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BackgroundDiabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease with a large incidence in the world and constitutes a global health problem. By 2030 it is estimated that there will be around 439 million people suffering from DM. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease caused by a lack or absence of the hormone insulin. In type 2 DM pharmacotherapy can be given one of which is insulin. To monitor therapy, random blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and glycated albumin (GA) levels can be examined. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship of glycated albumin and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) with random blood glucose in insulin-treated diabetics.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted involving 92 type 2 diabetic patients treated with insulin. The study used a questionnaire and blood samples. We measured the GA , HbA1C and random blood glucose levels. A multiple linear regression was used to analyze the data. ResultsMean HbA1c was 9.21 ± 2.15%, mean glycated albumin was 24.4 ± 8.65%, and mean blood glucose was 229.47 ± 98.7 mg/dL. Multiple linear regression tests showed that HbA1c (B= 5,544; â=0.121; p=0.420) and GA (B=5.899; â=0.517; p=0.001) was signigicantly corelated with random blood gucose, respectively, indicating that glycated albumin is significantly related to and has the greatest influence on glucose level.ConclusionGlycated albumin is correlated with and has greater influence on glucose level than does HbA1c. Glycated albumin could be a better marker for glycemic control than glycated hemoglobin in diabetic patients treated with insulin.

This study investigated the effects of temperature, pH, and stirring speed of multistage precipitation processes. The purification process consists of uranium and thorium precipitation, oxalate precipitation, calcination, HNO3 leaching, and oxidation; finally, multistage precipitation is performed using Na2CO3 and NH4OH. The precipitation efficiencies of light rare earth elements (LREEs) and heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) reached 88% and 74%, respectively, during precipitation with 15% Na2CO3 at a temperature of 50 °C, pH of 4.5, and 200 rpm. The precipitation process was continued by adding 10% NH4OH to the first precipitation raffinate. A total of 45% of the LREEs were recovered at a temperature of 30 °C, pH of 8, and 300 rpm. Meanwhile, 72% of the HREEs were recovered at a temperature of 30 °C, pH of 7, and 200 rpm. It was observed that Na2CO3 was effective in precipitating rare earth elements (REEs) at higher temperatures, whereas NH4OH was better at precipitating the HREEs from an REE-nitrate solution under the same processing conditions.

Real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technique is a suitable method for identifying animal species in processed meat because of its ability to amplify a few fragments of DNA. A specific fragment of pork (mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (cytb)) was used as a DNA ladder. This study aimed to evaluate the use of a cyt-b gene generated primer for detecting the presence of pork in processed meat products by qPCR and determining the threshold cycle cut-off. The evaluation of the primer effectiveness was performed by threshold cycle (Ct) value, amplicon size by electrophoresis and melting curve. Two corned (A, B) and two jerkies (C, D) collected from the market were used as the sample. Genomic DNA from samples, fresh beef (as negative control) and fresh pork (as positive control) were extracted using Qiagen Kits. Amplification condition for 50 cycles of the cyt-b gene was performed as the initial step at 95°C for 10 mins, denaturation step at 95°C for 15 s, annealing step at 55°C for 60 s, extension step at 72°C for 30 s and post-PCR at 72°C for 3 mins. The threshold cycle (Ct) cut-off less than 30 confirmed as pork positive. The result obtained indicated that sample A and D were pork negative, with Ct value respectively 40.73 and 43.59. Melting temperatures of amplicon were ranged from 79.5 to 80.5°C, only differed by 1°C, and the amplicon electrophoresis resulting in a single band of the same size (149 bp). Hence, the melting curve analysis and electrophoresis of PCR products were not able to differentiate between pork and beef.

Similarity of chemical and physical properties between rare-earth elements (REEs) and Dy is the main concern in order to get Dy with high purity, which it is necessary to do separation by extraction process. The purpose of this research is to obtain the optimum condition of operation (stirring time and rate, concentration of nitric acid, feed, and solvent) and determine the distribution constant, separation factor, and extraction efficiency of Dy using Aliquat 336. This research was conducted by varying stirring time (10, 15, 20, 30, 40 minutes), stirring rate (100, 150, 200, 250, 300 rpm), nitric acid concentration (2, 3, 4, 5, 6 N), feed concentration (25,000; 50,000; 100,000; 150,000; 200,000 ppm) and solvent concentration (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 % v/v). The optimum result is achieved when operation is carried out at stirring 100 rpm about 15 minutes in nitric acid 3 N with 100,000 ppm of feed concentration using 30% solvent concentration (v/v) which extract more Dy element than Yttrium (Y) and Godolinium (Gd). The highest distribution constant of Dy is 0.427, separation factor of Dy-Y is 6.831, separation factor of Dy-Gd is 1.799, and extraction efficiency of Dy is 31.604%.

BackgroundMenopause is associated with changes in metabolic profile. Although hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has been shown to have beneficial effects on lipid metabolism, its adverse effects have indicated a need for alternative estrogen-based treatments. Several investigations have evaluated the effects of isoflavones on serum lipid levels in postmenopausal women, but the results were ambiguous. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship of dietary daidzein, genistein, and glycitein levels with lipid profile in postmenopausal women.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted involving 186 post-menopausal women. A food recall questionnaire was used to measure dietary genistein, daidzein, and glycitein levels. Serum total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and triacylglycerol (TAG) were measured using the enzymatic colorimetric method. Simple and multivariate linear regression were used to analyze the data.ResultsGenistein intake was significantly associated with TC (b=145.48, p=0.023) and HDL cholesterol levels (b=48.80, p=0.032). Daidzein intake was significantly associated with TC (b=-204.60, p=0.003), LDL cholesterol (b=-160.81, p=0.014) and HDL cholesterol levels (b=-67.118, p=0.032). Glycitein was not significantly associated with TC (b=232.78;p=0.133), HDL (b=43.59;p=0.428), and LDL (b=235.84;p=0.116). Dietary daidzein had a more lowering effect on TC (Beta=-2.80) and HDL cholesterol (Beta=-2.67) than had genistein on TC (Beta=2.66) and HDL cholesterol (Beta=2.03).ConclusionsHigh dietary daidzein level has a significant lowering effect on TC, LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol in post-menopausal women. Our study supports the advice given to the public to increase soy isoflavone intake in post-menopausal women.

This study aimed to develop the liquid-liquid equilibrium models to predict neodymium (Nd) and yttrium (Y) distribution in the extraction system. Feed solution (solution of Nd and Y in the 1 M nitric acid media) was mixed with solvent (di-2-ethyl-hexyl-phosphate (D2EHPA) diluted in kerosene) with volume ratio of 1:1 using a mechanical shaker for 25 min. The solution was settled to separate the aqueous and organic phase. Neodymium and yttrium concentrations in the aqueous phase were analyzed by using X-Ray Fluorescence - Ortec 7010 with Am 241. Meanwhile, the concentration of Nd and Y in the organic phase were evaluated by using mass balance. The results showed that the separation of Y from Nd was successfully carried out using 0.30 M D2EHPA diluted in kerosene. The Y extraction efficiency of 93% was obtained. To predict Nd and Y distributions, two mathematical equilibrium models were formulated: (i) the stoichiometric model derived from the reaction mechanism by considering the available reaction coefficients and (ii) the non-stoichiometric model is proposed to obtain approximate equilibrium data of Nd – Y extraction. The models were validated using experimental data. Neodymium and yttrium equilibrium distribution with D2EHPA as the solvent was better approximated using the non-stoichiometric than the stoichiometric equilibrium model as shown by the lower of mean relative errors.

BACKGROUND: Ficus deltoidea Jack. leaves have a great potential as traditional medicine, but the safety level of its use is still unknown. AIM: This study aimed to determine the phytochemical contents of the ethanol extract of F. deltoidea leaves and evaluate the level of safety and toxicity through acute and subchronic toxicity tests in mice (Mus musculus). METHODS: The ethanol extract of F. deltoidea leaves was determined for phytochemical contents such as alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, coumarin, steroids, saponins, carotenoids, and tannins. In the acute toxicity test, 10 male mice were divided into a control group and the extract treatment group with 2000 mg/kg body weight (BW) dose for 14 days to identify signs of toxicity and mortality. Meanwhile, in the subchronic toxicity test, 25 male mice were divided into control and four treatment groups with various doses (125, 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg BW), respectively, for 28 days. The toxicological effect was evaluated by observing behavior, signs of toxicity, and changes in BW. At the end of the treatment, hematological and biochemical evaluations were also measured. RESULTS: The results showed that the ethanol extract of F. deltoidea Jack leaves qualitatively contains alkaloids, phenolic, flavonoids, coumarin, and steroids, whereas quantitatively total phenolics, flavonoids, and IC50 were 107.6583211 μg GA/mg, 175.9103641 μg CE/mg, and 103.7484 μg/mL. Moreover, 2000 mg/kg BW dose resulted in no symptoms of toxicity and mortality, indicating that the 50% lethal dose (LD50) was above 2000 mg/kg BW. Meanwhile, there were no behavioral changes, significant differences in weight changes, hematological parameters, and serum biochemistry of mice in subchronic toxicity tests. CONCLUSION: The present study shows that acute and subchronic oral administration of the ethanol extract of F. deltoidea leaves for male mice does not induce clinical symptoms of toxicity or mortality. The LD50 of the ethanol extract of F. deltoidea leaves for mice >2000 mg/kg is considered as practically non-toxic.

Red rose consisting of anthocyanin pigment has been used as an antibacterial agent. However, there is no study on the anthocyanin pigment extract from red rose as the antibacterial agent. The effectiveness of the antibacterial agent can be affected by the solvent extraction and the flower shelf life. Here, we report the effects of solvent extraction and red rose ( Rosa sp .) shelf life on the antibacterial activity. Red rose concentrated extraction and randomized complete block design factorial was carefully used with factors of long display and solvent extraction. The extraction solvent (P) comprised of water, ethanol, and mixture of water-ethanol (1 : 1), while the red rose shelf life (M) consisted of 0, 2, 4 and 6 days. Moreover, pH, antioxidant activity and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) with four variations of concentrated concentration (100%, 50%, 25% and 12.5%) on Escherichia coli , Salmonella thypi , and Pseudomonas sp. were analyzed. After two days of shelf life using water as the solvent for extraction, the antioxidant activity achieved 79% at pH of 2.5. It was also demonstrated that it was able to kill all the investigated bacterias, which were Escherichia coli , Salmonella thypi, and Pseudomonas sp . with concentrated concentrations of 100%, 50% and 25%. When the concentrated concentration was 12.5%, the MBC value was constantly found to be 1.39 × 10 8 cfu/g for Escherichia coli and 9.53 × 10 7 cfu/g for Salmonella thypi .

The Gold standard for the evaluation of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is inulin clearance, but in widespread use is prevented by several technical difficulties. The most commonly used marker for GFR is serum creatinine alone or in conjunction with 24 hoururine collection for determination of creatinine clearance, but these marker have several limitation include following: influence of age,sex, muscle mass on endogenous creatinine production, dietary intake and the difficulties of 24 hour urine collection. Fifty six patientwith chronic renal failure and 53 control had analyze for serum creatinin, creatinine clearance and serum cystatin C. The chronic renalfailure patient aged range from (64 + 14.54) year and the control group aged range from (62.5+ 17.5) year. The proposed of this studywas to compare cystatin C with another parameter for renal function test. The result showed that in control group serum creatinineand creatinine clearance had influence with age, sex and body mass index, but serum cystatin C was not. The normal value of cystatinC was (0.85 + 0.13) mg/dL In chronic renal failure group there were significant correlation between level of cystatin C with creatininclearance (p = 0.000, r = 0.69). The level of cystatin C increase higher than serum creatinine in patient with low clearance creatinine.In control group we were determined low creatinine clearance in patient with normal serum creatinine and cystatin C.

This study investigates the properties of sol-gel derived sodium (Na)-doped hydroxyapatite (HA) powder. Different amounts of Na (1, 5, 10 and 15 mol%) were prepared and the sintered bodies were characterized to determine the current phases, microstructural evolution and mechanical properties. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that a phase pure HA of crystallite sizes, which varied from 35 nm to 65 nm, was obtained in the synthesized powder after calcining from 500 °C to 1000 °C. Scanning electron microscopy examination shows evidence of larger particle sizes, particularly in samples that contain higher amounts of Na concentration. The resultant powders were subsequently used to prepare porous NA-doped HA bodies through a polymeric sponge method. The addition of 5% Na resulted in a porous body with 27% porosity and was beneficial in enhancing the compressive strength of HA 17-fold compared with undoped HA. The prepared scaffold also shows suitable pore interconnectivity with pore sizes that vary between 100 and 300 µm which is suitable for use as porous bone substitutes.

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) coating on metallic implant was developed to increase bioactivity of orthopaedic implant. In this work, h ydroxyapatite was successfully deposited on commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) substrate by electrophoretic deposition (EPD) . This work aims to determine the effect of dimethylformamide (DMF) as dispersant for EPD suspension followed by heat treatment , on the surface morphology of the HAp coating. HAp powder was suspended in an ethanol-DMF solution with t he amount of DMF designed at 0, 5, 10, and 15% per 100 mL suspension. EPD was then performed successfully on all samples. After EPD, the specimens were sintered at 800 ° C for 120 minutes in argon atmosphere. Surface morphology, composition, and phase of HAp coating before and after sintering were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer, and X-ray Diffractometer. X-ray and IR spectra confirmed that sintering had a little effect on the chemical structure and the phase of the deposited HAp . The morphology of the surface is denser across all samples and shows distinguishable features as the amount of DMF in the system was increased . The 15% DMF sample exhibits the mostly grooved surface after sintering . Further analysis showed that sintering reduced the EPD-related shrinkage on the surface and enhanced the size of the por e s. Microstructural indication referring to previous research suggested that this type of microscopic surface is very sought after in promoting a good biological interaction between the implant and the host. Further testing must be done to confirm the effect of DMF-modified structure in living tissue.

Xenotime sand, a byproduct of the tin mining process of PT Timah, is one of the potential gadolinium (Gd) resources. Because of similarities in their physical and chemical properties, it is difficult to separate and purify Gd from rare earth elements (REEs) in xenotime sand (i.e., yttrium and dysprosium). In the present work, Gd was separated through an extraction process using Cyanex 572. The extraction feed solution was prepared by digesting the REE oxalate in NaOH to obtain REE(OH)3. The effects of the extraction parameters (i.e., stirring time and rate, feed pH and concentration, and Cyanex 572 concentration) were examined via a batch experiment. The optimum results of Gd separation from yttrium concentrate were achieved when the process conditions included a 250-rpm stirring rate for 30 minutes, a 150×103-ppm feed concentration at pH 3, and a 30% Cyanex 572 concentration. These conditions gave distribution coefficient results for Y, Gd, and Dy of about 0.031, 0.827, and 1.060, respectively; separation factors of Gd-Y and Gd-Dy of about 26.482 and 0.780, respectively; and extraction efficiencies for Y, Gd, and Dy of about 3.119%, 46.627%, and 53.007%, respectively.

This study aims to examine the use of human hair waste as a substrate hydroponic media in enhancing scientific innovation and agricultural development. This research was conducted in a greenhouse, Faculty of Agriculture, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, from July 2018 to October 2018. This experimental using a completely randomized design (CRD) method with one treatment factor and 14 levels repeated 4 times. The treatment includes washing hair waste (water, NaOH and detergent) and a combination of hair waste: husk charcoal (1: 3; 1: 2 and 3: 1). In this study, the control treatment used sand media. Observation variables observed were leaf area index, number of leaves, plant height, stem diameter, root length, root weight, root volume, fresh weight and dry weight of plants. Data acquisition was analyzed by analysis of variance and if there were significant differences, further testing was carried out with Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at the level of 5%. The results showed that human hair waste was less optimal as an alternative medium for hydroponic substrate systems. Treatment of hair waste: combination of 1: 3 husk charcoal in all washings gives the highest average yield on all observation variables. In all washing treatments (Water, NaOH and detergent) the highest average yield was dominated by washing using detergent ie leaf area index (55.35 cm2), root volume (1.19 ml), fresh weight (22.03 g) and dry weight (2.83 g).

The nanocrystalline HA powders were produced through sol-gel method which employed calcium nitrate tetrahydrate [Ca(NO3)2.4H2O] and diammonium hydrogen phosphate [(NH4)2HPO4] as calcium and phosphorous precursors. Sodium ion (Na+) is one of the trace elements found in biological apatite and believed to have important effect in its performance. The concentrations of sodium dopant were varied from 0 mol% until 15 mol% by using sodium nitrate (NaNO3) as the source of dopant. Characterization of nanopowders was investigated by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infra red (FTIR) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). XRD analysis revealed that there are no other phases exist in the synthesized powder, evinced single phase of HA and a trend shows an increase of cristallinity with increase of sodium dopant concentration. While the TEM images showed evidence that the particle sizes were bigger with the increasing sodium concentration, showing the effect of sodium dopant on the densification of the powder.

Dietary isoflavones are considered to be cardioprotective because of their structural similarity to estrogen. Equol is a metabolite of daidzein that is more potent than daidzein itself. The effect of equol on endothelial function and oxidative stress remains unclear. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of 100 mg/day soy isoflavone supplementation on the following markers: vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and nitric oxide (NO) as markers of vascular endothelial function, and malonyldialdehyde (MDA) as oxidative stress marker in equol-producing postmenopausal women. A stratified randomized double blind controlled trial was conducted among 190 postmenopausal Indonesian women aged 47 to 60 years. They were stratified into equol producers and equol nonproducers. The random allocation of intervention was carried out separately in each stratum. The intervention group received tablets consisting of 100 mg soy isoflavones and calcium carbonate 500 mg, and the control group received 500 mg calcium carbonate. The concentrations of VCAM-1, NO and MDA were measured at baseline and post-supplementation at 6 months. After 6 months of supplementation the MDA concentrations were significantly lower in the soy-isoflavone equol producers compared with equol nonproducers (p=0.021). Similar results were also found for VCAM-1 and NO concentrations, but these were statistically not significant (p = 0.413 and p= 0.724, respectively). This study demonstrates that isoflavone supplementation in postmenopausal women with equol-producer status had a more beneficial effect by decreasing the MDA concentration, but did not improve VCAM-1 and NO concentrations.

Thermocline layer and chlorophyll-a concentration can be used to investigate the upwelling region. This investigation is focused in the Banda Sea because the upwelling event in this area is quite large and has a longer upwelling duration than other waters in Indonesia. In addition, Banda Sea is also influenced by climatic factors such as monsoon. The aim of this research is to determine the validation of secondary data (from satellite imagery data and model) and in situ observation data (from research cruise) and to determine the variability of thermocline layer and chlorophyll-a concentration during Southeast Monsoon in the Banda Sea. The data used in this study were chlorophyll-a concentration, seawater vertical temperature at depths 0-400 meters, and sea surface temperature from remote sensing and in situ data. Spatial and temporal analysis of all parameters was conducted by quantitative descriptive method. The results showed that the variability of thermocline layer and the chlorophyll-a distribution were strongly related to seasonal pattern. In most cases, the estimates of thermocline layer and chlorophyll-a concentration using remote sensing algorithm were higher than in situ measured values. The greatest variability occurred in the eastern Banda Sea during the Southeast Monsoon with shallower thermocline layer, more abundance of chlorophyll-a concentration, and lower sea surface temperature.

This paper reports our study on the synthesis of high electrical conductivity and surface area polyaniline using oxidative polymerization under UV light irradiation. The formation of emeraldine structures of polyaniline was revealed by major absorption bands of FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) spectra attributed to C-N stretching, C=C stretching in the benzenoid ring, C=C stretching in the quinoid ring and QNH+B stretching. XRD (X-ray diffractometer) measurements confirmed typical diffraction patterns with a crystallinity of 13% and 16% for polyaniline prepared under non-stirred and stirred reaction, respectively. SEM (Scanning electron microscope) studies showed more uniform morphology of polyaniline was obtained with stirring reaction process compare to those prepared without stirring. Surface analysis using SAA (surface area analyzer) showed that pure polyaniline with the relatively high surface area of ca.28 m2/g was successfully prepared in this work. Based on four point probe measurement, the prepared polyaniline possesses high conductivity which is important in electrode application.