root extracts significantly reduced the carbon source utilization of carbohydrates, carboxylic acids and polymers, but enhanced phenolic acid. Redundancy analysis shows that soil pH, TN, SOC and EC were the major driving factors of soil microbial activity. Our results indicate that strong allelopathic impact of root extracts on plant growth and soil microbial activity by mimicking roots exudate, providing novel insights into the role of plant–soil microbe interactions in mediating invasion success.

An efficient and economic approach for sustainable production of hierarchically interconnected porous carbons are designed and fabricated through the pyrolysis of Rhus typhina fruits and followed by KOH activation to create micropores or mesopores on the nano-sheet wall of macropores. The related N-doped carbon consists of a plenty of micropores and owns high specific surface area (up to 2675 m2 g−1), resulting in high performances for supercapacitors, such as ultrahigh specific capacitance (568 F g−1 at 1 A g−1), remarkable rate capability (310 F g−1 at 20 A g−1, 282 F g−1 at even 30 A g−1 current density) and good long-term stability (capacitance retention of 99% after 10000 cycles at 30 A g−1) in 1 mol L−1 H2SO4. Moreover, the carbon derived from Rhus typhina fruits demonstrates 474 F g−1 at 1 A g−1, 281 F g−1 at 30 A g−1, and capacitance retention of 92% after 10000 cycles at 30 A g−1 in 6 mol L−1 KOH electrolyte. This novel and sustainable biomass-derived carbon material holds a bright future for fabricating high energy supercapacitors.

Rhus typhina L. (Staghorn Sumac) is fast-growing woody species that reproduces by rhizomes and seeds. Because of its biological benefits, this deciduous member of the Anacardiaceae family has been introduced from its native habitats in the east of North America to urbanized landscapes of Ukraine. In this study we anаlyse changes in morphometric and physiological indicators of 12-year plants of this species in artificial phytocenoses near highways in Pavlograd, Ukraine. Experimental plots were placed at a distance from 25 to 130 meters from the road. The control group of plants was at a distance of 1500 m from the highways. We measured the length and thickness of the annual sprout, number of leaves on it, the content of chlorophyll in the leaves and accumulation of cadmium and lead in the leaf tissues. It was found that, compared to the plants in the relatively clean area, the greatest decreases in the length of the annual shoots of the trees in the plantations were for those which were at a distance of twenty five metres and forty meters from the traffic lanes of the highways. The thickness of the annual shoots of the trees in the plantations did not differ from plants in the clean zone. The number of leaves on a one-year annual sprout at a distance of twenty five meters and forty meters from the path of moving sources of pollution was significantly lower compared to control. We evaluated the impact of vehicle exhaust emissions on the assimilatory organs. We identified a negative effect of the anthropogenic pollutants on photosynthetic pigment content in leaves. The amount of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b decreased with decreasing distance from the plantation to the road. Changes in the content of chlorophyll b had a clear pattern. The concentration of this pigment and the amount of chlorophyll a + b decreased compared with control in the 130 meter area. The amount of toxic heavy metals (lead and cadmium) in the tissues of the leaf was significantly higher than the control values on all plots. The strongest negative effects of phytotoxicants on susceptible plants occurred in plantations in the twenty-five-meter zone, which led to deterioration of the decorative quality of the plants.

Several studies reported that bisphenol A (BPA) and its metabolite hydroquinone (HQ) have adverse effects on human and animal health. In this work, a comparative study of influence of the BPA and HQ, environment pollutants, on human erythrocytes was carried out. It was shown that BPA and HQ to varying extents caused oxidative damage in human erythrocytes: hemolysis, decreased GSH level, and methemoglobin formation. It was demonstrated that hydrolysable tannins 3,6-bis-O-di-O-galloyl-1,2,4-tri-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose (C55H40O34) and 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose (C41H32O26) (PGG) isolated from the Rhus typhina L. leaves in the range of 1–50 μM concentrations inhibited hemolysis and methemoglobin formation and also increased intracellular reduced glutathione in erythrocytes treated with BPA or HQ. It was revealed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) using 5-doxyl-stearic acid (5-DS) that C55H40O34 and C41H32O26 increased the rigidity of erythrocyte membranes at the depth of 5th carbon atom of the fatty acid hydrocarbon chain. Taken together, these results allow to conclude that tannins from the Rhus typhina L. leaves protect erythrocytes from oxidative stress caused by BPA or HQ both due to their antioxidant activity as well as their interaction with the erythrocyte membrane components.

The leaves of the invader Rhus typhina are heterochromatic in different periods during its life cycle. This study aims to address the differences in leaf functional traits and allelopathic effects on seed germination and growth of Lactuca sativa between green and red leaves of R. typhina. The leaf chlorophyll and N concentrations, single-leaf wet and dry weights, and leaf thickness of green leaves of R. typhina were significantly higher than those of red leaves of R. typhina but specific leaf area and leaf moisture content demonstrated the opposite. Thus, the resource investment per unit area and per lamina of red leaves of R. typhina is significantly lower than that of green leaves of R. typhina due to the low leaf chlorophyll concentration for red leaves. Seed germination and growth of L. sativa inhibited significantly with increasing extract concentrations both of R. typhina green and red leaves. Thus, more allelochemicals may be released into the invaded ecosystems under the invasion of R. typhina with increasing invasion degree and time presumably and then trigger more noticeably allelopathic effects on the performance of associated plant species. Allelopathic effects on seed germination and growth of L. sativa of R. typhina red leaves are obviously higher than that of R. typhina green leaves. The main reason may be that the type of R. typhina red leaves is aged and the free nutrient compositions have been transported to other position but the main secondary metabolites retained in the aged leaves. The forest management for R. typhina might be better progressive in advance before the brilliant red foliage of R. typhina occurs before mid-autumn generally to obtain effective invasion prevention and control.

This work describes the isolation and characterization of twenty-nine compounds from the fruits of Rhus typhina L., including eleven flavonoids (1–11), eleven phenols (12–22), two pentacyclic triterpenes (23–24), two organic acids (25–26), one lumichrome (27), one courmarin (28) and one pyrimidine (29) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds apigenin (1), daidzein (4), orobol (5), 3′, 5, 5′, 7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (6), naringenin (7), butein (8), (-)-catechin (9), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3″-O-galloyl)-rhamnoside (11), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (14), vanillin (15), methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (16), 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide (18), tyrosol (19), caffeic acid (20), 3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (21), phlorizin (22), friedelin (23), oleanolic acid (24), 4,4-dimethyl-heptanedioic acid (25), anthranilic acid (26), lumichrome (27), scoparone (28) and uracil (29) have not been recorded before in this plant. This is the first report on the occurrence of compounds 4–7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 18–21, 25–29 from the genus Rhus. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also summarized.

The antioxidant activities of various extracts (methanol, hexane, dichloro-methane, ethyl acetate, nbutanol water) of Rhus typhina fruits and leaves were investigated using different methods and the main phenolic compounds were analyzed by LC-MS. The ethyl acetate extracts from fruits and leaves of R. typhina exhibited the highest DPPH, hydroxyl radical and nitrite scavenging activity, reducing potential and protein protection ability. The phenolic and flavonoid contents were highest in the ethyl acetate fraction. The LC-MS analysis showed that the contents of luteolin and luteolin-7-O-glucuronide in leaves are little higher (34.49 and 32.69%, respectively) than that (32.49 and 27.89%, respectively) in the fruits, the content of rutin in fruits (16.73%) is higher than that (7.79%) in the leaves. These results implied that the leaves of R. typhina might serve as a natural source of antioxidant using as the food additive for its good nutrition as well as the fruits of Rhus typhina.

This research was aimed to explore the use of multivariate statistics i.e. principal componentanalysis (PCA) in identifying and integrating variables related to forage quality and ruminal methaneproduction, and in classifying forage species into both characteristics. Seventeen plants were used as adatabase for the above mentioned purposes. Plant samples were determined for their chemicalcomposition, cumulative gas production (represents the nutrient degradation) and methane productionafter 24 hours of fermentation period using the Hohenheim gas test. The results showed that the PCAcould clearly identify factors related to forage quality and methane production and separated them intodifferent principal components (PC). The obtained PC1 was related to methane production andsubstantially influenced positively by crude protein, NDF, ADF (positive), total phenols, total tannins,condensed tannins and tannin activity (negative). On the other hand, the obtained PC2 was related tocumulative gas production (forage quality) and substantially influenced by crude protein (positive),NDF, ADF and condensed tannins (negative). Classification and screening of forages that have highquality and low methane production are possible using the PCA technique. Rhenum undulatum,Peltiphyllum peltatum and Rhus typhina were found to have such desired characteristics.

The six major anthocyanins found in the burgundy coloured fruits of Staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina L.) were isolated and the structures of four compounds were determined by NMR spectroscopic methods as being: 7-O-methyl-delphinidin-3-O-(2″galloyl)-β- d -galactopyranoside; 7-O-methyl-cyanidin-3-O-(2″galloyl)-β- d -galactopyranoside; 7-O-methyl-delphinidin-3-O-(2″′galloyl)-β- d -galactopyranoside-4-vinyl-catechol-3″-O-β- d -glucopyranoside; and 7-O-methyl-cyanidin-3-O-(2″′galloyl)-β- d -galactopyranoside-4-vinyl-catechol-3″-O-β- d -glucopyranoside, respectively. Additionally, two related anthocyanin compounds, cyanidin-3-O-(2″galloyl)-β- d -galactopyranoside and 7-O-methyl-cyanidin-3-O-β- d -galactopyranoside were also recovered, with NMR spectroscopic values closely matching previous reports from other plant species. The prevalence of 7-O-methyl anthocyanins and their galloylated derivatives in sumac is highly unusual, and warrants special attention. Additionally, the in planta occurrence of two 7-O-methyl-pyranoanothocyanin-vinyl-catechol aglycones, Sumadin A and Sumadin B, and their derivatives is noted. To our knowledge, E-ring glycosylated vinyl-catechol pyranoanthocyanins were previously unknown.

The etiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD) relates to α-synuclein, a small protein with the ability to aggregate and form Lewy bodies. One of its prevention strategies is inhibition of α-synuclein oligomerization. We have investigated the interaction of α-synuclein and human serum albumin with 3,6-bis-О-di-О-galloyl-1,2,4-tri-О-galloyl-β-d-glucose (atanninisolated from the plantRhus typhina). Using fluorescence spectroscopy method we found that thistannininteracts strongly with α-synuclein forming complexes. Circular dichroism analysis showed a time-dependent inhibition of α-synucleinaggregationin the presence of the tannin. On the other hand, 3,6-bis-О-di-О-galloyl-1,2,4-tri-О-galloyl-β-d-glucose had a much stronger interaction with human serum albumin than α-synuclein. The calculated binding constant for tannin-protein interaction was considerably higher for albumin than α-synuclein. This tannin interacted with albumin through a “sphere of action” mechanism. The results lead to the conclusion that 3,6-bis-О-di-О-galloyl-1,2,4-tri-О-galloyl-β-d-glucose is a potent preventive compound against Parkinson’s disease. However, this tannin interacts very strongly with human serum albumin, significantly reducing thebioavailabilityof this compound.

Although tannin-rich forages are known to increase protein uptake and to reduce gastrointestinal nematode infections in grazing ruminants, most published research involves forages with condensed tannins (CT), while published literature lacks information on the anthelmintic capacity, nutritional benefits, and antioxidant capacity of alternative forages containing hydrolyzable tannins (HT). We evaluated the anthelmintic activity and the antioxidant capacity of plant extracts containing either mostly CT, mostly HT, or both CT and HT. Extracts were prepared with 70% acetone, lyophilized, redissolved to doses ranging from 1.0mg/mL to 25mg/mL, and tested against adult Caenorhabditis elegans as a test model. The extract concentrations that killed 50% (LC(50)) or 90% (LC(90)) of the nematodes in 24h were determined and compared to the veterinary anthelmintic levamisole (8 mg/mL). Extracts were quantified for CT by the acid butanol assay, for HT (based on gallic acid and ellagic acid) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and total phenolics, and for their antioxidant activity by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. Extracts with mostly CT were Lespedeza cuneata, Salix X sepulcralis, and Robinia pseudoacacia. Extracts rich in HT were Acer rubrum, Rosa multiflora, and Quercus alba, while Rhus typhina had both HT and CT. The extracts with the lowest LC(50) and LC(90) concentrations, respectively, in the C. elegans assay were Q. alba (0.75 and 1.06 mg/mL), R. typhina collected in 2007 (0.65 and 2.74 mg/mL), A. rubrum (1.03 and 5.54 mg/mL), and R. multiflora (2.14 and 8.70 mg/mL). At the doses of 20 and 25mg/mL, HT-rich, or both CT- and HT-rich, extracts were significantly more lethal to adult C. elegans than extracts containing only CT. All extracts were high in antioxidant capacity, with ORAC values ranging from 1800 μmoles to 4651 μmoles of trolox equivalents/g, but ORAC did not correlate with anthelmintic activity. The total phenolics test had a positive and highly significant (r=0.826, p ≤ 0.01) correlation with total hydrolyzable tannins. Plants used in this research are naturalized to the Appalachian edaphoclimatic conditions, but occur in temperate climate areas worldwide. They represent a rich, renewable, and unexplored source of tannins and antioxidants for grazing ruminants, whereas conventional CT-rich forages, such as L. cuneata, may be hard to establish and adapt to areas with temperate climate. Due to their high in vitro anthelmintic activity, antioxidant capacity, and their adaptability to non-arable lands, Q. alba, R. typhina, A. rubrum, and R. multiflora have a high potential to improve the health of grazing animals and must have their anthelmintic effects confirmed in vivo in both sheep and goats.

Polyphenols of plant origin with wide range of antiradical activity can prevent diseases caused by oxidative and inflammatory processes. In this study, we show using ESR method that the purified water-soluble extract from leaves of Rhus typhina L. containing hydrolysable tannins and its main component, 3,6-bis-O-di-O-galloyl-1,2,4-tri-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose (C55H40O34), displayed a strong antiradical activity against the synthetic 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) in homogenous (solution) and heterogeneous systems (suspension of DPPH containing liposomes) in the range of 1–10 μg/ml. The C55H40O34 and extract at 1–30 μg/ml also efficiently, but to a various degree, decreased reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) formation induced in erythrocytes by oxidants, following the sequence: tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBuOOH) > peroxynitrite (ONOO−) >hypochlorous acid (HClO). The explanation of these differences should be seen in the specificity of scavenging different RONS types. These relationships can be represented for C55H40O34 and the extract by the following order of selectivity: O.− 2 ≥ NO· > ·OH > 1O2. The extract exerted a more pronounced antiradical effect in reaction with DPPH and ROS in all models of oxidative stress in erythrocytes in comparison with C55H40O34. The redox processes between the extract components and their specificity in relation to RONS can underlie this effect.

Rhus typhina L. (Staghorn sumac) originated from North America was introduced to Asia long since and was used for medicinal and food purposes. The present study was conducted to carry out the comparative analysis of antioxidant and free radical scavenging potential of water–acetone extract from Sumac (R. typhina L.) leaves and its main component -3,6-bis-O di-O-galloyl-1,2,4-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (C55H40O34) in defense of erythrocytes membrane against oxidative stress. The radical scavenging activity of the water–acetone extract from R. typhina L. leaves and its main component was studied using a direct reaction with a stable radical: DPPH· and ABTS•+. It was established that the rankings of EC50 values in the DPPH· and ABTS•+ assays was next off: C55H40O34 > trolox > extract. We have shown also that both the extract and its main component effectively protect proteins and lipids of the erythrocyte membrane against oxidation induced by t-BuOOH in the presence of Fe2+. As in the direct reaction with a stable radical the effect of the extract on biological membranes was stronger than the effect of the main component. These data confirm synergetic action components of water–acetone extract from R. typhina L. leaves. This study provides a basis for the ethnomedical claims that R. typhina L. leaves extract may be effective against diseases with a defining role of oxidative stress in their pathogenesis.

Because resources are limited,plants must allocate resources between growth and reproduction to maximize lifetime fitness.The clonal reproduction pattern of male plants may be different from that of females: the female plants may have to allocate resources to both seed production and clonal reproduction,while the male plants may have to allocate resources only to clonal growth.The Staghorn sumac(Rhus typhina Linn.) is an exotic tree species in China;it is dioecious and grows clonally.We hypothesized(1) that the clonal growth of male plants of R.typhina is greater than that of the female plants and(2) that this ecological difference can be explained by male plants either allocating a high proportion of photosynthetic products to clonal growth or males having a higher net photosynthetic rate.Finally,we hypothesized that(3) female and male plants of R.typhina may differ in the number of the clonal ramets,their photosynthetic physiological parameters,and their fluorescence parameters. In order to explore whether male and female plants of R.typhina had different colonization abilities and to analyze their diurnal changes in photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence,we measured growth indicators and used a CIRAS-2 portable photosynthesis system and a FMS-2 PAM-2100 Chlorophyll Fluorometer.Growth indicators,chlorophyll content,and diurnal changes in photosynthetic parameters of both female and male plants growing in a sample plot were compared and analyzed. Based on the above,we can reveal the resources utilization efficiency of male and female plants of R.typhina and the buffering abilities to strong light between the male and female plants of R.typhina at noon.The results showed that: 1) Male plants were superior to females in clonal growth as indicated by ramet size and ramet number,and they produced clonal ramets one year earlier than females.2) Males used light energy,water,and CO2 more efficiently than females,and their net photosynthetic rate(Pn) was higher.This observation explains why male plants of R.typhina were better able to use resources than females.3) Under natural conditions,the potential efficiency of primary conversion of light energy of PS Ⅱ(Fv/Fm) for the male plants decreased smoothly and the non-photochemical quenching coefficient(qN) increased slowly in measuring period.However,the minimum value of the Fv/Fm for the female plant occurred at 11:00,and the peak value of qN occurred at the same time.Therefore,although the male plant did not show obvious light photoinhibition,but female did.Based on the diurnal changes of the nonphotochemical quench(qN) under high light intensity,female plants were better able to dissipate heat than male plants. Our results demonstrated that the light utilization efficiency,water use efficiency,carbon utilization efficiency,and net photosynthetic rate of male plants of R.typhina were all higher than those of female plants.Thus,male plants are able to allocate more resources to clonal growth.Male plants exhibit greater clonal growth and higher numbers of ramets than female plants,which suggests that male plants of R.typhina are dominant in monodominant communities of this plant.

Sumac plant (Rhus typhina) is mainly used for forestation and gardening, whereas its fruit can be used to prepare a kind of beverage called “sumac-ade” and to treat gastrointestinal disorders. This study aimed at assaying the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of R. typhina growing in China. The antimicrobial activity of R. typhina fruit extract was tested against twelve strains including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as yeasts. The extract showed a strong antimicrobial activity with a concentration-dependence and a broad antimicrobial spectrum for all tested bacteria species. Bacillus cereus and Helicobacter pylori were found to be the most sensitive Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria respectively, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.10%. However, yeasts exhibited much lower sensitivity, with MICs of 0.60–0.75%. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of the extract was investigated, including scavenging activity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals (0.016 mg/ml as IC50 value) and reducing power (IC50 value of 0.041 mg/ml). To our knowledge, this is the first report on the biological activities of R. typhina fruit extract and our findings suggest the possibility of using the fruit of R. typhina as a novel source of natural antimicrobial and antioxidant agents for the food and pharmaceutical industries.

In this article, two different sumac species, namely Syrian sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) and Chinese sumac (Rhus typhina L.) were investigated in order to determine and compare the chemical compositions of their fruits. The proximate analysis revealed a significant difference (p

Leaf samples of Juglans regia (walnut), Rhus typhina (sumach), Aesculus hippocastanum (chestnut) and Salix alba (willow) were either freeze dried or oven dried and the amount of tannins was determined by two chemical assays (Folin Ciocalteau and ferric chloride method). In addition, the biological activity of these tannins was determined by their protein precipitation capacity and by a bioassay based on the incubation to the leaves in vitro in buffered rumen fluid with and without polyethylene glycol. Generally, oven drying is recognised to decrease the extractability and/or the biological activity of tannins. Our results however do not indicate a general decrease in extractability of tannins due to oven drying. The effects observed were plant specific with negative effects of oven drying in walnut and willow leafs, positive effects in chestnut leaves and no effects were observed for the sumach. No negative effects of oven drying were detected for the biological activity of the tannins. The specific protein precipitation capacity was nearly identical for the freeze dried and the oven dried tannins. Oven drying however decreased the solubility of the cell contents and the plant cell wall, which led to changes in fermentation end products, but the biological activity of the tannins was not negatively affected by the oven drying. Although some differences in the extractability and activity of the individual plant species were observed, we conclude from this work that the drying procedure has no negative effect on the biological activity of the tannins examined.

Current enzyme studies on the biosynthesis of gallotannins with cell-free extracts from leaves of staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina L.) revealed the existence of two new beta-glucogallin-dependent galloyltransferases (EC 2.3.1.-) that preferentially catalyzed the acylation of hexa- and heptagalloylglucoses. One enzyme was most active with the hexagalloylglucose, 3-O-digalloyl-1,2,4,6-tetra-O-galloylglucose, to form the corresponding heptagalloylglucose, 3-O-trigalloyl-1,2,4,6-tetra-O-galloylglucose. This polyester, in turn, was the preferred substrate for a second enzyme that catalyzed its conversion to higher substituted derivatives. This latter enzyme also displayed considerable affinity towards 2-O-digalloyl-1,3,4,6-tetra-O-galloylglucose which was acylated to various hepta- and octagalloylglucoses. These recent findings, together with data from earlier reported related enzymes, allowed the presentation of a scheme that summarizes the major transitions in the biogenetic routes from 1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloylglucose to complex gallotannins.

For the first time, response surface methodology (RSM) using a Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was employed to optimize the conditions for ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) of antioxidants from Chinese sumac (Rhus typhina L.) fruits. Initially, influencing factors such as liquid-solid ratio, duration of ultrasonic assisted extraction, pH range, extraction temperature and ethanol concentration were identified using single-factor experiments. Then, with respect to the three most significant influencing factors, the extraction process focusing on the DPPH· scavenging capacity of antioxidants was optimized using RSM. Results showed that the optimal conditions for antioxidant extraction were 13.03:1 (mL/g) liquid-solid ratio, 16.86 min extraction time and 40.51% (v/v) ethanol, and the desirability was 0.681. The UPLC-ESI-MS analysis results revealed eleven kinds of phenolic compounds, including four major rare anthocyanins, among the antioxidants. All these results suggest that UAE is efficient at extracting antioxidants and has the potential to be used in industry for this purpose.

Leaves of staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina) contain several galloyltransferases that catalyze the beta-glucogallin dependent transformation of 1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloylglucose to gallotannins. Among these, an enzyme has been isolated that preferentially acylates the 3-position of the hexagalloylglucose, 3-O-digalloyl-1,2,3,4,6-tetra-O-galloylglucose, to afford the corresponding heptagalloylglucose being characterized by a 3-O-meta-trigalloyl side-chain. The enzyme, for which a M(r) of ca. 260,000 was determined, was purified to apparent homogeneity. SDS-PAGE suggested an alpha4beta4-conformation of the native enzyme. It had a pH-optimum and an isolelectric point at pH 5.6, was most stable at pH 4.0-4.3, and displayed excellent heat-stability and in particular an extreme cold-tolerance. We propose the systematic name "beta-glucogallin: hexagalloylglucose 3-O-galloyltransferase" for this new enzyme.

Summary Leaves of Saghorn sumac (Rhus typhina) contain. several isoenzymes that catalyze the R-glucogallin (1-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose)-dependent transformation of 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose to complex gallotannins. Among these, a new galloyltransferase has been isolated that preferentially acylated the 4-position of the substrate, followed by substitution of the 2-position, thus yielding the hexa-galloylglucose, 4-O-digalloyl-1,2,3,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, and the heptagalloylglucose, 2,4-di-O-digalloyl-1,3,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose. The enzyme, for which a Mr value of 360,000 was determined by gel filtration, was purified more than 500-fold to apparent homogeneity and was most reactive with hexagalloylglucose as acceptor substrate. The transferase had a pH optimum at 4.8, an isoelectric point at pH 4.95, was stable between pH 3.7 and 6.8, and proved comparatively heat-stable as shown by a temperature optimum of 40 °C and a half-maximal activity at 64 °C.

An enzyme from leaves of staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina) that catalysed the galloylation of 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose to the gallotannin, 3-O-digalloyl-1,2,4,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose, was purified more than 500-fold to apparent homogeneity. β-Glucogallin (1-O-galloyl-β-d-glucopyranose) served as activated acyl donor in this conversion. For the native enzyme, a Mr value of 170,000 was determined by gel filtration, while a single polypeptide band of Mr 42,000 was detected by SDS-PAGE. The acyltransferase had pH and temperature optima of 4–4.5 and 25°, respectively, and was most stable between pH 3 and 4.5. Besides the major substrate, pentagalloylglucose, also 1,2,3,6-tetragalloylglucose and hexa- to nona-substituted gallotannins were accepted as minor substrates by this new enzyme for which the systematic name ‘‘β-glucogallin: 1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloyl-β-d-glucose (3-O-galloyl)-galloyltransferase’’ (EC 2.3.1.-) is proposed.

[U -14C]-Labelled 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-ᴅ-glucose was prepared by photoassimilation of 14CO2 with leaves from staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina) in the presence of the herbicide glyphosate. Extracts of the plant material were partitioned against ethyl acetate and chromatographed on Sephadex LH-20, yielding a series of crude tri-to decagalloylglucoses. The pentagalloylglucose fraction among these was further purified by HPLC to >99% purity and a specific radioactivity of 130 kBq (3.5 μCi) per μmol. The ratio of the radioactivities in the glucose and galloyl moieties, respectively, suggested a uniform labelling pattern of the product.

Erythrocytes are constantly exposed to ROS due to their function in the organism. High tension of oxygen, presence of hemoglobin iron and high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids in membrane make erythrocytes especially susceptible to oxidative stress. A comparison of the antioxidant activities of polyphenol-rich plant extracts containing hydrolysable tannins from sumac leaves (Rhus typhina L.) and condensed tannins from grape seeds (Vitis vinifera L.) showed that at the 5–50 μg/ml concentration range they reduced to the same extent hemolysis and glutathione, lipid and hemoglobin oxidation induced by erythrocyte treatment with 400 μM ONOO− or 1 mM HClO. However, extract (condensed tannins) from grape seeds in comparison with extract (hydrolysable tannins) from sumac leaves stabilized erythrocytes in hypotonic NaCl solutions weakly. Our data indicate that both hydrolysable and condensed tannins significantly decrease the fluidity of the surface of erythrocyte membranes but the effect of hydrolysable ones was more profound. In conclusion, our results indicate that extracts from sumac leaves (hydrolysable tannins) and grape seeds (condensed tannins) are very effective protectors against oxidative damage in erythrocytes.

Oil typically contains appreciable percentages of nickel and vanadium. When small amounts of fly ash are released from oil-fired, electric generating power plants, analysis for these metals contained in the ash in the vicinity of such facilities may serve as indicators of ash fallout. With prevailing winds toward the northeast, analysis of nickel and vanadium staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina L.) leaves sampled at increasing distances from the stacks in the vicinity of an oil-fired power plant showed consistently higher concentrations in all instances in foliage collected in an easterly direction versus that taken at the same distances west. Factors influencing the concentrations of nickel and vanadium in plants are discussed.

An enzyme that catalysed the β-glucogallin (1- O -galloyl-β- d -glucose)-dependent galloylation of 1,2,6-tri-O-galloyl-β- d -glucose to 1,2,3,6-tetra- O -galloyl-β- d -glucose was partially purified from leaves of oak ( Quercus robur ). This acyltransferase had a M, of ca 380 000, and pH and temperature optima of 6.0 and 55°, respectively, and was most stable between pH 4.0 and 6.5. In addition to the natural substrates β-glucogallin (donor) and 1,2,6-trigalloylglucose (acceptor), 1,3,6-trigalloylglucose (which is not an intermediate in the biosynthesis of hydrolysable tannins in oak and sumac) was an equally efficient acceptor molecule; in both cases, 1,2,3,6-tetragalloylglucose was the reaction product. Based on the physiological role of this new enzyme, the systematic name ‘β-glucogallin: 1,2,6-tri- O -galloyl-β- d -glucose 3- O -galloyltransferase’ (EC 2.3.1.-) is proposed.

An enzyme from leaves of sumach (Rhus typhina) was partially purified that catalyzes the β-glucogallin (l-O-galloylglucose)-dependent galloylation of 1,6-digalloylglucose, thus forming 1,2,6-trigalloylglucose and free glucose. This acyltransferase had a molecular weight of ca. 750,000 and a pH optimum at 5.0-5 .5. Besides β-glucogallin (Km = 3.9 mM ) , also related 1-O-phenylcarboxylglucoses acted as acyl donors. On the other hand, the acceptor substrate, 1,6-digalloylglucose (Km = 0.9 mM ) , could only be replaced by 1,6-diprotocatechuoylglucose (relative activity 46%); however, also tri-, tetra-, and pentagalloylglucoses were galloylated. A pronounced stimulation of the enzymatic reaction was observed upon addition of penta- or hexagalloylglucose into the assay mixtures. The systematic name “ β-glucogallin: 1,6-di-O-galloylglucose 2-O-galloyltransferase” (EC 2.3.1. - ) is proposed for the enzyme

A new triterpene, 3α,20-dihydroxy-3β,25-epoxylupane, was isolated and structurally elucidated from flowers of the sumach tree Rhus typhina (Anacardiaceae).

The biosynthetic pathway of gallic acid in leaves of Rhus typhina is studied by oxygen isotope ratio mass spectrometry at natural oxygen isotope abundance. The observed δ 18 O-values of gallic acid indicate an 18 O-enrichment of the phenolic oxygen atoms of more than 30‰ above that of the leaf water. This enrichment implies biogenetical equivalence with oxygen atoms of carbohydrates but not with oxygen atoms introduced by monooxygenase activation of molecular oxygen. It can be concluded that all phenolic oxygen atoms of gallic acid are retained from the carbohydrate-derived precursor 5-dehydroshikimate. This supports that gallic acid is synthesized entirely or predominantly by dehydrogenation of 5-dehydroshikimate.

Gradient gel electrophoretic methods enabled a distinction to be made between coniferyl alcohol oxidase (CAO) of lignifying cell walls and a pI approximately 9 pine "laccase" recently implicated in lignification (Science 1993 260, 672). Following treatment of a partially purified protein mixture from developing xylem of Pinus strobus with 2-[N-morpholine]ethanesulfonic acid (MES) buffer, isoelectric focusing and sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that CAO had been selectively precipitated by MES and thereby purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. Purified CAO was determined to be a cell-wall-bound glycoprotein (38% glycan), M(r) 107,500, pI 7.6, pH and temperature optima 6.3 and 30 degrees C, respectively. By graphite-furnace atomic-absorption analysis, CAO contained one copper atom per protein molecule. Proteins obtained from lignifying cambial derivatives of conifers (family Pinaceae) and from Rhus typhina bark were compared with CAO and the pI approximately 9 pine "laccase" following electrophoresis and Western blotting. For Abies balsamea, Larix laricina, Picea rubens, Pinus banksiana, Pinus taeda, and R. typhina, the isoelectric points of oxidatively active bands were identical to those of purified CAO. In addition, for all species only the pI 7.6 band was immunoreactive with antibodies against periodate-deglycosylated CAO.

Enzyme preparations from leaves of Rhus typhina L. (sumach) catalyzed the galloylation of 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucopyranose in the presence of the acyl donor beta-glucogallin (1-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucopyranose), yielding a variety of oligomeric gallotannins (hexa- to nonagalloylglucoses) as reaction products.

Cell-free extracts from leaves of Rhus typhina L. (sumach) were found to transfer the 1-O-galloyl moiety of l,6-di-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose to the 2-position of the same compound, yielding 1,2,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose and leaving 6-O-galloylglucose as the deacylated by-product. The enzyme catalyzing this 'disproportionation' was purified almost 1700-fold. It had a molecular weight of approx. 56 000, a K m value of 11.5 mM, was stable between pH 4.5 and 6.5, and most active at pH 5.9 and 40° C. The systematic name "1,6-di-O-galloyl-glucose: 1,6-di-O-galloylglucose 2-O-galloyltransferase" (EC 2.3.1.) was proposed for this new enzyme whose detection provided evidence that, in addition to β-glucogallin (1-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose), higher substituted glucose esters also have the potential to serve as acyl donors in the biosynthesis of gallotannins.

Germination of Rhus typhina was less than 20%. Treatment with gibberellic acid (GA) (0–1000 mg l−1) or cold stratification (0–30 days at 4°C) improved germination. GA treatment did not improve germination if the stratification period exceeded 10 days. Cold treatment for 30 days increased germination to 45%. Cold treatment at 4°C was limited to 30 days to develop a rapid system for stratification. A combination of ethephon treatment at 200 mg l−1 for 24 h followed by 30 days cold (4°C) treatment increased germination to 60%. This promotion of germination due to ethephon showed a strong interaction with subsequent duration of cold treatment; the effect was more pronounced with increasing duration of cold treatment, while no effect was observed in the absence of a cold treatment.

Napropamide [2-(α-naphthoxy)-N,N-diethylpropionamide] applied with simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine] reduced by 47 to 82% the severity of simazine symptoms on California privet (Ligustrum ovalifoliumHassk.), staghorn sumac (Rhus typhinaL.), and ‘Moonlight’ broom (CytisusXpraecoxBean). Oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsulfanilamide) had a similar but smaller effect (40% reduction) when applied with simazine on broom in a field experiment and an effect equal to napropamide with simazine on privet in a greenhouse experiment. Both napropamide and oryzalin prevented some of the growth reduction from simazine on privet, broom, and ‘Baltic’ ivy (Hedera helixL. ‘Baltica’) in field experiments. In the greenhouse study with privet, napropamide prevented much of the growth-reducing effects of simazine on both shoots and roots of privet. Oryzalin appeared to have a similar effect.

The steam distillate from leaves of the Buck's horn, Rhus typhina, displayed insecticidal properties against aphids. GC and GC/MS analysis of the distillate resulted in the identification of more than 70 constituents, comprising among others terpenoids, hydrocarbons, aldehydes, fatty acids and m-substituted long chain alkylphenols.

Germination of woody ornamental seeds is frequently under the control of a dormancy mechanism which leads to problems in assessing seed quality, particularly germination capacity. The ability of a seed to reduce triphenyl tetrazolium salts to formazan may be used as a measure of potential for germination. Cold treatment (Rhus typhina), a cold treatment combined with ethephon treatment (Rhus typhina), gibberellic acid and cold treatment (Sambucus caerulea) or ethephon, gibberellic acid and cold treatment (Sambucus caerulea) are examples of dormancy alleviating treatments. Some seeds show differences in dormancy in relation to postharvest ageing. In Acer ginnala, one-month-old seed gave 44% germination, six-month-old seed 5% germination and nine-month-old seed 0% germination. Nine-month-old seed when treated with gibberellic acid, ethephon and cold gave 86% germination, which was superior to any treatment using fresh seed. Generalizations of treatments for woody ornamental seed germination are difficult to make. However, 100 mg 1-1 gibberellic acid and/or 100 mg 1-1 ethephon and 30 days at 4°C were optimal dormancy breaking treatments for several of the genera examined.

SummaryThe effect of photoperiodism upon tree growth is due to the length of the uninterrupted dark period. The temperature of the dark period plays an important role. Thus, growth of Rhus typhina continues under short. 9-hr. days when night temperature is 5°C, whereas it stops when is it raised to 12°C or above. In the case of Vitis labrusca, var. « Concord », growth is stopped by 9-hr. days when the night temperature is 17°C or above, but not when it is below 12°C. With Populas canadensis, however short days exerted their inhibitory effect even at 2°C. Short days arrest the growth in length relatively rapidly (2 weeks in many species), but leaf fall can be experimentally separated from this effect. By returning the plants to long days and by using relatively high temperatures, one can keep leaves on Rhus typhina or Robinia pseudacacia for many months, even though all the buds remain completely dormant. Photoperiodic effects are mediated by changes in the endogenous regulators of the plants (auxins, gibb...

The phenomenon of aging of leaves in autumn was studied in three deciduous trees, viz. Acer ginnala Maxim., Populus tremuloides Michx. and Rhus typhina L. The leaves were collected at three stages of development: at maximum summer development, at early senescence, and at a full senescence. Electron microscope studies of fully matured leaves generally showed lens-shaped chloroplasts fairly uniform in shape and size with extensive granalamellae, large starch granules and a few small lipid globules. Green, partly senescent leaves had somewhat smaller chloroplasts with large lipid globules within the reduced stroma-lamellae; virtually no starch granules were present. Fully senescent, brightly coloured, autumn leaves showed a definite decrease in size and number of chloroplasts. These plastids had lost their typical summer structure, were small and cylindrical, and contained densely packed globules that replaced the membrane structures. The presence of the carotenoids in these globules probably contributed to the autumn pigmentation of the leaves. Not all leaf cells followed the above described pattern of senescence at the same rate. The chloroplasts of palisade cells degraded earlier than those in the mesophyll cells.

SummaryThe staghorn sumac, Rhus typhina L. flowers normally only 4–5 years after sowing. A single spray of gibberellic acid (100 mg/l) followed by 3 weeks of short days (10 hours of light) can indice flowering in 5-week old seedlings.

Cell-free extracts from Rhus typhina L. (staghorn sumach) leaves were found to catalyze the transfer of the galloyl moiety of β-glucogallin (1-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose) to 1,6-di-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, resulting in the specific formation of 1,2,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, an intermediate of gallotannin biosynthesis. The reaction product was unequivocally identified by co-chromatography with authentic references using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and by (1)H-nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy.

The aim of the present study was to conduct univariate, bivariate and multivariate (principal component analysis, PCA) approaches in the screening of tannin-containing plants from various collection sites for their CH 4 mitigating properties. Plant samples were obtained from various collection sites in different countries, i.e. Indonesia (n = 27 species), Mongolia (n = 14), Switzerland (n = 16) and Germany (n = 3). The plants were incubated in vitro with buffered-rumen fluid at 39 o C for 24 h. Total gas production was recorded as an indicator of feed quality and emission of CH 4 was measured. Results showed that, based on bivariate screening, generally, plants possessed low CH 4 production had low quality or low total gas production except Rhus typhina, i.e. 43 ml/200 mg DM. The loading plot of PCA showed that all phenolic fractions were in the opposite direction with CH 4 and total gas production. Plants clustered together in reverse direction to that of CH 4 were Bergenia crassifolia root and leaf, Swietenia mahagoni, Clidemia hirta, Peltiphyllum peltatum, Acacia villosa and R. typhina. It was conluded that, for tannin-containing plants, screenings based on univariate, bivariate and multivariate approaches in relation to ruminal CH 4 emission led to similar results

Light and transmission electron microscope studies of naturally infected or inoculated staghorn sumac plants by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. callistephi race 3 are reported. Diverse extrinsic material (including latex in some instances) or elements occurred in vessel lumina. Some of this material labelled for pectin, often in association with tyloses, as did other opaque matter in paratracheal cells, related to alterations of their protective layer. Pronounced alterations of pit membranes of bordered pits occurred, with their outer portions disrupted into bodies of opaque matter, strongly labelled for cellulose, and their middle portions as unlabelled shreds. Similarly labelled opaque bodies occasionally occurred on vessel walls and lumina. Direct penetration of host cell secondary walls by the pathogen occurred, but these were degraded to any extent only following intramural invasion. Vessel walls, at all stages of infection, were lined with variously structured matter: in their thinnest forms, by single or paired, equidistant or widely spaced opaque bands, and in their thickest forms as alternating opaque and less opaque layers. Other thin elements, often enclosing opaque material, vesicular structures, or occasionally particles of ribosomal appearance were also delineated by similar but frequently infolded bands. These elements were sometimes observed to be confluent with fungal cells and to label for chitin. Many fungal elements were bound by only a thin or defective lucent wall layer, practically unlabelled for chitin, or by a locally thickened, labelled one; labelling for this substrate was also frequently associated with the fungal cell outer opaque wall layer or with some outer extracellular matter. Fine filamentous structures, connected to fungal cells, to the vessel lining matter, and to these other elements, extended into host walls. The lining itself generally did not label for cellulose or chitin. These observations are discussed in comparison with similar observations made regarding other wilt diseases that we have studied., Nous rapportons des observations microscopiques et ultrastructurales de l’infection par le F. oxysporum f. sp. callistephi race 3 de plants de vinaigrier inoculés ou infectés naturellement. Des structures ou du matériel étrangers aux éléments vasculaires ont été illustrés. Ce matériel ainsi que la matière liée à l’altération de la couche dite protectrice des cellules de parenchyme se sont marqués pour la pectine. Des corps opaques apposés aux parois des vaisseaux, présents dans leur lumière ou dans les cellules de parenchyme voisines, ont réagi pour la cellulose. La partie mitoyenne des membranes de ponctuation aréolées était altérée en lambeaux non marqués pour la cellulose et leur partie externe en corps opaques marqués. La pénétration des parois secondaires des cellules hôtes par le champignon a eu lieu, mais ces parois étaient fortement altérées seulement une fois colonisées de façon intralamellaire. Les parois vasculaires, à tous les stades de la maladie, étaient recouvertes de matière étrangère : dans les cas les plus prononcés, de couches de diverses épaisseurs, formées de strates d’opacité différente, et, dans leur plus simple expression, de lamelles opaques, simples ou jumelées mais souvent divergentes; des éléments, encadrés de lamelles semblables et souvent incurvées, et contenant de la matière opaque, des structures vésiculaires ou occasionnellement des particules semblables à des ribosomes garnissaient également les parois vasculaires. Ces éléments, inégalement marqués pour la chitine, étaient à l’occasion liés à des cellules du champignon. La couche translucide de ces cellules était souvent mince ou absente, pratiquement non marquée pour ce substrat, ou localement épaissie et alors fortement marquée, comme aussi occasionnellement leur couche pariétale externe et la matière extracellulaire semblable. Des structures filamenteuses rattachées aux cellules du champignon, comme au recouvrement des parois vasculaires et aux autres éléments, piquaient les parois cellulaires de l’hôte. Ces recouvrements ne se sont généralement pas marqués pour la cellulose ou la chitine. Ces observations se comparent avantageusement à celles concernant les autres maladies à flétrissement que nous avons étudiées.