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14 results on '"Materials Research and Technology (MRT) Department"'

1. Tuneable interplay between atomistic defects morphology and electrical properties of transparent p-type highly conductive off-stoichiometric Cu-Cr-O delafossite thin films

Author

Didier Arl, Jacques Botsoa, Mounib Bahri, Damien Lenoble, Pierre Desgardin, Marie-France Barthe, Petru Lunca-Popa, Jonathan Crêpellière, Ovidiu Ersen, Jean-Nicolas Audinot, Tom Wirtz, Conditions Extrêmes et Matériaux : Haute Température et Irradiation (CEMHTI), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Materials Research and Technology (MRT) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Materials Research and Technology (MRT) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université d'Orléans (UO), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et Nanosciences Grand-Est (MNGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Barthe, Marie-France

Subjects
Materials science, Annealing (metallurgy), Analytical chemistry, lcsh:Medicine, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, engineering.material, 01 natural sciences, Article, Positron annihilation spectroscopy, Chromium, Nanoscience and technology, Vacancy defect, 0103 physical sciences, lcsh:Science, 010302 applied physics, [CHIM.MATE] Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, Multidisciplinary, Physics, lcsh:R, Doping, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Copper, Secondary ion mass spectrometry, Delafossite, chemistry, engineering, lcsh:Q, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

Off-stoichiometric copper chromium delafossites demonstrate the highest values of electric conductivity among the p-type transparent conducting oxides. Morphological and structural changes in Cu0.66Cr1.33O2 upon annealing processes are investigated. Chained copper vacancies were previously suggested as source of the high levels of doping in this material. High resolution Helium Ion Microscopy, Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry and Transmission Electron Microscopy reveal a significant rearrangement of copper and chromium after the thermal treatments. Furthermore, Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy evidences the presence of vacancy defects within the delafossite layers which can be assigned to the Cu vacancy chains whose concentration decreases during the thermal process. These findings further confirm these chained vacancies as source of the p-type doping and suggest that the changes in electrical conductivities within the off-stoichiometric copper based delafossites are triggered by elemental rearrangements.

Published
2020
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2. Engineering Electromagnetic Hot-Spots in Nanoparticle Cluster Arrays on Reflective Substrates for Highly Sensitive Detection of (Bio)molecular Analytes

Author

Ekoue A. Dogbe Foli, Rishabh Rastogi, Sivashankar Krishnamoorthy, R. Vincent, Pierre-Michel Adam, Lumière, nanomatériaux et nanotechnologies (L2n), Université de Technologie de Troyes (UTT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Materials Research and Technology (MRT) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), and Université de Technologie de Troyes (UTT)

Subjects
Analyte, Materials science, Light, Pyridines, Metal Nanoparticles, Nanoparticle, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, Naphthalenes, Spectrum Analysis, Raman, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Limit of Detection, Cluster (physics), [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, General Materials Science, Sulfhydryl Compounds, Plasmon, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Fluorescent Dyes, chemistry.chemical_classification, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Biomolecule, Carbocyanines, Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, Spectrometry, Fluorescence, chemistry, Polystyrenes, Polyvinyls, Gold, Streptavidin, Self-assembly, 0210 nano-technology, Biosensor
Abstract

Intense electromagnetic (EM) hot-spots arising at the junctions or gaps in plasmonic nanoparticle assemblies can drive ultrahigh sensitivity in molecular detection by surface-enhanced spectroscopies. Harnessing this potential however requires access to the confined physical space at the EM hot-spots, which is a challenge for larger analytes such as biomolecules. Here, we demonstrate self-assembly derived gold nanoparticle cluster arrays (NCAs) on gold substrates exhibiting controlled interparticle (

Published
2021
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3. Constitutive Modeling of the Tensile Behavior of Recycled Polypropylene-Based Composites

Author

Nadia Bahlouli, Said Ahzi, Rodrigue Matadi Boumbimba, Daniel Pessey, Yves Rémond, Frédéric Addiego, Kui Wang, Yong Peng, Central South University [Changsha], Laboratoire d'Etude des Microstructures et de Mécanique des Matériaux (LEM3), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Laboratoire des sciences de l'ingénieur, de l'informatique et de l'imagerie (ICube), École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Strasbourg (INSA Strasbourg), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Les Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et Nanosciences Grand-Est (MNGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Materials Research and Technology (MRT) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Strasbourg (INSA Strasbourg), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), and Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Materials science, Constitutive equation, Modulus, constitutive model, 02 engineering and technology, mechanical properties, 010402 general chemistry, lcsh:Technology, 01 natural sciences, Article, chemistry.chemical_compound, General Materials Science, composite, Composite material, lcsh:Microscopy, Elastic modulus, Softening, reprocessing, lcsh:QC120-168.85, Polypropylene, strain rate, lcsh:QH201-278.5, lcsh:T, Strain rate, [SPI.MECA]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph], 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry, lcsh:TA1-2040, Hardening (metallurgy), lcsh:Descriptive and experimental mechanics, Extrusion, lcsh:Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, lcsh:Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), 0210 nano-technology, lcsh:TK1-9971, polypropylene
Abstract

The effect of reprocessing on the quasi-static uniaxial tensile behavior of two commercial polypropylene (PP)-based composites is experimentally investigated and modeled. In particular, the studied materials consist of an unfilled high-impact PP and a talc-filled high-impact PP. These PP composites are subjected to repeated processing cycles, including a grinding step and an extrusion step to simulate recycling at the laboratory level, the selected reprocessing numbers for this study being 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12. Because the repeated reprocessing leads to thermo-mechanical degradation by chain scission mechanisms, the tensile behavior of the two materials exhibits a continuous decrease of elastic modulus and failure strain with the increasing amount of reprocessing. A physically consistent three-dimensional constitutive model is used to predict the tensile response of non-recycled materials with strain rate dependence. For the recycled materials, the reprocessing effect is accounted by incorporating the reprocessing sensitive coefficient into the constitutive model for Young&rsquo, s modulus, failure strain, softening, and hardening equations. Our predictions of true stress&mdash, true strain curves for non-recycled and recycled 108MF97 and 7510&mdash, are in good agreement with experimental data and can be useful for industries and companies which are looking for a model able to predict the recycling effect on mechanical behavior of polymer-based materials.

Published
2019
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4. Evolution of defect signatures at ferroelectric domain walls in Mg-doped LiNbO3

Author

Jens Kreisel, Alexander Haußmann, Nick Barrett, Mael Guennou, Guillaume F. Nataf, Laboratoire d'Etude des NanoStructures et Imagerie de Surface (LENSIS), Service de physique de l'état condensé (SPEC - UMR3680), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Materials Research and Technology (MRT) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Institut für Angewandte Photophysik., Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Physics and Materials Science Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, University of Luxembourg [Luxembourg], and Work supported by a Pearl Grant of the National Research Funf, Luxembourg : FNR/P12/4853155

Subjects
Materials science, Annealing (metallurgy), Lithium niobate, FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, doping, 02 engineering and technology, magnesium, single crystals, 01 natural sciences, symbols.namesake, chemistry.chemical_compound, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, 010306 general physics, defects, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Condensed matter physics, Dopant, domain walls, Magnesium, lithium niobate, Poling, Doping, Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci), 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Ferroelectricity, chemistry, Raman spectroscopy, symbols, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

The domain structure of uniaxial ferroelectric lithium niobate single crystals is investigated using Raman spectroscopy mapping. The influence of doping with magnesium and poling at room temperature is studied by analysing frequency shifts at domain walls and their variations with dopant concentration and annealing conditions. It is shown that defects are stabilized at domain walls and that changes in the defect structures with Mg concentration can be probed by the shift of Raman modes. We show that the signatures of polar defects in the bulk and at the domain walls differ., 10 pages, 3 figures

Published
2018
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5. Division-Based, Growth Rate Diversity in Bacteria

Author

Armelle Cabin-Flaman, Corinne Loutelier-Bourhis, Patrick Grysan, Ghislain Y. Gangwe Nana, Gaelle Chagny, Laurent Jannière, Esther Lentzen, Vic Norris, G. Grancher, Camille Ripoll, David Gibouin, Anthony Delaune, Jean-Nicolas Audinot, Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement (LMSM), Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Normandie Université (NU), Groupe de physique des matériaux (GPM), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut national des sciences appliquées Rouen Normandie (INSA Rouen Normandie), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche sur les Matériaux Avancés (IRMA), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Institut national des sciences appliquées Rouen Normandie (INSA Rouen Normandie), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de biologie systémique et synthétique (ISSB), Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne (UEVE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Mathématiques Raphaël Salem (LMRS), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Organique et Bioorganique : Réactivité et Analyse (COBRA), Institut de Chimie Organique Fine (IRCOF), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Normand de Chimie Moléculaire Médicinale et Macromoléculaire (INC3M), Normandie Université (NU)-Université Le Havre Normandie (ULH), Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Materials Research and Technology (MRT) Department, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences appliquées Rouen Normandie (INSA Rouen Normandie), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Institut Normand de Chimie Moléculaire Médicinale et Macromoléculaire (INC3M), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Le Havre Normandie (ULH), Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie Organique Fine (IRCOF), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Microbiology (medical), secondary Ion mass spectrometry, 030106 microbiology, lcsh:QR1-502, Bacillus subtilis, DNA segregation, medicine.disease_cause, Microbiology, lcsh:Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, medicine, Growth rate, bacteria, Escherichia coli, isotope-labeling, Original Research, NanoSIMS 50, biology, Cell cycle, biology.organism_classification, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, 030104 developmental biology, chemistry, Evolutionary biology, cell cycle, Steady state (chemistry), heterogeneity, human activities, Function (biology), Bacteria, DNA, asymmetry
Abstract

International audience; To investigate the nature and origins of growth rate diversity in bacteria, we grew Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis in liquid minimal media and, after different periods of 15N-labeling, analyzed and imaged isotope distributions in individual cells with Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry. We find a striking inter- and intra-cellular diversity, even in steady state growth. This is consistent with the strand-dependent, hyperstructure-based hypothesis that a major function of the cell cycle is to generate coherent, growth rate diversity via the semi-conservative pattern of inheritance of strands of DNA and associated macromolecular assemblies. We also propose quantitative, general, measures of growth rate diversity for studies of cell physiology that include antibiotic resistance.

Published
2018
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6. Dynamics of PAHs and derived organic compounds in a soil-plant mesocosm spiked with 13C-phenanthrene

Author

Alexis de Junet, Corinne Leyval, Johanne Cennerazzo, Jean-Nicolas Audinot, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Terre et Environnement de Lorraine (OTELo), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Materials Research and Technology (MRT) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST)

Subjects
Environmental Engineering, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Biomass, Fraction (chemistry), 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Mesocosm, 13C-phenanthrene, chemistry.chemical_compound, Soil, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Environmental Chemistry, NanoSIMS, 13 C-Phenanthrene, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Rhizosphere, biology, Chemistry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, food and beverages, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, General Medicine, General Chemistry, 15. Life on land, Phenanthrene, biology.organism_classification, IRMS, Pollution, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, Shoot, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Soil Pollutants, Bacteria
Abstract

International audience; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous and persistent soil pollutants. Their fate and the influence of the plant rhizosphere on their dynamics has been extensively studied, but studies mainly focused on their dissipation rate. We conducted a plant-soil mesocosm experiment to study the fate and distribution of PAHs or derived compounds in the extractable fraction, the residual soil, the shoot biomass and the root biomass. The experiment was conducted for 21 days using ryegrass and a forest soil spiked with 13C-labeled phenanthrene (PHE), using combined IRMS and NanoSIMS for analyses. Almost 90% of the initial extractable PHE content was dissipated within 3 weeks, but no rhizospheric effect was highlighted on PHE dissipation. More than 40% of 13C-PHE was still in the soil at the end of the experiment, but not as PHE or PAH-derived compounds. Therefore it was under the form of new compounds (metabolites) and/or had been incorporated into the microbial biomass. About 0.36% of the initial 13C-PHE was recovered in the root and shoot tissues, representing similar 13C enrichment (E13C) as in the soil (E13C ≈ 0.04 at.%). Using NanoSIMS, 13C was also localized at the microscale in the roots and their close environment. Global 13C enrichment confirmed the results obtained by IRMS. Some hotspots of 13C enrichment were found, with a high 32S/12C14N ratio. Comparing the ratios, sizes and shapes of these hotspots suggested that they could be bacteria.

Published
2016
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7. Low energy electron imaging of domains and domain walls in magnesium-doped lithium niobate

Author

Claire Mathieu, Mael Guennou, Cindy L. Rountree, Guillaume F. Nataf, Patrick Grysan, D. Martinotti, Nicholas Barrett, Jens Kreisel, Laboratoire d'Etude des NanoStructures et Imagerie de Surface (LENSIS), Service de physique de l'état condensé (SPEC - UMR3680), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Materials Research and Technology (MRT) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Physics and Materials Science Research Unit, University of Luxemburg, Laboratoire d'Electronique et nanoPhotonique Organique (LEPO), and Systèmes Physiques Hors-équilibre, hYdrodynamique, éNergie et compleXes (SPHYNX)

Subjects
[PHYS]Physics [physics], 010302 applied physics, Multidisciplinary, Materials science, Condensed matter physics, Band gap, Doping, Lithium niobate, Physics [G04] [Physical, chemical, mathematical & earth Sciences], 02 engineering and technology, Electron, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Ferroelectricity, Article, law.invention, chemistry.chemical_compound, Low-energy electron microscopy, Physique [G04] [Physique, chimie, mathématiques & sciences de la terre], chemistry, law, Electric field, 0103 physical sciences, Electron microscope, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

The understanding of domain structures, specifically domain walls, currently attracts a significant attention in the field of (multi)-ferroic materials. In this article, we analyze contrast formation in full field electron microscopy applied to domains and domain walls in the uniaxial ferroelectric lithium niobate, which presents a large 3.8 eV band gap and for which conductive domain walls have been reported. We show that the transition from Mirror Electron Microscopy (MEM – electrons reflected) to Low Energy Electron Microscopy (LEEM – electrons backscattered) gives rise to a robust contrast between domains with upwards (Pup) and downwards (Pdown) polarization, and provides a measure of the difference in surface potential between the domains. We demonstrate that out-of-focus conditions of imaging produce contrast inversion, due to image distortion induced by charged surfaces, and also carry information on the polarization direction in the domains. Finally, we show that the intensity profile at domain walls provides experimental evidence for a local stray, lateral electric field.

Published
2016
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8. Combining Combing and Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry to Study DNA on Chips Using 13C and 15N Labeling

Author

Victor Norris, Tom Wirtz, Jean-Nicolas Audinot, Anne-Francoise Monnier, Yannick Coffinier, David Gibouin, Laurent Jannière, Camille Ripoll, Rabah Boukherroub, Aaron Bensimon, Henri-Noël Migeon, Armelle Cabin-Flaman, Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU), Micro-Environnement et Régulation Cellulaire Intégrée (MERCI), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie (IEMN) - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Ecole Centrale de Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), genomic vision, Institut de biologie systémique et synthétique (ISSB), Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne (UEVE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Assemblages moléculaires : modélisation et imagerie SIMS (AMMIS), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Materials Research and Technology (MRT) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), and Laboratoire de Microbiologie du Froid – Signaux et Micro-Environnement (LMDF-SME)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, DNA isotope labeling, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Combing, Biology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, law.invention, silicon chip, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, law, Molecule, General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics, [PHYS.COND]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat], DNA extraction, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Genetics, General Immunology and Microbiology, DNA synthesis, Radiochemistry, Articles, General Medicine, Secondary ion mass spectrometry, Research Note, Surface coating, 030104 developmental biology, PCR, chemistry, surface coating, Recombinant DNA, Structure: Transcription & Translation, isotope recombination, DNA
Abstract

Dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry (D-SIMS) imaging of combed DNA – the combing, imaging by SIMS or CIS method – has been developed previously using a standard NanoSIMS 50 to reveal, on the 50 nm scale, individual DNA fibers labeled with different, non-radioactive isotopes in vivo and to quantify these isotopes. This makes CIS especially suitable for determining the times, places and rates of DNA synthesis as well as the detection of the fine-scale re-arrangements of DNA and of molecules associated with combed DNA fibers. Here, we show how CIS may be extended to 13C-labeling via the detection and quantification of the 13C14N- recombinant ion and the use of the 13C:12C ratio, we discuss how CIS might permit three successive labels, and we suggest ideas that might be explored using CIS.

Published
2016
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9. Tailoring the optical properties of ZnO nano-layers and their effect on in vitro biocompatibility

Author

Vincent Rogé, François Garin, Aziz Dinia, Damien Lenoble, Kahina Mehennaoui, Anastasia Georgantzopoulou, Ioana Fechete, Arno C. Gutleb, Materials Research and Technology (MRT) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Institut de chimie et procédés pour l'énergie, l'environnement et la santé (ICPEES), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Environnemental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)

Subjects
Materials science, Photoluminescence, Biocompatibility, General Chemical Engineering, Nanotechnology, General Chemistry, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, Anode, chemistry.chemical_compound, Atomic layer deposition, Membrane, chemistry, Nano, Aluminium oxide, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, Dissolution
Abstract

International audience; This paper highlights the use of Al2O3 and SnO2 films as protecting layers to tailor the optical properties and biocompatibility of ZnO nano-films. ZnO, ZnO/Al2O3 and ZnO/SnO2 nano-films have been deposited inside 3-dimensional (3D) structures such as anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) membranes via a gas phase atomic layer deposition (ALD) process. We show that ZnO/Al2O3 multilayers exhibit improved excitonic photoluminescence properties compared to ZnO only, whereas ZnO/SnO2 multilayers quench the near band edge emission signal. In addition, in vitro experiments on Caco-2/TC7 cells and Vibrio fischeri bacteria reveal that ZnO/Al2O3 and ZnO/SnO2 multilayers display enhanced biocompatibility in liquid media compared to ZnO. We attribute the improvement of the biocompatibility to a lower dissolution of the ZnO nano-film when protected by Al2O3 or SnO2.

Published
2015
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10. Bismuth-based perovskites as multiferroics

Author

Michel Viret, Mael Guennou, Jens Kreisel, Materials Research and Technology (MRT) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Laboratoire Nano-Magnétisme et Oxydes (LNO), Service de physique de l'état condensé (SPEC - UMR3680), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Physics and Materials Science Research Unit, and University of Luxemburg

Subjects
BiFeO$_3$, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Materials science, Condensed matter physics, BiFeO 3 Mots-clés : Multiferro¨ıqueMultiferro¨ıque, General Engineering, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, chemistry.chemical_element, Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci), FOS: Physical sciences, Multiferroic, Ferroelectricity, Bismuth, chemistry, Multiferroics, Phase diagram, Perovskite (structure), Pérovskite
Abstract

This review devoted to multiferroic properties of Bismuth-based perovskites falls into two parts. The first part focuses on BiFeO3 and summarizes the recent progress made in the studies of its pressure-temperature phase diagram and magnetoelectric coupling phenomena. The second part discusses in a more general way the issue of polar - and multiferroic - phases in BiBO3 perovskites and the competition between ferroelectricity and other structural instabilities, from an inventory of recently synthetized compounds., Comment: 22 pages, 7 figures, to be published in Comptes Rendus Physique

Published
2015
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11. Escherichia coli under Ionic Silver Stress: An Integrative Approach to Explore Transcriptional, Physiological and Biochemical Responses

Author

Frédéric Jamme, Isabelle Fourquaux, Claire Saulou-Bérion, Laurence Girbal, Muriel Cocaign-Bousquet, Muriel Mercier-Bonin, Ignacio González, Jean-Nicolas Audinot, Brice Enjalbert, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés (LISBP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Materials Research and Technology (MRT) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Centre de Microscopie Électronique Appliquée à la Biologie (CMEAB), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Hôpital de Rangueil, CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse], Synchrotron SOLEIL, ANR-07-BLAN-0196,BIOPLEASURE,Plasma - surface engineering for biofilm prevention(2007), Génie et Microbiologie des Procédés Alimentaires (GMPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Hôpital de Rangueil, CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Toulouse Réseau Imagerie-Genotoul ( TRI-Genotoul), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Synchrotron SOLEIL (SSOLEIL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Toulouse Réseau Imagerie-Genotoul ( TRI-Genotoul), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Girbal, Laurence

Subjects
Silver, Transcription, Genetic, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-BIO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Biological Physics [physics.bio-ph], lcsh:Medicine, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Cell membrane, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Ribosomal protein, Stress, Physiological, E. Coli, Gene expression, medicine, Extracellular, lcsh:Science, Escherichia coli, 030304 developmental biology, Regulation of gene expression, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, Escherichia coli K12, Ag nanoparticles, 030306 microbiology, Escherichia coli Proteins, lcsh:R, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, Silver nitrate, medicine.anatomical_structure, chemistry, Biochemistry, Silver Nitrate, lcsh:Q, escherichia coli, Intracellular, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-DATA-AN]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability [physics.data-an], Research Article
Abstract

International audience; For a better understanding of the systemic effect of sub-lethal micromolar concentrations of ionic silver on Escherichia coli, we performed a multi-level characterization of cells under Ag +-mediated stress using an integrative biology approach combining physiological, biochemical and transcriptomic data. Physiological parameters, namely bacterial growth and survival after Ag + exposure, were first quantified and related to the accumulation of intracel-lular silver, probed for the first time by nano secondary ion mass spectroscopy at sub-micrometer lateral resolution. Modifications in E. coli biochemical composition were evaluated under Ag +-mediated stress by in situ synchrotron Fourier-transform infrared micro-spectroscopy and a comprehensive transcriptome response was also determined. Using multivariate statistics, correlations between the physiological parameters, the extracellular concentration of AgNO 3 and the intracellular silver content, gene expression profiles and micro-spectroscopic data were investigated. We identified Ag +-dependent regulation of gene expression required for growth (e.g. transporter genes, transcriptional regulators, ribo-somal proteins), for ionic silver transport and detoxification (e.g. copA, cueO, mgtA, nhaR) and for coping with various types of stress (dnaK, pspA, metA,R, oxidoreductase genes). The silver-induced shortening of the acyl chain of fatty acids, mostly encountered in cell membrane, was highlighted by microspectroscopy and correlated with the down-regulated expression of genes involved in fatty acid transport (fadL) and synthesis/modification of lipid A (lpxA and arnA). The increase in the disordered secondary structure of proteins in the presence of Ag + was assessed through the conformational shift shown for amides I and II, and further correlated with the up-regulated expression of peptidase (hfq) and chaperone (dnaJ), and regulation of transpeptidase expression (ycfS and ycbB). Interestingly, as these transpeptidases act on the structural integrity of the cell wall, regulation of their expression may explain the morphological damage reported under Ag+-mediated stress. This result clearly demonstrates that the cell membrane is a key target of ionic silver.

Published
2015
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12. Formation and Mechanical Properties of Membranes Formed at the Surface of Walnut Stain Extract Solutions

Author

Grégory Francius, Abdelghani Laachachi, Vincent Ball, Roxane Fabre, Kadir Apaydin, Eric Mathieu, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille - Luminy (CIML), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Materials Research and Technology (MRT) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Materials science, Membranes, Atomic force microscopy, Biomolecule, Force volume measurements, Biomedical Engineering, 7. Clean energy, Stain, Ambient air, Biomaterials, External energy, Membrane, Chemical engineering, chemistry, Molecule, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, Composite material, Biotechnology, Walnut stain extract
Abstract

International audience; Materials based on biological molecules and produced without external energy sources may represent avenues for the design of new applications as self-healing and self-replicating compounds. Herein the synthesis of self-standing membranes from walnut stain extracts when exposed to ambient air is presented. These membranes are mechanically robust and do not entirely decompose upon heating up to 800 °C. They are composed of microorganisms (not yet identified) from the ambient air which are hold together by a dense extracellular matrix. The molecules of this extracellular matrix have been characterized by means of force extension curves performed by Atomic Force Microscopy.

Published
2014
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13. Tailoring the Properties of Atomic Layer Deposited Nickel and Nickel Carbide Thin Films via Chain-Length Control of the Alcohol Reducing Agents

Author

Damien Lenoble, Manuel Dossot, Naoufal Bahlawane, Mouhamadou Moustapha Sarr, Didier Arl, E. McRae, Centre de Recherche Public - Gabriel Lippmann (LUXEMBOURG), Laboratoire de Physique des Milieux Denses (LPMD), Université Paul Verlaine - Metz (UPVM), Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique - Approche Multi-échelle des Milieux Complexes (LCP-A2MC), Université de Lorraine (UL), Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Institut Jean Lamour (IJL), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Materials Research and Technology (MRT) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST)

Subjects
inorganic chemicals, Materials science, Reducing agent, Scanning electron microscope, Inorganic chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, Primary alcohol, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Nanocrystalline material, 0104 chemical sciences, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Atomic layer deposition, Nickel, General Energy, chemistry, Crystallite, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Thin film, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

International audience; Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of nickel and nickel carbide is reported starting from nickel acetylacetonate and a primary alcohol. The sequential reactions of both reactants with the adsorbed species are shown to be self-limited. Use of propanol or ethanol as reducing agents yields the formation of the technologically relevant carbon-Ni3C thin films, whereas the carbon content with use of methanol is less than 5 atom %. These metallic nickel thin films are electrically conductive and feature a soft ferromagnetic behavior. The thermally stable cubic lattice of nickel was grown at 300 degrees C with methanol as a reducing agent while the metastable hexagonal structure was obtained at lower temperatures. The morphology and the structure of the films were investigated with use of scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The films are nanocrystalline featuring an average crystallite size of similar to 10 nm. Hydrogen-free ALD of nickel is particularly appealing for the deposition of (i) conformal coatings on hydrogen-sensitive substrates such as highly reducible oxides and metals with high capacity to form hydrides and (ii) 3D nanomaterials with high aspect ratio.

Published
2014
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14. Molecular dynamics simulation on the initial stage of 1 eV carbon deposition on silicon

Author

Ludovic G. V. Briquet, Arindam Jana, Patrick Philipp, Tom Wirtz, Gérard Henrion, Materials Research and Technology (MRT) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Institut Jean Lamour (IJL), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département Science et Analyse des Matériaux - SAM (Belvaux, Luxembourg), and Centre de Recherche Public - Gabriel Lippmann (LUXEMBOURG)

Subjects
Materials science, Acoustics and Ultrasonics, Silicon, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Molecular physics, Fluence, chemistry.chemical_compound, Molecular dynamics, Lattice (order), 0103 physical sciences, Monolayer, Silicon carbide, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, 010306 general physics, Strained silicon, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Carbon deposition, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Atomic physics, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

International audience; The deposition process of 1 eV carbon on silicon has been investigated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations up to a fluence of 5.3 x 10(14) atoms cm(-2) which corresponds more or less to monolayer coverage. At such low impact energies, atoms are expected to stay on the sample surface, which is also observed up to a fluence of 2 x 10(14) atoms cm(-2). For higher fluence, carbon atoms start mixing into the silicon substrate. This process seems to get initiated by the increasing strain caused by the carbon atoms deposited on the silicon surface, and which leads to some gradual distortions. The latter are important for the migration of carbon atoms into the silicon lattice. During the whole process the top part of the silicon sample gets amorphized and the coordination of the carbon atoms increases from 1 or 2 to mostly 4-fold coordinated carbon atoms. The process can be considered as the starting point of silicon carbide formation and allows to explain how nm thick films can be formed from 1 eV deposition energies. The low carbon concentration of about 7% in the modified layer is, however, too low to observe a transition towards the latter.

Published
2015
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