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The proximate composition of milk from fifteen free-ranging white rhinoceroses at different lactation stages is reported with detailed analysis of fatty acid composition and minerals. Lactose is the main component at 7.93 ± 0.53%, followed by 0.93 ± 0.19% protein, 1.76 ± 0.39% fat, 0.40 ± 0.18% ash, 0.05 ± 0.01% glucose, and 0.04 ± 0.02% non protein nitrogen The interindividual variation of all the components is high, showing no trend of change over lactation. The K and P content decreased over lactation. The fatty acid composition of rhinoceros milk is characteristic with a high saturated fatty acids content of 62%-84%, of which the medium chain fatty acids form the major portion. The C10:0, C12:0, C16:0, and C18:1c9 are the major fatty acids in the milk fat. The results are compared with the two other Perissodactylae families, the Equidae and Tapiridae. Differences in gross composition are small, but the milk of the Rhinocerotidae have the lowest gross energy, while the milk fats consist of the highest amounts of saturated fatty acids, while the low levels of C16:1c9 and C18:1c9 indicate the lowest mammary Δ9-desaturase activity.

Beef offal are consumed by people in some countries specifically in Asia. Beef liver and lungs are favorite food which are used as meat in traditional food. The objective of this study was to determine the postmortem changes in pH, color, drip loss, and non-protein nitrogen (NPN) content in beef liver and lungs during storage in refrigerator (3-4 ºC) until 5 d (120 h) after slaughter. The beef liver and lungs were collected from the abattoir and transported in cool box (

The current study assessed ruminal fermentation parameters and bacterial community, nutrient intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance of goats fed diets containing buffel grass hay and ruminal ammonia nitrogen (N-NH3). Five rumen-cannulated mixed-breed castrated adult goats (45 ± 2.3 kg) were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square design represented by five N-NH3 levels (3.43, 9.95, 17.2, 23.0 and 33.7 mg/dl). Control animals were fed hay exclusively. Other treatments were represented by ruminal infusion composed of a mixture containing urea, ammonium sulphate and casein. The increasing N-NH3 concentrations did not affect rumen fluid pH, which averaged 6.43. Rumen ammoniacal nitrogen increased linearly in response to N-NH3. Volatile fatty acids were not affected by increasing N-NH3 concentrations. A higher abundance of Ruminococcaceae (Ruminococcus 1, Ruminococcaceae UCG-014 and Ruminococcaceae NK4A214 group) was observed in the rumen of goats infused with higher concentrations of N-NH3 (17.2 and 33.7 mg/dl N-NH3). There was a quadratic effect (P < 0.050) of N-NH3 levels on neutral detergent fibre intake with maximum values estimated at 13.7 mg/dl N-NH3. Nutrient intake, nitrogen excretion and nitrogen balance presented a positive linear effect (P < 0.050). In conclusion, 3.43 mg/dl of N-NH3 is the minimum level to maintain microbial activity, whereas the recommended level to optimize the microbial community is 14.5 mg/dl of N-NH3 in the rumen of goats fed buffel grass.

The true protein content of plant foods is best assessed directly by analyzing amino acids quantitatively or indirectly by using a nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor (NPCF) that is computed based on sums of amino acids. The practical way of determining protein in plant foods is by multiplying its total nitrogen (TN) value with a reliable plant-specific NPCF. In this study, three kinds of NPCFs were evaluated for measuring the net-protein content of chia, rye, quinoa, spelt, flax, and hemp. A universal factor of 6.25 was considered NPCF1, while NPCF2s and NPCF3s were based on the sum of amino acids with amide-nitrogen and computed quantities of Asn and Gln using a ratio method, respectively. The TN was minimal in rye (1.34% w/w) and maximal in flax (5.57% w/w). The values of NPCF2 ranged from 5.18 – 5.90 and from 5.45 - 6.22 for NPCF3. The net protein values obtained by NPCF2 were close to the values of direct quantitative analysis of amino acids as compared to other NPCFs. The use of computed Gln and Asn quantities incorrectly increased the amount of available nitrogen in the amino acids, especially in spelt, flax, and hemp; it was about 4% higher than the corresponding TN values, suggesting that the use of the computed method is not appropriate for these plants. NPCF1 overestimated the protein content in all the samples. The degree of overestimation is likely due to the inclusion of non-protein nitrogen in the calculation, which ranged from 5% - 22% in the samples tested.

The effects of electron beam irradiation (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 kGy) on the quality characteristics of vacuum packed headless vannamei stored under chilled condition (2 °C) was assessed. The total volatile base nitrogen, non protein nitrogen content, peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances showed an increasing trend during storage. Texture analysis indicated that shrimp irradiated at above 2.5 kGy dose had a lower hardness than control. L* value showed a decreased trend during storage (51.87–13.89). Moreover, b* and a* value showed a gradual increase during storage. The total viable count was lower in the irradiated sample than control. A similar trend also observed for psychrophilic, pseudomonas and H2S former count. There is a significant (p

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of using encapsulated nitrate product (ENP) replacing soybean meal in diets differing in concentrate to forage ratio on ruminal fermentation and methane production in vitro using a semi-automatic gas production technique. Eight treatments were used in a randomized complete design with a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement: two diet (20C:80F and 80C:20F concentrate to forage ratio) and four levels of ENP addition (0%, 1.5%, 3.0%, and 4.5% of DM) replacing soybean meal. There was a diet × ENP interaction (p = 0.02) for methane production. According to ENP addition, diets with 80C:20F showed more intense reduction on methane production that 20C:80F. A negative linear effect was observed for propionate production with ENP addition in diet with 80C:20F and to the relative abundance of methanogens Archaea, in both diet. The replacement of soybean meal by ENP in levels up to 3% of DM inhibited methane production due to a reduction in the methanogens community without affecting the organic matter degradability. However, ENP at 4.5% of DM level affected fiber degradability, abundance of cellulolytic bacteria, and propionic acid production, indicating that this level of inclusion is not recommended for ruminant production.

Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) is a good method for separation of small charged molecules like amino acids and small peptides. However, their identification in biological samples is quite difficult. Proteolysis products in salted fish are usually determined by chemical methods and there is no suitable simple and quick direct instrumental method. In this work the identification of compounds in trichloroacetic extracts from salted herring meat separated by CZE with direct UV detection was performed. There were determined theoretical migration time of amino acids and peptides based on the Offord’s model and experimental migration time of 67 standards. Standards were separated individually, in the mixture and with samples (increasing concentration). On the electrophoregram of salted herring meat extract there were noticed 36 peaks, divided into 4 fields A–D. Among them there were identified in sequence: (A) creatinine, Lys, Arg and His, (B) creatine, (C) Trp, Met, Tyr and Phe and (D) cystine. Described method may be suitable for fast monitoring of the salted herring ripening process.

This study aimed to evaluate the association of technical cashew nut shell liquid (tCNSL) and two sources of non-protein nitrogen (NPN), dry matter intake (DMI), the partial and total apparent digestibility coefficient of nutrients, ruminal fermentation, microbial synthesis, and blood characteristics. Four Holstein steers (438 kg ± 17.14 kg) fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannula were used. Diets had (in DM basis) 135 g kg?1 of crude protein and 746 g kg?1 of total digestive nutrients. The roughage to concentrate ratio was 30:70. The experimental design was a 4 x 4 Latin square with 14-day experimental periods. The non-protein nitrogen sources used were livestock urea (U) and slow-release urea (SRU) (Optigen® II). The treatments consisted of diets containing U or SRU associated or not with tCNSL. The tCNSL was added to the diet in a proportion of 300 mg kg?1 of concentrate. DMI and ruminal, intestinal and total apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients were not affected by experimental diets. The association of sources of NPN and tCNSL did not affect pH, ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), plasma urea nitrogen (PUN), and microbial synthesis of animals consuming high-grain diets.

In the recent decades, air and surface water pollution by nitrogen from agro-industrial discards has become a global environmental concern. Generally, these byproducts and or discards are nutrient rich and could inexpensively be utilized for various purposes marginally helping with mitigation strategies. In this context, our study was conducted in two phases: producing lactosylurea from agro-industrial by-products and subsequently evaluating the possibility of using lactosylurea as a non-protein nitrogen source in the ruminant’s diet and its effect on feed digestibility as well as ruminal parameters. Gas production test and in-vitro disappearance method were used to describe the kinetics of digestion in both dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) of the four experimental treatments. Protozoa count and total volatile fatty acids concentration were utilized to evaluate the ruminal parameters. The treatments were 1) basal diet + urea (BDU), 2) basal diet+ lactosylurea (BDL), 3) basal diet+ concentrated lactosylurea (BDCL), 4) basal diet+ Optigen (slow release NPN) (BDO). According to our findings, produced gas, DM, and CP disappearance in were significantly higher in concentrated lactosylurea and positive control groups than the other treatments (P

We evaluated the differences between the supplementation of urea in rumen and/or abomasum on forage digestion, N metabolism and urea kinetics in cattle fed a low-quality tropical forage. Five Nellore heifers were fitted with rumen and abomasum fistulas and assigned to a Latin square design. The treatments were control, continuous infusion of urea in the abomasum (AC), continuous infusion of urea in the rumen, a pulse dose of urea in the rumen every 12 h (PR) and a combination of PR and AC. The control exhibited the lowest (P < 0·10) faecal and urinary N losses, which were, overall, increased by supplementation. The highest urinary N losses (P < 0·10) were observed when urea was either totally or partially supplied as a ruminal pulse dose. The rumen N balance was negative for the control and when urea was totally supplied in the abomasum. The greatest microbial N production (P < 0·10) was obtained when urea was partially or totally supplied in the abomasum. Urea supplementation increased (P < 0·10) the amount of urea recycled to the gastrointestinal tract and the amount of urea-N returned to the ornithine cycle. The greatest (P < 0·10) amounts of urea-N used for anabolism were observed when urea was totally and continuously infused in the abomasum. The continuous abomasal infusion also resulted in the highest (P < 0·10) assimilation of microbial N from recycling. The continuous releasing of urea throughout day either in the rumen or abomasum is able to improve N accretion in the animal body, despite mechanism responsible for that being different.

Calf rennet is the main enzyme component has been widely used as a milk clotting enzyme for cheese making. The high price of traditional rennets and ethical consideration associated with their use promoted the new rennet substitute. The cheeses were studied to determined difference chemical, biochemical and sensory characteristics throughout of 2 months of ripening. The cheese yield produced from commercial enzyme was (p

This study investigated the effect of urea or calcium nitrate with or without the inclusion of Acacia tannin extract on dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility, growth performance, and methane emission in growing lambs. Forty South African Mutton Merino lambs (95 days old, average body weight of 34.7 kg) were blocked by weight and sex and randomly allocated to four groups and fed diets supplemented with: urea (control); nitrate; urea + tannin; and nitrate + tannin. The concentration of urea and nitrate source in the diet was 10 g/kg and 32 g/kg, respectively, while the tannin was an extract of Acacia mearnsii added at 42 g/kg DM. Lambs were gradually adapted to the diets for 21 days after which growth performance was monitored for 60 days. At the end of the experimental period, methane was measured in open-circuit respiratory chambers, and digestibility was carried out inside metabolic cages. Dry matter and other nutrient intakes of lambs were not influenced by NPN source or the inclusion of tannin extract in the diet with the exception of the crude protein intake, which was higher (P

A Feeding trial was conducted for twelve weeks (eighty four days) to assess the performance of Yankasa sheep fed ensiled sugarcane waste (ESCW) enhanced with non – protein nitrogen (urea and poultry litter) sources and soybean meal. Sixteen (16) Yankasa rams (mean body weight 25kg±0.46; aged 8 to 15 months) were randomly allotted to the treatments groups viz; T1 (100% SCW plus urea, unensiled) as control, T2 (100% SCW plus urea, ensiled), T3 (75%SCW plus 25% SBM, ensiled) and T4 (75% SCW plus 25% PL, ensiled) with four animals per treatment in a randomised complete block design (RCBD). The experimental diets were offered as basal diet along with clean drinking water and mineral salt lick ad-libitum, while a concentrate diet was formulated containing 16.26% CP and offered at 1.5% body weight to each of the experimental animals. The results obtained indicated non significant (P>0.05) differences in the treatment means of all the growth parameters evaluated however, all the values obtained for T3 and T4 were numerically higher. The digestibility of DM, CF and NFE showed that T3 and T4 gave significantly (P

The present study was carried out to estimate the effect of ginger rhizomes (Zingiber officinale) extracts on the oxidative stability, chemical composition, microbiological and sensory properties of UF-soft cheese being made with aqueous or ethanolic ginger extracts (1%) compared to control cheese and cheese contained 0.02% of butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA). Resultant cheeses were stored in brine solution 6% at 7±1°C up to 90 days. Results showed that, addition of ginger rhizomes extracts had increasing significant effect (P≤0.05) on fat/DM%, soluble nitrogen (SN/TN%) and non protein nitrogen (NPN/TN%). On the other hand, titratable acidity, total protein%, salt in moisture% and total volatile fatty acids (TVFAs) were decreased with addition of aqueous or ethanolic ginger extracts compared to control cheese and cheese treated with BHA as synthetic antioxidant. Cheese containing 1% ethanolic extract showed the highest oxidative stability. Also, ginger extracts reduced the total bacterial count than the control and BHA treatment. However, yeast and mould counts showed opposite trend and they were not detected in all treated samples up to 60 days of storage. Also, results showed that, cheese samples containing ginger ethanolic extract (1%) showed better organoleptic characteristics than other treatments. From the previous it is advanced to use ginger extract in manufacture of white soft cheese at the rate of (1%).

This study was carried out to study the effect of replacing Berseem hay in feed of lactating goats by strawberry vines hay on milk properties and Domiati cheese properties made from this milk. Twenty eight Damascus goats were divided into four similar groups according to weight as follows: *Group1 were fed on concentrate mixtures + Berseem hay 1:1 as a control (treatment1).* Group 2 were fed on concentrate mixtures + (70 % Berseem hay and 30 % Strawberry vines hay) 1:1, (treatment 2).* Group 3 were fed on concentrate mixtures + mixtures of (30 % Berseem hay and 70 % Strawberry vines hay) 1:1, (treatment 3).* Group 4 were fed on concentrate mixture + Strawberry vines hay 1:1, (treatment 4). Domiati cheese was made from goats' milk, cheeses were stored at room temperature for 60 days and analyzed for total solids (TS), total nitrogen (TN), acidity, pH, fat, soluble nitrogen (SN), non protein nitrogen (NPN), total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) and organoleptic properties. Results showed that, no significant differences (P

Biochemical, microbiological and sensory qualities of Puthi shidal from the markets of North-east India were studied. Puthi shidal was found as a good source of protein (38.35%). Its pH and moisture content was found to be 6.1 and 33.44%, respectively. It was rich in lysine (11.8±1.9 g 100g-1 ) among essential amino acids, whereas glutamic acid was the highest (21.4±3.6 g 100g-1 ) in non-essential amino acids group. The major saturated fatty acids were palmitic acid (14.0±1.5 mole %) and stearic acid (17.0±2.3 mole %). The oleic acid (19.1±1.5 mole%) was the prominent monounsaturated fatty acid. The dominant polyunsaturated fatty acids were of the n-6 series. The major polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) found chiefly in linoleic acid (11.0±1.4 mole %) in the sample. The microbial load (log cfu/g) of Puthi Shidal comprised of total plate count (5.4±0.35), Staphylococcus aureus (2.4±0.30) and Streptococcus spp. (1.1±0.1), indicating unhygienic handling practices during preparation and storage. The physicochemical analysis i.e. total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) (116.20 mg%), non protein nitrogen (NPN) (2.50%), peroxide value (PV) (39.12 milliequivalent O2/g of fat), free fatty acids (FFA) (64.50% as oleic acid) and overall acceptability (6.9±0.59) revealed that the product was of acceptable quality. Though the product was found to have high nutritional value, strict hygienic measures should be adopted right from the preparation of raw materials, processing methods and during storage, in order to safeguard the health of the consumers.

Agronomical field study was conducted to study the effect of different levels of NPK fertilization on crude protein, total nitrogen, nitrate and nitrite nitrogen, non protein nitrogen and total free amino acids in the rice grains of well known variety Pant-4. T.N. and C.P. content was found to increase with the increase in fertilizer doses whereas the nitrate nitrogen content decreased. Nitrite nitrogen and non protein nitrogen showed an irregular trend with respect to control. However the quantity of total amino acid was found optimum at N80P40K30 dose.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of soybean (Glycine max), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), and jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) as urease sources for elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) hay ammoniated with urea. The experimental design was completely randomized in a double factorial arrangement with one additional treatment: 4 urease source levels x 3 urease sources + 1 control. Chemical-bromatological analyses and carbohydrate fractionation were performed in the hay, and cumulative gas production in vitro was determined. There were interactions between urease level and source for neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber, in which 1 and 2% jack bean lowered acid detergent fiber values, and 2% jack bean and 3% soybean reduced lignin content. The addition of milled legume grains reduces fiber components and increases non protein nitrogen content in elephant grass hay ammoniated with urea. Adding 4% milled soybean increases gas production in the soluble fraction. Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão de soja (Glycine max), feijão-guandu (Cajanus cajan) e feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformis) como fonte de urease para feno de capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum) amonizado com ureia. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial duplo, com um tratamento adicional: 4 níveis de fonte de urease x 3 fontes de urease + 1 controle. Realizou-se a análise química-bromatológica e o fracionamento de carboidratos no feno, e a produção cumulativa de gás in vitro foi determinada. Houve efeito da interação entre o nível e a fonte de urease para fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente ácido, em que a adição de 1 e 2% de feijão-de-porco resultou nos menores valores de fibra em detergente ácido, e a adição de 2% de feijão-de-porco e 3% de soja, nos menores valores de lignina. A adição de grãos moídos das leguminosas reduz os componentes da fibra e aumenta o teor de nitrogênio não proteico do feno de capim-elefante amonizado com ureia. A adição de 4% de grão de soja moído aumenta a produção de gás proveniente da fração solúvel.

The purpose of this study is to compare the physico-chemical, microbiological and rheological properties of among Halloumi cheese made from 100% goat's milk (T1), 50% cow's milk and 50% goat's milk (T2), 75% cow's milk and 25% goat's milk (T3) and 100% cow's milk (T4), during the storage period at 5oC in brine solution (12% sodium chloride) . The goat cheese (T1) gave the highest value in the moisture content, the total volatile fatty acids (TVFA), the ash, the highest level of Halloumi cheese, and 50% cow's milk (T2) was the lowest. There were also insignificant differences (p < 0.05) in water soluble nitrogen (WSN) and fat / total solid, in the four treatments of cheese. T3 was the highest in fat ratio, non protein nitrogen (NPN), salt, total solid, salt / moisture content. Total number of bacteria for all fresh samples were significantly (P

Aim. To study the composition of commercial samples of whey protein concentrates obtained by the method of ultrafi ltration from cheese whey and present on the Ukrainian market. Methods. Determination of nitrogen- containing fractions by the Kjeldahl method, protein composition – by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel, amino acid composition – on the amino acid analyzer, functional and technological properties of concen- trates, characterizing their ability to participate in surface phenomena, – by conventional methods. Results. It was determined that the protein fractions of the investigated industrial samples are mainly β-globulin and α-lactalbumin, the total content of which is from 90 to 96 %. It was noted that the concentrates with a higher content of total protein have a smaller proportion of non-protein nitrogen and caseins. It was determined that the amino acid content of dry cheese whey is lower than that of the concentrates. It was established that the increase in protein content in concentrates up to 70–80 % leads to a signifi cant increase in the foam-forming, water-retaining, fat-retaining and emulsifying capacities of concentrates in comparison with the milk whey. It was noted that the indicators characterizing the technological properties of the investigated commercial sam- ples of concentrates with the same protein content may vary within 10–15 %. Conclusions. It was established that the investigated commercial samples of whey protein concentrates have an increased biological value and improved functional and technological properties in comparison with dry cheese whey, which allows using them in the formulations of other food products. To obtain fi nal products with stable characteristics, it is neces- sary to evaluate the technological properties of concentrates entering the enterprise as part of implementing the activities of the product quality management system.

Kjeldahl and Dumas crude protein measurement methodologies do not distinguish between nitrogen native to milk and nitrogen in low molecular mass, nitrogen-rich adulterants. Measuring the non-protein nitrogen (NPN) content is one possible means of closing this loophole. Four methods were considered, with three selected for further research and validation: protein precipitation using trichloroacetic acid, protein precipitation using tannic acid, and molecular mass cut-off filtration. Kjeldahl assay was used on the supernatant or filtrate for all three methods. An NPN reference concentration range was established using 15 milk powder samples. This was followed by spiking experiments using seven low-molecular-weight, nitrogen-rich adulterants. Tannic acid precipitation and molecular mass cut-off filtration, both simple techniques available for routine use in food analysis laboratories, proved to be suitable for detecting the adulteration of milk powders with a variety of nitrogenous contaminants. NPN concentrations of ≥0.34% in milk powders are suspected to result from adulteration.

Summary Nutrient utilization, body condition and carcass traits of cull ewes were studied in three dietary regimens based on complete feed block (CFB) feeding to control (C) with rumen protected protein (RPP), CU [RPP + urea (6 g/kg)] and CUF [RPP + urea + rumen protected fat (RPF; 40 g/kg)]. The RPP component (g/kg) in C had 1% formaldehyde-treated soy flakes 50, mustard cake 50 and sesame cake 30. The mustard and sesame cakes were replaced with urea on equivalent N basis in CU and CUF. The ewes were offered ad libitum CFB composed (g/kg) of concentrate 650, roughage 300 and molasses 50. The digestibility of OM and EE was higher (p

Urea is a common non-protein supplement used in ruminant feed; however, excessive consumption may lead to poisoning by NH3. Although the slow release of urea into the rumen has shown to be an essential aspect for ruminant feed, to date only a few studies have addressed this matter. In this study we examined the influence of five different NH3-N slow release systems based on clay-urea nanocomposites on the fiber digestibility of low-quality forage (sugarcane straw) in vitro. Physical properties of nanocomposites were evaluated and their effects on digestibility were tested in vitro using pristine urea as a positive control (level of 1 % of DM of sugarcane straw sample) and sugarcane (with no additives) as a negative control. Ammonia release and digestibility were evaluated at 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96-h. Generally, all nanocomposites increased (p < 0.05) digestibility of fiber over control under all the conditions stipulated, but the samples with hydrogel content were more expressive. We concluded that an ideal release rate and optimum environment for microbial synthesis are necessary to maximize the digestion of sugarcane. Made available in DSpace on 2020-01-11T00:41:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnalysisNH3NSlow.pdf: 870430 bytes, checksum: db2069d256b3f8a0a525196f2b1039a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019 On-line first.

Industrial effluents of alcohol production are problematic for the environment. One of the proposed solutions to the reduction of harmful effects of the wastewater is to convert it into vinasse. The purpose of the present study is to investigate effects of rations with different levels of vinasse as a source of protein in the diet of 28 male Holstein calves, previously health checked, with an average initial weight of 300 ± 22.56 kg and the maximum similarity of weight and age. The calves were divided randomly into four treatments varied in vinasse (substituted for cottonseed meal): 0 (control), 5, 10 and 15 % with seven replications and each group was given its own specific diet for 110 days. Growth performance, nutrient digestibility and feed intake were examined. Final body weight, average daily weight gain and dry matter intake were significantly higher in calves fed diet with 10% vinasse compared to other treatments (p < 0.05). Rumen pH significantly increased in treatment four (15% vinasse) (p < 0.05). Crude fat, NDF, non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC) and dry matter digestibility didn’t show any significant difference between treatments (p > 0.05), but treatments with 10 and 15% vinasse significantly increased organic matter andcrude protein digestibility compared with control (p < 0.05). Totally substituting cottonseed meal with 10% vainasse in calves diet improved body weight gain and organic matter digestibility without any significant effects on rumen pH.

The ruminant is able to transform plant fibres and non-protein nitrogen (NPN) into edible foods for human consumption. In an effort towards improving our understanding of this process, we sought to challenge convention and examine how the source, amount and site of NPN delivery in the gastrointestinal tract of the ruminant may affect fibre digestibility, rumen stability and N metabolism. In the first study presented here, we used four ruminally cannulated non-lactating heifers in a Latin square design to infuse 59 g/days of N in the form of ammonia (A) or urea (U) into either the rumen (R) or the abomasum (A). We found that intake was higher (p = .03) for animals receiving supplementary NPN as urea compared with ammonia. In addition, abomasally infused urea (UA) improved fibre fermentation by 9.4% (p = .05) and decreased ruminal pH fluctuations (lower slope in the cumulative pH parameters, p = .04) when compared with the same amount of urea infused ruminally (UR). In a second study, using the same group of heifers, we infused 50 or 150 g/day of urea into the rumen (UR50 and UR150) or 150 g of urea in the abomasum (UA150) or 50 g in the rumen and 100 g in the abomasum (URA150). Fibre digestion was improved by 4% (p = .02) when the same dose of urea was infused into the abomasum compared with the rumen, while estimated microbial protein production and N efficiency were not different between a low rumen dose and high post-ruminal dose of urea. Collectively, these studies provide insight into the viability of post-ruminal NPN supplementation as a strategy to improve fibre digestion and NPN inclusion in the ruminant diet.

The aim of the study was to investigate the activity of slow-release non-protein nitrogen compound with the enzymatic activity (SENPN) and to compare it with the activity of slow- releasing non-protein nitrogen compound (SNPN) in beef cattle feeding. The following indicators were monitored: body weight (BW), average weight gain (AWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), trunk weight at slaughter (TWS) and dressing percentage (DP). Beef cattle were divided into two groups of uniform body weights ; control group (CG) and experimental group (EG). The feed ration of the CG contained SNPN, while the feed ration of the EG contained SENPN. During the trial, three weights were performed to measure BW. The trial consisted of two parts: (i) the first part of the trial refers to the period between the first and second weighing, in which the feed ration of the EG contained 4.81% less starch per kg of dry matter (DM) compared to the feed ration of the CG, and (ii) the second part of the trial was conducted in the period between the second and third weighing, in which the feed ration contained equal starch levels. After the third weighing, the beef cattle were transported to the slaughterhouse, where they were sacrificed, and subsequently the values of TWS and DP were measured. There were no statistically significant differences found for each of the measured parameters. In conclusion, the usage of SENPN positively affects the utilisation of nutrients in the mixture, e.g. feed ration.

Tropical plant phytonutrients have impacts on rumen fermentation and methane production. Dragon fruit peel powder (DFPP) including condensed tannins (CT) and saponins (SP). The objective was to conduct the effects of phytonutrients and non-protein nitrogen (NPN) source on in vitro rumen fermentation, nutrients degradability and methane production. The treatments were randomly assigned in a 2 × 3 × 3 factorial arrangement in a Completely randomized design. The three factors contains the R:C ratio (60:40 and 40:60), the doses of NPN addition (0, 1 and 2% of the total substrate) and the doses of DFPP addition (0, 2 and 4% of total substrate). The results indicated that the gas production rate constant for the insoluble fraction (c) was highly significant as the results of the R:C ratio, DFPP and NPN supplementation, whilst there was no difference obtained among treatments for cumulative gas production. Ammonia nitrogen concentration was influenced by the R:C ratio, NPN and DFPP addition both 4 and 8 h after incubation. In part of microbial population, protozoa was significantly reduced with DFPP addition. Importantly, the production of methane was remarkably affected by the R:C ratios and it was decreased due to increasing level of DFPP. Furthermore, in vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD) was significantly improved by combination between R:C ratio and supplementation of DFPP at 12 h. In conclusion, addition of DFPP and NPN source could improve rumen fermentation, nutrients degradability and DFPP would be a potential dietary rumen enhancer.

This study evaluated whether the FieldScout CM 1000 NDVI and Yara N–Tester models can produce accurate and reliable estimates of nitrogen (N), buffer-soluble nitrogen (BSN), buffer-insoluble nitrogen (BISN), non-protein nitrogen (NPN) and in vitro ruminal nitrogen degradability after 3, 12 and 24 h incubation (ND3, ND12 and ND24) in three tropical grasses: Brachiaria hybrid, Megathyrsus maximus and Paspalum atratum. Correlation between the Yara N-Tester and N, BISN and in vitro ruminal N degradability of the Brachiaria hybrid and M. maximus were high (r 0.67–0.83). The Yara N-Tester accounted for 81% and 86% (p 0.000) of N variability in the Brachiaria hybrid and M. maximus, respectively. The Yara N-Tester prediction models explained 72% and 70% (p 0.000) BISN variability in the Brachiaria hybrid and M. maximus, respectively. In vitro ND24 of the Brachiaria hybrid (R 2 0.75) and M. maximus (R 2 0.75) was also best predicted with the Yara N-Tester. Model validation showed generally low (≤0.90) concordance ...

Summary Eighty Dorper × thin-tailed Han cross-bred non-castrated male lambs [mean body weight (BW), 25.87 ± 1.06 kg] were randomly allocated to one of five different concentrations of slow-release urea (urea phosphate, UP). The feed consisted of an equal amount of concentrate diet and roughage; the concentrate feed was formulated to be isoenergetic and isonitrogenic and contained 0%, 1%, 2%, 4% and 8% UP (UP0.0, UP1.0, UP2.0, UP4.0 and UP8.0, respectively) as a replacement for soya bean meal. Feed intake, BW, average daily gain (ADG), feed utilisation efficiency (FUE), absolute and relative organ weights and biochemical and histopathological parameters were measured. Feed intake, BW, ADG and FUE significantly decreased in the group receiving UP8.0 (p 0.05). Quadratic equations were developed between the UP dosage in the concentrate feed and ADG or FUE (r2 = 0.973 for ADG and r2 = 0.761 for FUE) to determine the appropriate dosage of UP given the desire to maximise either ADG or FUE, the appropriate dosage (feed concentration) was calculated as 2.01% UP to achieve the greatest ADG or 2.13% UP to achieve the best FUE. The relative weight of the liver (% BW) in the UP2.0 groups was significantly greater than that of UP0.0 (p 0.05). The UP8.0 treatment significantly increased serum phosphorus levels (p

Objective Two experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of coated slow-release urea on nutrient digestion, ruminal fermentation, nitrogen utilization, blood glucose and urea concentration (Exp 1), and average daily gain (ADG; Exp 2) of steers. Methods Exp 1: Eight ruminally fistulated steers [503±28.5 kg body weight (BW)] were distributed into a d 4×4 Latin square design and assigned to treatments: control (CON), feed grade urea (U2), polymer-coated slow-release urea A (SRA2), and polymer-coated slow-release urea B (SRB2). Dietary urea sources were set at 20 g/kg DM. Exp 2: 84 steers (350.5±26.5 kg initial BW) were distributed to treatments: CON, FGU at 10 or 20 g/kg diet DM (U1 and U2, respectively), coated SRA2 at 10 or 20 g/kg diet DM (SRA1 and SRA2, respectively), and coated SRB at 10 or 20 g/kg diet DM (SRB1 and SRB2, respectively). Results Exp 1: Urea treatments (U2+SRA2+SRB2) decreased (7.4%, p = 0.03) the DM intake and increased (11.4%, p

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of polymer coated slow-release urea (SRU) in high-forage diets of beef steers on nutrient intake and digestibility, ruminal fermentation, microbial protein synthesis, and energy balance. Eight 24-mo-old rumen-fistulated castrated Nellore steers (average body weight = 418.0±40.0 kg) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. Animals were randomly distributed to receive one of the following diets: no urea inclusion; 1.0% inclusion of feed grade urea in the diet (dry matter [DM] basis); 1.0% inclusion of slow-release urea 1 in the diet (DM basis); and 1.0% inclusion of slow-release urea 2 in the diet (DM basis). Slow-release urea 2 had a similar composition to that of slow-release urea 1 and differed in that it contained 2.95% sulfur. A high-forage diet was provided (75% of total DM) and corn silage was used as the forage source. Diets with urea had increased crude protein (CP) intake, and CP and total digestible nutrients total tract digestion. Urea sources increased ruminal concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and acetate, and decreased butyrate concentrations. The polymer coated urea did not alter ruminal fermentation when compared with feed grade urea. Diets did not affect the energy balance of steers. Feed grade urea presented greater microbial protein synthesis than polymer coated slow-release urea. The partial replacement of soybean meal by 1% slow-release urea in a diet with 75% forage does not improve ruminal fermentation and microbial protein synthesis, and shows similar results as feeding feed grade urea to beef steers.

Biological value of protein of quick-frozen semi-finished products from cultivated champignons has been studied. Results of the study of total, protein and non-protein nitrogen in semi-finished products with mushrooms before the freezing and during the low-temperature storage are presented in this work. High preservation of protein after 12 months of low-temperature storage in experimental samples of semi-finished products in comparison with control samples has been established. The amino acid composition of semi-finished products has been determined by the method of ion-exchange column liquid chromatography using an automatic amino acid analyzer. Biological value of protein of quick-frozen semi-finished products from cultivated champignon has been determined by the amino acid composition of the experimental sample in comparison with the amino acid composition of the reference protein, proposed by FAO / WHO, and the following calculation of the amino acid score. Studies have shown that the dominant amino acids in all samples are tryptophan, phenylalanine and tyrosine. The main limiting amino acids are methionine and cystine. Studies of nitrogenous commercial mushroom semi-finished products have shown that quick-frozen semi-finished products from cultivated mushrooms, which have been pre-treated, regardless of the mushrooms varieties, have a higher biological value compared to the control samples.

A feeding trial to study the effect of slow release non-protein nitrogen compound was conducted for 180 days in twelve early lactating Gir and crossbred cows that were divided into two equal groups viz., T0 (Control) and T1 (treatment). T0 received farm made concentrate mixture and T1 received concentrate mixture containing 1% SRNPN (Slow release non-protein nitrogen compound). The animals in both the groups were fed mixed hay as dry roughage and paragrass as green roughage. Dry matter intake in T0 and T1 was comparable. The average daily milk yield, 4% FCM yield, TDN and DCP intake of cows inT1 was significantly (P less than 0.01) higher than T0. The efficiency in terms of DM, TDN and DCP required per kg FCM were significantly (P less than 0.01) better in T1 than T0. The specific gravity, milk protein, solids not fat, total solids and total ash contents of milk were comparable in both the experimental groups, however, the average milk fat percentage in T1 was significantly (P less than 0.01) higher than T0. Digestibility coefficients of all the nutrients were higher in SR-NPN supplemented group than SR-NPN non-supplemented feed. Profit realized per day over feed cost per cow was higher in T1 (Rs.108.34) than T0 (Rs. 90.29). It can be inferred that efficient utilization of poor quality roughages, better productivity and higher profit margin can be achieved by inclusion of SR-NPN at 1 percent level in the concentrate mixture of lactating cows.

Accurately determining protein content is important in the valorization of algal biomass in food, feed and fuel markets. Conversion of elemental nitrogen to protein is a well-accepted and widely practiced method, but depends on developing an applicable nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor. The most complete method to determine this factor takes six different hydrolyses of the subject material and these are not always carried out in reported literature studies. We report new data for conservative conversion factors determined from 21 algae samples along with over 50 amino acid profiles from the literature, representing distinct cultivation conditions for fresh and marine algae. We find that the amino acid profile among different algae samples is consistent, however the large variability between strains in non-protein nitrogen (up to 54% in microalgae) causes variability in the calculated conversion factor. We include our calculated novel nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors for model and commercially relevant biofuel algal strains and compare these with the literature.

To assess the effect of supercritical fluid CO2 (SCFCO2) extraction on the biochemical composition of algal biomass, samples of untreated Nannochloropsis granulata biomass (Initial) and residual biomass after SCFCO2 extraction at 70 and 90 °C (C70 and C90) were analyzed. SCFCO2 extraction significantly reduced crude lipid content from 285.5 g/kg to 256.2–256.3 g/kg (P=0.032) and caloric content from 23.4 MJ/kg to 23.0–23.1 MJ/kg (P=0.004). Concomitantly, significant increases in ash content from 77.8 g/kg to 83.8–86.2 g/kg (P=0.002) and carbohydrate content from 149.1 g/kg to 155.9–165.9 g/kg (P=0.033) were observed and no significant differences between C70 and C90. Small, but significantly lower levels of crude protein (CP, N × 6.25 or N × 4.78) and non-protein N (NPN) were observed for C70 with no differences between Initial and C90. However, sum of amino acid (AA) residues (ΣAA), a more direct estimate of true protein content, indicated no significant difference in protein content (P=0.536) between treatments (average, 362.0 g/kg). Only minor differences in total and free AA profiles were observed between Initial, C70 and C90 and the free AA content as percentage of total AA was insignificant (P=0.564) between treatments (average, 4.9%). However, several free essential AAs (EAAs) were significantly higher in C70 and C90 than Initial resulting in SCFCO2-extracted biomass having significantly higher (P=0.007) total free EAA content (2438.0–2697.0 μg/g of DW) than Initial (2100.4 μg/g of DW) indicating some protein damage and free EAA liberation. While there was a trend toward most AAs slightly increasing in C70 and C90, the EAA lysine; particularly sensitive to high-temperature processing, was significantly lower (P=0.003) in C90 (6.0 g lysine/100 g protein) than Initial (6.9 g lysine/100 g protein) while C70 was intermediate (6.4 g lysine/100 g protein) providing evidence that lysine damage was more severe at 90 °C than 70 °C. The essential AA index (EAAI) of 0.9 for N. granulata biomass is highly comparable to reference proteins such as egg albumin, soy, Chlorella and Spirulina (0.9–1.0) indicating very good potential for use in animal and fish feeds. Further investigations involving species-specific in vitro protein quality and in vivo biological performance of target animals fed diets supplemented with these products are warranted.

The buffering properties of Alxa bactrian camel whole milk was investigated by titrating with base or acid. A “loop” was observed in the pH range 6.6–4.3 when sample was firstly titrated with acid and then back titrated with base. A “loop” was not observed when sample was firstly titrated with base and then back titrated with acid. When the milk sample was titrated from initial pH to 2.0 with HCl, camel milk exhibited a pronounced maximum buffering at approximately pH4.4 and the value of dB/dpH was about 0.073. When acidified camel milk sample was back titrated from pH 2.0 to 11.0 with NaOH, there was low buffering index at approximately pH 4.9 (0.024), and maximum buffering index occurred at approximately pH 6.1 (0.051). The sample was firstly titrated from initial pH to 11.0 with NaOH, camel milk exhibited a weaker buffering peak at approximately pH 7.1 and the value of dB/dpH was about 0.018, when the alkalized milk sample was back titrated from pH 11.0 to 2.0 with HCl, the maximum buffering index occurred at approximately pH 5.1 and the value of dB/dpH was about 0.047.

The objective of this study was to compare nitrogen metabolism and urea kinetics between diets containing either rapidly degrading or slow degrading non-protein nitrogen (NPN) at varying levels of degradable intake protein (DIP). Treatments were slow release urea (Optigen®, Alltech, Inc.) fed at 1.01 and 1.14 and feed grade urea (UREA) fed at 0.89 and 1.00 of calculated DIP requirements. Eight Holstein steers (209 ± 15 kg) implanted with 28 mg estradiol + 200 mg trenbolone acetate (Synovex Plus, Fort Dodge Animal Health, Fort Dodge, IA) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square. Experimental periods were 27 days, with 19 day adaptation followed by 7 day of urine and fecal collection and 1 day of blood sampling. Continuous (78 h) intravenous infusion of 15N15N-urea allowed the estimation of systemic urea kinetics. Dry matter intake was not different between treatments (7.2 kg/day). Increasing DIP had a tendency to increase dry matter digestibility (DMD) for both Urea and Optigen®. Urea had higher DMD than Optigen®. Increasing DIP increased urinary N output for both UREA and Optigen®, and increased N-retention at 1.14 Optigen®. Increasing DIP increased urea-N entry rate (UER) and urinary urea-N excretion (UUE) for both Optigen® and UREA. Gastrointestinal entry of urea-N, urea-N lost to feces and urea-N apparently used for anabolism were not different between treatments. Plasma urea concentration was greater in higher DIP diets and higher for Urea than Optigen® at 1.00 DIP. Therefore increasing DIP level will increase N-excretion related to higher urea production and excretion in urine but may also increase diet digestibility. Most changes in N metabolism were driven by N intake.

In this study grape pomace was ensilaged without and with the addition of NPN substances (Benural) at the dose of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% of the amount of husk and with the addition of inoculant based on homo and hetero fermentative lactic acid bacteria. The greatest effect on the nutritional value had application of Benural, especially in increasing the CP content from 126.9 to 178.3 g kg-1DM, an increase of over 40%. Application of Benural increased the ammonia and soluble nitrogen several times, but even with the maximum addition of Benural percentage of ammonia nitrogen in the total nitrogen reached only slightly above 5% NH3 -N/Σ N (5.38%), while the percentage of soluble nitrogen in total nitrogen was 28.29%. The application of inoculants generally had no significant impact, both on the chemical composition and the fermentation process. U istraživaniima komina grožđa je silirana bez i uz dodatak NPN supstanci (Benural) u količini od 0,5; 1,0 i 1,5% od količine komina i sa dodatkom inokulantana na bazi homo i heterofementativnih mlečno-kiselinskih bakterija. Najveći efekat na hranljivu vrednost imala je primena NPN, posebno u povećanju sadržaja SP od 126,9 na 178,3 gkg-1SM. Primena NPN supstanci je uticala na povećanje amonijačnog i rastvorljivog azota nekoliko puta, ali i pri najvećoj količini dodatog NPN supstanci udeo amonijačnog azota u ukupnom azotu je neznatno prešao vrednost od 5% (%NH3-N/ΣN 5,38) dok je udeo rastvorljivog azota u ukupnom azotu iznosio 28,29%. Primena inokulanata uglavnom nije imala značajnog uticaja, kako na hemijski sastav, tako i na proces fermentacije.

In this paper, we have developed the concept of the non-protein nitrogen (NPN) index defined as a ratio coefficient of NPN content and crude protein nitrogen (CPN) content in milk. To demonstrate the NPN index, the NPN and CPN in a series of milk samples were determined by using the Kjeldahl method and the trichloroacetic acid precipitation method (TCA). The NPN index of raw milk was chosen for accurately discriminating milk adulteration with ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, urea, melamine, and whey powder. The results showed that all of the NPN indices of adulterated milk fell outside the discriminating ranges, which were supposed to be from 0.8084 to 1.4987, unless the amount of melamine was less than 0.2 mg kg−1 in adulterated milk. All the results suggested that the NPN index could be used to accurately detect milk adulteration with nitrogen-rich substances and provided an efficient way to monitor milk quality.

Meat of non-descript type old female goat of more than two years age and meat of young castrated male goat of around 9 months age were procured, chilled to 4±1ºC for 24 hrs and then frozen stored at -10±1ºC in the form of chunks and mince, packaged in low density polythene (LDPE) -300 g (gauge) and high density polythene (HDPE) -200 g for 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks. Samples of meat were evaluated for pH, water holding capacity (WHC), salt soluble protein (SSP), water soluble protein (WSP), non protein nitrogen (NPN), thiobarbituric acid value (TBA) and microbiological load in terms of aerobic plate count (APC). Overall there was significant (P less than 0.01) rise in pH as the storage period progressed. There was non-significant (P less than 0.01) difference between treatments. The average WHC increased significantly (P less than 0.01) upto 8 weeks (32.87%) and then started decreasing and was lowest at 16 weeks (24.14%). There was significant decrease (P less than 0.01) in WSP as the storage period increased from 0 week to 16 weeks. The average WSP of old female goat meat kept as chunk in LDPE and mince in HDPE increased significantly (P less than 0.01) with respect to young male goat meat (kept as chunk in LDPE and mince in HDPE). There was significant (P less than 0.01) reduction in SSP as the storage period progressed but there was non-significant decrease between 4 weeks and 8 weeks. SSP was 8.53% at 0 week and 4.58 at 16 weeks. The average TBA-values increased significantly (P less than 0.01) at each storage interval. The value increased from 0.28 (at 0 week) to 0.65 (at 16 weeks) mg of malonaldehyde/kg of meat. Mince kept in HDPE of old female goat had significantly (P less than 0.01) higher TBA value than other treatments. There was significant (P less than 0.01) reduction (5.65 log10 cfu/g at 0 week and 5.26 log10 cfu/g at 16 weeks) at each storage interval in APC as the storage period increased.

Twenty five pregnant and primiparous Brazilian buffaloes were allotted in a Randomized Completed Block Design involving five dietary treatments namely; without (T 1 ) or with (T 2 ) augmented feeding plus supplementary by-passed amino acid (BPAA, T 3 ); slow-released non-protein nitrogen (SRNPN, T 4 ) and its combination (T 5 ) to assess their milk peak, lactation persistency and post-partum reproductive performance. Five cows were assigned per treatment and each cow served as a replicate. The feed ration was composed of corn silage (67.3%), rice straw (9.5%) and dairy concentrate pellets (23.2%). The supplementary concentrates, BPAA and SRNPN were given at 0.5kg/kg milk production, 100 grams and 50 grams/hd/day, respectively. Results showed that augmented feeding alone or with supplementary BPAA and SRNPN gave significantly higher (P

In general, the over sea height is cumulative factor, which can influence significantly the farm conditions. This effect consists of temperature (mean year temperature), rain (sum of rainfulls), sunshine (total period of sunshine) and so on, in terms of climate, which can influence the dairy cow keeping directly and indirectly. Direct effects can influence the welfare of dairy cows in terms of hot stress for example, which could decrease a mastitis resistance of cows or their milk yield in simply way. Indirect effects can influence the dairy cows and their milk production (milk yield and milk composition and quality) by typical kinds of forages and preserved rough fodders, by their botany composition and nutritional quality. In general it is possible to say, that increasing over sea height decreases economical efficiency of dairying. On the other hand the higher over sea height is sometimes linked with pastoral system of dairy cow rearing and nourishment and more often with possibility to ecological and biodynamical agriculture application. In the fact, the mountain and submountain localities are named as less favourable areas (LFAs) in terms of agriculture efficiency and sustainability under the Czech Republic conditions. Despite of above mentioned facts, the pastoral system of dairying plays very important role for tourism development in different countries such as Alpine or Scandinavien countries, Ireland, The Netherlands or in particular in New Zealand.It could be very good to know the incidentaly possible impacts of over sea height of dairy cow rearing localities on milk quality, composition and its technological properties because of discussions about incidental dairy subsidies. Of course, in some countries including the Czech Republic, the governmental production subsidies or governmental environmental subsidies are partly linked with over sea height of localities of dairy farms, according to different calculation formulas as well.The individual milk samples, feedstuff samples (total mixed ration (TMR) on feeding trough) and mean excrement samples were collected at seven dairy cow herds and two main milked breeds of cattle (in the CR) for three years. Bulk milk samples were collected as well. It was done two times per year in winter (February, Marz) and summer (August, September) seasons. The herds were localised in lowland (N; ≤ 350 m of o.s.h.) and highland (P; > 350 m of o.s.h.) areas. The breed effect (H = Holstein and C = local Bohemian spotted cattle based on Simmental breed) was good balanced between N and P areas. The milk yields of herds varied from 5500 to 10000 kg of milk per lactation. The different but typical varieties of nourishment and feeding systems of dairy cows were applied in the herds: N = alfalfa silage with maize silage; P = clover-grass silage, grass silage with maize silage and grass pasture as well. The concentrates were feeded according to milk yield and nutrition demand standards.Investigated chemical-compositional, physical, health and technological parameters in individual milk samples were as follows: daily milk yield (ML; kg of milk per day); fat content (Tuk; g/100ml); lactose content (Lak; g/100g of monohydrate); solids non fat (STP; g/100g); somatic cell count (PSB; tis./ml); urea content (Mo; mg/100ml); acetone concentration (Ac; mg/l); acidity, concentration of H ions (pH); electrical conductivity (Vod; mS/cm); alcohol stability (Alk; consumption of 96% ethanol to milk protein coagulation point); titratable acidity (SH; ml NaOH solution 2,5 mmol/l); time for enzymatic coa- gulation (Čas; sec.); rennet curds firmnes (PEV; mm in contrary sense); subjective estimation of rennet curds quality (KV; from 1st = good to 4th = bad); volume of the whey at rennet precipitation (SYR; in ml); crude protein content (HB; Kjeldahl total N×6,38; g/100g); casein content (KAS; Kjeldahl casein N×6,38; g/100g); true protein (ČB; Kjeldahl protein N×6,38; g/100g); whey protein (SB; difference ČB-KAS; g/100g); non protein nitrogen matter (NNL; non protein nitrogen×6,38; HB-ČB; g/100g); ratio of urea nitrogen in non protein nitrogen (MNN; %); fat/crude protein ratio (T/HB); casein numbers as % ratio casein in crude protein and true protein (KAČ-HB and KAČ-ČB).Investigated hygienical and microbiological parameters in bulk milk samples, in preserved rough fodder (total mixed ration (TMR) on the feeding trough) samples and in mean excrement samples were as follows: milk - all parameters are expressed in CFU/ml; TRM = termoresistent microorganisms; SAG = Streptococcus agalactiae; SAU = Staphylococcus aureus; BCE = Bacillus cereus; BLI = Bacillus licheniformis; BAO = other bacilli; BAC = total bacilli (mostly aerobic termoresistent sporulated microorganisms); excrements – similar as milk TRM, BCE, BLI, BAO and BAC, results are expressed in CFU/ml solution, which was prepared by dilution of 1 g of material in 100 ml of distilling water; preserved rough fodders – the same parameters and conditions as at excrements. The hygienical parameters were chosen in consideration of hypothesis about possibility to affect milk hygiene and bacterial contents of excrements by the quality of feedstuff (forages or preserved forages – TMR on the feeding trough) sources and their microbial contamination.The 30 hard natural model cheese productions were processed from milk of four farms (two N and two P). These cheeses were fermented for 120 days and after that were evaluated for sensorical properties (taste and flavour; 1 = good, 5 = bad). The conditions for cheese processing were identical in all cases.The obtained values of some milk parameters (PSB, Ac and all microbiological data) were logarithmically transformed at their statistical evaluation because of their not normal frequency distribution.Differences between N and P areas are shown and tested in tab. I and II in terms of climate. The differences were mostly significant. Differences in milk composition, quality and properties, which were linked with areas are shown in tab. III. More significant effects were observed at milk technological properties such as Alk, Čas and PEV (P < 0,05, P < 0,01 and P < 0,05), where the advantages are at N area for Čas and PEV and at P area for Alk. Significant effects were observed at nitrogen phase of milk (NNL and MNN: P < 0,001 and P < 0,05) as well. These last mentioned are without practical importace.TRM and BAC (BCE) microbiological parameters can be linked beside hygienic practice of milking also with preserved rough fodder quality, which could depend on climate and over sea height conditions. Despite of this hypothesis, all investigated differences between N and P areas within bulk milk, feedstuffs and excrements were statistically no significant (P > 0,05; tab. IV). It is possible to produce the preserved rough fodders at very good level of quality in less favourable areas with today preservation technologies as well, without dependence on over sea height.The cheese sensorical quality (tab. V) was a little better in P area with higher variability (37,8% in comparison to 30,5% in N area). It is probably possible to explain by positive effects of feeding of grass silages with higher dry matter contents and with excellent nutrition digestibility and utilisation of nutrients (including effects of their botany species composition and their aromatic compounds and beta-carrotens), which were produced from young grass regularly under excellent fermentation conditions at one of investigated P farms (tab. V; n. 1). Of course, this above mentioned effect was statistically no significant in terms of N and P areas (P > 0,05), because of smaller difference and higher variability of quality parameter in P area, which were 0,07 and 37,8%. It was probably caused by different bacterial contamination still after milk pasteurization (thermoresistent bacteria). The long period differences within sensorical cheese quality between individual farms were mostly also statistically no significant (P > 0,05). Only in one case the difference was statistically significant (P < 0,02), just within P area. Under specific conditions there could be an advantage at cheesemaking.The mentioned results supported the necessity to keep the primary milk production in highland less favourable areas beside lowland areas, because of good balanced structure of agriculture in the country as well.

Milk composition is of prime economic importance for farmers. Milk total proteins are composed of casein, whey proteins and non-protein nitrogen. The objective of this work was to establish milk crude protein, non-protein nitrogen (NPN) and urea content in dairy cow milk produced in different farms in Latvia. Cow milk samples (n=30) were collected in September 2012 from four different farms breeding diverse cow breeds. Average crude protein, casein and urea content in milk varied significantly among farms. NPN content in cow milk varies among farms - from 0.194% to 0.232%. Average crude protein and casein content was significantly higher (p

Mozzarella cheese was prepared from buffalo milk using liquid rennet extracted from calf stomach at the Laboratory of Animal Products Technology, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam. All the cheese batches were evaluated for compositional, rheological and sensory characteristics. The mean moisture content of mozzarella cheese was 55.15±0.88%, whereas, protein, non protein nitrogen and fat content was 25.28±0.45, 1.56±0.07 and 15.69±0.29%, respectively. The average ash and chloride content was observed as 3.42±0.10 and 1.60±0.02%, respectively. The meltability and strechability of mozzarella cheese was observed as 6.11±0.16 and 12.75±0.15cm, respectively. The sensory attributes showed that color/appearance of mozzarella cheese perceived 4.10±0.27 score, the score for flavor of mozzarella cheese was 27.90±0.43 and the body/texture received 23.60 ±0.52 score. It was concluded that average moisture content of mozzarella cheese revealed that the product was under high moisture category cheese, regardless the fat, meltability and strechability concludes it to be used primarily as an ingredient for pizza making.

This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the Maillard reaction products (MRPs) derived from stingray non-protein nitrogenous (NPN) fraction and sugar (glucose, galactose and fructose) model systems. MRPs were prepared by heating the solution containing NPN (2 g nitrogen/100 ml) and sugar (2 g/100 ml) in 0.05 M sodium hydrogen carbonate buffer, pH 12 for 120 min at 100 °C. Reducing power and capacity to scavenge hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (OH ), 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) radical (ABTS +) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH ) of all MRPs were greater than those of original NPN solution (P

This work aimed to evaluate the ingestive behavior and milk production of F1 Holstein x Zebu cows subjected to increasing levels of urea in the diets. Diets contained 0, 33, 66 and 100% replacement of soybean bran by urea, which corresponded to 0, 0.92, 1.84 and 2.77% of CP in the form of NPN, formulated to be isoproteic and for an average production of 10 liters of milk per cow day-1. We used two 4 x 4 Latin squares, with 4 animals, 4 diets and 4 experimental periods of 18 days each, with the first 15 days of diet adaptation and the last three days for evaluation of ingestive behavior and milk production. The cows were subjected to visual observation at each period, for two consecutive days. There were differences in feeding and idle times, and total chewing time, with quadratic behavior for these variables. Feeding time decreased with 1.78% NPN and idle time increased with the level of 1.96% of CP in the form of NPN. The total chewing time decreased with 1.95% of CP in the form of NPN. The intake, chewing and ruminating time and the efficiencies of feeding and rumination of the DM and of the NDF did not differ. The replacement of soybean brain by urea in the diet of crossbred cows produced changes in the feeding, idle and total chewing times, however, it did not influence milk production of the cows.