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Mesoporous silica with cubic structure (MCM-48) was synthesized using Ludox HS40 as silica source and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a template. MCM-48 was used to adsorb the antibiotic of tetracycline hydrochloride. An X-ray diffractometer observed the x-ray diffraction pattern of MCM-48 and functional groups observed by a Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. Parameters used to study adsorption were contact time and concentration. The pseudo-second-order was the kinetic order that fitted well with the adsorption of tetracycline HCl. The adsorption of tetracycline HCl on MCM-48 followed the Freundlich isotherm with the adsorption capacity of 0.98 mg/g.

Summary Background This study aimed to determine the relationship between Deficiency of vitamin D and hyperglycemia in children with obesity. Methods This cross-sectional study was carried out between February and April of 2020. This study's subject population consisted of high school students aged 11 to 17 who were obese. The 25 (OH) level of Vitamin D was determined using the Chemiluminescence Immune Assay method. Subjects were divided into 4 groups; vitamin D deficiency with hyperglycemia, vitamin D deficiency without hyperglycemia, normal vitamin D with hyperglycemia, and normal vitamin D without hyperglycemia. Results The prevalence of hyperglycemia was 28 (54.9%) in the vitamin D deficiency group and 17 (378%) in the normal vitamin D group, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed no statistically significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.093). With p = 0.031, there was a significant difference in the mean value of fasting blood sugar levels between the two groups. The frequency of hyperglycemia was 54.9 percent in the vitamin D deficiency group and 37.8 percent in the normal vitamin D group. Fasting blood sugar levels were lower in obese children with vitamin D deficiency than in children with normal vitamin D. Conclusion Fasting blood sugar levels were correlated with vitamin D levels in obese children, but clinically insignificant. However, the research is ongoing, so, it is critical to conduct early screening for Vitamin D and fasting blood sugar levels in order to reduce the risk of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.

The aims of this study are to synthesize and characterize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) crosslinked by pH-responsive polymer poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) and its application for detection of some analytes in herbal medicine product. In this study, a pH-responsive polymer, poly (acrylic acid) was prepared by the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization method. The polymer was then cross-linked by gold nanoparticles, which was synthesized by the Turkevich method. The response of the AuNPs-crosslinked PAA was observed by the color change from red to blue at a specific pH (4-5) and was characterized by TEM. The reversible color change was resulted from aggregation and disaggregation of the AuNPs due to the shrinking and swelling of the polymer when different pH was introduced as a stimulant. This sensor has the capability of recognizing analytes such as aspirin and tolbutamide added in the herbal medicine product at the concentration of 0.04-0.05 M.

Gangrene is the main reason why diabetes mellitus patient’s leg amputation should be done. Natural compounds which are contained in coffee grounds extract can actually act as antibacterial substances by inhibiting the growth of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) that resistant to several antibiotics. Coffee grounds become waste caused by people are underusing this material and the high production level of coffee grounds in Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to examine the content of antimicrobial compounds from coffee grounds that can heal wounds caused by diabetes mellitus and to create a formulation of coffee ground based ointment for diabetes mellitus wound healing. Methods used in this research are narrative review from literatures, normality test, and T-test. The conclusion of this narrative review, natural compounds such a trigonelline, caffeine, and chlorogenic acid found in coffee grounds are capable of MRSA growth inhibition at concentration 44%. Coffee grounds based ointment with 1% (w/w) of ointment preparation is expected to reduce coffee grounds waste by developing new product as diabetes mellitus wound healer.

Secondary metabolite compounds contained in each plant genus have certain characteristics, which is true also of the flavonoid in the genus Artocarpus. In the experiment described here, third-year ...

Free radicals are the major cause of oxidative stress, which can lead to inflammatory diseases, ischemic diseases, hemochromatosis, emphysema, and other illnesses. Antioxidant intake is essential for keeping the body's oxidative processes in balance. Green tea containt a natural antioxidant that is commonly consumed and readily available. Myricetin is a pure component of green tea. This study aims was to determine the antioxidant activity of green tea extract (GTE) compared with myricetin (MYR). Antioxidant activity properties were determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2 ′ -Azinobis(3-Ethylbenzthiazoline-6-Sulfonate) (ABTS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), NO scavenging, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The analysis results showed that the IC50 of GTE (24.00 µg/mL) was higher than MYR (4.68 µg/mL) in DPPH scavenging activity. The highest concentration of FRAP activity of GTE and MYR were 595.78±19.35 and 530.67±10.97 μM Fe (II)/µg. GTE also had a higher IC 50 value for ABTS reducing activity than MYR, at 25.16 µg/mL versus 16.78 µg/mL. According to H 2 O 2 scavenging activity, MYR has higher antioxidant activity (133.32 µg/mL) than GTE (137.31 µg/mL). Meanwhile, the NO scavenging assay results show that MYR (19.70 µg/mL) has a higher IC 50 value than GTE (7.10 µg/mL). In conclusion, GTE has potential antioxidant activity like its particular compound, MYR.

Mesoporous silica with cubic structure, MCM-48, was synthesized using Ludox HS-40 and cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a source of silica and template, respectively. The material obtained was used to adsorb sulfamethoxazole (SMX). The morphology of MCM-48 was observed using SEM-EDX and functional groups of MCM-48 were studied using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. Parameters used to study the adsorption process were contact time and concentration. The adsorption of SMX on MCM-48 followed the pseudo-second-order model. A Freundlich isotherm fitted better the adsorption than a Langmuir isotherm with an adsorption capacity of 2.22 mg g−1.

Mutmainnah BQ, Baktir A, Ni’matuzahroh. 2020. Characteristics of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Methicillin Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and their inhibitory response by ethanol extract of Abrus precatorius. Biodiversitas 21: 4076-4085. Three isolates of Staphylococcus bacteria with the code MRSA 22372, MSSA 22187 and MSSA 22366 originated from the urine of the patient at Dr. Regional General Hospital Soetomo, Clinical Microbiology Installation Surabaya, Indonesia. Differences in bacterial strains affect their sensitivity to antimicrobial agents. The active ingredient of the ethanol extract of the leaves of Abrus precatorius L. has the potential to inhibit bacterial growth. This study aims to further characterize the bacteria MRSA 22372, MSSA 22187 and MSSA 22366 based on morphological, biochemical and molecular characters and to compare the growth inhibitory response of these three bacteria due to the treatment of variations in the ethanol extract of A. precatorius of 25 mgL-1- 800 mgL-1 leaves. The results showed there were differences in the diameter of bacterial colonies, the ability to ferment glucose and sucrose, and the production of urease and catalase. The molecular characteristics of the three bacteria have no similarity in the order of nucleotide bases or phylogenetic proximity to each other. Ethanol extract of A. precatorius leaves at a concentration of 800 mgL-1 inhibited the growth of MSSA 22187 with an inhibition zone of 41 mm and decreased the MSSA 22366 growth by 67.6%. MIC value of ethanol extract of A. precatorius leaves in all three bacteria was 25 mgL-1 with growth inhibition up to 29.4%, 35.3%, and 29.4% respectively. Keyword : MRSA, MSSA, ethanol extract, Abrus precatorius L.

Background: Early childhood caries (ECC) is one of the most common caries in children. One reason is the bacterium Streptococcus mutans. Choosing the right diet can suppress the growth of Streptococcus mutans. Chitosan is a natural biopolymer from white shrimp waste as an antibacterial and can be combined with food or drinks including chewable lozenges. Objective: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of chewable lozenges from white shrimp waste (Litopenaeus vannamei) in inhibiting Streptococcus mutans bacteria in ECC cases. Research Methods: This type of research uses field and laboratory experimental research designs with pretest-posttest control group design. A sample of 30 children consisted of 3 groups, namely 10 children chewing xylitol candy, 10 children chewing chewable lozenges chitosan 2.5%, and 10 children chewing chewable lozenges chitosan 5%. Then, bacterial samples isolated from caries teeth before and after chewing chewable lozenges. Then, counted the number of Streptococcus mutans colonies using the colony counter method with the CFU unit. Data processing and analysis using SPSS version 25.0 for windows. Results: The paired t-test results showed a significant decrease in the number of Streptococcus mutans colonies before and after chewable lozenges chitosan 2.5%. The average difference between groups before and after treatment of chewable lozenges was -17.9 CFU with a standard deviation of 20.306. The paired t-test results showed a significant decrease in the number of Streptococcus mutans colonies before and after chewable lozenges chitosan 5%. The average difference between groups before and after treatment of chewable lozenges was -15.4 CFU with a standard deviation of 9.24. Data test results obtained p = 0.021 (p

Porphyridium cruentum microalgae have great potential to be developed as a source of active ingredients in various fields of health. It excretes secondary metabolites in the form of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), potentially as antibacterial, antihyperglycemic, and immunostimulant components. This study aims to obtain the best culture density of P. cruentum , the active component of P. cruentum (EPS), and the chemical composition of EPS. The P. cruentum was cultivated on 15%, 20% and 25% culture stock, with an addition of silicate, Fe and vitamins in sterile seawater medium with salinity 35‰, pH 8, temperature 25-27°C, with continuous aeration and 2500 lux continuous 24 hours, for 14 days of culture period. The results of this study indicate differences in growth rates and abundance of microalgae to each culture stock. The 15%, 20% and 25% culture stocks each showed stationary phase at days 10 th , 12 th and 14 th , with EPS concentrations of 10 ppt, 12 ppt, and 15 ppt, respectively. Variation of P . cruentum culture showed different EPS results, with a density of 25% capable of producing the highest EPS extract of 15,000 mg.L -1 . The EPS is known to contain glucose and carboxylic acid compounds that can be utilized in the health and industrial fields. Keywords: culture, extracellular polysaccharides, Porphyridium cruentum .

Chronically Kidney Disease (CKD) is still a health problem with a high incidence, complex aetiology, and often without complaintsor clinical symptoms except in the terminal stadium. To know the distribution of CKD according to age, sex group, aetiology, determiningstage of CKD based on creatinine clearance value, a retrospective study was conducted on 88 patients of CKD at Wahidin SudirohusodoPublic Hospital of Makassar from January to December 2004. The diagnosis of CKD was based on serum ureum value (ModifiedBarthelot), serum creatinine value (Jaffe) and creatinine clearance value (Cockroft Gault). Chronically Kidney Disease was found morefrequent in men 59.09% (52 of 88). The peak age prevalence was between 50 to less than < 60 years 29.55%. The eldest patient was 83years while the youngest was 16 years. The most fragment aetiology of CKD was hypertension 18.18% (16 of 88). Based on creatinineclearance values the medium group, severe group, and renal failure group were the age group respectively 3.41%, 19.32% and 77.27%.The prevalence of CKD is found more frequent in 50 less than 60 years of age. Hypertension seems to be the more predominant aetiology,and staging based on creatinine clearance value showed that most patients were in the renal failure group.

Indonesia’s geographical location supports the existence of various coffee commodities. As a plantation commodity, coffee has a high economic value. Coffee has a lot of substance that is beneficial to the body, one of is caffeine that serve to increase the stamina. Caffeine is naturally present in many types of plants as secondary metabolism. This research was done to know the content of caffeine in a local Arabica pure coffee with their variation of roasted temperatures. Coffee roasting is a stage of processing coffee beans into ready to grind, which can produce variations in the taste and content of coffee. The roasting process uses a roasting machine that automatically adjusts the roast temperature. Variations of roasted coffee are ground and used as a solution to determine the caffeine content. The determination of the coffee content is carried out using the spectrophotometric method, which measures the absorbance of caffeine in solution when it is passed by electromagnetic waves in the UV-Vis spectrum. The test results showed that the highest caffeine content was on samples of pure Arabica coffee with a roasted temperature of 195°C to 215°C with five levels of coffee roast. Caffeine content in sequential 3.217% and 2.597%.

The electrolyte gel preparation from natural polymers has been made as a component of Dye Sensitized solar cells (DSSC). Electrolyte gel is made from a mixture of alginate, potassium iodide (KI) and Iodine (I2) with a solvent casting method. Alginate gel is used as a matrix to bind KI/I2 solutions which act as electrolytes. In this study, KI/I2 electrolyte solution was made with a ratio of 10:1 then added alginate gel. To study the effect of the concentration of electrolyte solution on the electrolyte gel made by varying the amount of KI salt 10; 20; 30; 40 and 50%. In this study also studied the effect of polymer composites on the manufacture of electrolyte gels carried out by mixing alginate/PVA; Alginate/PEG and alginate/PVA/PEG. Based on the cyclic voltammetry data, the alginate-KI/I2 composite showed an oxidation and a reduction peak. This shows the occurrence of the redox cycle in the alginate-KI/I2 composite so that it can act as an electron flow mediator in the DSSC system. The effect of the amount of KI salt on the electrolyte gel shows the difference in the redox peak current produced. The highest peak current is obtained by adding KI salt 50% which is 2.5 mA. FTIR spectra data show the presence of carbonyl groups (C=O) and ether groups (C-O-C) which prove the occurrence of complexation between alginates and KI/I2 salts.

Polyphosphate is a straight chain biopolymer consisting of tens to hundreds of phosphate residues that are linked by high energy phosphoanhydride bonds, polyphosphate plays an important role in the bioremediation process of uranium waste, especially in the process of uranium metal precipitation in bacterial cells. Some bacteria are known to have the potential to interact with uranium through redox transformation and bioprecipitation by releasing inorganic phosphate to bind uranium in the environment. Inorganic phosphate results from degradation of polyphosphates that accumulate in cells. This study aims to determine the ability of uranium-tolerant bacteria to accumulate polyphosphates during their growth phase. Measurements were made in 5 growth phases, namely the lag phase, the logarithmic phase, the beginning of the stationary phase, the stationary phase, and the stationary end. Quantitative analysis of polyphosphate accumulations was carried out using the Olsen & Dean method. The test results are known that the uranium-tolerant bacterial isolat is able to accumulate the most optimal polyphosphate in the stationary phase, especially at the 48th hour and the lowest polyP accumulation is found in the initial stationary phase at the 24th hour.

Although aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect) in cancers had been accepted as a significant characteristic of cancer, changes in metabolic state in each stage of tumorigenesis remain to be explored. In this preliminary study, we analyzed the changes of several blood chemistry parameters intending to describe the general metabolic state of the early and advanced stages of tumorigenesis in rat mammary tumor models. The mammary tumor was induced in female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats by subcutaneous injection of 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA). The rats were palpated on the breast every week after DMBA induction to detect tumor development. Blood chemistry examinations including blood glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, urea, and creatinine, were performed at 8-weeks and 12-weeks after DMBA induction. Rats were fasted 12-14 hours before retro-orbital blood collection. The spectrophotometer measured all the parameters. The palpable mammary tumor was firstly detected at 7-weeks on 1 of 4 DMBA induced rats. At three weeks later all rats had palpable tumors that also confirmed by ultrasound imaging. The blood chemistry measurements revealed that DMBA-induced rats had a significantly higher level of triglyceride (p=0.001) and creatinine (p=0.018); and glucose (p=0.007) at 8-weeks and 10-weeks after DMBA induction compared to the non-induced rats, respectively while not in the other parameters. The stages of tumor development may have a different profile of blood chemistry parameters. Further research should be performed to elucidate whether the profile could describe the metabolic reprogramming during tumorigenesis.

Many studies have shown that some of cancer animal models have been established to study various aspects of cancer biology, including breast cancer. Substantial evidence has shown that administration of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) in animal models can mimic human breast cancer in many ways. This preliminary research aimed to develop rat breast cancer models that will be used for a further study on phytotherapy as the alternative medicine for breast cancer. Four young Sprague Dawley female rats, aged 60 days, received a single subcutaneous injection of 25 mg DMBA mixed with 0.5 mL sunflower oil and 0.5 mL sodium chloride 0.9%. Control group received 0.5 ml of sunflower oil and 0.5 ml of saline only. Tumor detection by palpation and rats’ body weight measurement were performed every week after DMBA induction. At 10-weeks after DMBA induction, the tumor development was examined by ultrasound imaging. No significant differences were observed in the body weight between DMBA-induced rats and non-induced rats during 8-weeks after induction. Starting from week ninth, the body weight of the DMBA group significantly decreased (p=0.02) compared to the counterpart. A solid mass on the breast area was firstly detected at week seventh in one rat. Three weeks later the solid masses were detected in all DMBA-induced rats that proved by the ultrasound images showing hypoechoic lesions with irregular margin and calcification indicating malignancies. DMBA induced malignant lesions in female rats that demonstrated by ultrasound imaging.

Potassium solubilizing microorganisms (KSM) isolated from sugarcane rhizosphere and their capability on solubilization from some insoluble potassium were examined. Isolation of potassium solubilizer was carried out from three sugarcane plantations area, on Alexandrov's agar medium. From the 41 isolated microorganisms were selected 15 isolates potassium solubilizing microorganisms which exhibiting highest potassium solubilization (solubility index) on solid medium. All the KSM were found to be capable of solubilizing K from insoluble K-bearing minerals source, and the solubilization zone ranging from 0.15 to 4.5 cm. 13.3% isolate has Solubility Index (SI) more than four on solid medium. Quantitative test result of KSM conducted on liquid medium containing potassium mineral trachyte, feldspar, leucite (Pati and Situbondo), released water soluble-K (exchangeable-K) ranging from 0.13 to 12.25 mg.L−1 (Feldspar); 1.24 to 15.57 mg L−1 (Leucite pati); 1.01 to 4.,59 mg L−1 (Leucite Situbondo); and 0.16 to 6,34 mg L−1 (Trachyte). KSM strain Sbr3 caused maximum solubilization on feldspar (12.25 mg L−1), KSM strain Asb3 on leucite Pati (18.17 mg L−1), KSM strain Prj3 on leucite Situbondo (16.14 mg L−1), whereas KSM strain Prj5 caused maximum solubilization on trachyte (6.92 mg L−1). All isolates produced organic acid citric, ferulic and coumaric, some isolates also produced malic and syringic acid. Total organic acid produced by isolated ranging from 130.42 to 434.44 mg.L−1. Ferulic acid was produced by all isolates on all of K sources higher than other organic acid.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi senyawa turunan hasil fraksinasi kayu akar Artocarpus odoratissimus. Kayu akar A. odoratissimus dimaserasi dengan pelarut metanol. Fraksinasi dilakukan menggunakan Kromatografi Cair Vakum (KCV) dengan variasi eluen mulai dari nonpolar sampai polar (n-heksan 100 %; n-heksan : etil asetat = 9:1 sampai 1:9; etil asetat 100%, dan etil asetat : metanol 9,5:0,5 dan 9:1) menghasilkan 10 fraksi utama. Pemurnian dilakukan dengan kromatografi kolom grafitasi menghasilkan 7 fraksi utama. Hasil identifikasi berdasarkan FT-IR dan 1H-NMR menunjukan bahwa senyawa murni tersebut diduga senyawa turunan fenilpropanoid

This research has made for identification derivate compound of fractionation derivate compound of fractionation root bark Artocarpus ododratissimus. Root bark A. dodoratissimus has macerated by methanol. Fractionation by using Vacuum Liquid Choromatography with eluen variation from nonpolar till polar (n-hexane 100%; n-hexane:ethyl acetate 9:1 till 1:9; ethyl acetate 100% and ethyl acetate:methanol 9,5:0,5 and 9:1) produce main fraction. Purified by used with Gravitation Coulumb Chomatograph produce seven main fraction. Identification based on FT-IR and 1H-NMR showed that the pure compound assumed phenyl prophane derivation.Keyword: Artocarpus odoratissimus, phenyl prophane

Curcumin, a polyphenolic compound present in curcuma longa has a wide range of activities including anti-inflammatory properties. The potency of curcumin is limited by its poor oral bioavailability because of its poor solubility in aqueous. Various methods have been tried to solve the problem including its encapsulation into nanoparticle. The aim of this study is to develop curcumin nanoparticle by using reinforcement ionic gelation technique and to evaluate the stability of curcumin nanoparticles in gastrointestinal fluid. Curcumin nanoparticles were prepared by using reinforcement ionic gelation technique with different concentrations of chitosan, trypolyphosphate, natrium alginate and calcium chloride. Curcumin nanoparticles were then characterized including particle size and zeta potential by using particle size analyzer and morphology using a transmission electron microscope, entrapment efficiency using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer and chemical structure analysis by Infra Red Spectrophotometer (FTIR). Fu...

The purpose of this study was to to compare the antibiofim activity of ethanol extract of Abrus precatorius L. roots at various concentrations of the Indonesian isolate of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm. The method used included inhibition test of planktonic bacteria and inhibition test of bacterial biofilm. The variable measured is the optical density (OD) of biofilm formation tested by ELISA reader. Inhibition test of biofilm formation is carried out using the microtiter plate method. The results showed that ethanol extract of A. precatorius L. roots had a significant differences in the inhibitory effect on biofilm formation between treatment group and positive control. The linear regression test showed that antibiofilm activity of ethanol extract of A. precatorius L. roots was slightly stronger on blood MSSA isolate. Therefore, the ethanol extract of A. precatorius L. roots have antibiofilm activity for MSSA isolate.

Synthesized carbon dots (CDs) from paper flowers (Bougainvillea spectabilis) was performed by microwave assisted. CDs were characterized by ultraviolet visible light (UV-Vis), photoluminescence (PL) and time resolved luminescence (TRPL). PL data shows wavelength intensity of CDs paper flowers at 493 nm for 3.9 ns and 512 nm for 4.2 ns respectively for purple and white paper flowers that excited at 420 nm. The absorbance for CDs white paper flower at 262 nm and 350 nm, while CDs purple flower paper at 260 nm, 324 nm, and 530 nm. CDs from paper flower shows excellent optical properties. So, it is mean that method applied to this experiment effectively, cheap and eco-friendly for synthesis CDs from paper flower.

Tea is one of kind drink that most be preferred and consumed the tea community around the world, even most common of the community utilized tea as a healthy drink because it contains antioxidants. Antioxidants can protect cells from damage that caused by the unstable molecules. The determination of tea temperature and optimum time were aimed to know how the influence of the caffeine content of antioxidants, tannin and chatecine. In a flood expected to contain low caffeine levels with high polyphenols.The method in this research was an extraction method that analyzed by using UV-Vis a spectrophotometer. The results showed that the lowest caffeine level was at a temperature 70°C for 15 minutes of 0.51 %, the highest levels of tannin was at the brewing temperature 70°C for 5 minutes of 4.783 %, the highest cetacean levels were at the brewing temperature 85°C for 5 minutes of 1.14 %. So that, the optimum condition was obtained at the brewing temperature70°C for 5 minutes, which have antioxidant activity about 56.75%.

The purpose of this study is to prove the differential effect of administering the mangosteen Rind extract due to lowering the blood sugar levels of Winstar white male rats induced by streptozotosin (STZ). This study used a randomized design of the ramdomized posttest only control group design. The sample consisted of 4 groups with a sample size of 7 animals each group of rats. All samples were prepared STZ induction of diabetes with a single dose of 50 mg/Kg BW through intraperitoneal (IP). K0 (control group; given 1% CMC 1 cc/day), K1 (treatment group 1; given 0,054 mg glimepiride/200 grBW, K2 (treatment group 2; given mangosteen Rind extract 50 mg/Kg BW), K3 (treatment group 3; given the mangosteen Rind extract 100 mg/Kg BW). Timing of therapy in each group was for 7 days. Shapiro-Wilk normality test (a=0.05) in the BW D variable data, pre-post STZ GDP and D GDP. Testing homogeneity used Levene's test. When data distribution was normal and homogenous, it used an ANOVA deferential test. When data distribution was normal and inhomogeneous, it proceed to apply T-test with 2 free samples. The results: 1) There were significant differences between K0 D GDP with K1 (p=0.015), K0 to K2 (p=0.003) and group K0 to K3 (p=0.002), 2) Whereas no difference was shown in the K1 with K2 (p=0.442), K1 to K3 (p=0,401) and K2 to K3 (p=0.878). Conclusion: The administration of mangosteen Rind extract doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg bw/day did not differ in lowering blood sugar levels compared with glimepiride administration of a dose of 0.054 mg/200 grBW rat/day. Mangosteen Rind extract dose of 100 mg/kg bw/day and 50 mg/kg bw/day did not provide a significant difference in lowering blood sugar levels.

Caries remains a major challenge for public health, and is a major problem for children. Based on 2007 Basic HealthResearch, in South Sulawesi, the prevalence of oral health problems of 5-14-year-old children was 42.2% and theprevalence of active caries on children aged 12 years was 39%. This study aims to describe the severity of untreatedcaries at 6, 9 and 12 years old, using pathfinder survey, samples are 6, 9 and 12 years old, respectively 450 children,in three districts of Pinrang, South Sulawesi. Index of PUFA/pufa was used to assess the severity of untreated caries.This index records the involvement of pulp (P/p), ulceration (U/u) of oral mucosa due to tooth fragment, fistula (F/f)and abscess (A/a). The results showed that most found caries involve the pulp exposure both in the permanent (P) anddeciduous (p) on the entire sample. Overall caries prevalence on 6-year-old is 62% with the highest component ofdental caries and there are 8 permanent teeth with caries with pulp involvement. For ages 9 years 65.8% with a 10% permanent dental caries and 12 years old is the highest prevalence of caries in permanent teeth, which is 25.3%. It isconcluded that 9-year-old children in the mixed dental period showed severe caries.