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Benign gastric epithelial lesions, known as gastric hyperplastic polyps, include concomitant inflammatory alterations and elongated or convoluted foveolae and cystically dilated glands. It is believed that polypoid foveolar hyperplasia, a regenerative lesion associated with both acute and chronic mucosal damage, as well as, chronic gastritis, may serve as a precursor to gastric hyperplastic polyps. In the presented case, a 64-year-old female with a history of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-associated chronic gastritis complained of abdominal pain, heartburn and regurgitation for one year. During endoscopy, three polyps were identified, one at the gastroesophageal junction, another below the gastroesophageal junction, and a third at the distal body of the stomach, of which only two polyps were sent for HPE. Gross inspection revealed that both soft-tissue masses were globular, with the cut-section of the polyp from the stomach’s distal body showing haemorrhagic areas. Under the microscope, the polyp from the stomach’s distal body revealed hyperplastic foveolar epithelium that was distorted, branching, elongated and dilated, situated in an oedematous, inflammatory stroma. The polyp just below the gastroesophageal junction displayed characteristics of polypoid foveolar hyperplasia, including elongated pits devoid of dilation features. The final diagnosis for the polyp from the distal body of the stomach was gastric hyperplastic polyp, and the polyp from just below the gastroesophageal junction was diagnosed as polypoid foveolar hyperplasia. Malignant transformation affects hyperplastic polyps, but foveolar polypoid hyperplasia remains unaffected, underscoring the importance of careful and diligent examination to distinguish between the two conditions.

A chiral pyrrolidine-based compound, namely 1-(Tert-Butyl) 2-Methyl (2S, 4R)-4-Hydroxy Pyrrolidine-1,2-Dicarboxylate (NHP), was synthesized and crystallized by the slow evaporation technique. NMR, FT-IR, ESI-MS, UV–visible spectroscopy, and elemental analysis designate the molecule. The molecule crystallized in the orthorhombic space group P212121, identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Quantum chemical calculations were performed using DFT at the B3LYP/6–311++G (d,p) level. The DFT-calculated optimal structural parameters and the XRD-derived parameters showed a good correlation. The frequency of NHP is calculated using the DFT method and compared with observed results. The synthesized compound's molecular reactivity was further investigated using Mulliken atomic charges, HOMO-LUMO, and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP). The molecule was tested for molecular docking with bio-enzymes such as α-amylase (1HNY) and cyclooxygenases (1PGG & 4COX). The compound showed 7 hydrogen bonding interactions with 1HNY and 8 hydrogen bonding interactions with 4COX. The DFT investigations strongly support the molecular docking results. The molecule's in-vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activity was compared with conventional medication. The NHP showed superior anti-inflammatory activity with protein denaturation technique than the standard diclofenac sodium. The results showed that the molecule outperformed the conventional medication in tests for inflammation.

Two Pyranopyrazole derivatives, namely, methyl-11-(2-chlorophenyl)-16-methyl-8-[(4-methylbenzene)sulfonyl], -14-phenyl-12-oxa-8,14,15-triazatetracyclo[8.7.0.02,7.013,17] heptadeca-2(7), 3, 5, 13(17), 15-pentaene-10-carboxylate, C38H37N3S1O5 and butyl‑16-methyl-8-[(4-methylbenzene)sulfonyl]-11,14-diphenyl-12-oxa-8,14,15-triazatetracyclo[8.7.0.02,7.013,17] heptadeca-2(7),3,5, 13(17), 15-pentaene-10-carboxylate, C35 H30 Cl N3 O5 S with phenyl and chlorophenyl substitutions were synthesized successfully, and crystallized by the slow evaporation technique. The pyranopyrazole derivatives were characterized by spectroscopic techniques including UV–visible, FTIR, and mass spectroscopy, and their 3D-structural arrangements were also confirmed by single crystal XRD studies. Both compounds crystallize in the triclinic crystal system with the centrosymmetric space group P-1, which is identified by the X-ray single-crystal structure. These compounds were examined for in vitro and molecular docking studies with the enzymes 1hny, 1pgg, and 4 cox and thus correspond to diabetes and inflammation. The observed results showed better binding energy and inhibition constants for inflammation involving enzymes. The chemical reactivity and electronic arrangement of the compounds have been revealed by DFT studies.

Herein, we evaluate the conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) photosensitized using two different natural dyes extracted from Alpinia purpurata and Alstroemeria flower petals. The appreciable absorption capacity of the extracts in the visible light region was examined through absorption spectroscopy. The functional groups of the corresponding pigments were identified through Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR) technique thus indicating the presence of cyanidin 3-glycosides and piperine in the flowers of Alstroemeria and Alpinia purpurata. The extracted dyes were immobilized on TiO2 on transparent conducting FTO glass, which were used as photoanode. The dye-coated TiO2 photoanode, pt photocathode and iodide/triiodide redox electrolyte assembled into a cell module was illuminated by a light source intensity 100 mW/cm2 to measure the photovoltaic conversion efficiency of DSSCs. The TiO2 anode and Pt counter electrode surface roughness and morphological studies were evaluated using atomic force microscope (AFM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), respectively. Through the photoelectric characterizations, it was promising to verify that the solar conversion efficiency was calculated with the photovoltaic cell sensitized by Alstroemeria and Alpinia purpurata. This was achieved with a yield (η) of 1.74% and 0.65%, with an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.39 and 0.53 V, short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 2.04 and 0.49 mA/cm2, fill factor (FF) of 0.35 and 0.40, and Pmax of 0.280 and 0.100 mW/cm2, respectively. The results are promising and demonstrate the importance of the search for new natural dyes to be used in organic solar cells for the development of devices that generate electricity in a sustainable way.

In this paper, the electrochemical non-enzymatic detection of Riboflavin (RF) was proposed based on its catalytic reduction in a Thionine-coated Cadmium Selenide Quantum dots (TH@CdSe QDs)-modified paraffin wax-impregnated graphite electrode (PIGE) that was prepared using a novel approach. The synthesized TH@CdSe QDs were confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, Confocal Raman Microscopy and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) studies. The electrochemical response of the TH@CdSe QDs-modified PIGE was studied by cyclic voltammetry. The voltammetric response of RF at the TH@CdSe QDs-modified PIGE showed higher current than the bare PIGE. Under optimum conditions, the electrocatalytic reduction currents of RF was found to be linearly related to its concentration over the range of 1.6 × 10−7 M to 1.4 × 10−4 M with a detection limit of 53 × 10−9 M (S/N = 3). The TH@CdSe QDs-modified PIGE was utilized as an amperometric sensor for the detection of RF in flow systems was performed by carrying out hydrodynamic and chronoamperometric experiments. The TH@CdSe QDs-modified PIGE showed very good stability and a longer shelf life. The applicability of the fabricated electrode was justified by the quantification of RF in commercial tablets.

Due to the enormous of fossil fuels and the ensuing increase in automobiles, an unprecedented scenario has arisen with pollution levels that are out of human control. In this study, a fuzzy logic model is developed to predict how well a spark-ignition engine running on gasoline and ethanol mixes would operate. A test engine was operated on pure gasoline and gasoline–ethanol fuel mixtures in a range of ratios at varying engine speeds. In order to estimate outputs such as brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency, nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbon emissions, and carbon monoxide, a fuzzy logic model, a sort of logic model application, has been developed using experimental data. The developed fuzzy logic model’s output was compared to the results of the trials to see how well it performed. The output parameters were indicated, including braking power, thermal, volumetric, and mechanical efficiency. The input parameters were engine speed and ethanol mixes. Regression coefficients were nearly equal for training and testing data. According to the study, a superior method for accurately forecasting engine performance is the fuzzy logic model. To eliminate proportionality signs from equations, regression analysis is used. It is accurate to develop mathematical relations based on dimensional analysis. Based on the root mean square errors, BSFC is a minimum of 6.12 and brake power is a maximum of 8.16; lower than 2% of errors occur on average.

The kinetics, thermodynamics and mechanism of interaction of alpha-globulin with myo-inositol hexaphosphate (sodium phytate) were examined. Results revealed that at pH 2.3, maximum interaction occurs and that the protein assumes a dissociated state with an 8.3S aggregate and a 1.5S monomer. The interaction was found to be dependent on the ratio between the protein and sodium phytate. Polymer formation occurred as a result of preferential ligand binding to polymer, the size and concentration of which was determined by sodium phytate concentration. Sodium phytate bound differentially to the polymer and the monomer.

As the volume of data generated by information systems continues to increase, machine learning (ML) techniques have become essential for the extraction of meaningful insights. However, the sheer volume of data often causes these techniques to become sluggish. To overcome this, feature selection is a vital step in the pre-processing of data. In this paper, we introduce a novel K-nearest neighborhood (KNN)-based wrapper system for feature selection that leverages the iterative improvement ability of the weighted superposition attraction (WSA). We evaluate the performance of WSA against seven well-known metaheuristic algorithms, i.e., differential evolution (DE), genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), flower pollination algorithm (FPA), symbiotic organisms search (SOS), marine predators’ algorithm (MPA) and manta ray foraging optimization (MRFO). Our extensive numerical experiments demonstrate that WSA is highly effective for feature selection, achieving a decrease of up to 99% in the number of features for large datasets without sacrificing classification accuracy. In fact, WSA-KNN outperforms traditional ML methods by about 18% and ensemble ML algorithms by 9%. Moreover, WSA-KNN achieves comparable or slightly better solutions when compared with neural networks hybridized with metaheuristics. These findings highlight the importance and potential of WSA for feature selection in modern-day data processing systems.

Supercapacitors (SCs), also known as ultracapacitors, should be one of the most promising contenders for meeting the needs of human viable growth owing to their advantages: for example, excellent capacitance and rate efficiency, extended durability, and cheap materials price. Supercapacitor research on electrode materials is significant because it plays a vital part in the performance of SCs. Polyaniline (PANI) is an exceptional candidate for energy-storage applications owing to its tunable structure, multiple oxidation/reduction reactions, cheap price, environmental stability, and ease of handling. With their exceptional morphology, suitable functional linkers, metal sites, and high specific surface area, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are outstanding materials for electrodes fabrication in electrochemical energy storage systems. The combination of PANI and MOF (PANI/MOF composites) as electrode materials demonstrates additional benefits, which are worthy of exploration. The positive impacts of the two various electrode materials can improve the resultant electrochemical performances. Recently, these kinds of conducting polymers with MOFs composites are predicted to become the next-generation electrode materials for the development of efficient and well-organized SCs. The recent achievements in the use of PANI/MOFs-based electrode materials for supercapacitor applications are critically reviewed in this paper. Furthermore, we discuss the existing issues with PANI/MOF composites and their analogues in the field of supercapacitor electrodes in addition to potential future improvements.

Exploring faster, safer, and more efficient energy storage devices will motivate scientists to develop novel energy storage products with high performance. Herein, we report porous NiO nanoparticles have been prepared by a simple hydrothermal method with CTAB and laboratory tissue paper as a template followed by calcination at three different temperatures (300, 500, and 700 °C). The electrochemical characteristics of the prepared materials were examined in a three-electrode cell configuration using aqueous potassium hydroxide (2.0 M KOH) electrolyte. The NiO-300 electrode displayed the supreme capacitance of 568.7 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1. The fascinating NiO morphology demonstrates a crucial part in offering simple ion transport, shortening electron, and ion passage channels and rich energetic spots for electrochemical reactions. Finally, the asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC), NiO//AC was constructed using positive and negative electrode materials of NiO-300 and activated carbon (AC), respectively. The assembled ASC displayed excellent supercapacitive performance with a high specific energy (52.4 Wh kg−1), specific power (800 W kg−1), and remarkable cycle life. After quick charging (25 s), such supercapacitors in the series will illuminate the light emitting diode for an extended time, suggesting improvements in energy storage, scalable integrated applications, and ensuring business efficacy. This work will lead to a new generation of high-performance ASCs to portable electronic displays and electric automobiles.

An efficient synthetic procedure has been achieved for selective synthesis of 1,5-disubstituted tetrazoles and diaryl ureas from secondary amides in situ in the presence of NaN3 and POCl3 as solvent, both by conventional and microwave methods. The reaction conditions were optimized to yield selectively either tetrazoles or urea derivatives from reasonable to excellent yields. These conversions have been tested and verified with various secondary amide precursors. The synthesized compounds were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and ESI-MS spectroscopic techniques.

Herein, Sargassum coreanum (marine algae)-mediated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were successfully synthesized by a simple reduction method. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, attenuated total reflection Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) analysis. The acquired colloidal AgNPs were strongly absorbed around 420 nm and displayed brown color under visible light. The XRD pattern of AgNPs exposed their face-centered cubic geometry along with crystalline nature. The HRTEM images of synthesized AgNPs confirmed the mean particle size of 19 nm with a distorted spherical shape, and the calculated interlayer distance (d-spacing value) was about 0.24 nm. Further, the catalytic degradation of methylene blue using sodium borohydride and AgNPs was monitored using UV–vis spectroscopy. The result revealed that AgNPs performed as a superior catalyst, which completely degraded MB in 20 min. The rate constant for MB degradation was calculated to be 0.106 min−1, demonstrating that the marine algae-mediated AgNPs had outstanding catalytic activity. This approach is easy and environmentally benign, which can be applied for environmental-based applications such as dye degradation and pollutant detoxification.

A series of new 3-(glycinamido)-benzofuran-2-carboxamide and 3-(β-alanamido)-benzofuran-2-carboxamide derivatives (5a–o) were synthesized for the purpose of developing the new bioactive chemical entities and evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and DPPH radical scavenging activities. The synthesized compounds were characterized by NMR, IR, Mass and X-ray crystallographic techniques.