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Purpose To describe and compare associations with macular retinal nerve fiber layer (mRNFL), ganglion cell complex (GCC), and ganglion cell–inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thicknesses in a large cohort. Design Cross-sectional study. Participants We included 42 044 participants in the UK Biobank. The mean age was 56 years. Methods Spectral-domain OCT macular images were segmented and analyzed. Corneal-compensated intraocular pressure (IOPcc) was measured with the Ocular Response Analyzer (Reichert, Corp., Buffalo, NY). Multivariable linear regression was used to examine associations with mean mRNFL, GCC, and GCIPL thicknesses. Factors examined were age, sex, ethnicity, height, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, alcohol intake, Townsend deprivation index, education level, diabetes status, spherical equivalent, and IOPcc. Main Outcome Measures Thicknesses of mRNFL, GCC, and GCIPL. Results We identified several novel independent associations with thinner inner retinal thickness. Thinner inner retina was associated with alcohol intake (most significant for GCIPL: –0.46 μm for daily or almost daily intake compared with special occasion only or never [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.61–0.30]; P = 1.1×10–8), greater social deprivation (most significant for GCIPL: –0.28 μm for most deprived quartile compared with least deprived quartile [95% CI, –0.42 to –0.14]; P = 6.6×10–5), lower educational attainment (most significant for mRNFL: –0.36 μm for less than O level compared with degree level [95% CI, –0.45 to 0.26]; P = 2.3×10–14), and nonwhite ethnicity (most significant for mRNFL comparing blacks with whites: –1.65 μm [95% CI, –1.86 to –1.43]; P = 2.4×10–50). Corneal-compensated intraocular pressure was associated most significantly with GCIPL (–0.04 μm/mmHg [95% CI, –0.05 to –0.03]; P = 4.0×10–10) and was not associated significantly with mRNFL (0.00 μm/mmHg [95% CI, –0.01 to 0.01]; P = 0.77). The variables examined explained a greater proportion of the variance of GCIPL (11%) than GCC (6%) or mRNFL (7%). Conclusions The novel associations we identified may be important to consider when using inner retinal parameters as a diagnostic tool. Associations generally were strongest with GCIPL, particularly for IOP. This suggests that GCIPL may be the superior inner retinal biomarker for macular pathophysiologic processes and especially for glaucoma.

During accident process equipment, storage area and associated accessories can release hazardous material very quickly and insignificant quantity to spread out in dangerous cloud throughout the plant site and local communities. Areal location of Hazardous Atmosphere (ALOHA) is a software design specially in responding to hazardous material releases. Aloha models assess key hazards such as toxicity, flammability, thermal radiation and explosion over pressure related to chemical releases in the event of either fire or explosion. This paper covers actual damage distances due to flammable liquids and gases of oil refinery stored in finished product section in different pressure vessels. Catastrophic rupture of the individual product has been described in imaging worst scenario and damage distances for heat loads has been calculated. The output of ALOHA Tool provide the worst case scenario consequences results on plant and nearby local community and summarizes the useful fact for onsite emergency plan of oil refinery.

The basic characteristics of foam concentrates appl ication rate and their flow rates for fire fighting to extinguish tank fire are briefed. It is pointed out that the present fire fighting systems of large scale crude oil storage depots canno t meet the need to extinguish tank fires. In petroleum refinery, various hydrocarbons, both liquid and gaseous are handled. These hydroca rbons are flammable and explosive in nature and volatile to varying degrees depending upon their operating conditions. As the process operations are carried out at elevated temperatures and pressures, they of fer high risk of fire and explosions and therefore it is imperative that proper safety precautions are taken in carrying out operations sa fely and prevent incidence of fires and explosions. This paper covers the application rate and flow rates of foam onto a fire is normally expressed as the amount of foam soluti on, in litres per minute, to be applied to every square metre of the total area to be covered with foam.