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Background. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with the risk of developing chronic kidney disease. Although the negative effects of high thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) values on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) levels have been known for years, the negative effects of increased TSH on GFR in euthyroid cases have been reported in recent years. This study was aimed at investigating the association between the effect of increased TSH values and estimated-GFR (eGFR) levels in euthyroid cases with MetS. Methods. For this hospital-based descriptive study, 191 MetS cases (123 females, 68 males) were evaluated. Those whose TSH was not within 0.5–4.5 uIU/mL, eGFR was p = 0.005 ), high BMI (b = −0.134, p = 0.020 ), high TSH (b = −0.380, p < 0.01 ), and high uric acid (b = −0.348, p < 0.01 ) were found as significant predictors of the eGFR in MetS patients. Conclusion. Independent of age and BMI, elevated TSH even in the euthyroid range showed an association with the eGFR in female MetS cases who had normal kidney functions. This correlation was stronger than the correlations between the eGFR and the MetS diagnostic parameters. These findings need further studies on the issue..

Aim: The aims of present study were revealing possible ischemia-reperfusion damage caused by pneumoperitoneum on ovarian tissue and investigating effects of vitamin D on this ovarian damage.Materials and Methods: Twenty-one adult female Sprague Dawley rats were used in this study and these rats were divided into three groups, each contained seven subjects: Sham Group, Ischemia-Reperfusion and Ischemia-Reperfusion +Vitamin D GroupIn Ischemia-Reperfusion Group, desufflation was performed 60 minutes after pneumoperitoneum induction and intraabdominal pressure was normalized for 30 minutes. In the Ischemia-Reperfusion + Vitamin D group, pneumoperitoneum induction was performed after 500 mg/kg of vitamin D administration. After the reperfusion period, the ovaries were collected, and ischemia reperfusion damage was evaluated. Histochemical staining was performed to evaluate the follicular degeneration, vascular congestion, inflammation, hemorrhage and edema parameters in the ovaries. In addition, immunohistochemical PCNA (Proliferating cell nuclear antigen) staining was performed to evaluate DNA repair mechanisms. In biochemical analyzes, AMH (Anti-Mullerian hormone), MDA (Malondialdehyde), TAC (Total antioxidant capacity) and SOD (Superoxide dismutase) levels were examined in the ovaries.Results: In histological evaluation, significant differences were found between the groups and also the PCNA values were significantly higher in the Ischemia-Reperfusion Group compared to the Sham and Ischemia-Reperfusion +Vitamin D Groups (p, Amaç: Çalışmanın amacı pneumoperitoneumun over dokusu üzerinde oluşturduğu olası iskemi reperfüzyon hasarının gösterilmesi ve D vitamininin bu hasar üzerindeki etkilerinin araştırılmasıdır.Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmamızda her biri 7 denekten oluşan 3 grup şeklinde Sprague Dawley cinsi dişi sıçanlar kullanılmıştır. Pneumoperitoneum sağlandıktan 60 dakika sonra desuflasyon gerçekleşt r lm ş ve 30 dakika boyunca intraabdominal basınç normalize edilmiştir eperfüzyon periyodunu takiben overler çıkarılmış ve iskemi reperfüzyon hasarı değerlend r lm şt r Histolojik olarak, overlerde foll küler dejenerasyon, vasküler konjesyon, nflamasyon, hemoraji, ödem ve DNA tamir mekanizmalarını değerlendirmek için PCNA (Proliferating cell nuclear antigen) düzeyine, biyokimyasal olarak da plazma AMH (Anti müllerian hormon) ve overde MDA (Malondialdehid), TAC (Total antioksidan kapasite) ve SOD (Süperoksid dismutaz) düzeyine bakılmıştırBulgular: Histolojik olarak gruplar arasında farklılıklar saptanmış ve ayrıca PCNA değerleri iskemi grubunda sham ve D vitamini grubuna göre anlamlı düzeyde yüksek bulunmuştur (p

The reactions of 1-chloropropanediol and 1-chloro-3-alkylcarboxymethyl-propanol-2 with alkylxanthogenates have been studied; mixtures of acyclic, cyclic xanthates and tritiocarbonates are formed. The dependence of the direction of the reaction and, accordingly, the yields of the synthesized compounds on the ratio of reagents and conditions of the experiments was revealed. The evidence that both acyclic and cyclic compounds are formed in these reactions are spectral (IR) and physicochemical (n_D^20, d_4^20, MRD, elemental composition). The obtained compounds were investigated as extreme pressure additives to lubricating oils, their effectiveness as extreme pressure additives was revealed. The high extreme pressure properties of the synthesized compounds are explained by the fact that their molecules contain polar thiocarbonyl (C=S), 1 sulfide (CS) sulfur in xanthates and 2 sulfide sulfur in tritiocarbonates, which are easily adsorbed on the metal surface, forming at high temperatures, protective layer consisting of metal sulfides. Due to the fact that all the obtained compounds are high-sulfur, they do not have antiwear properties, that is, they cause corrosive wear, in order to improve the corrosive properties of oils, the authors have compiled compositions using the antiwear and antioxidant additives DF-11.

The aim of the study was to estimate the effect of rapeseed pomace and extruded full-fat soya in the diets of dairy cows on changes in the milk fatty acid (FA) profile. The experiment was carried out on 30 dairy cows and divided into two periods: the indoor feeding period and the grazing period. Control diet cows were fed the farm’s total mixed ration (TMR); cows of experimental group 1 (ES) cows were fed the farm’s TMR supplemented with extruded full-fat soya; cows of experimental group 2 (RP) were fed the farm’s TMR supplemented with rapeseed pomace. The total content of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) tended to be lower in the RP and ES groups than in the control group during both feeding periods. Our results suggest that supplementing diets with rapeseed and soybean products are both effective in improving the fatty acid proportion of desirable (hypocholesterolaemic) FAs, mainly oleic acid (18:1n-9), linoleic acid (18:2n-6) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLAcis9trans11). The study showed that during the indoor feeding period, the unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) contents were significantly higher in the ES group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The nutritional value of milk from the feeding groups in which rations were supplemented with ES or RP was better due to a quartile reduction of the atherogenicity index (AI) and the significantly increased spreadability index (SI) of the butter manufactured during the indoor feeding period (P < 0.01).

On the basis of environmentally friendly raw materials of glycerol, by its interaction with monochloroacetic acid, 1,2,3-(trichloroacetyl)triglyceride was synthesized, which is used for further syntheses of xanthogenic acid derivatives containing a number of functional groups  dithiocarbamic, thiocyanic. The reaction of 1,2,3-(trichloroacetyl) triglyceride with potassium alkylxanthate in a ratio of 1:1 and 1:2 gave 1-butylxanthogenatoacetoxy-2,3-(dichloroacetoxy) propane and 1,3-di(alkylxanthogenatoacetoxy)-2-chloroacetoxypropane. Mixed esters of xanthogenic acid containing dithiocarbamic and thiocyanic groups were synthesized by the interaction of 1,2,3-(trichloroacetyl) triglyceride in the corresponding sequence, first with sodium diethyl dithiocarbamate, with potassium butylxanthate, as a result 1-butylxanthogenatoacetoxy-2-chloracetoxy-3-(diethyldithiocarbamatoacetoxy) propane. Sequential reaction of 1,2,3-(trichloroacetyl) triglyceride with potassium rhodanide with potassium butylxanthate gave 1-butylxanthogenatoacetoxy-2-chloroacetoxy-3-(thiocyanatoacetoxy)propane. The structure of the synthesized compounds has been proven by IR spectroscopy. The compounds have been tested as additives to improve the tribological characteristics of oils and have been shown to be effective.

Currently, the problem of the negative impact of petroleum hydrocarbons in the Caspian Sea has become catastrophic. Intensive pollution of marine waters by oil and oil products, from production, transportation and storage of hydrocarbons leads to the oppression of the sea ecosystem. Mechanical and physico-chemical methods for cleaning the marine environment are characterized by low efficiency, secondary pollution and high cost. The most promising is the use of microbiological methods for cleaning waters from oil pollution. In the article presents the results of the identification of reactive oxidizing bacteria isolated from the marine environment of the Caspian Sea, for further use in new biopreparation from oil pollutions. From the sea water in bulk berths Aktau sea port and the port of Bautino (North Caspian) allocated 27 hydrocarbon isolates of microorganisms having the ability to oil degradation of these strains selected the 4 most active cultures, which were identified as Bacillus cereus (2 strains), strain Bacillus sr.13 and Acinetobacter sr.10. Article is written by results of the scientific project of grant financing of Committee of Science of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan "Activization of the self-clearing ability of sea water of the Caspian Sea from oil products". Article is issued thanks to the international project Tempus of IV IEMAST of "Establishing Modern Master-level Studies in Industrial Ecology".

Liquid-phase oxidation of styrene with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a catalytic system based on (NH4)10W12O41 + Ce(NO3)3 + H3PO4, supported on a microstructured carbon material and treated with an aqueous Н2О2 solution, was studied. The major reaction products are phenyloxirane and benzaldehyde, with phenylacetaldehyde, 1-phenylethane-1,2-diol, and benzoic acid also present. The kinetic relationships of the process were studied, and a kinetic model according to which phenyloxirane is the primary reaction product was suggested. Aldehydes are accumulated by parallel routes: oxidation of phenyloxirane and of its hydrolysis product, 1-phenylethane-1,2-diol. With an increase in the styrene: Н2О2 molar ratio, oxidation of 1-phenylethane-1,2-diol becomes the major pathway of the aldehyde formation.

3-Amino-5-phenyl-1,3-thiazolidin-2-iminium bromide was synthesized for the first time by reaction of (1,2-dibromoethyl)benzene with thiosemicarbazide hydrochloride. Its condensation with aromatic aldehydes afforded the corresponding Schiff bases. The structure of the isolated compounds was confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy.

Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) events are involved in the pathophysiology of numerous ocular diseases. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that betulinic acid protects from I/R injury in the mouse retina. Ocular ischemia was induced in mice by increasing intraocular pressure (IOP) to 110 mm Hg for 45 min, while the fellow eye served as a control. One group of mice received betulinic acid (50 mg/kg/day p.o. once daily) and the other group received the vehicle solution only. Eight days after the I/R event, the animals were killed and the retinal wholemounts and optic nerve cross-sections were prepared and stained with cresyl blue or toluidine blue, respectively, to count cells in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) of the retina and axons in the optic nerve. Retinal arteriole responses were measured in isolated retinas by video microscopy. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were assessed in retinal cryosections and redox gene expression was determined in isolated retinas by quantitative PCR. I/R markedly reduced cell number in the GCL and axon number in the optic nerve of the vehicle-treated mice. In contrast, only a negligible reduction in cell and axon number was observed following I/R in the betulinic acid-treated mice. Endothelial function was markedly reduced and ROS levels were increased in retinal arterioles of vehicle-exposed eyes following I/R, whereas betulinic acid partially prevented vascular endothelial dysfunction and ROS formation. Moreover, betulinic acid boosted mRNA expression for the antioxidant enzymes SOD3 and HO-1 following I/R. Our data provide evidence that betulinic acid protects from I/R injury in the mouse retina. Improvement of vascular endothelial function and the reduction in ROS levels appear to contribute to the neuroprotective effect.

The theoretical description for the chlorantraniliprole electrochemical determination, assisted by the hybrid composite of squaraine dye with CuS nanoparticles has been described. The correspondent reaction mechanism has been proposed, and the correspondent mathematical model has been developed and analyzed by means of linear stability theory and bifurcation analysis. It has been shown that the chlorantraniprole electrochemical anodical determination on high potential may be efficiently provided by cupper sulfide nanoparticles, stabilized by the squaraine dye. On the other hand, the oscillatory and monotonic instability is also possible, being caused by DEL influences of the electrochemical stage. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17807/orbital.v13i3.1518

The aim of the present study was to examine the fatty acid composition and healthy lipids indices in raw milk and dairy products, covering the main stages of production. The fresh cheese, butter, sour cream, and ultra-high temperature treated milk, representing differences in technological approach were chosen for the study. Fatty acids methyl esters were quantified using a gas chromatograph equipped with flame ionization detector and a capillary column SP-2560. No significant influence of the technological process has been identified. The concentrations and profile of fatty acids and healthy lipids indices in final product fat were primarily dependent on the content of the raw milk or cream. The significant difference (P

Dysfunctional vascular endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) has been proposed to play a main pathophysiological role in various ocular diseases. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the chronic lack of eNOS impairs endothelium-dependent vasodilation in retinal arterioles. The relevance of eNOS for mediating vascular responses was studied in retinal vascular preparations from eNOS-deficient mice (eNOS-/-) and wild-type controls in vitro. Changes in luminal diameter in response to vasoactive agents were measured by videomicroscopy. The thromboxane mimetic, U46619, induced similar concentration-dependent constriction of retinal arterioles in eNOS-/- and wild-type mice. Responses to the endothelium-independent vasodilator, nitroprusside, did not differ between both mouse genotypes, either. In contrast, responses to the endothelium-dependent vasodilator, acetylcholine, were blunted in eNOS-/- mice. Non-isoform-selective blockade of either nitric oxide synthase (NOS) or cyclooxygenase (COX) alone did not affect responses to acetylcholine. However, combined blockade of both enzyme families markedly attenuated cholinergic vasodilation. Also, combined blockade of COX and neuronal NOS (nNOS) blunted acetylcholine-induced vasodilation, while combined COX and inducible NOS (iNOS) inhibition had no effect. Simultaneous NOS and COX-1 blockade did not affect cholinergic vasodilation, whereas combined NOS and COX-2 inhibition markedly reduced vasodilation to acetylcholine. These findings are the first to demonstrate that the chronic lack of eNOS is associated with moderate endothelial dysfunction in retinal arterioles. However, eNOS-deficiency is partially compensated by nNOS and COX-2 metabolites, which are reciprocally regulated.

The parasympathetic nervous system is critically involved in the regulation of tear secretion by activating muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Hence, various animal models targeting parasympathetic signaling have been developed to induce dry eye disease (DED). However, the muscarinic receptor subtype (M1–M5) mediating tear secretion remains to be determined. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that the M3 receptor subtype regulates tear secretion and to evaluate the ocular surface phenotype of mice with targeted disruption of the M3 receptor (M3R−/−). The experimental techniques included quantification of tear production, fluorescein staining of the ocular surface, environmental scanning electron microscopy, assessment of proliferating cells in the corneal epithelium and of goblet cells in the conjunctiva, quantification of mRNA for inflammatory cytokines and prooxidant redox enzymes and quantification of reactive oxygen species. Tear volume was reduced in M3R−/− mice compared to age-matched controls at the age of 3 months and 15 months, respectively. This was associated with mild corneal epitheliopathy in the 15-month-old but not in the 3-month-old M3R−/− mice. M3R−/− mice at the age of 15 months also displayed changes in corneal epithelial cell texture, reduced conjunctival goblet cell density, oxidative stress and elevated mRNA expression levels for inflammatory cytokines and prooxidant redox enzymes. The findings suggest that the M3 receptor plays a pivotal role in tear production and its absence leads to ocular surface changes typical for DED at advanced age.

Germanium nanowires were grown using gold colloids on germanium and silicon substrates, (0 0 1) and (1 1 1) oriented. The presence of Si oxide on the surface inhibits the epitaxial growth of the nanowires, resulting in the presence of randomly oriented nanostructures. Different etching procedures of Si oxide are discussed and evaluated, with the goal to obtain epitaxial nanowires aligned with the substrate crystallographic directions. Germanium oxide may be thermally etched during the growth procedure, so that on Ge substrates the nanowires are generally well aligned without any wet-etch. We also study the effect of sonication of the nanowires, to minimize the damage to the nanostructures when they are dropcasted to a carrier substrate for further studies.

Adrenergic stimuli are important for corneal epithelial structure and healing. The purpose of the present study was to examine the hypothesis that the lack of a single α1-adrenoceptor (α1-AR) subtype affects corneal epithelial thickness and cell proliferation. Expression levels of α1-AR mRNA were determined in mouse cornea using real-time PCR. In mice devoid of one of the three α1-AR subtypes (α1A-AR−/−, α1B-AR−/−, α1D-AR−/−) and in wild-type controls, thickness of individual corneal layers, the number of epithelial cell layers, and average epithelial cell size were determined in cryosections. Endothelial cell density and morphology were calculated in corneal explants, and epithelial cell proliferation rate was determined with immunofluorescence microscopy. Moreover, the ultrastructure of the corneal epithelium was examined by transmission electron microscopy. Messenger RNA for all three α1-AR subtypes was expressed in whole cornea and in corneal epithelium from wild-type mice with a rank order of abundance of α1A≥ α1B> α1D. In contrast, no α1-AR mRNA was detected in the stroma, and only α1B-AR mRNA was found in the Descemet endothelial complex. Remarkably, corneal epithelial thickness and mean epithelial cell size were reduced in α1A-AR−/−mice. Our findings suggest that the α1A-AR exerts growth effects in mouse corneal epithelial cells.

Thermodynamic properties of antimony chalcoiodides have been determined experimentally by means of electromotive force (EMF) method measurements of the $$(- )\;{\text{Sb}}\;({\text{solid}}) / {\text{ionic}}\;{\text{liquid}},{\text{ Sb}}^{3 + } /\left( {{\text{SbXI}} - {\text{SbI}}_{3} - {\text{X}}} \right)\;({\text{solid}})\;( + )$$ concentration chains within temperature range 300–430 K (X–S, Se, Te). A mixture of morpholine and formic acid with adding 0.5 mol% anhydrous SbCl3 was used as an electrolyte, whereas equilibrium alloys from the SbXI–SbI3–X three-phase regions of the corresponding systems were exploited as right electrodes. From the EMF measurements, the partial molar functions of antimony in the SbXI–SbI3–I three-phase regions are calculated. The potential formation reactions were determined based on the solid-phase equilibria diagrams of the Sb–X–I systems, and the standard thermodynamic functions of formation and standard entropies of the ternary compounds SbSI, SbSeI, and SbTeI were calculated. For the calculations, the standard thermodynamic functions of SbI3, as well as standard entropies of chalcogens, were used.

The phase relationships in the Sb-S-I ternary system were determined experimentally over entire concentration range by means of differential thermal analysis (DTA) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Two quasi-binary, three isopleth sections, 300 K isothermal section and liquidus surface projection of the system were revised. The primary crystallization fields of all existing phases, the types and coordinates of all invariant and monovariant equilibria were determined. The electromotive force measurements (EMF) method was used to calculate the partial molar functions of antimony in alloys and the standard integral thermodynamic functions of SbSI.

Objective. Glaucoma is a leading cause of severe visual impairment and blindness. Although high intraocular pressure (IOP) is an established risk factor for the disease, the role of abnormal ocular vessel function in the pathophysiology of glaucoma gains more and more attention. We tested the hypothesis that elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) causes vascular dysfunction in the retina. Methods. High IOP was induced in one group of mice by unilateral cauterization of three episcleral veins. The other group received sham surgery only. Two weeks later, retinal vascular preparations were studied by video microscopy in vitro. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and expression of hypoxia markers and of prooxidant and antioxidant redox genes as well as of inflammatory cytokines were determined. Results. Strikingly, responses of retinal arterioles to stepwise elevation of perfusion pressure were impaired in the high-IOP group. Moreover, vasodilation responses to the endothelium-dependent vasodilator, acetylcholine, were markedly reduced in mice with elevated IOP, while no differences were seen in response to the endothelium-independent nitric oxide donor, sodium nitroprusside. Remarkably, ROS levels were increased in the retinal ganglion cell layer including blood vessels. Expression of the NADPH oxidase isoform, NOX2, and of the inflammatory cytokine, TNF-α, was increased at the mRNA level in retinal explants. Expression of NOX2, but not of the hypoxic markers, HIF-1α and VEGF-A, was increased in the retinal ganglion cell layer and in retinal blood vessels at the protein level. Conclusion. Our data provide first-time evidence that IOP elevation impairs autoregulation and induces endothelial dysfunction in mouse retinal arterioles. Oxidative stress and inflammation, but not hypoxia, appear to be involved in this process.

Objective. Atherogenic lipoproteins may impair vascular reactivity consecutively causing tissue damage in multiple organs via abnormal perfusion and excessive reactive oxygen species generation. We tested the hypothesis that chronic hypercholesterolemia causes endothelial dysfunction and cell loss in the retina. Methods. Twelve-month-old apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice and age-matched wild-type controls were used in this study (n=8 per genotype for each experiment). Intraocular pressure, blood pressure, and ocular perfusion pressure were determined. Retinal arteriole responses were studied in vitro, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species were quantified in the retinal and optic nerve cryosections. The expression of the lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) and the NADPH oxidase isoforms, NOX1, NOX2, and NOX4, were determined in retinal cryosections by immunofluorescence microscopy. Pro- and antioxidant redox genes were quantified in retinal explants by PCR. Moreover, cell number in the retinal ganglion cell layer and axon number in the optic nerve was calculated. Results. Responses to the endothelium-dependent vasodilator, acetylcholine, were markedly impaired in retinal arterioles of ApoE-/- mice (P<0.01). LOX-1 (P=0.0007) and NOX2 (P=0.0027) expressions as well as levels of reactive oxygen species (P=0.0022) were increased in blood vessels but not in other retinal structures. In contrast, reactive nitrogen species were barely detectable in both mouse genotypes. Messenger RNA for HIF-1α, VEGF-A, NOX1, and NOX2, but also for various antioxidant redox genes was elevated in the retina of ApoE-/- mice. Total cell number in the retinal ganglion cell layer did not differ between ApoE-/- and wild-type mice (P=0.2171). Also, axon number in the optic nerve did not differ between ApoE-/- and wild-type mice (P=0.6435). Conclusion. Apolipoprotein E deficiency induces oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in retinal arterioles, which may trigger hypoxia in the retinal tissue. Oxidative stress in nonvascular retinal tissue appears to be prevented by the upregulation of antioxidant redox enzymes, resulting in neuron preservation.

A plant expression platform with eukaryotic post-translational modification (PTM) machinery has many advantages compared to other protein expression systems. This promising technology is useful for the production of a variety of recombinant proteins including, therapeutic proteins, vaccine antigens, native additives, and industrial enzymes. However, plants lack some of the important PTMs, including furin processing, which limits this system for the production of certain mammalian complex proteins of therapeutic value. Furin is a ubiquitous proprotein convertase that is involved in the processing (activation) of a wide variety of precursor proteins, including blood coagulation factors, cell surface receptors, hormones and growth factors, viral envelope glycoproteins, etc. and plays a critical regulatory role in a wide variety of cellular events. In this study, we engineered the human furin gene for expression in plants and demonstrated the production of a functional active recombinant truncated human furin in N. benthamiana plant. We demonstrate that plant produced human furin is highly active both in vivo and in vitro and specifically cleaved the tested target proteins, Factor IX (FIX) and Protective Antigen (PA83). We also demonstrate that both, enzymatic deglycosylation and proteolytic processing of target proteins can be achieved in vivo by co-expression of deglycosylating and furin cleavage enzymes in a single cell to produce deglycosylated and furin processed target proteins. It is highly expected that this strategy will have many potential applications in pharmaceutical industry and can be used to produce safe and affordable therapeutic proteins, antibodies, and vaccines using a plant expression system.

The article reports the results on the development of highly optimized two-factor mechanical method of dispersion of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in polymer matrixes with the aim of preparing of nanocomposites. The investigation of the MWCNTs and nanocomposites was carried out by using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The effectiveness of the developed method is demonstrated by comparing the electrical conductivity of MWCNT/polymer nanocomposites prepared on the basis of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and the epoxy resin, using two methods-the known chemical and the proposed one-two-factor mechanical.

Bu çalışmanın amacı hidrojenle parçalama işlemi ile bir petrokimyasal atığı kullanılabilir bir yakıt haline dönüştürmektir. Petrokimya endüstrisinde standart dışı veya yan ürünler oluşmaktadır. Çevresel ve ekonomik açıdan bu ürünlerin kimyasal hammadde veya yakıt olarak kullanılması oldukça önemlidir. `Standart dışı Fuel Oil` bir petrokimya kompleksi'nin Nafta Buhar Parçalama (NSC) ünitesinin yan ürünüdür. Bu ürünün miktarı, Aliağa Petkim A.S-de etilen fabrikasından elde edilen ve NSC ünitesine verilen naftanın yaklaşık olarak yüzde 4'ü kadardır ve yıllık `Standart dışı Fuel Oil` miktarı ise yaklaşık olarak 95000 tondur.Bu çalışmada Aromatik yağın (ARCFO veya Standart dışı Fuel Oil) hidrokraking rafineri ünitesinde, bu ünitenin ham maddesi olan ağır vakum gaz yağı birlikte işlenerek hafif petrol ürünlerine dönüştürülmesi amaçlanmıştır. Katalizörle veya katalizörsüz hidrokraking tepkimeleri farklı sıcaklıklarda (400, 425 ve 450 °C) 60 dakika süreyle, 6.0 MPa başlangıç hidrojen basıncında ARCFO için gerçekleştirildi. Katalizör olarak ticari DHC-8 katalizörü kullanıldı. Katalizörün ve sıcaklığın sıvı ürünün verimine ve özelliklerine etkisi üzerine araştırmalar yapıldı. Ardından bu işlemler, farklı oranlarda ARCFO ve ağır vakum gaz yağı karışımı ile 450°C'de termal ve katalitik koşullarda gerçekleştirildi. Sıvı fazdaki ürünlerin 1H NMR ve GC ile analizleri yapıldı ve Br sayısı belirlendi, sıvı ürünlerin asfalten miktarları belirlendi ve asfaltenlerin özellikleri FT-IR ve elemental analiz sonuçları ile aydınlatıldı. Ayrıca, asfaltenden ayrılan (deasfaltlanmış) sıvı kısımları, kolon kromatografisi yardımıyla alifatik, aromatik ve polar fraksiyonlara ayrıldı ve her kombinasyonun yüzdeleri hesaplandı. Tüm örnekler için alifatik fraksiyonların GC ile analizi gerçekleştirildi. The aim of this study is converting a petrochemical product/waste to a fuel by hydrocracking process. In petrochemical industries, some by-products or `off-spec` products are produced. Utilization of these products as fuel or chemical feedstocks is important either in terms of environmental or economic sides. The `non-standard fuel oil` is a by-product of naphtha steam cracking (NSC) unit in a petrochemical complex. This by-product's amount is about 4 percent of naphtha charged to system obtained from ethylene plant of Aliağa PETKİM facility and the annual yield of `non-standard fuel oil` is about 95000 tons. In this study, the conversion of Aromatic Rich Cracked Fuel Oil (ARCFO or non-standard Fuel-Oil) to light petroleum products by co-processing in a refinery unit such as hydrocracking with heavy vacuum gas oil (HVGO) which is the feedstock of this unit was aimed. ARCFO was subjected to thermal and catalytic co-hydrocracking processes. ARCFO and the blends of ARCFO with HVGO were cracked in the presence of H2. Hydrocracking reactions with or without catalysts were carried out at a 6.0 MPa initial hydrogen pressure at different temperatures of 400, 425 and 450°C for a reaction time of 60 min for ARCFO. The catalyst employed was commercial DHC-8 catalyst. The effects of catalyst and the temperature on the yield and properties of liquid product of ARCFO were investigated. Then these processes were carried out for the blends of ARCFO and HVGO in different ratios at 450°C under thermal and catalytic conditions. The liquid products were analysed by 1H NMR and GC, and Br numbers of liquid products were determined. The asphaltene amounts of liquid products were determined and their properties were investigated by FT-IR and elemental analysis. Also the liquids were sorted out to aliphatic, aromatic and polar fractions and percentages of each other were determined. The aliphatic fractions of each sample were analysed by GC. 81

Bu çalışmada 2-hidroksianilin, 2-hidroksi-4-metilanilin 2-hidroksi-4-kloranilin ve 2-hidroksi-5-nitroanilinin diazolandırılması ve timol ve de öjenol ile kenetlenmesi sonucu monoazo boyarmadeleri olan o-hidroksiazo ve o,o'-dihidroksiazo türevi renklendiriceler elde edildi. Birleşiklerin eldesi iki basamakta gerçekleştirildi. Birinci basamakta, anilin türevleri doğrudan diazolanma yöntemi ile diazolandırıldı. İkinci basamakta, diazonyum tuzları üzerine katı, sıvı ve ya çözelti halinde bulunan timol ve öjenol ilave ederek kenetlenme işlemi gerçekleştirildi.Elde edilen boyarmaddelerin saflık kontrolleri ince tabaka kromatoğrafisi ve erime noktası ile gerçekleştirildikten sonra UV-VIS, IR, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR ve kütle spektrometrisi (MS) teknikleri ile incelendi.Elde edilen boyarmaddelerin yapıları spektroskopik yöntemlerle belirlendikten sonra yün, pamuk ve saten türü kumaşlar uygun şartlar altında renklendirildi. Boyanan kumaşların standart yöntemler sürtünme ve yıkama haslık analizleri gerçekleştirildi. In this study, firstly we gained from 2-hydroxyaniline, 2-hydroxy-4-methylaniline, 2-hydroxy-4-chloraniline and 2-hydroxy-5-nitroaniline. In the next step, after coupling of diazonium salts with thymol or eugenol, we have synthesed new o-hydroxyazo and o,o'-dihydroxyazo dyes.After the purity control of the dyes by thin layer chromatography and melting points have been determined by employing UV-VIS, IR, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR and mass spectrometry.In order to find a standard dyeing methods for dyes, various fabrics were dyed after the characterisation of the dyes by thermal analysis and spectroscopic methods. Depending on the results of the analysis, we can definitely mention that the achieved substance is the best solution for dyeing cotton and wool materials. The fastness analysis of the light, rubbing and washing were performed on the dyed fabrics according to the standardmethods. 158

A new Aerosol assisted CVD method of synthesizinglarge amount ofhigh quality carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with good structural parameters has been developed. We report the optimization of the process by experimental variables of thesynthesis condition. The effect of temperature in the hot zone of the reactor was investigated, and 840-950 0 C was chosen as an optimum synthesis temperature. CNTs, obtained with different solvents as a carbon source have been analyzed, and ferrocene volume in cyclohexane solvent was varied, as the result of which has been grown MWCNTs with diameters of 10-85 nm and a small percent of SWCNTs with diameters of 0.85 and 1.14 nm. The position of Fe nanoparticles in the CNTs was defined by TEM observations, which show that Fe nanoparticles were situated not only in the tip of the tubes, and also along the length of the nanotube (in the inner channel of the CNTs).

The results of synthesis of copolymers of allyl naphthenate with styrene by method radical polymerization in the presence of the initiator are given in this article. The synthesized copolymers were studied as viscosity additives for petroleum oils.

Phase equilibria in the entire Bi–S–I ternary system were determined experimentally by means of differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques and EMF measurements. Several vertical sections, an isothermal section at 300 K, and a liquidus surface projection of the system were constructed and two ternary compounds BiSI and Bi19S27I3 reported earlier were confirmed. The primary crystallization fields of all phases, the types and coordinates of invariant and monovariant equilibria were determined. Thermodynamic properties of the both BiSI and Bi19S27I3 ternary compounds were studied by electromotive force measurements (EMF) with the bismuth electrode. From the EMF measurements, the partial molar functions of bismuth in alloys and the standard integral thermodynamic functions of BiSI and Bi19S27I3 were calculated.

One of the challenges in the development of germanium nanowires (Ge NWs) is to increase their length beyond the 10 μm limit without enlarging the NW diameter, i.e. minimizing the tapering. Here we report how it is possible to overcome this hurdle by using isobutyl germane (iBuGe) as a metal organic precursor during MOCVD growth, instead of the commonly used germane. We have grown and characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and Raman various samples and we have analyzed the effect of growth time, precursor flux and growth temperature on the NW length. The use of iBuGe coupled to optimized growth conditions permitted to obtain Ge NWs with lengths up to 30 μm with minimal tapering. To explain why a new precursor has this impact on the morphology of the NWs we consider two possible causes: (i) the role of carbon radicals produced by isobutyl decomposition and (ii) the reduced growth rate of Ge on the sidewalls. On the basis of Raman characterization and temperature-dependence of tapering, we conclude that the reduced tapering is probably due to lower growth rates on the sidewalls.

Being an attractive and demanding candidate in the field of energy conversion, germanium has attained widespread applications. The present work is aimed at the study of metal organic vapour phase epitaxy of germanium thin films on (0 0 1) silicon at different growth temperatures using isobutyl germane as a precursor. The epilayers were characterized by X-ray diffraction, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy in order to understand the structural and morphological properties. The films were found to be epitaxially grown and single crystalline with slight misorientation (below 0.1 degrees). The interface between the film and substrate was analyzed in depth and different temperature dependent growth behaviours were evidenced. The major relevant lattice imperfections observed were attributed to planar defects and threading dislocations.

In the present paper, we report the optical properties of the bicolor composite phosphor on the base of CaS and Ga2S3 and study the possibility using this composite to obtain a white light LED. In particular, the energy transfer between the green and red emission bands of the bicolor composite phosphor activated by Eu2+ ions was studied. (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

In work the results of investigations on development of new classes of the composition materials on the basis of appreted HPPE filled with various mineral fillers are presented. It has been shown that the synthesized ternary copolymers used in work as appretes due to polyfunctional composition allow to prepare the composition materials with high strength properties and adhesion. The results of exclusion-chromatographic investigation of molecular characteristics of ternary copolymers synthesized at radical copolymerization of a-olefins in a series С 6 -С 8 with maleic anhydride and acrylic acid and also some physical-mechanical properties of polymer compositions modified by them are presented

Mixed narrow band gap III-V alloys such as GaAsN and InGaAsN are attracting considerable interest for both their fundamental properties and the possibility to use them in novel solar cells for space applications. It has been shown that concentration of nitrogen as low as 0.01 lowers the band gap of the Ga 1-x In x As 1-y N y and Ga 1-x In x P 1-y N y alloy by a significant fraction of eV, showing a giant bowing effect. The alloy Ga 1-x In x As 1-y N y with y = 035x is lattice-matched to GaAs (or Ge), and this material was used both as active layer for 1 eV laser and as fourth junction Ge lattice-matched in high-efficiency InGaP/GaAs/InGaAsN/Ge multijunction solar cells. The growth of GaAsN and the understanding of its physical properties is a necessary step to control the growth of the quaternary InGaAsN alloy. Undoped GaAs 1-x N x layers were grown by means of a home-made MOVPE horizontal reactor on both GaAs and Ge substrates using Arsine and tri-methyl-gallium (TMG) precursors and hydrogen as carrier gas. Di-methyl-hydrazine (DMHy) was used as nitrogen source. The samples were grown at different temperatures (475-500 °C) and pressures (45-750 Torr), varying the molar ratio between DMHy and the other precursors. Samples were characterised by AFM, micro-Raman and spectral imaging Cathodoluminescence (CL) techniques; high temperature annealing (700-750 °C) were performed on samples in order to optically activate the N. Phase separation between GaAs and GaN was observed after annealing at high temperature.

The dynamic viscosity and density of a water-polyethylene glycol-KOH system are measured at temperatures of 293.15 to 323.15 K in concentrations ranging from 0.00001 and 0.001 (mole fractions). The activation parameters of viscous flow (ΔGη≠, ΔHη≠, and ΔSη≠), structural temperature (T0), the partial molar volume of polyethylene glycol (PEG) in solution \(\left( {\tilde V} \right)\), intrinsic viscosity([η]), and the Huggins constant (KH), are calculated. It is found that PEG has a structuring effect on water in water-PEG and water-PEG-KOH systems, with the PEG structuring effect in the latter being somewhat attenuated by the destructuring influence of KOH.

Nominally undoped Ge epitaxial layers were deposited on Ge and GaAs substrates by means of Metal–Organic Vapor Phase (MOVPE) using a novel Germanium source, isobutylgermane (iBuGe), by Rohm and Haas Electronic Materials LLC (USA). High Resolution X-ray Diffraction, Atomic Force Microscopy and Raman spectroscopy were combined to characterize the layers. Ge layers were deposited using AsH 3 as a surfactant and several growth procedures were tested. The use of arsine reduced the growth rate and also significantly improved the epitaxial quality and surface roughness.

The thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity of zirconium-1 wt% niobium samples were measured before and after the process of their oxidation in air. A special procedure was used to dissolve the gas and to smooth out its concentration in the alloy. The basic experiments were performed under high vacuum under steady-state temperature conditions. The temperature range was 300–1600 K. for the pure alloy and 300–1100 K for the samples containing oxygen. It was found that the thermal conductivity—oxygen concentration relation reverses its sign from negative at low and middle temperatures to positive at temperatures above 900 K. The relation between the electrical resistivity and the oxygen content does not show this feature. The Lorenz function was found to have an anomalous temperature dependence.

In the present work we report the results of characterization of epitaxial Ge/Ge layers using vapour phase epitaxy using either only isobutilgermane as a precursor or adding doses of AsH3 as surfactant to obtain a better surface morphology. When iBuGe partial pressure was below 4times10-6, the Ge layers showed good morphology and crystallographic quality with best results on samples grown on exactly oriented (001) Ge substrates. The use AsH3 as surfactant permitted to increase the iBuGe partial pressure used in the growth without degrading the layer properties, even if TEM revealed the presence of an high defect density at the interface. It was concluded that the surfactant, even if reported as "non reactive" in literature, was actually incorporated at the layer interface. A p-n junction using Au as ohmic contacts showed a good rectifying behaviour and an open circuit voltage comparable to that reported in literature for diffused Ge cells.

International audience; A photoluminescence study of the blue-green emitting BaGa2S4:Eu2+ phosphor is reported. Diffuse reflectance, excitation and emission spectra were examined with the aim to enlarge the fundamental knowledge about the emission of the Eu2+ rare earth ion in this lattice. The thermal dependence of the radiative properties and the influence of the Eu2+ concentration were investigated. The Stokes shift, the crystal field splitting and the activation energy of the thermal quenching were determined. By combining these results with data available in literature, we discussed the radiative properties of the BaAl2S4:Eu2+ blue phosphor in relation with those determined in this study for the isostructural BaGa2S4:Eu2+ phosphor.

Interfaces between arsenide and phosphide III-V semiconductors have shown to be one of the most difficult issues to be understood and definitively solved. This problem is particularly relevant with Vapour Phase Epitaxy (VPE) and Metallo-Organic Vapour Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE) techniques, since an irreproducibility in preparing abrupt interfaces between arsenide and phosphide has been evidenced. Several researchers have ascribed this problem to the volatility of arsenic and phosphorus species and since then for long time different recipes and growth procedures have been suggested in order to obtain sharp transition between the two different materials. In this work the film/substrate interface is modelled using thermodynamical calculations after the regular solution model proposed by Jordan and Ilegems: PH3 flows over GaAs surface, and as a consequence the substrate is enriched with P, with the formation of a thin layer of GaAsP and mixed As-P gaseous species. Samples of InGaP on GaAs substrate were grown by MOVPE and characterised by Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) in order to support the theoretical findings. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Cryogels on the basis of polyvinyl alcohol and bentonite clay were synthesized. Influences of factors of environment (pH, temperature) on properties of composites and them sorption ability were considered. In given article it is resulted sorption kinetics of lead ions on bentonite clay, and also composite cryogel on the basis of polyvinyl alcohol and bentonite clay. It was established that composite cryogels shows much bigger sorption ability.