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OBJECTIVE Development of dosage form comprising of Capecitabine loaded carbon nanotubes for its targeted delivery to the colon. METHOD Single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) were functionalized by -COOH and Chitosan along with Folic acid. Capecitabine was loaded in these SWCNT's, and the system was analyzed by FTIR, SEM and Raman spectroscopy. Percent drug loading was assessed and the cytotoxicity (COLO320DM and HT29) was verified by using MTT and SRB assay. The apoptosis study was carried out by flowcytometry. The system was enclosed in an enteric coated capsule with pH sensitive polymers and characterized for invitro disintegration, dissolution and invivo roentgenographic studies. RESULTS FTIR, Raman and XRD studies indicated the confirmation of attachments, whereas SEM exhibited size range of 200-500 nm. Drug loading capacity was observed to be 94.63 ± 1.07%. Cytotoxicity studies of Capecitabine and FA-CHI-F-SWCNT-Capecitabine against COLO320DM by using MTT assay showed that FA-CHI-F-SWCNT- Capecitabine exhibited 86.45 ± 0.5788% inhibition whereas pure Capecitabine showed 50.52 ± 0.3106% inhibition. Against HT29, the % inhibition was observed to be 82.76 ± 0.4668% and 56.41 ± 0.2316% respectively for FA-CHI-F-SWCNT-Capecitabine and pure Capecitabine. In case of SRB assay of COLO320DM, the FA-CHI-F-SWCNT-Capecitabine exhibited 89.62 ± 0.4095% inhibition and Capecitabine showed 84.36 ± 0.2559% inhibition, whereas against HT29, FA-CHI-F-SWCNT-Capecitabine showed 81.36 ± 0.2958% inhibition and Capecitabine exhibited 90.62 ± 0.4196% inhibition. CONCLUSION FA-CHI-F-SWCNT loaded system revealed better cytotoxicity as compared with pure Capecitabine against two different cell lines. Invivo studies revealed that the prepared capsule formulation remained intact in the stomach thereby preventing drug release in the gastric milieu.

Background: Around 12% of world population has been infected by renal stone disease which has multiphase etiological factors with high recurrence rate. Thus, in order to reduce the recurrence rate, use of homoeopathic intervention can be the most effective alternative option and Sarsaparilla is one of the frequently prescribed medicines by homoeopath in renal stones. Aim: To nd out the inhibitory action of homoeopathic medicine Sarsaparilla Q, 6C, 12C, 30C, 200C, 1M on calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate crystallization by in vitro study. Methodology: In vitro crystallisation of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate was carried out to evaluate effectiveness of Homoeopathic Medicine Sarsaparilla as an inhibitor. Calcium Oxalate crystallisation assay was experimented by using JASCO-UV/VISIBLE-630 Spectrophotometer. Slope of Nucleation and Aggregation phases is calculated using linear regression analysis and percentage of inhibition was calculated. Calcium phosphate crystallisation inhibition by Sarsaparilla was calculated by measuring concentration of calcium and phosphate ions, using Digital Photo colorimeter by Trinder and Gomeri method respectively. Antioxidant activity of Sarsaparilla Mother Tincture and potencies was measured by DPPH free radical scavenging assay by spectrophotometer. Result: Maximum inhibition of calcium oxalate crystallisation has been noticed in Sarsaparilla Mother Tincture and 1M potency. While Sarsaparilla 30C showing maximum inhibition of Calcium Phosphate crystallisation. Sarsaparilla mother tincture was able to decolorize during DPPH assay in which Inhibition % was decreased as potency increased (Q>30C>1M). Conclusion: The present in vitro study has shown potential role of Homoeopathic medicine Sarsaparilla as an inhibitor of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate crystallisation.

Background: Urolithiasis is one of the common conditions in the society and it needs medical attention due to its increase in prevalence. The use of the homeopathic medicines has found to be,of great importance in the treatment of urolithiasis and certainly homoeopathy is a promising eld in this condition. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanism of urolithiasis and the inhibitory action of homeopathic drug Tribulus terrestris by in vitro experiment. Materials and Method: Homoeopathic preparation of Tribulus terrestris Q, 6C, 12C, 30C, 200C, 1M was planned to evaluate in vitro calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate crystallization using spectro-photometric and colorimetric assay respectively. Considering the role of reactive oxygen species as one of the etiological factors in stone formation, effective antioxidant activity of Tribulus terrestris was also performed by 2,2- diphenyl -1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. Result: Tribulus terrestris Q, 200C and 1M exerted maximum inhibition as 33.62%, 23.89% and 23.00% respectively to calcium oxalate nucleation assay whereas, Tribulus terrestris Q, 6C, 12C, 30C, 200C, 1M exerted maximum inhibition to calcium oxalate aggregation assay up to 76.19%. Tribulus terrestris 12C and 30C showed maximum inhibition as 82.28% and 16. 21% to calcium and phosphate ions respectively. Presence of antioxidant activity by DPPH radical assay for Tribulus terrestris Q and 12C which showed percentage inhibition as 33.11% and 0.95% respectively. Conclusions:Homoeopathic preparation Tribulus terrestris has potential effect on inhibition of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate crystallization and also homoeopathic preparation of Tribulus terrestris is capable of showing presence of phytochemicals; anti-oxidant activity when performed by in vitro experiment.

Background: Gastric ulcer is one of the most prevalent gastrointestinal disorders, which affects approximately 5-10% of people during their life. In recent years, abundant work has been carried out on herbal medicine to clarify their potential efficacy in gastric ulcer prevention or management. The present study was carried out to evaluate the antiulcer activity of the methanolic root extract of Berberis lycium in albino rats. Method: The methanolic root extract of Berberis lycium was prepared by hot extraction method. Anti-ulcer activity was evaluated and method employed was pylorus ligation and ethanol induced in albino rats. Preliminary methanolic extract of Berberis lycium was subjected to the acute oral toxicity study according to the OECD guideline no. 425. Animals were divided into four groups of six animals each. The animals of Group I served as normal control (vehicle) which received distilled water. Group II and III received 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg of methanolic root extract, respectively. In pylorus ligation induced ulcer model, various parameters were studied viz. gastric volume, pH, total acidity, free acidity, and ulcer index. Ulcer index and percentage inhibition of ulceration was determined for ethanol induced ulcer model. Group IV received Ranitidine at 50 mg/kg was used as the standard drug. Pretreatment of methanol root extract of Berberis lycium showed significant (P˂0.05) decrease in the gastric volume, total acidity and free acidity. However, pH of the gastric juice was significantly increased only at higher dose 500 mg/kg. It showed also significant (P˂0.05) decrease in number of ulcers and ulcer score index in pylorus ligation and ethanol induced ulceration models. Results: The methanol root extract of Berberis lycium showed a significant reduction in the total acidity, free acidity and acid volume. The efficacy of plant extract at high dose was comparable with the standard drug Ranitidine. Conclusion: Our study results support the ethnomedical use of root of Berberis lycium. Keywords: Antiulcer activity, Berberis lycium, Pylorus ligation, Ranitidine, Ulcer Index.

Extraction methods like maceration, ultrasonication, vortex mixer, soxhlet extraction and microwave assisted extraction (MAE), were evaluated for the extraction of Camptothecin (CPT) from the leaves and stem of Tabernaemontana alternifolia, Tabernaemontana divaricata and Tabernaemontana citrifolia. The extracts were analyzed by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). The results show that the leaves of Tabernaemontana alternifolia exhibited highest yield of CPT as compared to the other species. MAE was the most efficient extraction method with CPT extraction yield of 0.154 ± 0.004% w/w from Tabernaemontana alternifolia leaves followed by Soxhlet extraction, sonication, maceration, and vortex extraction methods.

A scalable synthesis of l-allo-enduracididine is achieved from commercially available (S)-glycidol in ten linear steps involving well-established synthetic transformations. The synthetic route is flexible and can be used to synthesize all four diastereomers by changing the stereochemistry of glycidol and Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation reagent.

The objective of the present study was to screen oils and suspending agents for the formulation of novel progesterone (PGT) suspension, demonstrating improved solubility, drug release, stability, and non-allergenicity. Presumably, formulated novel PGT suspensions could supersede clinically available peanut oil and lecithin based formulations (PL). The PGT suspensions were formulated by the trituration method using a vehicle (Moringa oil/peanut oil/sesame oil/sunflower oil) and a suspending agent (Neusilin US2/Fujicalin/Lecithin/Syloid 244) separately. A total of 16 PGT suspensions were evaluated for particle size, zeta potential, sedimentation, thixotropy, stability, in vitro dissolution, and allergenicity. Indeed, in silico studies were performed to elucidate interactions between principal components of the suspension, using software V. life MDS 4. 6. Findings revealed the highest PGT solubility and high viscosity in Moringa oil-based formulations. Suspensions comprising Moringa oil and Neusilin US2 (MN) exhibited the lowest suspensiod size (48.7 nm), least sedimentation rate, highest zeta potential (− 39.8), and dilatent flow behavior. The in vitro percent cumulative PGT dissolved was significantly high (94.82 ± 2.56%) from MN vis PL (52.68 ± 2.62%), at p

Natural fibers are pliant in nature and their characteristics are vastly dependent on their physical aspects and chemical configuration. Banana fiber is derived by processing “pseudo stem of banana plant” (Musasepientum) Banana fiber is such a natural fiber being largely constituted of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose thus earning the name of lignocellulosic fiber. The composite materials based on reinforced natural fibers have excellent mechanical properties attributing to their chemical composites and structure. However, further “improvement in the mechanical properties of natural fiber composites can be achieved if the adhesion at the fiber–matrix interface is enhanced”. This review paper comprises the on effects of various surface modification techniques on various mechanical properties of banana fiber in order to establish surface modification as a viable process in incorporating valuable banana fiber for industrial applications. The surface treatment of banana fiber reinforced composites, in turn, enables the development of banana fiber as a reliable and viable material for manufacturing of industrial and tribological components which helps meet the global aim of developing green materials for the sustainable future of mankind.

Hydrogen peroxide is a versatile oxidant and has myriad industrial applications. The manuscript deals with the kinetic study for hydrogen peroxide decomposition using mono and bimetallic catalyst with different support and reaction mediums. Decomposition reaction has a major influence on three areas: (1) organic oxidations, where it is used as an oxidant to get intermediates and at times forming within the reaction as well; (2) polymer electrolyte fuel cells, where it acts as a degrading factor to cell stacks and (3) direct synthesis of peroxide through the gas-phase reaction of H2 and O2 to get H2O2. To enhance the hydrogen peroxide utility in the various processes, the decomposition activities of Au-Pd based bimetallic catalysts were tested. Bimetallic and monometallic supported catalysts were synthesized and evaluated to get the rate of decomposition. The catalysts were characterized using XRD, FTIR, TEM, and BET analysis. Hydrogen peroxide decomposition was studied in different mediums, namely, aqueous, acidic, and alkaline with/without halide to cater to the effect of change in the medium employed in different organic oxidations. First-order rate kinetics was assumed and the rate of decomposition was evaluated. Specific rate constants were evaluated and compared for all the catalysts for all the different mediums. The performance of the reaction in view of metal-support interaction and the effect of the reaction medium were studied.

Background The goal of the proposed study was to validate a rapid, simple, an accurate, robust, and sensitive bioanalytical method for quantifying Meloxicam and Lornoxicam (as internal standard) in rabbit plasma. Result Limit of detection and limit of quantification for Meloxicam were found to be 0.0081 and 0.1035 μg mL−1, respectively. The bioanalysis was continued according to standard guidelines and successfully used for bioavailability studies of meloxicam after single dose administration of pure drug and the formulation in rabbit plasma. Finally, obtained results proved its simplicity and an efficiency to be applied for the therapeutic drug monitoring and bioequivalence studies. Conclusion Therefore, the set RP-HPLC bioanalysis is simple, convenient, and acceptable to analyze meloxicam in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations in rabbit plasma. Graphical abstract

Study aimed to prepare and evaluate carbon based kajal formulation and carry out its comparative evaluation with the marketed formulations of kajal. Initially, carbon soot was deposited on Aloe vera mucilage spreaded on a copper plate, in specifically designed apparatus. Subsequently, sun dried plate was allowed to expose to the flame of cow ghee for 1 hr. Soot which was deposited on the copper plate was scrapped and Characterization of Soot by SEM, TEM, FTIR, XRD and EDX was carried out and kajal was prepared by adding few drops of cow ghee to it. The kajal was compared with the five marketed kajal formulations available in India, on the basis of physical characteristics their antibacterial potential was also assessed against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. All the formulations exhibited almost similar physical characteristics. The prepared kajal showed pH (7.06±0.13). The antimicrobial activity of the marketed formulations was comparatively less than that of freshly prepared exhibiting zone of inhibition 13.05±0.11, 20.08± 0.13 and 22.06±0.18 mm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and E. coli respectively. EDX spectra, revealed that the cow ghee soot have the weight percentage of carbon and copper as 79.20 and 17.10% respectively and Confirmed the absence of Lead (Pb). The eye irritation test (OECD 405) also showed no any irritation, redness, watering of the eye or swelling was not observed for prepared formulation in test animal. Prepared Kajal can be safely used for beatification and also in the treatment of eye diseases especially in pediatrics.

BackgroundIn the current research, we have developed silver and iron nanoparticles of isolated proanthocynidin (PAC) from grape seed by green synthesis and evaluated for antimicrobial, antioxidant activity and in vitro cytotoxicity against colon cancer cell lines.ResultsOne percent solution of isolated proanthocynidin in water was vigorously mixed with 1% silver nitrate and 1% ferric chloride solution and kept for 4 h, to yield PACAgNP and PACFeNP. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV, FTIR, XRD, and SEM analysis and evaluated for antimicrobial potential against selected microbes. Moreover, the synthesized nanoparticles were studied for DPPH assay and in vitro cytotoxicity using colon cancer cell lines COLO320DM and HT29 (MTT, SRB, and Trypan blue assay). UV spectroscopy confirmed the development of nanoparticles. SEM analysis showed that the particles were aggregated in the size range of 50 to 100 nm. Antimicrobial potential was found to be less againstStaphylococcus aureus,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, andEscherichia coli, whereas cytotoxicity of PACAgNP and PACFeNP against COLO320DM and HT29 exhibited promising results as compared to the pure PAC. PACAgNP and PACFeNP exhibited 20.83 ± 0.33% and 18.06 ± 0.60% inhibition, respectively, against DPPH radical, whereas pure PAC showed 16.79 ± 0.32% inhibition and standard (ascorbic acid) exhibited 98.73 ± 0.18% inhibition of DPPH radical.ConclusionThe silver and iron nanoparticles were successfully developed by green synthesis method using isolated proanthocynidin which is economical and eco-friendly. The use of metal nanoparticles may open up a new opportunity for anticancer therapies to minimize the toxic effects of available anticancer drugs specifically in targeting specific site.Graphical abstract

Objective: To prepare and evaluate different types of Kajal formulations and evaluation of its antimicrobial activity along with preliminary verification of the content responsible for the said effect. Methods: We have prepared kajal formulations by use of different metal plates, marble tile, ghee and Aloe vera mucilage and tried to verify the antimicrobial effect attributed to the formulation by these substances. Results: Carbon soot obtained from the use of copper plate showed more antimicrobial potential against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E. coli, with zones of inhibition 18±0.235 mm, 17±0.124 mm and 19±0.528 mm respectively. Also this formulation at different concentrations when compared with Ciprofloxacin exhibited promising results. Moreover, this formulation when used with Ciprofloxacin at a concentration of (50:50) revealed a synergistic effect against the clinically resistant strains of P. aeruginosa, with zone of inhibition 22±0.578 mm and 20±0.987 mm at a concentration of 10 and 5 µg ml-1 respectively, whereas, Ciprofloxacin exhibited zone of inhibition of 26±0.457 mm and 24±0.751 mm at the similar concentrations. To assess the effectiveness of Aloe vera we used marbles tiles for collection of carbon soot. The zones of inhibition observed for Kohl formulations prepared by using carbon soot collected from marble tiles impregnated with Aloe vera mucilage exhibited less antimicrobial activity than that of copper soot against the selected microbial strains. Conclusion: All the prepared kajal formulations exhibited antimicrobial activity. Aloe vera and copper soot is responsible for significant antimicrobial activity and when combined with Ciprofloxacin it showed synergistic activity against the clinically resistant strains of P. aeruginosa.

The objective of the present study was to screen the effect of increased simvastatin (SVS) solubility, through mixed micelles as a model approach, on in vitro anticancer efficacy in combination with hydrophilic alendronate sodium (ADS) as a strategy to improve therapeutic efficacy and to repositioning the existing drugs. The SVS-loaded mixed micelles (SVS-MMs) composed of TPGS and Poloxamer-407 were prepared using the film dispersion method and characterized for SVS loading and mean particle size. The optimized SVS-MMs were physically mixed with plain ADS (SVS + ADS MMs) and screened for in vitro cytotoxicity using MTT assay and cell cycle arresting and apoptotic activities using FACS technique. The optimized SVS-MMs showed maximum SVS loading (97.3 ± 2.3%) with minimum particle size (206 ± 8 nm). The SVS + ADS MM treatment significantly (P

The aim of this work was to perform in silico analysis of selected biomolecules from Terminalia arjuna (T. arjuna) by using virtual screening, molecular docking and pharmacophore modeling. Reported 30 biomolecules of T. arjuna were used as ligands. Grip-based docking was carried out to produce the target-specific complex model using vLife MDS 4.4 software. Docked conformations of the selected T. arjuna biomolecules resulted in eight potential biomolecules namely Casuarinin, Luteolin, Pelargonidin, Arjunin, Castalagin, Punicalagin, Kaempferol and Quercetin with major interactions and exhibited good affinity to the residues of protein targets. Developed pharmacophore models have suggested minimum pharmacophoric features required in the biomolecule so as to show standard like activity. Interestingly, Casuarinin showed multiple inhibitions on phosphodiesterase 5A and sodium-potassium pump whereas Pelargonidin on phosphodiesterase 5A and beta-adrenergic protein targets. Conclusively, this study provides a suitable platform for discovery of novel inhibitors from natural source for heart disorders.

The objective of present work was to develop fibroin-sodium alginate floating microspheres of felodipine (FD) showing modified release. Binary polymer system of fibroin-sodium alginate was used to prepare microspheres by spray drying technique. Thus, FD loaded microspheres obtained were evaluated for % drug content, % entrapment efficacy, particle size, micromeritics, FT-IR, DSC, XRD, floatability profile, mucoadhesion, in vitro drug release, and accelerated stability studies. The drug content of FD-loaded microspheres (F1–F5) was in the range of 68.55 ± 1.20 to 78.21 ± 0.54 and entrapment efficacy 45.93 ± 0.41 to 61.60 ± 0.72%. The particle size varied from 60.33 ± 0.64 to 66.87 ± 0.85 μm. Acceptable Carr’s compressibility index and angle of repose demonstrated excellent flowability of microspheres (F1–F5). The FT-IR showed no chemical interactions between FD and polymers. The DSC and XRD indicated that FD was partially crystalline in microspheres. Floating parameters for optimized batch F2 were floating lag time10–15 s and floating time > 12 h. Floating buoyancy is 96.51 ± 0.66%. The in vitro drug dissolution kinetics of optimized F2 batch in 0.1NHCl and FSSGF demonstrated % drug release up to 80.42 ± 0.86% in 0.1NHCl and 84.64 ± 0.30% in FSSGF following Peppas model. Electrostatic repulsion between polymers successfully enabled the design of FD-loaded floating microspheres by spray drying. Excellent floating profile and extended release for 12 h, as per USFDA guidelines, have been demonstrated by the fibroin-sodium alginate binary composite system. In the future, fibroin-sodium alginate scaffold can be successfully used for tailor-made floating and release profiles of drugs belonging to different solubility classes.

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a crucial enzyme required to maintain the redox potential of the cells. It plays a vital role in protecting normal cells from reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during many intracellular pathogens infections. SOD removes excess superoxide radicals (O2−) by converting them to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and molecular oxygen (O2). Several superoxide dismutase enzymes have been identified based on the metal ion as a cofactor. Human SOD differs from the intracellular pathogens in having Cu/Zn and Mn as metal cofactors. However, SOD of intracellular pathogens such as Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Plasmodium, and Mycobacterium have iron (Fe) as metal cofactors. Iron Superoxide Dismutase (FeSOD) is an essential enzyme in these pathogens that neutralizes the free radical of oxygen (O−) and prevents the formation of Peroxynitrite anion (ONOO−), helping the pathogens escape from redox-based cytotoxic killing. Moreover, most intracellular bacteria hold MnSOD or FeSOD in their cytoplasm such as Salmonella and Staphylococcus, whereas periplasm of some pathogenic bacteria and fungi are also cofactors with Cu/Zn and identified as CuZnSOD. This chapter will review the various types SOD present in intracellular pathogens and their role in the survival of these pathogens inside their host niche.

Complex compounds were identified in the 19th century. The formation of hexammine cobalt (III) chloride [CO (NH3)6] Cl3 which is prepared from cobalt chloride and ammonia is the first compound, studied and real beginning of coordination Chemistry [1]. Alfred Werner first explained the nature of bonding and structure of these complexes and he was awarded Noble Prize in 1913 [2]. He gave the concept of primary (ionisable) valency and secondary (unionsible) valencies of metal ion.

The syntheses and transition metal chemistry of triazole-based bis- and tris-phosphines, 5-(diphenylphosphanyl)-1-(2-(diphenylphosphanyl)phenyl)-4-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole (2), 5-(diphenylphosphanyl)-4-(2-(diphenylphosphanyl)phenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole (5), 1,4-bis(2-(diphenylphosphanyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole (6) and 5-(diphenylphosphanyl)-1,4-bis(2-(diphenylphosphanyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole (7), are described. Bisphosphines 5 and 6 show versatile coordination behavior due to the presence of at least four donor atoms. The reactions of 5 and 6 with group VI metal carbonyl derivatives were found to be highly sensitive to the reaction conditions. Bisphosphine 5 upon treatment with [M(CO)4(piperidine)2] (M = Mo and W) yielded both P,P and P,N coordinated complexes [M(CO)4(5)] [M = Mo-κ2-P,N (8); W-κ2-P,N (9); Mo-κ2-P,P (10); W-κ2-P,P (11)], whereas 6 afforded only P,N coordinated complexes [{o-Ph2P(C6H4){1,2,3-N3C(o-Ph2P(C6H4))CH}-κ2-P,N}Mo(CO)4] (12) and [{o-Ph2P(C6H4){1,2,3-N3C(o-Ph2P(C6H4))CH}-κ2-P,N}W(CO)4] (13). The reactions of 5 with [M(COD)Cl2] (M = Pd and Pt) yielded κ2-P,P chelate complexes 14 and 15, respectively, whereas the treatment of 6 with [Pd(COD)Cl2] at ambient temperature resulted in the formation of a rare fused six-membered PCP pincer complex [{o-Ph2P(C6H4){1,2,3-N3C(o-Ph2P(C6H4))C}-κ3-P,C,P}PdCl] (16). Similar reactions of 6 with [NiCl2(DME)] and [Pt(COD)Cl2] in the presence of LiHMDS yielded [{o-Ph2P(C6H4){1,2,3-N3C(o-Ph2P(C6H4))C}-κ3-P,C,P}NiCl] (17) and [{o-Ph2P(C6H4){1,2,3-N3C(o-Ph2P(C6H4))C}-κ3-P,C,P}PtCl] (18), respectively. The reaction between 6 and [M(COD)Cl]2 (M = Rh and Ir) produced cationic complexes [{o-Ph2P(C6H4){1,2,3-N3C(o-Ph2P(C6H4))CH}-κ2-P,N}Rh(C8H12)]Cl (19) and [{o-Ph2P(C6H4){1,2,3-N3C(o-Ph2P(C6H4))CH}-κ2-P,N}Ir(C8H12)]Cl (20), respectively, whereas the reaction with [Rh(acac)(CO)2] resulted in a pincer complex [{o-Ph2P(C6H4){1,2,3-N3C(o-Ph2P(C6H4))C}-κ3-P,C,P}Rh(CO)] (21). The structures of most of the compounds have been determined by single crystal X-ray analyses. The fused six-membered PCP palladium pincer complex 16 is found to be an excellent catalyst for the Mizoroki-Heck coupling reaction.

In this study, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([BMIM]Br) functionalized zeolites were synthesized by a facile ship-in-bottle strategy. The interactive effects between [BMIM]Br and zeolites were studied in detail to explore their synergy in catalyzing the reaction of carbohydrate conversion to specific platform chemicals (5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) and furfural). The functionalized zeolites were characterized thoroughly using various techniques to determine the [BMIM]Br presence and its effect on zeolite properties. The [BMIM]Br in functionalized zeolites decomposed in two stages and possessed higher thermal stability compared to its bulk counterpart. The decomposition temperature of the IL varies with the zeolite framework type and cation. The increase in the electron density at the oxygen and aluminum sites affected the bond angle of –[Si–O–Al]– as observed from XPS and 27Al SS-NMR. Varying degrees of electrostatic interaction existed between [BMIM]Br and the zeolite, as revealed by XPS, XRD, BET, and TGA. Over [BMIM]Br/NaY, the highest 5-HMF yield of 80, 62, and 59% and a furfural yield of 77% were obtained from fructose, glucose, and cellulose, and xylose, respectively. Stabilization of 5-HMF was apparent with all the [BMIM]Br functionalized zeolites, which prevented the side product formation. The 5-HMF yield was higher by a factor of 2 with the functionalized zeolites as compared to that with their bare zeolite counterparts. Moreover, [BMIM]Br/NaY showed good recycling stability.

Degradation of spent wash waste is a very essential but challenging task in the indian sugarcane distillery industry because of its awfully acidic pH, and intense brown colour with a strong unpleasant odour. Prior to discharge in the environment, its degradation using an efficient and cost effective method is important. A photo-catalytic degradation route could be a simple, cost effective alternative to conventional degradation processes. Cu-doped TiO2 was synthesised using a facile sol gel assisted hydrothermal method at various temperatures such as 120, 150 and 180 °C. Cu–TiO2 with doping concentrations of 0.5 to 5% were synthesized using the hydrothermal method. The physico-chemical properties of the synthesised Cu–TiO2 were investigated by using various characterization techniques. UV-visible analysis shows a red shift in the absorption wavelength in the case of Cu–TiO2 as compared with bare TiO2. Structural and morphological analysis confirms the formation of anatase TiO2 with a nano-orthorhomb like morphology. The photocatalytic performance of the TiO2 and Cu doped TiO2 samples was evaluated for degradation of spent wash colour under natural solar light irradiation. Among all the Cu–TiO2 samples, 1% Cu–TiO2 synthesized at 150 °C exhibited the maximum degradation efficiency with almost 59% degradation of the spent wash in 5 h. The molecular weight of the colour compounds after degradation was monitored using gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The GPC fractions show low, medium, and high molecular weight coloured compounds with a strong hypsochromic shift. Identification of the compounds in each of the GPC fractions was studied using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry quadrupole time of flight (LC-MS Q-TOF).

Development of tailor-made pharmaceutical nanofibers has gained vital prominence due to ease of fabrication and versatility of electrospinning (ES). ES is one of the flexible and, wonderful strategies for the fabrication of nanofibers. ES unit comprises a supplier of high voltage current, a syringe (pump), spinneret and a metal plate collector. The obtained nanofibers are optimized by manipulating process and formulation variables Viz: polymer/drug resolution (viscosity, concentration, physical phenomenon, molecular mass) and the environmental conditions (humidity, temperature). The electrospun nanofibers can be used for loading of the drug, amorphization of a crystalline API and an increase in its physical storage stability. ES technique enables mixing of two or more API and may facilitate or inhibit the burst release of a drug, along with attainment of modified release. Additionally, nanofibers demonstrate a reduction in overall dose needed for the therapeutic activity, by improving dissolution and bioavailability of the drugs. The current review is an attempt to focus on ES method, the optimization parameters, and pharmaceutical applications of the electrospun nanofibers.

The development of efficient metal doped semiconductors for solar energy harvesting to produce hydrogen has attracted significant attention. Herein, the H2 generation over Ag-doped TiO2 photocatalyst, synthesized using a simple and cost-effective method based on chemical reduction, was reported. The Ag/TiO2 exhibited an absorption peak in the visible region and the reduction of the bandgap to 2.5 eV due to surface plasmonic resonance (SPR). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed the presence of oxygen vacancies and 11% of Ag in Ti–Ag–O phase. The effect of reaction time and photocatalyst loading in the absence and presence of sacrificial reagents (alcohols and sulfur) on water splitting was studied and compared the activity of Ag/TiO2 with that of bare TiO2. The H2 production rate of 23.5 mmol g−1 h−1 (with an apparent quantum yield of 19%), over 1.5Ag/TiO2, was the highest ever reported so far. The observed higher activity could mainly be attributed to the existence of oxygen vacancies and the Ti–Ag–O phase. The photocatalyst was stable for three consecutive cycles in both the presence and absence of sacrificial reagents. This study offers new insights into the rational design of metal-support hybrid structures for hydrogen production through photocatalytic water splitting.

Self-lubrication is one of the smart material properties required for producing components with enhanced wear resistance and low coefficient of friction. Bidirectional (BD) satin weave polyacrylonitrile (PAN) based carbon fiber (Cf) fabric preform was successfully infiltrated with Al 6061 alloy by squeeze infiltration process. The infiltrated composite shows uniform distribution of carbon fibers in the matrix with the elimination of porosities, fiber damage and close control on the formation of deleterious aluminum carbide (Al4C3) phase. Cf/Al composite exhibits remarkable wear resistance compared to unreinforced alloy due to the formation of self-lubricating tribolayer on the pin surface, which intercepts the contact of matrix metal to counter surface. The BD carbon fiber enhanced the hardness and compressive strength of the composite by restraining the plastic flow behavior of matrix. High resolution transmission electron microscopy shows the presence of Al2O3 and MgAl2O4 spinel, confirmed by EDS and SAD pattern, at the composite interface. The composite shows a lower density of 2.16 g/cm3 which is a major advantage for weight reduction compared to the monolithic alloy (2.7 g/cm3).

Objective: The aim of this work was to develop stable emulsified formulations containing Terminalia arjuna (T. arjuna) extract and to assess antioxidant potential of the final product with in silic...

Background Plumbagin is one of the pharmaceutically important biomolecule with anticancer potential. Among the plants reported to produce plumbagin, P. zeylanica topped the list. The plumbagin production is very slow with low yield and maximum 0.5% (of dry weight) was reported in P. zeylanica. To meet the increasing demand of the plumbagin at global level, the P. zeylanica are exploited at commercial level, which may pose serious threat on the germplasm of the plant populations. So, it is needed to enhance the contents of plumbagin in P. zeylanica using biotechnological approaches. Among the various methods used to enhance the contents of plumbagin in P. zeylanica, utilization of fungal endophytes to enhance the plumbagin contents is a widely accepted approach. As fungal endophytes have the potential to synthesize various secondary metabolites and also reported to influence the synthesis of the secondary metabolites in plants. In the present study, an attempt was made to assess the effect of fungal endophytes of the Plumbago zeylanica L. on enhancement of plumbagin contents at in vivo level. Results Total 3 fungal endophytes were recorded from the roots of P. zeylanica collected from Khadki, Pune. The fungal endophytes were identified at morphological and molecular level. After 1 year of the treatment with fungal endophytes, significant enhancement of plumbagin was recorded in the roots of the P. zeylanica. Plumbagin contents in each were quantified against the standard plumbagin by employing LCMS-MS technique. Among the three fungal endophytes, the maximum enhancement of plumbagin content (122.67%) was reported with the treatment of Alternaria sp. (Isolate-3) in the roots of the P. zeylanica compared to control. Conclusion Among the three fungal endophytes, the maximum enhancement of plumbagin content (122.67%) was reported with Alternaria sp. (Isolate 3) in the roots of the pot-grown plants of P. zeylanica at in vivo level.

Background: Carbon dots are a new class of biomaterials that have found a wide range of biomedical applications like cell imaging, targeted delivery, and bio-sensing. A review of the literature reveals that there are fewer reports on nanocomposites prepared by entrapment of carbon dots into polymers. Objective: A tetra carboxylic acid compound, can conveniently be used as a precursor to synthesize negatively charged carbon dots. Methods: Carbon dots have been prepared by microwave induced treatment of BTCA so as to have carboxylic groups onto the surface of the carbon dots. Their size distribution was determined by TEM analysis. These CNPs are loaded into chitosan films by solvent casting approach. The water absorption behavior of chitosan/carbon dots nanocomposite films is investigated by gravimetric method. Results: The size of the CNPs was found to be in the range of 50 to 60 nm with almost spherical geometry. Their zeta potential was found to be -20.2 mV, thus indicating the presence of negative charges on their surface. The contact angle measurements revealed that wettability of plain chitosan film reduced due to the addition of carbon dots. It was found that impregnation of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) into chitosan film resulted in an almost seven-fold decrease in the water absorption capacity of the film. The equilibrium moisture uptake (EMU) data of plain chitosan and CNPs-loaded chitosan films were interpreted by GAB isotherm and related parameters were also evaluated. Conclusion: It may be concluded from the above study that BTCA, a tetra carboxylic acid compound, can conveniently be used as a precursor to synthesize negatively charged carbon dots. These carbon dots, when loaded into plain chitosan film, cause an effective crosslinking within the chitosan film matrix. The CNPs-loaded films produce green fluorescence when exposed to UV light.

Objective: The objective of this research work was to prepare a transdermal matrix formulation containing different polymer components for topical delivery. Methods: Terminalia arjuna bark extract loaded transdermal patches were prepared using solvent casting technique with different amount of chitosan and Eudragit RL 100 batches were prepared according to 32 factorial designs. Results: The transdermal patches prepared were evaluated for different physicochemical properties, determination of drug content, in vitro diffusion study, ex vivo study, skin irritation study, and stability study. Infrared studies indicate the absence of chemical interaction or any changes in the chemical composition of extract during the preparation of transdermal patch. In vitro diffusion study and ex vivo diffusion study of optimized batch S3 showed drug releases to 74.56–69.12%, respectively, up to 12 h. Skin irritation study indicates that the extract and excipients used in the patch do not show any irritating effect on the skin. All the prepared transdermal matrix formulations were found to be stable on storage. Conclusion: It can be concluded that prepared matrix formulation containing different polymer components can be used for transdermal delivery for the treatment of chronic ailments such as cardiovascular disorder.

With the increased use of nanotechnology in almost all aspects of life, there is an increasing chance of risk of plants exposure to different nanoparticles (NPs). However, the studies on its potentially harmful effects in the cultivated crops are not well studied yet. Therefore, the authors aimed to study the effects of tin (Sn) NPs on the growth and physiological aspects of Zea mays . Thus, they exposed the maize seedlings to different concentrations of SnNPs for 2 weeks, and results revealed that the SnNPs at the studied concentration were not able to affect the seedling growth at a significant level. However, it induced the oxidative stress which was confirmed by increased guaiacol peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and catalase activity. They also discussed that exposure duration, aggregation and concentrations were contributing factors in NPs mediated metal toxicity.

Synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity of Ag-Ag2S nanoparticles supported on environmentally benign cellulose matrix has been discussed. The nanoparticles carry out controlled oxidation of benzylic alcohols to aldehydes at room temperature. Same nanoparticles also carry out oxidative decarboxylation of phenylacetic acid and decarboxylation of mandelic acid derivatives to corresponding aldehydes under comparatively milder conditions. Stability and recyclability of the catalyst has been studied. The advantages of the catalyst developed in this work over other previous reports include room temperature or comparatively low temperature reaction, shorter reaction times, no requirement of stoichiometric oxidant or ligands, use of green solvents, functional group tolerance, and recyclability.

Here, we report Cu2S nanocrystals based non-fullerene ternary polymer solar cells by incorporating Cu2S in conjugated polymer (PBDB-T: poly[(2,6-(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)-benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene))-alt-(5,5-(1′,3′-di-2-thienyl-5′,7′-bis(2-ethylhexyl) benzo[1′,2′-c:4′,5′-c′]dithiophene-4,8-dione))]) and small molecule non-fullerene compound (ITIC:3,9-bis(2-methylene-(3-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)-indanone))-5,5,11,11-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-dithieno[2,3-d:2′,3′-d′]-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b′]dithiophene). The devices were fabricated in inverted configuration i.e. ITO/ZnO/PBDB-T: Cu2S NCs: ITIC/MoO3/Ag. Effect of concentration of Cu2S nanocrystals on the performance parameters of PBDB-T: ITIC based organic solar cells is studied. An enhancement in the power conversion efficiency from 8.24% to 9.53% is achieved for the optimum concentration of Cu2S nanocrystals in the organic photoactive blend. The cause of improvement in the performance parameters of the device is investigated by means of the light intensity dependent electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. It is found that the devices with Cu2S nanocrystals have less trap-assisted recombination.

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs, C-dots, or CDs), are generally small carbon nanoparticles having a size less than 10nm. Carbon dots (CDs) were accidentally discovered during the purification of single-walled carbon nanotubes through preparative electrophoresis in 2004. Carbon is an organic material having poor water solubility that emits less fluorescence. However, CDs have good aqueous solubility and excellent fluorescent property, hence more attention has been given to the synthesis of CDs and their applications in chemistry and allied sciences. CDs being easily accessible for in-house synthesis, simpler fabrication as per compendial requirements are wisely accepted. In addition, since CDs are biocompatible, of low toxicity, and of biodegradable nature, they appear as a promising tool for the health care sector. Furthermore, owing to their capabilities of expressing significant interaction with biological materials, and their excellent photoluminescence (PL), CDs have been emerging as novel pioneered nanoparticles useful for pharmaceutical and theranostic applications. Also, CDs are more eco-friendly in synthesis and therefore can be favorably consumed as alternatives in the further development of biological, environmental, and food areas. A massive study has been performed dealing with different approaches which are adopted for CDs synthesis and their applications as, filters for the separation of pollutants from polluted water, food safety, toxicological studies, and optical properties, etc. While still less emphasis is given on the applications of CDs in pharmaceuticals like for sustained and targeted drug delivery systems, theranostic study, etc. Hence, in the present review, we are exploring CQDs as a boon to pharmaceutical concerns.

The present study aims at understanding the role of incorporating Cu2S nanocrystals (NCs) as a third component in ternary organic solar cells. Ternary photoactive blends consisting of conjugated polymer poly[4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b;4,5-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl-alt-(4-(2-ethylhexyl)-3-fluorothieno[3,4-b]thiophene-)-(2-carboxylate-2-6-diyl)] (PTB7-Th), fullerene derivative phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) and different wt% of Cu2S NCs were formulated and were employed to fabricate ternary OSCs having a device architecture of ITO/ZnO/PTB7-Th:Cu2S NCs:PCBM/MoO3/Ag. It has been observed that with the addition of 3 wt% of Cu2S NCs, an improved power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 8.20% is obtained against the PCE of 6.96% for reference devices. EIS measurements and AFM studies suggests that the presence of Cu2S NCs facilitates formation of cascading energy levels, provides smoother surfaces and helps in suppressing trap-assisted recombination.

A dark-coloured effluent called “spent wash” is generated as an unwanted product in sugarcane-based alcohol distilleries. Most distilleries discharge this effluent into soil or water without any treatment, causing water and soil pollution. Herein, we report chromium-doped TiO2 (Cr–TiO2) as a photocatalyst for the degradation of spent wash colour under natural sunlight. Cr-doped TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared using an aqueous titanium peroxide-based sol–gel method with titanium isopropoxide as the Ti precursor and chromium nitrate as the Cr precursor. To observe the effect of dopant on sol–gel behaviour and physicochemical properties, the Cr concentration was varied in the range 0.5–5 wt%. The crystallization temperature and time were optimized to obtain the required phase of Cr–TiO2. The physicochemical characteristics of the Cr-doped TiO2 catalyst were determined using X-ray diffraction, FE-SEM, FETEM, TG, XPS, the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method, FT-IR, Raman, PL, ICP-MS, and UV visible spectroscopy. A shift in the absorption edge of TiO2 by doping with chromium suggested an increase in visible light absorption due to a decrease in the effective band gap. The application potential of the Cr–TiO2 catalyst was studied in the degradation of sugar-based alcohol distillery waste under natural sunlight, and the results were compared with those of undoped TiO2 and Degussa P25 TiO2. Degradation of the spent wash solution was monitored using UV-visible, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and QTOF LC-MS. GPC and LC-MS showed significant changes in the molecular weight of spent wash colour-forming compounds due to the degradation reaction. QTOF LC-MS analysis suggested that acids, alcohols, glucosides, ketones, lipids, peptides, and metabolites were oxidized to low-molecular-weight counterparts. From the results, 5% Cr–TiO2 showed the highest degradation rate among all Cr–TiO2 samples, undoped TiO2, and Degussa P25 TiO2 under identical reaction conditions, with nearly 68–70% degradation achieved in 5 h.

Eichhornia crassipes is free-floating aquatic macrophytes. For performing normal body function carbohydrate is an essential source for living organisms. Low carbohydrate intake results in muscle breakdown, ketosis, and dehydration. Daily 50-100gms of carbohydrate is recommended. In this study, the total carbohydrate content was detected in the aqueous extract by using phenol- sulphuric acid method. This was a rapid colorimetric method that determines the total carbohydrate present in the sample. The role of sulphuric acid is to convert polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, and disaccharides into monosaccharides. The result showed that the carbohydrate content was 30.50% in the sample solution. So the weed can be utilized as the source of carbohydrate.

BACKGROUND Superficial nail abnormalities include conditions which produce nail surface changes such as trachonychia, pitting and ridging etc. These surface nail changes can be idiopathic or may be acquired. Acquired nail plate changes occur due to external factors (like application of cosmetic products) or as a part of other dermatological (Psoriasis, Lichen Planus, Alopecia Areata) or systemic disease (Hypothyroidism, CRF etc,). Although treating the underlying disease can help in management of nail changes, the visible results in nails takes time to appear due to slow growth rate of nails. In such patients where cosmetic results are desired, glycolic acid peel acts as a non-invasive, non-cumbersome, easy and acceptable method of management. The aim of the study is to assess the safety and efficacy of medium depth peel (70% glycolic acid) in patients with superficial nail abnormalities. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective, single-center open-label uncontrolled study conducted at tertiary care hospital in Dermatology OPD between January 2017 to January 2018. A total of 33 cases were taken with superficial nail changes including dryness, roughness, discoloration, pitting and longitudinal ridging. RESULTS In 30 patients with dry rough nails, 20 (66.6%) patients had good results 8 (26.7%) patients had average results and 2 (6.6%) were non-responsive to treatment. CONCLUSION The nail plate with application of 70% glycolic acid can be a promising treatment for modality for thick, uneven, rough and pigmented nail-plate conditions with cosmetically pleasing results.