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Since the early ages, human beings have used colored materials to leave marks on their environment and the following generations. In time, paints, which gained great importance with painting the objects and the items they used, brought environmental problems with them. Synthetic paints/dyes used to meet the increasing need over time had to be eliminated from the environment. Nowadays, using bacteria is considered as a good solution for eliminating dyes that contain azo groups. These dyes are used in large quantities and difficult to decompose. The main goal of this study was to decolor six different (amido black 10B, evans blue, janus green, methyl orange, methyl red, and orange G) azo dyes by use of four different psychrotolerant Bacillus (Bacillus sp, B. cereus, B. mycoides, and B. subtilis) isolates. According to the obtained results, it was determined that the psychrotolerant Bacillus isolates could remove colors of the six azo dyes by presenting high decolorization activity (up to 98%).

In this study, the sol–gel method was used to add MgO and SrBr2 to biografts containing Ca(NO3)2·4H2O, SiO2, P2O5, H3BO3 and AgNO3. In addition, urea (15–35% by weight) was added to these biografts...

Salmonella is one of major foodborne pathogens and the leading cause of foodborne illness-related hospitalizations and deaths. It is critical to develop a sensitive and rapid detection assay that can identify Salmonella to ensure food safety. In this study, a DNA sensor-based suspension array system of high multiplexing ability was developed to identify eight Salmonella serovars commonly associated with foodborne outbreaks to the serotype level. Each DNA sensor was prepared by activating pre-encoded microspheres with oligonucleotide probes that are targeting virulence genes and serovar-specific regions. The mixture of 12 different types of DNA sensors were loaded into a 96-well microplate and used as a 12-plex DNA sensor array platform. DNA isolated from Salmonella was amplified by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR), and the presence of Salmonella was determined by reading fluorescent signals from hybridization between probes on DNA sensors and fluorescently labeled target DNA using the Bio-Plex® system. The developed multiplex array was able to detect synthetic DNA at the concentration as low as 100 fM and various Salmonella serovars as low as 100 CFU/mL within 1 h post-PCR. Sensitivity of this assay was further improved to 1 CFU/mL with 6-h enrichment. The array system also correctly and specifically identified serotype of tested Salmonella strains without any cross-reactivity with other common foodborne pathogens. Our results indicate the developed DNA sensor suspension array can be a rapid and reliable high-throughput method for simultaneous detection and molecular identification of common Salmonella serotypes.

The main aim of this study was to investigate the genotoxic effects of doripenem (DRP) using both cytogenetic and molecular test systems. Although there have been some studies reporting the effects of DRP, none of them has shown the genotoxic effects of DRP. In order to achieve the main aim of the study, the human peripheral lymphocytes were treated with 100 μg/ml, 200 μg/ml, and 400 μg/ml concentrations of DRP for 24 and 48 hours, and the chromosome aberration (CA) and micronucleus (MN) methods were used as the cytogenetic tests and RAPD-PCR method was used as the molecular test to determine the genotoxic effects of DRP. DRP did not induce the chromosome aberrations and micronucleus frequencies at all concentrations and at all treatment periods. So, it was concluded that DRP did not show any cytotoxic effect. However, DRP increased the number of polymorphic bands and decreased the ratio of genomic template stability, especially at the 48-hour treatment period. In this study, according to the obtained results, it was determined that DRP failed to show any genotoxic risk at the therapeutic doses. This result also indicates that DRP could be a reliable antibiotics according to its rapid metabolism.

Inthis article, genotoxic and mutagenic effects of mycotoxins that are producedby various fungus species have been reviewed. A total of 259 mycotoxins werefound in the literature. Genotoxic effects of 109 of these were investigated.Among the studied mycotoxins, only actinomycin D, aflatoxin, alternariol,chrysazin (dantron), citrinin, fumonisin, mytomycin C, nivalenol, ochratoxin A,patulin, sterigmatocystin, versicolorin A and B, vomitoxin, and zearalenonehave sufficient number of studies that present or prove their genotoxiceffects. Additional studies are required in order to determine whether othermycotoxins have any genotoxic effects. The current study provides valuableinformation regarding studied mycotoxins. Therefore, it may lead researchers fordesigning future mycotoxin-related studies that have never been studied., Bu makalede, çeşitli mantar türleri tarafındanüretilen mikotoksinlerin genotoksik ve mutajenik etkileri derlenmiştir.Literatürde toplam 259 mikotoksin bulundu. Bunların 109'unun genotoksiketkileri daha önce araştırıldı. Bugüne kadar yapılmış olan çalışmalarda,çalışılan mikotoksinler arasında sadece aktinomisin D, aflatoksin, alternaril,chrysazin (dantron), sitrinin, fumonisin, mitomisin C, nivalenol, okratoksin A,patulin, sterigmatosistin, versicolorin A ve B, vomitoksin ve zearalenongenotoksik etki göstermiş veya genotoksik etkileri kanıtlanmıştır. Diğermikotoksinlerin herhangi bir genotoksik etkisi olup olmadığını belirlemek içinek çalışmalar gereklidir. Bu çalışma, daha önce çalışılan mikotoksinlerhakkında önemli bilgiler sunmaktadır. Dolayısıyla bu derleme, araştırmacılara,daha önce hiç çalışılmamış olan mikotoksinlerle ilgili gelecekteki çalışmalarıtasarlama konusunda katkı sağlayabilir.

The genotoxicity methods applied to rats are tests that can detect any damage, including changes in the number of chromosomes or in the structure of chromosomes, and nucleotide changes with structural abnormality in the DNA of animal cells. However, the method of teratogenicity is used to detect the effects of chemicals which cause congenital defects in living organisms. This study contains information about the effectiveness, reliability, ways of application, and methodology of genotoxic and teratogenic methods applied in vivo in rats.

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a genotoxic mycotoxin that can contaminate a wide variety of foods. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between XRCC1 Arg399Gln, Arg280His, and Arg184Trp polymorphisms and the frequencies of spontaneous and AFB1-induced DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes from 100 healthy individuals in Turkish population. In vitro cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus (CMBN) assay was used to detect the spontaneous and AFB1-induced DNA damage. Genotyping of XRCC1 Arg399Gln, Arg280His, and Arg194Trp polymorphisms were carried out by using polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay. Treatment of the lymphocytes with AFB1 slightly increased (for Arg399Gln 0.73 ± 0.4 vs. 0.40 ± 0.26, Arg280His 0.80 ± 0.4 vs. 0.41 ± 0.28) the overall frequencies of micronucleus (MN) when compared to untreated cultures. No results were obtained for Arg194Trp polymorphism. Obtained overall results do not correspond to any significant (P < 0.05) association between XRCC1 Arg399Gln, Arg280His, and Arg194Trp Polymorphisms and MN frequencies. The results of this study indicate that Arg399Gln, Arg280His, and Arg194Trp polymorphisms do not play an important role in human sensitivity to the genotoxic effects of AFB1.

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of rolipram, a phosphodiesterase 4 enzyme inhibitor, on Escherichia coli-induced renal oxidative damage in an acute pyelonephritis (PYN) rat model. METHODS A total of 35 male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into 7 groups (n = 5) as follows: control (uninfected), PYN 24 hours, PYN 48 hours, PYN 72 hours, PYN + rolipram 24 hours, PYN + rolipram 48 hours, and PYN + rolipram 72 hours. Ascending PYN was induced in the study groups by E. coli inoculation into the bladder, and the urethras were then occluded by collodium for 4 hours. Rolipram injections (1 mg/kg) were started before bacterial inoculation and repeated at 24-hour intervals in the PYN + rolipram groups until death. The rats were killed at the indicated times. Malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were determined in kidney homogenates. Histopathologic examinations were also performed. RESULTS Tissue malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were significantly increased in the kidneys from the PYN groups. However, rolipram administration reduced renal malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels and enhanced superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. The histopathologic examinations demonstrated that rolipram treatment reduced the inflammation grade in the kidney specimens. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study have shown that rolipram has a protective effect on renal tissue from E. coli-induced oxidative injury. Therefore, phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors might be a novel therapeutic option for the prevention and/or management of acute PYN.