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To study the efficiency of Asian soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) control and to test the effects of using alternative products and fungicides, two field experiments were conducted during the harvest seasons 2013/2014 and 2014/2015. Treatments for the experiments were: 1- control (water); 2- acibenzolar-S-methyl; 3- calcium; 4- micronutrients: copper, manganese and zinc; 5- micronutrients: manganese, zinc and molybdenum; 6- NK fertilizer; 7- Ascophyllum nodosum, and 8- azoxystrobin + cyproconazole. The evaluated variables were: Asian soybean rust severity, defoliation, productivity and yield components. Based on severity data, the area under the disease progress curve was calculated. In the two experiments, the alternative products had no effect on Asian soybean rust or defoliation. Only the treatment with fungicide controlled the disease and decreased defoliation. The yield component affected by the treatments was the number of pods per plant, in both harvest seasons. Treatment with the fungicide protected soybean from yield loss in both experiments. Defoliation was strongly correlated with the weight of one thousand seeds and the number of pods per plant, emphasizing the importance of maintaining the leaf area to ensure the maintenance of the yield components in soybean crop. RESUMO Para estudar a eficiência do controle da ferrugem asiática da soja (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) e testar os efeitos do uso de produtos alternativos e fungicidas, foram realizados dois experimentos de campo durante as safras 2013/2014 e 2014/2015. Os tratamentos para os experimentos foram: 1- controle (água); 2- acibenzolar-S-metil; 3- cálcio; 4- micronutrientes: cobre, manganês e zinco; 5- micronutrientes: manganês, zinco e molibdênio; 6- fertilizante NK; 7- Ascophyllum nodosun; e 8-azoxistrobina + ciproconazol. As variáveis avaliadas foram: severidade da ferrugem asiática, desfolhamento, produtividade e componentes de rendimento. Com base nos dados de severidade, foi calculada a área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença. Nos dois experimentos, os produtos alternativos não tiveram efeito sobre a ferrugem ou desfolha. Somente o tratamento com fungicida controlou a doença e diminuiu a desfolha. O componente de rendimento afetado pelos tratamentos foi o número de vagens por planta, nas duas estações. O tratamento com fungicida protegeu a soja da perda de rendimento nos dois experimentos. A desfolha foi fortemente correlacionada com o peso de mil sementes e o número de vagens por planta, enfatizando a importância de manter a área foliar para garantir a manutenção dos componentes de rendimento na cultura da soja.

In the last crop seasons, the complex of late season diseases (CLSD) of soybean (Glycine max L. (Merrill)), has been causing considerable reductions in the crop yield. Currently, there are no cultivars resistant to all pathogens that causes CLSD. The present study evaluated the effect of applying the acibenzolar-S-methyl resistance inducer, alternative products and fungicide on the severity of CLSD in the soybean cultivar BMX Potência RR during the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crops, in the field. The treatments for the experiments were: 1 - control (water); 2 - acibenzolar-S-methyl; 3 - calcium; 4 - micronutrients: copper, manganese and zinc; 5 - micronutrients: manganese, zinc and molybdenum; 6 - nitrogen-potassium fertilizer; 7 - Ascophyllum nodosum and 8 - azoxystrobin + cyproconazole with the addition of the adjuvant. Four applications of alternative products and two of fungicide were carried out in both harvests. A diagrammatic scale assessed the severity of CLSD at the phenological stage R7.1. The acibenzolar-S-methyl resistance inducer, alternative products (macro and micronutrients) and A. nodosum had no effect on the severity of CLSD in the two harvests. The fungicide (azoxystrobin + cyproconazole) reduced the severity of CLSD and prevented damage to productivity in both experiments. RESUMO: Nas últimas safras, o complexo de doenças de final de ciclo (DFC) da soja (Glycine max L. (Merrill)), vem provocando reduções consideráveis no rendimento da cultura. Atualmente, não há variedades resistentes a todos os patógenos causadores das DFC. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação do indutor de resistência acibenzolar-S-methyl, produtos alternativos e fungicida na severidade de DFC na cultivar de soja BMX Potência RR durante as safras 2013/2014 e 2014/2015, em campo. Os tratamentos para os experimentos foram: 1 - testemunha (água); 2 - acibenzolar-S-methyl; 3 - cálcio; 4 - micronutrientes: cobre, manganês e zinco; 5 - micronutrientes: manganês, zinco e molibdênio; 6 - adubo NK; 7 - Ascophyllum nodosum e 8 - azoxistrobina + ciproconazol com adição do adjuvante. Foram realizadas quatro aplicações dos produtos alternativos e duas do fungicida, nas duas safras. A severidade de DFC foi avaliada por escala diagramática no estádio fenológico R7.1. O indutor de resistência acibenzolar-S-methyl, os produtos alternativos (macro e micronutrientes) e A. nodosum não apresentaram efeito sobre a severidade das DFC nas duas safras. O fungicida (azoxistrobina + ciproconazol) reduziu a severidade das DFC e evitou danos a produtividade nos dois experimentos.

Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) are extremely important because it is included daily in the diet of themajority of the Brazilian population. Several factors negatively affect the productivity of this crop, especially diseases.One of the main ones is anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum), which can cause total production damage and depreciation of the final product. The study and development of new strategies for integrated anthracnose management can reduce the cost of production and consequently reduce environmental impacts. The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of Trichoderma fungi in in vitro tests (antagonism, production of volatile and non-volatile compounds) for control of C. lindemuthianum and to evaluate the efficiency of endophytic fungi, salicylic acid, copper phosphite, acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) and fungicide for anthracnose control in greenhouse bean plants. Anthracnose was controlled in bean plants with the use of alternative products. The endophytic fungi Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma tomentosum inhibited C. lindemuthianum mycelial growth in the three in vitro tests. In greenhouse, T. viride, T. tomentosum, salicylic acid, ASM and fungicide were effective, but copper phosphite was not efficient in controlling anthracnose.

Damage to wheat crop is associated with leaf rust (Puccinia triticina) and powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici). The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of potassium phosphite and acibenzolar-S-methyl alone or associated with the fungicide epoxiconazole + pyraclostrobin on powdery mildew and leaf rust control, as well as on grain yield. The experiments were designed as randomized blocks with four replicates consisting of plots with 17 planting rows spaced at 0.17 m, with dimensions of 2.89 x 5.0 m each. Severity of powdery mildew and leaf rust was assessed in ten flag leaves and ten whole plants all over the crop season; yield was also evaluated. Severity data were used to calculate the area under the disease progress curve. There was no effect of phosphite applied alone or associated with the fungicide epoxiconazole + pyraclostrobin at different times on mildew. Acibenzolar-S-methyl controlled, on average, 70% powdery mildew. Phosphites applied alone and/or associated with the fungicide had an effect on leaf rust, reducing the severity by 59 and 62%, compared to control. Applications of phosphites alone did not affect the yield components. RESUMO Danos na cultura do trigo estão associados a ferrugem da folha (Puccinia triticina) e ao oídio (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici). O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito de fosfito de potássio e acibenzolar-S-metil isolados e/ou associados ao fungicida epoxiconazole + piraclostrobina no controle do oídio e da ferrugem da folha e no rendimento de grãos. Os experimentos foram delineados em bloco ao acaso, com quatro repetições constituídas por parcelas com 17 linhas de semeadura espaçadas em 0,17 m, com dimensões de 2,89 x 5,0 m. A severidade do oídio e da ferrugem da folha foi avaliada em 10 folhas bandeira e em 10 plantas inteiras ao longo do ciclo de cultivo, avaliou-se também a produtividade. Com os dados de severidade calculou-se a área abaixo da curva de progresso das doenças. Não houve efeito das aplicações de fosfito isolado ou associado ao fungicida epoxiconazole + piraclostrobina em diferentes épocas sobre o oídio. O acibenzolar-S-metil controlou em média cerca de 70% do oídio. Os fosfitos isolados e/ou associados ao fungicida tiveram efeito sobre a ferrugem da folha reduzindo a severidade em 59 e 62% em relação à testemunha. Aplicações de fosfitos isolados não afetaram os componentes de rendimento.

The occurrence of powdery mildew (Microsphaera diffusa) in soybean (Glycine max L.) has increased in the last harvests. In order to study the efficiency of powdery mildew control due to the application of alternative products and conventional fungicide, trials were conducted in Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil, during the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 growing seasons. The design used was randomized blocks with four replications. The treatments for the experiments were: 1 - control; 2 - acibenzolar-S-methyl (Bion 500 WG®); 3 - calcium (Max Fruit®); 4 - Micronutrients: copper, manganese and zinc (Wert Plus®); 5 - Micronutrients: manganese, zinc and molybdenum (V6®); 6 - NK fertilizer (Hight Roots®); 7 - Ascophyllum nodosum (Acadian®) and 8 - fungicide (azoxystrobin + cyproconazole) (Priori XTRA®) with the addition of the adjuvant. Four applications of alternative products (phenological stages V3, V6, R1 and R5.1) and two of fungicide (phenological stages R1 and R5.1) were carried out. The parameters evaluated were powdery mildew severity and productivity. The severity data made it possible to calculate the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPG). Alternative products didn’t reduce powdery mildew in the two harvests. The conventional fungicide treatment was the only one that controlled powdery mildew and didn’t reduce the productivity in both experiments.

Asian soybean rust (ASR) caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi is the main soybean leaf disease in Brazil. Downy mildew (Peronospora manshurica) and powdery mildew (Microsphaera diffusa) are important soybean foliar diseases of occurrence in Paraná state. To reduce severity and yield losses caused by soybean foliar diseases, this work aimed to verify the efficacy of different application doses of the commercial product Dipel® Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), which is a biological insect controller, combined with number of Opera® fungicide (pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole) intercalated applications, and to investigate the effect of the Bt Dipel® in the resistance induction of soybean. For this study, different methodologies were used, including in vitro, in vivo and field assays. The results showed that Bt Dipel® can reduce soybean foliar diseases by inducing β-1,3 glucanase enzime and phytoalexin gliceolin. The fungicide application in the experiment condition reduced yield losses.

RESUMO: O míldio da soja é disseminado em todo mundo. Entretanto, o dano que ele causa não tem sido estudado no Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar quais componentes de rendimento da soja são afetados por essa doença e determinar o coeficiente de dano. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos, um em Castro (2006/07) e outro em Ponta Grossa (2007/08), no Estado do Paraná, Brasil. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com (i) seis tratamentos e cinco repetições para os experimentos de campo, safras 2006/07, e (ii) oito tratamentos e quatro repetições para 2007/08. Foram aplicados fosfito de potássio (750g ia ha-1), propamocarb + fenamidona (900g ia ha-1) e mancozeb (2,400g ia ha-1). Em todos os tratamentos, a severidade máxima da infecção pelo míldio ocorreu no estádio R5.3 e a porcentagem de severidade variou entre 0 e 43%. O gradiente da doença foi obtido apenas na segunda safra. Equações de danos foram geradas para o peso de grãos e produtividade. O número de grãos por vagem e o número de vagens por planta não foram afetados pelo míldio mas o peso de 1000 sementes por planta foi reduzido linearmente com o aumento da severidade do míldio. ABSTRACT: Downy mildew is widespread throughout the world. However, the damage that it causes has not been studied in Brazil yet. The objective of this work was to evaluate which components of soybean yield are affected by downy mildew and to determine the coefficient of damage. Two field experiments were conducted in Castro (2006/07) and Ponta Grossa (2007/08) in the state of Parana, Brazil. The experimental design consisted of completely randomized blocks of (i) six treatments and five replications for the 2006/07 and (ii) eight treatments and four replications for the 2007/08 field experiments. Potassium phosphite (750g a.i. ha-1), propamocarb + fenamidone (900g a.i. ha-1) and mancozeb (2400g a.i. ha-1) were applied. In all of the treatments, the maximum severity of downy mildew infection occurred at growth stage R5.3, and the percentage of severity ranged between 0 and 43%. The disease gradient was obtained only on the second season. Equations of damage were generated for the yield and grain weight. The number of grains per pod and the number of pods per plant were not affected by downy mildew but, the weight of 1000 seeds per plant was reduced linearly with increasing of mildew severity.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different sources of phosphite to control leaf rust, powdery mildew, yellow and brown spot in the wheat crop in Palmeira, Parana state, Brazil. The treatments were: four commercial sources of phosphites (A, B, C and D), applied at 1500 mL ha -1 , (applied in rate of active product) acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) at 500 mL ha -1 (isolad or association), pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole (fungicide) at 400 mL ha -1 ) and phosphite A with pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole (at 300 mL ha -1 ), phosphite A with pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole (400 mL ha -1 ), acibenzolar-S-methyl with pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole (400 mL ha -1 ) and control (water), . The experimental design adopted was complete randomized blocks with four replications. Regarding diseases, evaluations were done on the determination of severity and the calculation of the area below the curve of the disease progress in the flag leaf and entire plant. Leaf area index, thousand seeds weight, hectoliter weight and yield were also evaluated. Phosphite, independently source, did not act on leaf rust, powdery mildew, yellow and brown spot. The resistance inducer acibenzolar-S-methyl either isolated or associated to other fungicides affected leaf rust and powdery mildew of the wheat. Only phosphites associated to the fungicide controlled diseases, however there was no additional increase in yield whether compared to the control promoted by the fungicide.

Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii) is one of the most popular ornamental plants in the world, used as cut or vase flower. The experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of milk in natura to control powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) on gerbera. The treatments tested were: two concentrations of cow's milk in natura (8 and 16%), with and without adjuvant (vegetal oil), three fungicides (fenarimol -6 g a.i.100 L-1 H2O, chlorothalonil -150 g a.i.100 L-1 H2O and azoxystrobin + mineral oil - 10 g a.i.100 L-1 H2O) and control treatment. The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated for each plot based on disease severity. Milk in natura applied with adjuvant controlled the disease and did not allow the infection and development of pathogen. The addition of adjuvant improves the efficiency of milk in natura, but it requires subsequent washing of plants with H2O + detergent. The fungicide fenarimol promoted the best control and also the best gerbera visual aspect. The fungicide azoxystrobin + mineral oil and the chlorothalonil were phytotoxic to gerbera plants, affecting the aspect of leaves and flowers.A gérbera (Gerbera jamesonii) é uma das mais populares plantas ornamentais do mundo, tanto como flor de corte como de vaso. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o leite in natura no controle do oídio (Erysiphe cichoracearum) na cultura da gérbera. Foram utilizadas duas concentrações de leite de vaca in natura (8 e 16%), com e sem adição de adjuvante (óleo vegetal), três fungicidas (fenarimol -6 g i.a.100 L-1 H2O, chlorothalonil -150 g i.a.100 L-1 H2O e azoxystrobin + óleo mineral -10 g i.a.100 L-1 H2O) e testemunha. Com os dados de severidade foi calculada a área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AACPD). O leite in natura aplicado com o adjuvante controlou o oídio, não permitindo a instalação e o desenvolvimento do patógeno. O uso do adjuvante melhorou a eficiência do leite in natura, no entanto requer a lavagem posterior das plantas com H2O + detergente. O fungicida fenarimol promoveu melhor controle de oídio e aspecto visual das plantas de gérbera. O fungicida azoxystrobin + óleo mineral e o chlorothalonil foram fitotóxicos à planta de gérbera, o que prejudicou a aparência das folhas e flores.

Com o objetivo de verificar a vantagem da adição do fungicida trifloxystrobin ao tebuconazole no controle de ferrugem (Puccinia porri) na cultura do alho, foi instalado um experimento na Fazenda Escola "Capão da Onça" da UEPG, em Ponta Grossa, PR, no ano de 2003. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constaram de tebuconazole na dose de 200 g ha-1 (1,00 L ha-1 de Folicur 200 CE); e das misturas formuladas (prontas) de trifloxystrobin e tebuconazole nas doses de 50 e 100 e 75 e 150 g ha-1 (0,50 e 0,75 L ha-1 de Nativo SC); trifloxystrobin e tebuconazole nas doses 50 e 100 e 75 & 150 g ha-1 (0,20 e 0,30 kg ha-1 de Nativo WG) e testemunha. Foram realizadas três aplicações dos tratamentos, aos 85, 96 e 103 dias após a emergência da cultura, cultivar Caçador. As avaliações de controle foram realizadas aos 11, 18 e 27 dias após a primeira aplicação dos fungicidas. Nas condições em que foi desenvolvido o experimento, de alta severidade da doença, pode-se concluir que a mistura de trifloxystrobin e tebuconazole na dose de 75 e 150 g ha-1 das formulações SC e WG é adequada ao controle da ferrugem do alho pela similaridade de controle ao tebuconazole que é recomendado para o controle da doença e por não causar danos visíveis na cultura. An experiment was carried out in Ponta Grossa, Paraná State, Brazil, to evaluate the advantage of the addition of the fungicide trifloxystrobin to tebuconazole, to control the garlic rust (Puccinia porri). The experimental design was of complete randomized blocks with six treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of tebuconazol in the rate of 200 g ha-1 (1,00 L ha-1 of Folicur 200 CE); and of the formulated mixtures of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazol in the rates of 50 and 100 e 75 and 150 g ha-1 (0.50 and 0.75 L ha-1 of Nativo SC); trifloxystrobin and tebuconazol in the rates of 50 and 100 e 75 and 150 g ha-1 (0.20 and 0.30 kg ha-1 of Nativo WG) and non sprayed control. Three applications of the fungicides were carried out at 85, 96, and 103 days after the plant emergence, cultivar Caçador. Disease was assessed at 11, 18 and 27 days after the first application of fungicides. Under Puccinia porri high severity observed in the experiment, the mixture of the trifloxystrobin and tebuconazol in the rate of 75 and 150 g ha-1 of SC and WG, showed similar control of the garlic rust as compared to tebuconazol, fungicide recommended for the rust control and for not causing visible damages in the culture.

Foi avaliada a eficiência de inseticidas no controle de Myzus persicae (Sulz.) na cultura da alface, cv. Verônica, em experimento conduzido na UEPG, em 1999. Usou-se delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constaram de thiamethoxam nas doses de 50; 75 e 100 g i.a./ha; imidacloprid na dose de 140 g i.a./ha; pymetrozine na dose de 150 g i.a./ha e testemunha sem pulverização. Os tratamentos foram aplicados nas mudas em bandejas, um dia antes do transplantio. Avaliou-se a fitotoxicidade, o número de pulgões por planta, a porcentagem de plantas com pulgões e a eficiência dos inseticidas. O thiamethoxam nas doses de 50; 75 e 100 g i.a./ha foi eficiente no controle de M. persicae durante todo o ciclo, mostrando eficiência igual ou superior a 98,6%, similar ao imidacloprid. O pymetrozine apresentou eficiência no controle de M. persicae até 21 dias após o transplante das mudas. Os inseticidas não causaram efeitos fitotóxicos nas plantas de alface; além disso, houve produção de plantas com maior massa fresca em relação à testemunha. A field trial was carried out at Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, State of Paraná, Brazil, in 1999, to evaluate the efficiency of insecticides in controlling Myzus persicae (Sulz) on lettuce cv. Veronica. The experimental design was of completely randomized blocks with six treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of thiamethoxam (50; 75 and 100 g i.a/ha) imidacloprid (140 g i.a/ha); pymetrozine (150 g i.a/ha) and control. The treatments were applied to seedlings grown in polyestyrene trays one day before the transplanting. The fitotoxicity, the number of aphids/plant, the percentage of plants with aphids and the efficiency of the insecticides were evaluated. Thiamethoxan at doses of 50; 75 and 100 g i.a/ha was efficient to control M. persicae from transplanting till 43 days after showing equal or higher efficiency than 98.6%, similar to imidacloprid. The pymetrozine was efficient to control M. persicae until 21 days after transplanting. Effects of fitotoxicity on lettuce plants were not observed. Higher fresh weight was observed in treated plants in comparison to the one of the control.