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Adding fumed silica (SiO2) has been considered as an effective method for tailoring the phase morphology and performance of elastomer-toughened plastic binary blends. It has been demonstrated that the selective distribution of SiO2 plays a decisive role in the mechanical properties of plastic/elastomer/SiO2 nanocomposites, especially for the impact toughness. In this work, we aim to illuminate the role of specific surface area in controlling their selective distribution of fumed SiO2 and consequent mechanical properties of plastic/elastomer binary blends. Three types of SiO2 with different specific surface areas were incorporated into polylactide/ethylene-co-vinyl-acetate (PLA/EVA) model blends by melt blending directly. It was found that the selective distribution of SiO2 is largely determined by their specific surface areas, i.e. SiO2 nanoparticles with low specific surface area has a stronger tendency to be located at the interface between PLA matrix and EVA dispersed phase as compared to those with high specific surface area. The specific surface area-dependent interfacial selective distribution of SiO2 is mainly attributed to the extent of increased viscosity of EVA dispersed phase in which SiO2 nanoparticles are initially dispersed and resultant migration rate of SiO2 nanoparticles. The interfacial localized SiO2 nanoparticles induce an obvious enhancement in the impact toughness with strength and modulus well maintained. More importantly, in the case of the same interfacial distribution, toughening efficiency is increased with the specific surface area of SiO2. Therefore, this is an optimum specific surface area of SiO2 for the toughening. This work not only provides a novel way to manipulate the selective distribution of SiO2 in elastomer-toughened plastic blends toward high-performance, but also gives a deep insight into the role of interfacial localized nanoparticles in the toughening mechanism.

In the last few decades, anthraquinone and its derivatives (AQs) have been intensively applied to electrochemical, textile and dye, and photovoltaic industries. This has increased the levels of AQs in the natural environment and threatens human health. To remove AQs from the aqueous phase and recover these multi-functional molecules, a binary magnetic adsorbent, reduced graphene/Fe3O4 (rGO/Fe3O4), was synthesized via a hydrothermal method. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman spectra, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were then used to characterize the samples. The adsorption capacities of rGO/Fe3O4 to AQs were investigated by selecting anthraquinone-2-sulfonate (AQ2S) as a model molecule. The adsorption process followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and the second-order kinetics. The regeneration of adsorbents and the recycling of AQ2S and solvent were simultaneously achieved by Soxhlet extraction and rotary evaporation. These results confirm the high adsorption efficiency of rGO/Fe3O4 for removing AQs from water and provide a promising approach to recover the valuable molecules from the aqueous phase.

In blood vessels, endothelial cells (ECs) grow along the direction of blood flow, while smooth muscle cells (SMCs) grow circumferentially along the vessel wall. To mimic this structure, a polycaprolactone (PCL) tubular scaffold with orthogonally oriented bilayer nanofibers was prepared via electrospinning and winding. ECs were cultured on the inner layer of the scaffold with axial nanofibers and SMCs were cultured on the outer layer of the scaffold with circumferential nanofibers. Fluorescence images of the F-actin distribution of ECs and SMCs indicated that cells adhered, stretched, and proliferated in an oriented manner on the scaffold. Moreover, layers of ECs and SMCs formed on the scaffold after one month of incubation. The expression levels of platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1) and a contractile SMC phenotype marker in the EC/SMC co-culture system were much higher than those in individual culture systems, thus demonstrating that the proposed biomimetic scaffold promoted the intercellular junction of ECs and preserved the contractile phenotype of SMCs.

Anthocyanins are vital components of plant secondary metabolites, and are also the most important coloring substances in wine. Teinturier cultivars are rich in anthocyanins. However, the differences in anthocyanin accumulation and profiles between teinturier and non-teinturier cultivars have not been reported. In this study, Yan 73 and Dunkelfelder were selected as the experimental materials, and three non-teinturier cultivars were used for comparison. LC-MS and qRT-PCR were used to determine the individual anthocyanin contents and the relative gene expression. The results show that the total anthocyanin content of the teinturier cultivars was considerably higher than that in non-teinturier cultivars, and the levels of individual anthocyanins increased gradually during ripening. Lower ratios of modified anthocyanins were found in the teinturier cultivars, which was not only due to the high expression level of VvUFGT and VvGST4, but also due to the relatively low expression of VvOMT in these cultivars. Cluster analysis of gene expression and anthocyanin accumulation showed that VvUFGT is related to anthocyanin accumulation, and that AM1 is related to the synthesis and transport of methylated anthocyanins. Our results will be useful for further clarifying the pathways of anthocyanin synthesis, modification, and transport in teinturier cultivars.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The gut microbial metabolite butyrate is linked to the modulation of metabolic disease. The mechanism by which butyrate effects in atherosclerosis is unknown. Hence, the present investigation into effects of butyrate on high‐fat diet‐fed ApoE(−/−) mice after 16 weeks' administration. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Gut microbiota composition was analysed via 16S rRNA gene sequencing of caecal contents. The effects of butyrate on atherosclerosis were evaluated in vivo using the ApoE(−/−) mice model. Serum lipids and glucose were analysed for physiological changes and differentially expressed genes in liver samples were identified by hepatic transcriptome profiling. The proteins involved in reverse cholesterol transport were quantified by Western blot and immunohistochemical staining. Finally, the up‐regulatory effects of butyrate on ATP‐binding cassette sub‐family A member 1 (ABCA1) were further evaluated in RAW 264.7 cells along with role of specificity protein 1 by inhibition and silencing. KEY RESULTS: Oral gavage of butyrate altered microbiota composition and enhanced gut microbial diversity that was decreased by high fat diet (HFD). Butyrate treatment significantly inhibited the HFD‐induced atherosclerosis as well as hepatic steatosis without changing body weight gain in ApoE(−/−) mice. Butyrate had metabolic effects on the liver by regulation of gene expression involved in lipid/glucose metabolism. Furthermore, ABCA1 was significantly induced by butyrate in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro and Sp1 pathway was identified as a potential mechanism. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Butyrate ameliorates HFD‐induced atherosclerosis in ApoE(−/−) mice via ABCA1‐mediated cholesterol efflux in macrophages, which suggesting a promising therapeutic strategy for protecting against atherosclerosis.

Lignocellulosic crop wastes (LCW) are refractory solid wastes that are not biodegradable at appreciable rates in most environments, causing management of LCW been environmental concerns for years. This study investigated the feasibility of low waste emission complete LCW (rice straw (RS), rice husk (RH), and corn straw (CS)) recycling through feeding to Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus larvae (mealworms) using egested frass to produce organic fertilizers. For larvae fed RS, CS, and RH plus nutrients co-diets groups, the 48-day average specific rates of LCW consumption increased by 118.09%, 155.30%, and 87.14%, respectively when compared with that of sole diet groups. The order of the feed consumption rate and conversion rate in a mealworm farm fed on the three LCWs agreed with the trend obtained with lab-scale experiments, with RS＞CS＞RH. The forty-eight days cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin biodegradation increased by 1.48–17.61%, 4.26–11.50%, and 4.20–15.75%, respectively, for co-fed larvae. Enterococcus sp. and Erwinia sp., which previous reports have indicated are strongly associated with lignocellulose degradation, were identified in the gut microbiome of mealworms fed with RS and CS co-diets. Furthermore, the RS-fed frass quickly formed a high-quality compost within 32 days of composting, which had a germination rate ratio of 8% and 17% higher than that of WB and CS-fed frass. LCA (life cycle assessment) proved a relatively promising environmental-friendly alternative to dispose of RS, using their excreted frass for composting with low waste emissions. This study provides new insight into insect-involved crop waste utilization, and economical strategies for sustainable in situ recycling of LCWs into high-value-added products.

A facile one-step pyrolysis method was employed to prepare an iron containing carbonaceous catalyst using coagulation waste (CW) from paper mill. The catalyst (noted as PMCW) was used to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for decomposition of Reactive Red 2 (RR2). The degradation mechanism was analyzed by reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging experiments, electron spin resonance spectroscopy, electrochemical measurements, selective deactivation of the functional groups on the catalyst surface, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Results showed that, besides ROS (•OH, SO4•- and 1O2), electron transfer pathways induced by -OH functional groups and the π-π* system are involved in the degradation mechanism of RR2. Concerning different decomposition pathways, seven intermediates were identified, and three important steps, including attack on the azo group, cleaving the N9-C10 bond, and opening the naphthalene ring, were deduced via application and analysis of quadrupole time-of-flight liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (QTOF LC/MS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations based on Fukui indices and electrostatic potential (ESP) distributions. This work not only provides a novel facile recycling strategy of industrial waste from paper manufacturing to good carbonaceous catalysts but also deepens the understanding of the mechanisms of PMS activation with carbonaceous materials.

Granulation of nitrifying bacteria could achieve high biomass concentration in treatment system and result in the higher rate of ammonia oxidation and removal even under short hydraulic retention time. However, it is a major challenge to achieve granular sludge in nitrification stage. The addition of chemically synthetic N -acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) into bioreactors could enhance the attached-growth of nitrifying microorganisms from sludge and followed by sludge granulation, but it is not suitable for full-scale operations due to the high cost. In this study, cellular extract of AHLs from nitrifying granular sludge (NGS) was added into the nitrifying activated sludge to investigate the effect of the NGS cellular extract on the adhesion and granulation of autotrophic nitrifying sludge. The results indicated that NGS contained AHL molecules and the exogenous addition of the NGS cellular extract could improve the cell adhesion and aggregation. Moreover, addition of the NGS cellular extract increased the microbial activity, the concentration of extracellular proteins (PN) and the biomass of autotrophic nitrifying bacteria, which eventually contributed to the nitrifying sludge granulation. Addition of exogenous cellular-based AHL from NGS in the early start-up stage is a potentially promising approach for full-scale application of nitrifying sludge granulation with reduced cost.

The purpose of this work was to study the influences of Realgar-Indigo naturalis(RIF) and its principal element realgar on 4 main cytochrome P450 enzymes activities in rats. A simple and efficient cocktail method was developed to detect the four probe drugs simultaneously. In this study, Wistar rats were administered intragastric RIF and realgar for 14 days; mixed probe drugs were injected into rats by caudal vein. Through analyzing the pharmacokinetic parameter of mixed probe drugs in rats, we can calculate the CYPs activities. The results showed that RIF could inhibit CYP1A2 enzyme activity and induce CYP2C11 enzyme activity significantly. Interestingly, in realgar high dosage group, CYP3A1/2 enzyme activity was inhibited significantly, and different dosage of realgar manifested a good dose-dependent manner. The RIF results indicated that drug coadministrated with RIF may need to be paid attention in relation to drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Realgar, a toxic traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), does have curative effect on acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Its toxicity studies should be focused on. We found that, in realgar high dosage group, CYP3A1/2 enzymes activity was inhibited. This phenomenon may explain its potential toxicity mechanism.

The seawater system is a typical salt water system. A catalyst should overcome the disturbance from the salt ions for an efficient photodegradation of organic pollutants in the seawater system. Commercial photocatalysts (P25) and La3+-doped SiO2–TiO2 prepared using adsorbed-layer nanoreactor synthesis (ALNS) were first used for photodegrading different initial concentrations of phenol in seawater under weak UV light irradiation. The weak adsorption capacities for phenol and the hydrophilic surfaces of the two photocatalysts could not overcome the disturbance of salt ions and thus showed low photocatalytic activities. Based on this, graphene oxide (GO) was used as a support to prepare TiO2 and La3+-doped TiO2 using ALNS. The solvothermal treatment with alcohol was used as a solvent for both TiO2 crystallization and GO reduction. Results showed that TiO2 nanoparticles with sizes

Utilizing excess sludge from a wastewater treatment plant to produce biodiesel has become an increasingly popular topic. However, the low lipid content in activated sludge has hindered the application of biodiesel production from excess sludge. This study was designed to enhance biodiesel production from granular sludge fed with synthetic sugar-containing wastewater. Granules cultivated at different initial sludge loading rates had different morphologies and microbial structure. Low seed biomass and high initial sludge loading resulted in the dominance of the white filamentous fungi Dipodascaceae in granular sludge, thereby enhancing the lipid accumulation of granular sludge and changing the biodiesel constituent produced from the sludge. However, overgrowth of filamentous fungi deteriorated the settling and compression ability of granular sludge. Thus, controlling the filamentous fungi at a moderate level through an effective operating strategy is of great importance to biodiesel production from a granular sludge system fed with sugar-containing wastewater.

In this study, six N-acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) molecules (C6-HSL, C8-HSL, C10-HSL, 3-oxo-C6-HSL, 3-oxo-C8-HSL and 3-oxo-C10-HSL) were each dosed into a bioreactor and seeded using autotrophic nitrifying sludge (ANS). The effects of the AHLs on cell adhesion, nitrification and sludge granulation were investigated. The results indicated that the efficiencies of cell adhesion and ammonia removal both had a close correlation with the side chain length and β position substituent group of the AHLs. The best-performing AHL in terms of accelerating bacterial attached-growth was 3-oxo-C6-HSL, whereas C6-HSL outperformed the others in terms of the ammonia degradation rate. The addition of 3-oxo-C6-HSL or C6-HSL increased the biomass growth rate, microbial activity, extracellular proteins and nitrifying bacteria, which can accelerate the formation of nitrifying granules. Consequently, selecting AHL molecules that could improve bacteria in attached-growth mode and nitrification efficiency simultaneously will most likely facilitate the rapid granulation of nitrifying sludge.

With the goal of reutilizing excess sludge, and decreasing the cost of lipid feedstocks, the effect of pH on enhancing biodiesel production via culturing special microbial communities from municipal activated sludge was investigated. The results indicated that controlling pH around 7.5 made biomass production and lipid accumulation more quickly under high initial glucose loading (40 g COD L−1) and COD:N ratio (90:1). Compared with the seed sludge (biodiesel yield of 5.2 ± 0.3 mg g−1 dry sludge), the cultivated sludge achieved higher biodiesel yields both with pH control and without. However, the biodiesel yield of the cultured sludge with pH control (69.3 ± 1.2 mg g−1 dry sludge) was higher than that of the sludge without (63.3 ± 0.4 mg g−1). More unsaturated fatty acid esters (64%, w/w total FAMEs) were obtained from the cultured sludge without pH control, which could improve the cold flow properties of biodiesel. The pH control did not make an essential difference in the microbial community at the end of cultivation. However, it improved the accumulation of Enterobacteriaceae and Shewanella in the cultured sludge. The dominant bacteria of Shewanella, Raoultella, Enterobacter, Kluyvera and two unclassified genera clustered with γ-proteobacteria within the cultured sludge possibly contributed to enhancing biodiesel production.

Three new complexes, {[Cu3(2,3-pyma)2(sip)2(H2O)5]·5H2O} n , {[Zn(H-2,3-pyma)(sip)(H2O)]·H2O} n , and {[Cd(H-2,3-pyma)(sip)(H2O)]·H2O} n (2,3-pyma = (2-pyridylmethyl,3-pyridylmethyl)amine and H3sip = 5-sulfoisophthalic acid) were synthesized and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The Cu(II) complex crystallizes in neutral two-dimensional layers in which the Cu(II) centers are bridged by both the flexible 2,3-pyma and the rigid sip ligands. The Zn(II) and Cd(II) complexes contain neutral one-dimensional chains linked by the rigid sip anions, whereas the flexible H-2,3-pyma ions only act as terminal ligands. The Cu(II) complex shows weak antiferromagnetic interactions, while the Zn(II) and Cd(II) complexes exhibit fluorescent emissions in the solid state.

Three new complexes, {[Mn(Hbpma)2(pm)(H2O)2]·8H2O}n, {[Co(Hbpma)2(pm)(H2O)2]·8H2O}n and {[Zn(Hbpma)2(pm)(H2O)2]·8H2O}n (bpma = N,N′-bis(3-pyridylmethyl)amine and H4pm = pyromellitic acid) were synthesized and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. All three complexes are isomorphous consisting of one-dimensional coordination polymers bridged by rigid pm ligands, while the flexible dipyridyl bpma only acts as a terminal ligand. The bpma ligand adopts the trans–trans conformation in all three complexes. The magnetic properties of the Mn(II) and Co(II) complexes show the occurrence of antiferromagnetic interactions between adjacent metal atoms. The Zn(II) complex exhibits fluorescent emission in the solid state at room temperature.

2-Substituted-1,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]pyrrole, a key structural moiety exiting in many bioactive molecules, has been shown to have excellent selective activity on COX-2. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory activity and the underlying molecular mechanism of 2-substituted-1,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]pyrrole on skin inflammation were assessed by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced skin inflammation in mice. Most of the compounds showed anti-inflammatory activity on TPA-induced skin inflammation. The anti-inflammatory activity of compound 4 showed higher anti-inflammatory activity than celecoxib (3.2-fold). Compound 4 pretreatment resulted in markedly suppression of TPA-induced IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and COX-2, respectively. Furthermore, the mechanical study indicated that the anti-inflammatory activity of compound 4 was associated with its ability to inhibit activation of factor kappa-κB (NF-κB) by blocking IκB kinase (IKK) activities. Accordingly, compound 4 could be used as a potential anti-inflammatory agent for skin inflammation.

Seed storage proteins (SSPs) are synthesized during development and the expression of their genes is under tight tissue-specific and temporal transcriptional regulation. In this review we summarize the current knowledge concerning the regulatory steps controlling SSP synthesis inArabidopsisand cereals, which involves the interaction ofcisregulatory elements with correspondingtrans-acting factors. In some cases, the regulation of SSP genes requires the concerted action of multiple transcription factors (TFs). There is an evolutionary conservation between the prolamins (the main group of SSPs in many cereal grains) and a major group of dicot seed albumins; this relates to both the regulatory elements and the TFs that are functionally exchangeable between the monocot and dicot species.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of cover crop inter-row in vineyard on main mono-phenol content of grape berry and wine. Three such cover crops, two perennial legumes (white clover and alfalfa) and a perennial gramineous grass (tall fescue) were sown in vineyard. The main phenolic compounds of mature grape berry and wines vinified under the same conditions were extracted with ethyl acetate and diethyl ether and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) by comparing to soil tillage. A total of ten phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in the different grape berry and wines, including nonflavonoids (hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids) and flavonoids (flavanols and flavonols). The concentration of flavonoid compounds (409.43 to 538.63 mg kg−1 and 56.16 to 81.30 mg L−1) was higher than nonflavonoids (76.91 to 98.85 mg kg−1 and 30.65 to 41.22 mg L−1) for Cabernet Sauvignon grape and wine under different treatments, respectively. In the flavonoid phenolics, Catechin was the most abundant in the different grapes and wines, accounting for 74.94 to 79.70% and 48.60 to 50.62% of total nonanthocyanin phenolics quantified, respectively. Compared to soil tillage, the sward treatments showed a higher content of main mono-phenol and total nonanthocyanin phenolics in grapes and wines. There were significant differences between two cover crop treatments (tall fescue and white clover) and soil tillage for the content of benzoic acid, salicylic acid, caffeic acid, catechin, and total phenolics in the grape berry (P

The effect of biodelignification of rice straw by two different ligninolytic organisms, Phanerochaete chrysosporium (white-rot fungus) and Streptomyces badius (actinomycetes), on humus quality was investigated during a 56-day incubation at 30 °C. Lignin degradation, the release of humic extract (HE), humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA), E4/E6 ratio of HA, and humification index (HI, HA/FA) were measured during the incubation. Lignin was degraded by both organisms, but to different extents. Lignin was degraded to 41% and 31% by P. chrysosporium and S. badius, respectively. HE released by P. chrysosporium and S. badius were, respectively, 2.10 and 2.13 times larger than that in the control at the maximum values. A significant correlation between lignin degradation and humus-related parameters involving HA fraction showed that both organisms are converting lignin to humic substances.

Double-doped Nd:Zn:LN and Er:ZN:LN single crystals were grown by Czochralski method from a congruent melt. The optical absorption and fluorescence spectra of RE:Zn:LN were measured. The pumping wavelengths and the laser oscillation wavelengths of RE:Zn:LN were confirmed at the first time. The laser oscillation wavelength of Nd:Zn:LN is 1090 nm, which is longer by 30 nm than that of Nd:YAG and Nd:Mg:LN. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

By adopting proper temperature field, growth parameters and pulling–annealing technique a series of high quality ZnO doped lithium niobate (LN) crystals were grown by Czochralski method from the congruent melt. The defect structure of Zn : LN crystals was studied by X-ray analyses, IR and Raman spectrum. It is suggested that Zn ions first occupied Nb ions on Li sites, then Zn ions occupied the ordinary Li sites. Its photo-refraction threshold indicated crystal containing 6 mol% Zn : LN has the highest resistance to optical damage, similar to Mg doped LN (5 mol% MgO), having increased two orders of magnitude.

Fully infiltrated near-net-shape composites of SiC-Al-Si have been fabricated by dipping carbon-containing SiC preforms into a molten Al-40 wt% Si alloy in an open-air environment at 1500–1600°C for 10 min. The infiltration process operates in two different modes, the reaction-controlled and the infiltration-controlled modes. The reaction-controlled mode operates in the beginning of infiltration and the reaction product between Al-Si and C is SiC, whereas the infiltration-controlled mode operates after a certain infiltration depth has been reached, and the reaction product is dominantly Al4SiC4 elongated grains. Typically a fully infiltrated composite consists of a core (the region with Al4SiC4 elongated grain) and a shell (the region without Al4SiC4 elongated grains), and the two regions are separated by an abrupt boundary. The Al4SiC4 in the core is, however, unstable and changes to SiC when the Si concentration in the core increases above a critical value.

Yan73 is a 'teinturier' red wine variety cultivated in China and widely used in winemaking to strengthen red wine colour. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) applied to the grapevine cluster on the antioxidant capacity and phenolic content of the wine made from Yan73. Two hundred mg/l ABA was applied on Yan73 grapevine cluster during veraison. As they mature, these ABA-treated and untreated grape berries were transformed into wines, respectively, and the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of these wines were compared. The results showed that phenolic content (total phenolics, tannins, flavonoids and anthocyanins) and antioxidant capacity were higher in the wine produced with ABA-treated Yan73 grapes than those in the wine from untreated grapes. Compared to Cabernet Sauvignon wine, Yan73 wine had higher phenolic content and stronger antioxidant capacity. These strongly suggest that exogenously applied ABA to Yan73 grapes can enhance phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of its wine, and Yan73 wine has the higher utilization value and potential for development.

Wei Wang,1,* Mei Xi,2,* Xuezhong Duan,1 Yong Wang,3 Fansheng Kong4 1Department of Chinese Medicine Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, General Hospital of Ji’nan Command, People’s Liberation Army, 2Emergency Department, The Fourth People’s Hospital ofJi’nan, Medical School, Tai Shan Medical College, 3Department ofRehabilitation and Physiotherapy, General Hospital of Ji’nan Command, People’s Liberation Army, 4Department of Hematology, General Hospital of Ji’nan Command, People’s Liberation Army, Ji’nan, People’s Republic of China *These authors contributed equally to this work Purpose: Combination anticancer therapy is promising to generate synergistic anticancer effects to maximize the treatment effect and overcome multidrug resistance. The aim of the study reported here was to develop multifunctional, dual-ligand, modified, self-assembled nanoparticles (NPs) for the combination delivery of baicalein (BCL) and paclitaxel (PTX) prodrugs.Methods: Prodrug of PTX and prodrug of BCL, containing dual-targeted ligands of folate (FA) and hyaluronic acid (HA), were synthesized. Multifunctional self-assembled NPs for combination delivery of PTX prodrug and BCL prodrug (PTX-BCL) were prepared and the synergistic antitumor effect was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro transfection efficiency of the novel modified vectors was evaluated in human lung cancer A549 cells and drug-resistant lung cancer A549/PTX cells. The in vivo antitumor efficiency and systemic toxicity of different formulations were further investigated in mice bearing A549/PTX drug-resistant human lung cancer xenografts.Results: The size of the PTX-BCL NPs was approximately 90nm, with a positive zeta potential of+3.3. The PTX-BCL NPs displayed remarkably better antitumor activity over a wide range of drug concentrations, and showed an obvious synergism effect with CI50 values of 0.707 and 0.513, indicating that double-ligand modification and the co-delivery of PTX and BCL prodrugs with self-assembled NPs had remarkable superiority over other formulations.Conclusion: The prepared PTX-BCL NP drug-delivery system was proven efficient by its targeting of drug-resistant human lung cancer cells and delivering of BCL and PTX prodrugs. Enhanced synergistic anticancer effects were achieved by PTX-BCL NPs, and multidrug resistance of PTX was overcome by this promising targeted nanomedicine. Keywords: combination chemotherapy, prodrug-based nano-drug delivery system, multidrug resistance, self-assembled nanoparticles