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Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) consisting of organic linker such as terephthalic acid or fumaric acid and cation such as Al3+ or Zr4+ were prepared by the hydro- and solvo-thermal methods. MOFs were characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm and FE-SEM. The prepared MOFs were mostly crystalline and phase-pure. MOFs were used as the column packing for chromatographic separation of p-xylene from a xylene mixture. With MOFs prepared with large linker molecules, xylenes diffused into the micropores and eluted fundamentally according to kinetic molecular size. With MOFs of low crystallinity or very small micropores, xylenes passed through spaces between MOF particles and separation of p-xylene was not possible. With MOFs consisting of fumaric acid and Zr4+ (MOF-801), o- and m-xylenes eluted quickly and p-xylene eluted later, because o- and m-xylenes passed through spaces between MOF particles, whereas p-xylene diffused into the micropores of MOF-801. Temperature dependence of separation with MOF-801 revealed that at temperatures lower than 140 °C, xylenes could not diffuse into the micropores. At 170 °C, the smallest p-xylene diffused into the micropores and thus p-xylene could be separated from o- and m-xylenes by the molecular-sieving mechanism. MOF-801 was robust against repeated exposure to xylenes and heat treatment at high temperature for elution of adsorbed xylene.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive cancer with a poor prognosis. Patients with inoperative PDAC require effective chemotherapy and pain control to increase their quality of life. We investigated whether duloxetine, a serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, improves quality of life in a KPPC (LSL-Kras;Trp53;Pdx1-cre) mouse model of PDAC. Six-week-old KPPC mice were orally administered 4 mg/kg/d duloxetine (n = 12); 4 mg/kg/d duloxetine with 0.15 mg/kg/d atipamezole, a synthetic α2 adrenergic receptor antagonist (n = 9); or vehicle water (n = 11). Body weight and food intake were measured daily, and cancer pain was evaluated by the hunching score and mouse grimace scale. At the endpoint, the tumor status, angiogenesis, and immunoinflammatory condition were analyzed. The pain level using the hunching and mouse grimace scale scores improved by duloxetine in KPPC mice (P < 0.01), whereas the scores that had been reduced by duloxetine were elevated by administration of atipamezole. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that duloxetine-treated mice had significantly prolonged survival (P < 0.05) with delayed appetite loss, cachexia, and body weight loss. Duloxetine inhibited the proliferation of PDAC cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts in vivo with a shift into an antitumor immunoinflammatory condition and the corresponding plasma cytokine levels. The migrative/invasive potentials of PDAC were inhibited by duloxetine in vitro. Meanwhile, atipamezole did not inhibit the antitumor effects of duloxetine in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, our results indicate that duloxetine mainly improves cancer-associated pain by enhancement of the noradrenergic pathway rather than the serotonergic pathway, whereas duloxetine modulates antitumor effects on PDAC without involvement of the noradrenergic pathway.

Lead dissolved in water must be removed in order not to cause diseases, especially from high pH aqueous solution. Various oxides having high specific surface area are often applied to remove lead in water media. To improve removal ability for lead species, it is necessary to understand the adsorbed structure of lead species on oxides. At first, the adsorption behavior of lead from high pH solution in the presence of Ca2+ and Na+ was compared. Lead and calcium species were adsorbed up to the monolayer, and the adsorption isotherm was analyzed as Langmuir-type adsorption. In the presence of Ca2+, the amount of removed lead was reduced. To clarify this influence of Ca2+, X-ray absorption spectroscopy was adopted. It was for the first time revealed that lead species at pH > 12 and pH < 10.5 differed, and that lead species adsorbed on various oxides had a similar structure.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive cancer with high invasive and metastatic potential. We generated a spontaneous PDAC mouse model and examined the therapeutic potential of indirubin 3′-oxime (Indox) against PDAC bearing mouse in vivo. METHODS: Randomized 3-month-old LSL-KrasG12D/+;Trp53flox/+;Pdx-1-cre (KPCflox) mice were intraperitoneally injected with 40 mg/kg Indox (n = 9) or a vehicle (n = 10) twice a week. At the end point, tumor status including proliferation, direct invasion, and distant metastasis was analyzed histopathologically. The inhibitory potentials of Indox for proliferation, migration/invasion, and the phosphorylation of target molecules were determined in KPCflox-derived PDAC cells in vitro. RESULTS: Prolonged survival by Indox via intraperitoneal administration was observed in the KPCflox mice. Indox inhibited tumor proliferation accompanied with low levels of nuclear phosphorylated cyclin-dependent kinase (p-CDK) and cyclin B1 in vivo. Furthermore, Indox inhibited the migration/invasive activities of PDAC via down-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 in vitro and in vivo. Antibody array and immunoblotting analysis revealed that Indox inhibited the phosphorylation of multiple molecules, including key upstream proteins of MMP-9 in RAF/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), AKT, and stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK) pathways. CONCLUSION: Indox inhibited the proliferative, invasive, and metastatic potentials of PDAC in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, Indox could a therapeutic candidate for treating spontaneously occurring PDAC via blocking the RAF/ERK, AKT and SAPK/JNK pathways.

Although multiple myeloma (MM) had been an incurable hematological malignancy with a poor prognosis, recent advances in novel anti-neoplastic agents, including carfilzomib (a proteasome inhibitor), have improved the prognosis. We herein report two cases of congestive heart failure in patients treated with carfilzomib. Although there are some reports on the cardiotoxicity of carfilzomib, to our knowledge, this is the first report on the cardiac involvement of carfilzomib in Japanese MM patients. We review the critical points from our two cases, with the aim of avoiding carfilzomib-associated heart failure in MM patients.

ObjectivePancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the deadliest cancer. Cancer-associated thrombosis/thromboembolism (CAT), frequently observed in PDAC, is known as a poor prognostic factor. Here, we investigated the underlying mechanisms between PDAC and CAT, and performed a trial of therapeutic approach for PDAC using a genetically engineered mouse model, PKF (Ptf1acre/+;LSL-KrasG12D/+;Tgfbr2flox/flox).DesignPresence of CAT in PKF mice was detected by systemic autopsy. Plasma cytokines were screened by cytokine antibody array. Murine and human plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM-1) were determined by ELISA. Distribution of VCAM-1 in PKF mice and human autopsy samples was detected by immunohistochemistry. PKF mice were treated with anti-VCAM-1 antibody and the effects on survival, distribution of CAT and the tumour histology were analysed.ResultsWe found spontaneous CAT with cardiomegaly in 68.4% PKF mice. Increase of plasma ANP and sVCAM-1 was observed in PKF mice and PDAC patients with CAT. VCAM-1 was detected in the activated endothelium and thrombi. Administration of anti-VCAM-1 antibody to PKF mice inhibited tumour growth, neutrophil/macrophage infiltration, tumour angiogenesis and progression of CAT; moreover, it dramatically extended survival (from 61 to 253 days, pConclusionBlocking VCAM-1/sVCAM-1 might be a potent therapeutic approach for PDAC as well as CAT, which can contribute to the prognosis. Increase of plasma ANP and sVCAM-1 might be a diagnostic approach for CAT in PDAC.

K-Merlinoite or “K-MER” was successfully synthesized and firstly employed as an adsorbent for the removal of Cs+ and Sr2+ cations in aqueous solution by batch operation. The optimum conditions to synthesize K-MER were hydrothermal temperature of 250 °C and a hydrothermal time of 8 h. As revealed by XPS, TG, NMR, and ICP analyses, the composition of K-MER synthesized under optimum conditions was “K10.9Al11.2Si20.9O61.6·17.8H2O”, which corresponded with the typical formula of Merlinoite zeolite. 27Al MAS NMR indicated that no octahedrally coordinated aluminum existed suggesting very high purity of K-MER. The calculated theoretical ion-exchange capacity was 4.2 mmol g−1, assuming exchange of the total amount of potassium. In aqueous solution, K-MER exhibited an excellent Cs+ (≥90%) and Sr2+ (≥65%) removal performance with the maximum exchange capacity of 3.08 meq. g−1 for Cs+ and 2.01 meq. g−1 for Sr2+. K-MER showed higher adsorption for Cs+ than Sr2+ when performed using the same adsorption conditions. Coexisting monovalent cations, Na+ and K+, significantly influenced Cs+ removal more than divalent cations, Ca2+ and Mg2+, and they were in the order of K+ > Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+. The most important factor for competitive adsorption between Cs+ and the coexisting cation was the hydrated ionic size. Cs+ became more difficult to adsorb when Cs+ was interfered by a coexisting cation of close size. Although the efficiency of Cs+ removal by K-MER decreased around 50% in artificial seawater compared with that in the aqueous solution, K-MER was a promising material for Cs+ and Sr2+ removal.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by dense stromal reaction (desmoplasia). We have previously reported that mice with conditional KrasG12D mutation and knockout of TGF-β receptor type II (Tgfbr2), PKF mice, develop PDAC with desmoplasia modulated by CXC chemokines that are produced by PDAC cells through tumor–stromal interaction. In this study, we further discovered that PDAC and cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) accelerated each other’s invasion and migration through the CXC chemokines-receptor (CXCLs–CXCR2) axis. Heterozygous knockout of Cxcr2 in PKF mice (PKF2h mice) prolonged survival and inhibited both tumor angiogenesis and PDAC microinvasion. Infiltration of neutrophils, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and arginase-1+ M2-like tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) significantly decreased in the tumors of PKF2h mice, whereas inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)+ M1-like TAMs and apoptotic tumor cells markedly increased, which indicated that blockade of the CXCLs–CXCR2 axis resulted in a shift of immune-inflammatory microenvironment. These results suggest that blocking of the CXCLs–CXCR2 axis in tumor–stromal interactions could be a therapeutic approach against PDAC progression.

Engelhard titanosilicate-1 (ETS-1), Engelhard titanosilicate-2 (ETS-2) and mesoporous manganese oxide (Meso-Mn) were synthesized, and ETS-1 and ETS-2 were firstly employed in the removal of a series of heavy metals with different valences. Characterization revealed successful synthesis of ETS-1 and ETS-2, with specific surface areas of about 120 and 220 m 2 /g, respectively. The exchange capacities for monovalent cation were calculated to be 6.70 and 8.12 mmol/g, respectively. ETS-1 and ETS-2 exhibited better performance in the removal of monovalent Ag + , divalent Cu 2+ , and trivalent Y 3+ and La 3+ . The amounts of Ag + uptake were 3.45 and 3.64 mmol/g over ETS-1 and ETS-2 respectively, with ETS-1 showing a special affinity to Ag + uptake. The maximum uptake over ETS-1 and ETS-2 were 1.41–1.52, 1.82 mmol/g for divalent cations, and 0.78–0.84, 1.16–1.20 mmol/g for most of the trivalent cations, respectively. On the contrary, Meso-Mn showed priority in Fe 3+ uptake at higher initial Fe 3+ concentration. Neither of ETS-1, ETS-2 nor Meso-Mn showed priority in trivalent Cr 3+ and tetravalent Zr 4+ removal. From the amounts of heavy metal uptake, ETS-1 and ETS-2 were suggested to be layered materials as reported.

Engelhard titanosilicate-1 (ETS-1) and Engelhard titanosilicate-2 (ETS-2) were prepared. It was the first time their properties were studied for applications in water treatment. The performance of ETS-1 and ETS-2 in Cs and Sr removal was investigated and compared with those of ETS-4, Na-Y and Na-ZSM-5. Characterization revealed successful synthesis of ETS-1 and ETS-2, having layered structures with specific surface areas of about 120 m2 g−1 and 220 m2 g−1, respectively. The compositions of ETS-1 and ETS-2 were analyzed by XRF and TGA, and the theoretical exchange capacities for monovalent cations were calculated to be 6.70 mmol g−1 and 8.12 mmol g−1, respectively, assuming all the alkali metal cations could be exchanged. ETS-1 showed the highest Cs removal performance among the adsorbents studied, whereas ETS-2 was promising in Sr removal. In competitive removal experiments for Cs and Sr, the highest amount of Cs uptake was observed over ETS-1, though ETS-1 did not show specific selectivity to Cs removal.

Indirubin 3'-oxime (Indox (1b)) suppresses cancer cell growth (IC50: 15μM towards HepG2 cells) and inhibits cell cycle-related kinases such as cyclin-dependent kinases and glycogen synthase kinase-3β. We have previously reported that the conjugation of 1b with oxirane, a protein-reactive component, enhanced the cytotoxic activity of Indox as determined from the IC50 value (1.7μM) of indirubin 3'-(O-oxiran-2-ylmethyl)oxime (Epox/Ind (1c)). Here we prepared Epox/Ind derivatives with one or two halogen atoms or a methoxy group on the aromatic ring(s) of an Indox moiety and studied the structure-activity relationships of the substituent(s). We found that bromine-substitution at the 5-position on 1c or any Epox/Ind derivative(s) having bromine on the aromatic ring except Epox/6'-Br-Ind was efficient to improving anticancer activity. Of the 22 Epox/Ind derivatives, 5-bromoindirubin 3'-(O-oxiran-2-ylmethyl)oxime (Epox/5-Br-Ind (2c)) was the best anticancer agent in both short- (24h) (IC50: 0.67μM) and extended-duration (72h) cultures. The high anticancer activity of 2c was partly due to it being a poor substrate and a suicide inhibitor for epoxide hydrolase as epoxide hydrolase was identified as the enzyme primarily responsible for the metabolism of 2c.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive cancer with a poor prognosis. To identify potential effective therapeutic drugs for PDAC, we established a screening system based on spheroid formation using 170#3 mouse PDAC cells with or without fibroblasts. We found that indirubin 3′-oxime (Indox) and 5-methoxyindirubin 3′-oxime (5MeOIndox) inhibited PDAC cell proliferation. Furthermore, PDAC xenograft growth was also inhibited in BALB/c nu/nu mice after administration of Indox and 5MeOIndox. Both phosphorylated CDK1 and cyclin B1 levels in 170#3 cells were significantly reduced by treatment with Indox and 5MeOIndox in vitro and in vivo. Cell cycle analysis revealed that 5MeOIndox, but not Indox, induced G2/M arrest. Annexin V–propidium iodide double-staining analysis demonstrated that Indox induced abundant non-apoptotic cell death of 170#3 cells, while 5MeOIndox predominantly induced early apoptosis, indicating that the cytotoxicity of 5MeOIndox is lower than that of Indox. These results suggest that one mechanism of 5MeOIndox is to induce G2/M arrest of PDAC cells via inhibition of CDK1/cyclin B1 levels, thereby leading to apoptosis. Our findings suggest 5MeOIndox as a potential useful anticancer agent in PDAC.

Ni complex was prepared from bipyridine dicarboxylic acid and Ni salt. Then, the Ni complex was reacted with Al salt in dimethyl formamide in an autoclave to prepare metal-organic framework (MOF) compounds containing Ni-complex. IR analysis indicated disappearance of absorption peaks related to carboxylic acid, and nitrogen-adsorption isotherm analysis revealed the presence of micropores. MOF compounds containing Ni complex were used as catalysts for oligomerization of ethylene. Diethyl aluminum chloride or MOF containing Ni complex was inactive for the reaction. However, MOF compounds containing Ni complex used with diethyl aluminum chloride had high potential as a catalyst for the oligomerization of ethylene with high selectivity for linear butenes.

Copper-containing manganese oxides (Cu/Mn (molar ratio) = 0–1/1) prepared by the sol–gel method were characterized by temperature-programmed desorption of CO (CO-TPD) and of H 2 (H 2 -TPD), temperature-programmed reduction with H 2 (H 2 -TPD), and competitive adsorption of CO and H 2 . Copper-containing manganese oxides (amorphous structure, mesopores of about 6 nm, and high surface areas of 170–230 m 2 g −1 ) were used for preferential oxidation (PROX) of CO in a large excess of H 2 . It was observed that copper-containing manganese oxides could preferentially and totally oxidize 1 vol% CO at temperature lower than 100 °C. The reason for high O 2 selectivity to CO oxidation was discussed. Preferential adsorption of CO to H 2 on the highly active sites and low activity of the manganese oxide-based catalysts to oxidize H 2 were the reasons for the favorable performance.

Copper-containing mesoporous manganese oxides were prepared by the sol–gel method. The samples obtained were characterized by XRD, N 2 adsorption–desorption, ICP, CO-TPD, redox measurement and XPS. After calcination at 300 °C, amorphous structure was shown by XRD for all the samples. All the samples had mesopores of about 6 nm and high surface areas of 170–230 m 2 g −1 . Using these samples as catalysts, CO oxidation was carried out as a model reaction. Copper-containing mesoporous manganese oxide prepared by the sol–gel method showed a very high activity. On the other hand, copper-supported manganese oxide prepared by the impregnation method using copper sulfate showed a low activity. Differences in activities were correlated with the mobility of lattice oxygen.

Synthesis of an octahedral molecular sieve composed of Mn, Mg and O, known as todorokite, was studied in detail. The synthesis procedure is composed of three steps; layered birnessite synthesis, ion-exchange to buserite and final hydrothermal treatment of buserite. To obtain todorokites of different morphological properties, the aging time in the birnessite synthesis was varied. The effects of the aging time on properties of todorokites were studied by XRD, FE-SEM, TG-DTA, N2 adsorption-desorption, FT-IR and CO-TPD. In addition, catalytic activities of various todorokites for CO oxidation were investigated and the correlation between properties and activities was discussed.

Oxidation of cycloalkanes with molecular oxygen using isoamyl nitrite was examined under mild conditions. Cycloalkanes were easily oxidized with molecular oxygen to give the corresponding cycloalcohols, cycloalkanones and dicarboxylic acids at 120 °C or lower temperatures. The oxidation of the cycloalkanes was promoted by adding soluble Co and Mn ions.

An octahedral molecular sieve composed of Mn, Mg and O is known as todorokite. Here, synthesis of todorokite containing Al in its framework was studied and its formation by the hydrothermal method was, for the first time, confirmed by combining the results of ICP, XRD and TEM. There existed a limitation to the amount of Al that could be incorporated into the structure, probably because of the cation-to-cation repulsion in the channel. The oxidation of cyclohexane with tert-butyl hydroperoxide was studied as a model reaction. Results revealed that Al-containing todorokite and proton-exchanged Al-containing todorokite promoted the reaction to cyclohexyl alcohol and cyclohexanone.

Hydrogenation of methyl laurate was studied using the binary Ru–Sn and the ternary Ru–Sn–Pt catalysts, both supported on Al2O3. The catalysts were suspended in neat methyl ester, and the reaction was carried out at 300 °C and 9.15 MPa (Gauge pressure) of H2 in an autoclave. The catalysts were prepared by the conventional co-impregnation method and characterized by XRD and nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherm. Elution of metals during the reaction was measured by ICP. Under the adopted reduction conditions of the catalyst precursor, not all the Sn species were reduced to Sn metal; our study revealed that a part of SnO2 dissolved during the reaction. The addition of Pt to Ru–Sn/γ-Al2O3 promoted reduction of the Sn species, prevented the elution of Sn and gave a higher catalytic performance.

A protease of sperm in the newt Cynops pyrrhogaster that is released after the acrosome reaction (AR) is proposed to lyse the sheet structure on the outer surface of egg jelly and release sperm motility-initiating substance (SMIS). Here, we found that protease activity in the sperm head was potent to widely digest substrates beneath the sperm. The protease activity measured by fluorescein thiocarbamoyl-casein digestion was detected in the supernatant of the sperm after the AR and the activity was inhibited by 4-(2-aminoethyl) benzenesulfonyl fluoride (AEBSF), an inhibitor for serine or cysteine protease, suggesting the release of serine and/or cysteine proteases by AR. In an in silico analysis of the testes, acrosins and 20S proteasome were identified as possible candidates of the acrosomal proteases. We also detected another AEBSF-sensitive protease activity on the sperm surface. Fluorescence staining with AlexaFluor 488-labeled AEBSF revealed a cysteine protease in the principal piece; it is localized in the joint region between the axial rod and undulating membrane, which includes an axoneme and produces powerful undulation of the membrane for forward sperm motility. These results indicate that AEBSF-sensitive proteases in the acrosome and principal piece may participate in the initiation of sperm motility on the surface of egg jelly.

The chemical properties of lithium silenolates toward dienes were studied. The reaction of lithium 2-tert-butyl-1,1-bis(trimethylsilyl)silen-2-olate (1a) with butadiene at −40 °C, followed by hydro...

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), a poor prognostic cancer, commonly develops following activating mutations in the KRAS oncogene. Activation of the Wnt signaling pathway is also commonly observed in PDAC. To ascertain the impact of postnatal activation of the Wnt signaling pathway in PDAC development, we combined the elastase-tva-based RCAS-TVA pancreatic cancer model with the established LSL-KrasG12D, Ptf1a-cre model. Delivery of RCAS viruses encoding β-cateninS37A and Wnt1 stimulated the progression of premalignant PanIN and PDAC development. Indeed, mice injected with RCAS-β-cateninS37A and Wnt1 had reduced survival relative to RCAS-GFP controls (P < 0.05). Active β-catenin or its DNA-binding partner TCF4 enhanced PDAC cell proliferation, soft-agar colony formation, as well as migration and invasion activity. In contrast, these phenotypes were significantly blocked by the introduction of Icat, an inhibitor of the β-catenin/TCF4 interaction. Meanwhile, we identified Cyr61/CCN1 as a target molecule for Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in PDAC. Nuclear β-catenin and Cyr61/CCN1 expression were predominantly detected in moderately to poorly differentiated murine and human PDAC. Indeed, nuclear β-catenin and Cyr61/CCN1-positivity independently correlated with poor prognosis (P < 0.01). Knockdown of Cyr61/CCN1 in a β-catenin-activated PDAC cell line reduced soft agar, migration and invasion activity. Together, these data suggest that the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway enhances pancreatic cancer development and malignancy in part via up-regulation of Cyr61/CCN1. Citation Format: Makoto Sano, David R. Driscoll, Wilfredo E. DeJesus-Monge, Brian Quattrochi, Victoria A. Appleman, Jianhong Ou, Lihua Julie Zhu, Nao Yoshida, Shintaro Yamazaki, Tadatoshi Takayama, Masahiko Sugitani, Norimichi Nemoto, David S. Klimstra, Brian C. Lewis.{Authors}. Activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway enhances pancreatic cancer development and the malignant potential via up-regulation of Cyr61/CCN1. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer: Advances in Science and Clinical Care; 2016 May 12-15; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(24 Suppl):Abstract nr B25.

For implant of molecular ions including fluorine atoms or for multi-implantations of F+ and other ions, fluorine depth profiles after anneal change drastically depending on implant conditions. This implies that damage formation during ion implant and defect evolution during anneal are intrinsically different between implant with B atoms and implant without B atoms.

Extraction equilibrium of Fe (III) with D2EHPA was investigated in the presence of alkyl phosphoric acids in order to elucidate the extracted species and extraction mechanism. Butyl phosphoric acid and 2-ethyloctyl phosphoric acid were used for the investigation.The extracted amount of Fe (III) extremely increases by addition of alkyl phosphoric acids. In the presence of 2-ethyloctyl phosphoric acid, which has low aqueous solubility, the effect is impressive, while butyl phosphoric acid whose aqueous solubility is higher is not suitable for an industrial use and an investigation of extraction mechanism. The addition of alkyl phosphoric acids results in an enhancement of extraction rate of Fe (III).Butyl phosphoric acid is more effective than 2-ethyloctyl phosphoric acid. 2-ethyloctyl phosphoric acid synergistically takes part in the formation of extracted species with D2EHPA which is the main extractant. In this research extraction of Fe (III) has been carried out from highly concentrated sulphate solutions and hence the extracted species and extraction equilibrium have been analyzed taking account of various Fe (III) species in the aqueous solution. The extracted species and extraction equilibrium have been inferred by a slope analysis method as follows, Fe3++3/2 (H2R2) org+ (H4A2) org (FeR3A2H4) org+3H+.

The investigation and experiments were carried out on purification of butyl phosphoric acid, 2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid and 2-ethyloctyl phosphoric acid. Chemical properties of alkyl phosphoric acids purified by this method were measured, which were distribution ratio between oragnic and aqueous phases, acid dissociation constant and interfacial tension.The distribution ratio of mono-esters is much lower than that of the corresponding di-esters. Values of the distribution ratio are 5.2, 49 and 570 for butyl, 2-ethylhexyl and 2-ethyloctyl phosphoric acids, respectively. The mono-esters are fairly strong acids whose dissociation constants are 10-2.1, 10-2.3 and 10-2.3 for butyl, 2-ethylhexyl and 2-ethyloctyl phosphoric acids, respectively. The mono-esters are more surface active comparedwith the corresponding di-esters, except butyl phosphoric acid which has high solubility in an aqueous solution. The interface coverage of mono-esters is calculated from interfacial tension measurements according to Gibbs' equation.

On ion implanters, dosimetry is generally controlled by monitoring an electrical current detected with Faraday cup(s) instead of the actual number of dopants. In some cases, ions in a beam undergo charge exchange phenomenon, interacting with residual gas molecules in a beamline. This charge exchange of ions causes variations of the detected beam currents which result in inaccurate dosimetry of implanted dopants. We will introduce to you a system similar to Pressure Compensation of the batch‐type ion implanters to single‐wafer ion implanters, that is, the SHX high current ion implanter and the MC3‐II medium current ion implanter. The system converts the beam current detected with Faraday cups to an adequate value for dose control as a function of beamline pressure and brings accurate dosimetry also in these single‐wafer ion implanters.

Oxidative stress induces JNK activation, which leads to apoptosis through mitochondria-dependent caspase activation. However, little is known about the mechanism by which JNK alters mitochondrial function. In this study, we investigated the role of phosphorylation of myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1), an anti-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family, in oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. We found that JNK phosphorylated Ser-121 and Thr-163 of Mcl-1 in response to stimulation with H(2)O(2) and that transfection of unphosphorylatable Mcl-1 resulted in an enhanced anti-apoptotic activity in response to stimulation with H(2)O(2). JNK-dependent phosphorylation and thus inactivation of Mcl-1 may be one of the mechanisms through which oxidative stress induces cellular damage.

Sano, M., Shibata J. and Nishimura S., 1990. New production method of metallic oxide and metal powders. - Application of solvent extraction technique -. Crystallization-stripping under the pressurized CO2 at various combinations of extractants such as VA10, SNA-180, DP-8R and PC-88A and metals such as Ag, Cu, Co, Ni, Zn and Nd were carried out to expand the applicable extraction systems. The metal loaded in VA10 and SNA-180 can be recovered as metal carbonates. The reaction depends on CO2 pressure, extractant concentration and metal concentration in the organic phase. The crystallized products can be converted to metallic oxide by roasting in air and changed to metal by a thermal decomposition in hydrogen atmosphere.

Shibata, J., Sano, M. and Nishimura S., 1990. Extraction of metal ions from mixed aqueous-organic media with liquid-liquid extraction and ion exchange resin. Extraction of metal ions from the aqueous-organic solution containing dimethyl formanide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DHSO) and acetonitrile (AN) was investigated by using solvent extraction and ion exchange resin. The polar phase was a three component solution of metal salt, non-aqueous solvent and water. The extracted metal ions were Cu, Ni, Co(II) and Mg. The extraction behaviors may be explained by the solvation ability of non-aqueous solvents and other interactions.

2,5-Bis(p-substituted phenyl)-1,3-oxathianes (5), new liquid crystal compounds, and some corresponding 1,3-dioxanes were synthesized by the acetal formation reaction. The mesomorphic behaviors of compounds 5 were compared with those of the corresponding 1,3-dioxanes and 1,3-dithianes. Compounds 5 exhibited the lowest transition temperatures between nematic and isotropic phases. This seems to originate in the bend at the 1,3-oxathiane ring containing two heteroatoms, oxygen and sulfur, different in size. Compounds 5 also tend to exhibit supercooling states in nematic phase.

Laboratory leaching experiments were conducted to ascertain the effectiveness of acidic solutions of thiourea, CS (NH2)2, for dissolving gold from finely disseminated gold ore containing much of hematite and pyrite. The ore tested was from the Cimanggue ore body of the West Jampang district, Indonesia.From the results obtained in the present study, lixiviation was shown to be dependent on thiourea concentration, ferric sulphate concentration, sulphuric acid concentration, leaching time, and temperature. In an ambient temperature, optimum conditions were 100 g/l of thiourea, 50 g/l of sulphuric acid, and 2 g/l of ferric ion, for 12 hours. On the other hand, when temperature increased up to 60°C, the added concentration of thiourea decreased to 40 g/l for 6 hours to achieve 100% lixiviation for gold.

Extraction of metal ions from the aqueous-organic solution containing dimethyl formamide(DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO) and acetonitrile(AN) was investigated by using di-2-ethylhexyl-phosphoric acid(D2EHPA) as an extractant. The organic phase was a binary solution of D2EHPA and n-hexane, or D2EHPA and toluene, while the polar phase was a three component solution of metal salt, non-aqueous solvent and water. The extracted metal ions were Cr(III), Fe(III), Al, Cu, Ni, Co(II), Mg and Ag. The extraction behaviors may be explained by the solvation ability of non-aqueous solvents, the decrease in distribution of the extractant and extract into the organic phase, and the interaction between the extractant and non-aqueous solvents due to the dissolution of non-aqueous solvents in the organic phase.

ABSTRACT The extraction of Nb and Ta from acid solutions with bis-2-ethylhexyl acetamide and the stripping of these metals with sulphuric acid solutions were investigated. The organic phase was a binary solution of bis-2-ethylhexyl acetamide and xylene, while the aqueous phase was composed of hydrofluoric acid solution or hydrofluoric-sulphuric acid solution containing 3.5-13 Kg/m3 Nb and 5-10 Kg/m3 Ta. Sulphuric acid, hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid were used as salting out agents to understand the effect on the extraction. Niobium and tantalum were not sufficiently extracted from hydrofluoric acid solutions, whereas the extraction of both metals remarkably increased with an addition of sulphuric acid to the aqueous phase. Both metals were completely co-extracted under the aqueous condition of 6N hydrofluoric acid and 8N sulphuric acid. The stripping occurred for both metals with high efficiency when water or dilute sulphuric acid was used as a stripping agent. The increase in sulphuric acid c...

2-(4'-Bromobenzoyl) benzoic acid was prepared from phthalic anhydride and bromobenzene, then 3-bromofluorenone was synthesized after passing through several steps. This was converted into 3-bromofluorene-9, 9-dichloride, dechlorination of which yielded 3, 3'-dibromobis (biphenylene) ethylene. By the Michael condensation reaction of the ethylene compound and 3-bromofl iorene, fluorene, etc., 3, 3', 3''-tribromotris (biphenylene) propane, 3, 3'-dibromotris-(biphenylene) propane, 3'-bromotris (biphenylene) propane, etc. were synthesized.Thermal decomposition of these compounds gave none of their isomers but the presences of 3, 3'-dibromobis (biphenylene) ethylene, -ethane, bis (biphenylene)-ethylene, etc. were confirmed in the thermal decomposition products.

Oxidation of 3-carene [1] with red lead in glacial acetic acid and acetic anhydride at 60±2°C gave; p-cymene-8-ol acetate [2] as main product and p-cymene [3], 3-carene-2-ol acetate [4], α-terpinyl acetate [5], 1, 1, 4-trimethyl-2, 4-cycloheptadiene-6-ol acetate [6] and trans-carvenyl acetate [7] as minor ingredients of the products.Oxidation compound [2] have a mild wood-like odor, and this may be useful as a stable perfume.