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Background: Bioactive compounds obtained from natural sources like plants, algae, mushrooms and marine have become of utmost importance in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries. Many bioactive chemicals have been found to have health-promoting characteristics, including antioxidant, antidiabetic, antibacterial, and anticancer activities. Extraction of these bioactive chemicals from natural sources is difficult since they are present in extremely low concentrations inside the cell. Methods: The complete cropping of bioactive compounds from natural sources depends on several physicochemical parameters such as solvent, solvent concentration, temperature, pressure, time, etc., and they play a crucial role in determining the efficiency of extraction. Furthermore, these factors are not inherently connected to one another, but when they are combined, they change not just the extraction efficiency but also the process cost. As a result, the physicochemical parameters must be properly adjusted in order to increase the extraction efficiency as well as the biological characteristics of isolated molecules. Results: The article provides a thorough examination of several extraction strategies, as well as the mechanism and concepts that underpin them. Also, the review highlights the impact of various physicochemical parameters on the effective extraction of bioactive compounds from natural sources to meet the standards of industrial requirements. Conclusion: Many of the tests have been conducted at the laboratory level; as a result, recommendations for scaling up the extraction process have been provided in order to assess the performance of small-scale to large-scale industrial operations.

Purpose: Eucalyptol is a colourless liquid and occurs as natural organic compound being used in food preparations. This study aims to summarize the literature reporting on the pharmacokinetic studies, pharmacological activities, its safety profile and limits of eucalyptol to be used in the food preparations. Methods: A systematic search was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, and EMBASE to identify relevant literature published. Methodologies used in pharmacological and toxicological studies of Eucalyptol are being reviewed comprehensively. The pharmacokinetics, safety profile and pharmacological profile are being summarised. Conclusion: Eucalyptol is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for adding in food preparation to enhance the odour and taste. Many nutraceuticals, cakes, creams and other eatables are flavoured with eucalyptol in most countries of the world. Developing and under developed countries have to take the measures to ensure the level of eucalyptol being used in the food preparations as it has toxic effect too.

The petroleum ether extract of the heart wood of Cedrus deodara (PECD) was tested for its diuretic and anti-urolithiatic activity. The urolithiasis was experimentally induced by administering sodium oxalate (70 mg/kg, i.p) for 10 days. PECD (100 and 200 mg/kg) was orally gavaged daily 1 h before sodium oxalate (NaOx) administration for 10 days. In NaOx treated rats, crystal was observed in urine under light microscope and elevation of serum parameters indicated the development of nephrolithiasis in the control group. Concomitant administration of PECD for 10 days along with NaOx prevented elevated serum biochemical levels due to the elimination of these in urine. Histology of the kidneys also indicated that PECD treatment had protected against NaOx induced nephroliathiasis. These results obtained, confirmed the beneficiary effect of Cedrus deodara in urolithiasis.