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*Öztürk, Kamile ( Aksaray, Yazar ), Even though the significant anti tumor effect of Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) and the essential role in various cellular and immunological properties, the clinical use of TNF-alpha is delayed due to its toxicity. In this study In this study, we designed a drug delivery system by binding gold nanoparticles (GNPs) with TNF-alpha then investigated their anti- proliferative activity against human breast cancer AMJ13. The binding between GNPs and TNF-alpha was confirmed using UV-spectrum assay, and transsision electron microscopy (TEM). MTT assay and colony forming assay were used to investigate cytotoxic activity of drug delivery system against AMJ13 cell line. Apoptosis was measured by the Acrydine orange -Propodium Iodide AO/PI double staining assay. Mitochondrial membrane potential assay of AMJ13 cells after treated with GNPs-TNF was measured by flow cytometry technique. The results of this study demonstrated that the TNF alpha-GNPs inhibits proliferation of AMJ13 cells, resulting in apoptosis and involves mitochondrial damage. Taken together, the results of current study demonstrated that suggest that the GNPs-TNF alpha could be used in medical application in future and offer new drug recompense a chemotherapy drug.

Nanoparticles (NPs) have biological activities like antibacterial, antifungal, drug delivery, immunomodulation and antitumor activities. The aim of the current study was to investigate some of biom...

Gold nanoparticles have unique characters such as chemical, physical, and optical properties. It have used in biomedical, pharmaceutical, industrial, and other sciences. Thus, for their safe and effective applications, much responsiveness has been given to the side effect and toxicity of gold nanoparticles in biological and medical systems. In this study, we investigated the toxicity of Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) using In-viro and In-vivo study. MTT assay was used to investigate cytotoxic activity of GNPs against Rate embryonic fibroblast (REF) cell line. While, In-vivo model the GNPs were intraperitoneal injected in mice at concertation 100 µg/Kg. Then, mice body weight and histopathological changes were studied after 4 weeks of injection. GNPs were characterized and confirmed using UV-spectrum assay. Cytotoxicity of GNPs against REF cells showed no toxic effect and no morphological changes in REF cells after treated with GNPs at concentration 1, 5, and 10 µg/ml. While, histopathological results showed no changes were addressed. The findings demonstrated that the GNPs were biocompatible materials In-vitro and In-vivo.

Background Linalool is a monoterpene compound with various potential therapeutic applications in several medical fields. Previous studies have indicated the activity of linalool against cell lines; however, its high level of toxicity restricts its use. The aim of this study was to design and manufacture compounds with a novel structure that can be used for loading linalool, to reduce its toxicity and improve its reachable ability. Methods We synthesized and characterized a new molecule for loading linalool onto gold nanoparticles (GNPs) capped with glutathione and conjugated with a CALNN peptide. Linalool was loaded onto the GNPs via the reaction of the surface groups of both linalool and the GNPs. Moreover, the target peptide could be loaded onto the surface of the GNPs via a chemical reaction. The cytotoxic effects of linalool-GNP (LG) and linalool-GNP-CALNN peptide (LGC) conjugates against ovarian cancer cells were investigated, as were the possible mechanisms underlying the induction of apoptosis. Results Our findings illustrated the significant antiproliferative effect of LG and LGC on SKOV-3 cells. The cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that LG and LGC were selectively toxic in cancer cells and induced apoptosis by activating caspase-8, the p53 protein, and various proteins involved in apoptosis. The present data demonstrated that LG and LGC have a high therapeutic potential and should be given particular consideration as anticancer drug-delivery systems, as LG and LGC were remarkably more cytotoxic against a cancer cell line than were linalool and GNPs alone. Conclusion We concluded that LG and LGC are promising compounds that can be used for treating ovarian cancer (SKOV-3) cells via the induction of apoptosis through extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.

In the current study, polyethylene glycol (PEG) was employed to cap super magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) through hydrothermal preparation. The main goal of this study is to investigate the influence of physical incorporation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) loaded Fe3O4. The anticancer potentials of these particles were studied against breast cancer cell line (AMJ13). Syntheses bare Fe3O4, and Fe3O4-PEG were confirmed by TEM, SEM, and FTIR. The size of Fe3O4 nanoparticles range of 9–20 and 5–12 nm for the Fe3O4–PEG nanoparticles which exerted superparamagnetic properties as well as elevated saturation level of magnetization at ambient conditions. The MTT test was employed to detect the ability of the bare Fe3O4 and Fe3O4-PEG on the proliferative of AMJ13 cells. IC50 values was 37.33 µg mL− 1 for bare Fe3O4 and 18.23 µg mL−1 for Fe3O4-PEG. AMJ13 Cells exposed to bare Fe3O4, and Fe3O4-PEG NPs demonstrated a significant cell death, which increased with PEG, loaded Fe3O4 NPs. The capability of Fe3O4-PEG to induce cellular apoptosis was tested using DAPI, Acridine orange/ Ethedium bromide stains, flow cytometry, with the assays of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). RT-PCR, and immunofluorescence were performed to measure expression levels of Bax and Bcl-2 proteins. The toxicity of bare Fe3O4 and Fe3O4-PEG nanoparticles using animal model were investigated. Animal’s body weight, liver and kidney function enzymes, and histological alterations for liver, kidney, and lungs were addressed. The findings demonstrated that nanoparticles were biocompatible with liver and kidney function enzymes and no significant alterations were recorded in the liver, kidney and the lungs. Both nanoparticles revealed a proliferation inhibitory effect on AMJ13 cells, resulting in apoptosis as a novel pathway that involve the mitochondrial damage and NF-kB. Taken together the present data suggest that bare Fe3O4 and Fe3O4-PEG could be promising therapy protocol for cancer cells.

Background Most cancer cells exhibit increased glycolysis and use this metabolic pathway cell growth and proliferation. Targeting cancer cells’ metabolism is a promising strategy in inhibiting cancer cell progression. We used D-Mannoheptulose, a specific hexokinase inhibitor, to inhibit glycolysis to enhance the Newcastle disease virus anti-tumor effect. Methods Human breast cancer cells were treated by NDV and/or hexokinase inhibitor. The study included cell viability, apoptosis, and study levels of hexokinase enzyme, pyruvate, ATP, and acidity. The combination index was measured to determine the synergism of NDV and hexokinase inhibitor. Results The results showed synergistic cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells by combination therapy but no cytotoxic effect against normal cells. The effect was accompanied by apoptotic cell death and hexokinase downregulation and inhibition to glycolysis products, pyruvate, ATP, and acidity. Conclusions The combination treatment showed safe significant tumor cell proliferation inhibition compared to monotherapies suggesting a novel strategy for anti-breast cancer therapy through glycolysis inhibition by hexokinase downregulation.

MnZnFe2O4 ferrite was successfully synthesized using metallic chlorides and polyvinylpyrolidone, by Co-precipitate method. Deferent concentrations of PVP (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9) wt%, were used as capping agent to stabilize the particles and prevent them from agglomeration. The PVP content had a vital influence on enhancing the properties of the ferrite nanoparticles. From X-ray data the degree of crystallinity and the Lattice constants (a) of the nanoparticles increased from (8.92 nm) and (8.344 A) to (19.94 nm) and (8.395 A) respectively with increasing PVP concentrations. The morphology and average particle size of the MnZn ferrite nanoparticles were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the values were in a good agreement with the XRD results. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) confirmed the cubic structure with octahedral and tetrahedral, also indicated the formation of bond between PVP and surface of metallic hydroxide of ferrite nanoparticles. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) analysis was performed for all samples at room temperature, results showed that the specimens exhibited a paramagnetic behavior in the absence of PVP while in the presence of PVP they have super paramagnetic characteristics. The values of saturation magnetization (Ms) (1.78–17.67 emu/g), remnant magnetization (Mr) (0.0022–0.0696 emu/g) also increased with increasing pvp concentration. Polyvinylpyrrolidone loaded-MnZnFe2O4 magnetic nanocomposites were used it alone or as a combination therapy with NIR laser, and alternating magnetic field (AMF) as anti-proliferative agent against breast cancer cell lines AMJ-13, MCF-7,and ovarian cancer cell line SKOV-3 as well as against normal cell line HBL. While, its capability to induce apoptosis was detected using different techniques which is acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EtBr) staining and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and flow cytometry assay membrane potential (MMP). q-PCR was used to investigate the changes in the expression of P53 gene. The influence of Polyvinylpyrrolidone loaded-MnZnFe2O4 magnetic nanocomposites in viability of breast and ovarian cancer cells alone or when they used as a combination therapy with laser photo-thermal therapy and alternating magnetic field (AMF) was also tested using MTT assay. Our results in the present study demonstrated that the inhibition activity of Polyvinylpyrrolidone loaded-MnZnFe2O4 magnetic nanocomposites against treated cancer cell lines increased when Polyvinylpyrrolidone loaded-MnZnFe2O4 nanocomposites used with NIR laser, while highly increased cytotoxic activities were observed after exposure of Polyvinylpyrrolidone loaded-MnZnFe2O4 nanocomposites to induction heating with AMF. Treated cancer cells with polyvinylpyrrolidone loaded-MnZnFe2O4 magnetic nanocomposites significantly increased ROS synthesis, with subsequent reduction of the MMP. The results of the current study show that tested compounds suppressed cancers cells’ proliferation and has a growth inhibitory effect on different cancer cells, resulting in apoptosis as a novel pathway that involves mitochondrial damage mechanism via activated P53. Taken together the present data suggest that the Polyvinylpyrrolidone loaded-MnZnFe2O4 magnetic nanocomposites could be promising therapy protocol for cancer cells.

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) can modulate cancer cell signaling pathway and induce apoptosis in cancer cells. Cancer cells increase their glycolysis rates to meet the energy demands for their survival and generate ATP as the primary energy source for cell growth and proliferation. Interfering the glycolysis pathway may be a valuable antitumor strategy. This study aimed to assess the effect of NDV on the glycolysis pathway in infected breast cancer cells. Oncolytic NDV attenuated AMHA1 strain was used in this study. AMJ13 and MCF7 breast cancer cell lines and a normal embryonic REF cell line were infected with NDV with different multiplicity of infections (moi) to determine the IC50 of NDV through MTT assay. Crystal violet staining was done to study the morphological changes. NDV apoptosis induction was assessed using AO/PI assay. NDV interference with the glycolysis pathway was examined through measuring hexokinase (HK) activity, pyruvate, and ATP concentrations, and pH levels in NDV infected and non-infected breast cancer cells and in normal embryonic cells. The results showed that NDV replicates efficiently in cancer cells and spare normal cells and induce morphological changes and apoptosis in breast cancer cells but not in normal cells. NDV infected cancer cells showed decreased in the HK activity, pyruvate and ATP concentrations, and acidity, which reflect a significant decrease in the glycolysis activity of the NDV infected tumor cells. No effects on the normal cells were observed. In conclusion, oncolytic NDV ability to reduce glycolysis pathway activity in cancer cells can be an exciting module to improve antitumor therapeutics.

In this study, the fruits of both mature and air-dried figs were exposed to selective sequential extracting processes using soxhlet. Different polarity and non-polarity solvents were used to increase the yield of the isolated extracts. Methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and n-hexane were used to precipitate and isolate the effective compound 2-benzhydrylsulfinyl-n-hydroxyacetamide-Na from 11 extracts and 7 compounds extracted from the organic layer. Various spectral techniques were applied, including UV-spectroscopy, FT-IR, GC-Mass, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR for the detection of the precipitate. The aim of current work is to deal with the synthesis of a novel compound 2-benzhydrylsulfinyl-n-hydroxyacetamide-Na from fig fruit and study its effect as anticancer and anti-proliferative agent against SKOV-3, and AMJ-13 cells. The effect of the active compound on breast cancer cells, ovarian cancer cell proliferation was measured by the MTT assay, while its ability to induce apoptosis was detected using DAPI, acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EtBr) staining, flow cytometry assay and finally mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Real-Time PCR was used to detect changes in the expression of mRNA for Bax and Bcl-2, P53, caspase-8, and caspase-9. Treated cancer cells with 2-benzhydrylsulfinyl-n-hydroxyacetamide-Na significantly increased ROS synthesis, with subsequent reduction of the MMP through mechanisms that included Bax upregulation P53, Caspase-8, and Caspase-9 and Bcl-2 downregulation. The outcomes of the current study show that 2-benzhydrylsulfinyl-n-hydroxyacetamide-Na extracted from fig fruit suppressed cancers cells’ proliferation, resulting in apoptosis as a novel pathway that involves mitochondrial mechanism via activated P53 and caspase-8 signaling. In addition, the extract exerted no toxic effects, neither on serum levels of liver functional enzymes nor on the normal histological architecture of the lungs and spleen. We demonstrated how the 2-benzhydrylsulfinyl-n-hydroxyacetamide-Na affects cancer cells along with a study the possible mechanisms involved in this effect which is mitochondrial damage and P53 pathway. We conclude that 2-benzhydrylsulfinyl-n-hydroxyacetamide-Na holds a promising potential as an anticancer therapeutic agent.

The preparation of nanoparticles by utilizing laser ablation in liquid has gained extensive attention as a reliable, simple, fast, efficient and environmental friendly method. In the present study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZNO NPs) and aluminum-doped ZNO nanoparticles (Al ZNO NPs) were produced via laser ablation in deionized water. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–Vis spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy dispersive spectrum (EDS) analyses. ZNO NPs showed that the particle size increased with the increase in the number of laser pulses, while the shape changed from nanoplate to nanowire, along with the presence of small agglomerated spherical nanoparticles. The results confirmed the formation of Al ZNO NPs with Wurtzite hexagonal phase where the shape being modified from nanowire to spherical, along with high agglomeration. The EDS analysis showed that all peaks had conformity with the peaks of Zn, O, and Al atoms, with no impurities. The antibacterial activity test revealed a largest inhibition zone in Staphylococcus aureus as compared to Escherichia coli, with a more potent effect for Al ZNO NPs when compared with ZNO NPs alone. The same effects were recorded against Leishmania tropica and L. donovani, with stronger activity against the former parasite. The nanoparticles also showed anticancer activities against MDA-MB-231 cells, suggesting that cancer cells were targeted by the NPs through induction of cell death. Consequently, these investigations reveal that the prepared particles may be useful for the development of anti-cancer drugs, including those used for breast cancer therapy.

We report catalyst-free growth of high-density single-sided ZnO nanocombs for the first time on a multi-layer graphene (MLG). Structural analysis based on scanning electron microscope reveals the nanocomb ribbon average diameter and length are about 90–600 nm and 5–60 μm, respectively, while the diameter and length of the comb tooth are about 30–100 nm and 100–700 nm respectively. In general, the length of the teeth decreases gradually from one end of the nanocomb ribbon to another. ZnO crystal growth seems to involve two steps which are the formation of Zn buffer layer/graphene, which works as growth nucleation sites and long nanowires ends with nanocombs structure. Raman and PL optical transitions prove the well-faceted hexagonal structure of ZnO nanocombs as well as the existence of defects such as O vacancies and Zn interstitials. Graphene-based inorganic hybrid nanostructures provide several potential applications in optoelectronics and nanoscale electronics such as nanogenerators, photovoltaic devices, optical devices, and photodetectors. Keywords: ZnO nanocombs, Graphene–semiconductor hybrid, Chemical vapor deposition, Photoluminescence

A piezoelectric nano-generator (PZG) based on in-house ZnO nanorods (ZnO NRs) was constructed and utilized. ZnO NRs were synthesized by tube-in-tube chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique for large production. To produce large harvested rods, the inner side of a horizontal quartz tube was used as growth platform directly without the aid of substrates or catalysts. The production is about 3–5 g each trail, which is considered as a large scale production in nano-field synthesis. The fabricated nano-rods are polycrystalline in structure and it has (57 ± 11)nm and (3.9 ± 0.8)μm in average diameter and length, respectively. Piezoelectric properties of ZnO NRs were studied by building a real piezoelectric nano-generator, which show the proportional relation between exerted mechanical forces and their outcome voltages. It was found that as the stress force increases more current will flow and the maximum voltage has reached 0.7 V. The nano-generator exhibited Schottky-like I–V characteristics and constructively generated harvesting currents. Current jumps by 4.14 μA when the applied force was increased by about 20 N. Correspondingly, the voltage signal exhibited a similar output of ∼0.25 V. This device can be utilized to generate electricity while walking to charge mobile electronic devices such as hand phones for instance. Keywords: Piezoelectric device, ZnO nanorods, CVD

Green synthesis of iron oxide nanorods were achieved by utilizing rich polyphenols in Omani mango tree leaves as a reducing agent. The obtained Iron (III) oxide nanorods (IONRs) were (15 ± 2) nm in average length and (3.0 ± 0.2) nm in average diameter. These nanorods were polycrystalline in structure with different diffraction planes indicating the presence of a specific type of IONRs which are alpha phase, hematite (α-Fe2O3) and gamma phase, maghemite (γ-Fe2O3). The relatively smaller size, distribution, and heat conversion make the obtained nanorods a good candidate for heavy crude oil cracking process. Direct microwave radiation causes a reduction in dynamic viscosity of crude oil due to the presence of dipole water molecules. The viscosity reduction rate was found to be higher when impregnated IONRs nanorods were placed within the heavy oil. The viscosity was reduced by 10% when 0.2 g of IONRs was added to 1 L of heavy oil at T = 30 °C. This reduction increased up to 38% and 49% when 0.4 and 0.6 g/L additives were added respectively at the same temperature. However, when 0.8 g of IONRs is added to the heavy oil no noticeable change in the viscosity was found, indicating the oils’ additive saturation point. Keywords: Green synthesis, Iron oxide, Nanorods, Heavy oil, Cracking

In this study, a platinum(II) complex ([Pt(H2L)(PPh3)] complex) containing a thiocarbohydrazone as the ligand was tested as an anti-proliferative agent against ovarian adenocarcinoma (Caov-3) and human colorectal adenocarcinoma (HT-29) through MTT assays. Apoptotic markers were tested by the AO/PI double staining assay and DNA fragmentation test. Flow cytometry was conducted to measure cell cycle distribution, while the p53 and caspase-8 pathways were tested via immunofluorescence assay. Results demonstrated that the cytotoxic effect of the Pt(II)-thiocarbohydrazone complexes against Caov-3 and HT-29 cells was highly significant, and this effect triggered the activation of the p53 and caspase-8 pathways. Besides, apoptosis stimulated by the Pt(II)-thiocarbohydrazone complex was associated with cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase. These findings suggest that the target complex inhibited the proliferation of Caov-3 and HT-29 cells, resulting in the arrest of the cell cycle and induction of apoptosis via the stimulation of the p53 and caspase-8 pathways. The present data suggests that the Pt(II)-thiocarbohydrazone complex could also be a promising chemotherapeutic agent for other types of cancer cells.

Flaky graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using Hummer’s method and then capped with polyethylene glycol (PEG) by an esterification reaction, then loaded with Nigella sativa (N. sativa) seed extract. Aiming to investigate their potential use as a smart drug delivery system against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, the spectral and structural characteristics of GO-PEG NPs were comprehensively analyzed by XRD, AFM, TEM, FTIR, and UV- Vis. XRD patterns revealed that GO-PEG had different crystalline structures and defects, as well as a higher interlayer spacing. AFM results showed GONPs with the main grain size of 24.41 nm, while GONPs–PEG revealed graphene oxide aggregation with the main grain size of 287.04 nm after loading N. sativa seed extract, which was verified by TEM examination. A strong OH bond appeared in FTIR spectra. Furthermore, UV- Vis absorbance peaks at (275, 284, 324, and 327) nm seemed to be correlated with GONPs, GO–PEG, N. sativa seed extract, and GO –PEG- N. sativa extract. The drug delivery system was observed to destroy the bacteria by permeating the bacterial nucleic acid and cytoplasmic membrane, resulting in the loss of cell wall integrity, nucleic acid damage, and increased cell-wall permeability.

The study aimed to investigate the roles of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and graphene oxide flakes (GOFs) as phagocytosis enhancers against cancer cells. The nanomaterials were characterized through SEM and UV-VIS absorptions. The GNPs and GOFs increased the macrophages’ phagocytosis ability in engulfing, thereby annihilating the cancer cells in both in vitro and in vivo conditions. The GNPs and GOFs augmented serine protease class apoptotic protein, granzyme, passing through the aquaporin class protein, perforin, with mediated delivery through the cell membrane site for the programmed, calibrated, and conditioned cancer cells killing. Additionally, protease inhibitor 3,4-dichloroisocoumarin (DCI) significantly reduced granzyme and perforin activities of macrophages. The results demonstrated that the GOFs and GNPs increased the activation of phagocytic cells as a promising strategy for controlling cancer cells by augmenting the cell mortality through the granzyme-perforin-dependent mechanism.

Annona muricata is one of the most important traditional medicinal plants which contains numerous chemicals that exhibit various pharmacological properties. In this study, silver nanoparticles were prepared using A. muricata peel extract as a reducing agent and the effect was enhanced through A. muricata like pharmaceutical activity. AgNPs formation was confirmed by color changes, UV-visible spectroscopy, SEM, DLS, and XRD. The anti-proliferative activity of AgNPs against THP-1, AMJ-13, and HBL cell lines was studied. Apoptotic markers were tested using AO/EtBr staining assay, cell cycle phases using flowcytometry, and the expression of P53. Autophagy takes an essential part in controlling inflammasome activation by primary bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). We report novel functions for AgNPs-affected autophagy, represented by the control of the release of IL-1β, caspase-1, adaptor protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), and NLRP3 in BMDMs following treatment with LPS+ATP. The current study revealed that the AgNPs inhibited THP-1 and AMJ-13 cell proliferation. Meanwhile, the AgNPs significantly increased autophagy and reduced IL-1b and NLRP3 levels in both in vivo and in vitro models. The secretion of IL-1β was reduced whereas the degradation of NLRP3 inflammasome was enhanced. These findings propose that AgNPs apply an anti-proliferative activity against THP-1 and AMJ-13 cells through the stimulation of apoptosis via mitochondrial damage and induction of p53 protein pathway. In addition, AgNP-induced autophagy reduced the levels of IL-1β and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. This indicated that the AgNPs augment autophagy controlled by the IL-1β pathway via two different novel mechanisms. The first one is regulating activation of the IL-1 β, caspae-1, and ASC, while the second is NLRP3 targeting for lysosomal degradation. Overall, this study suggests that AgNPs could be a potent therapy for various types of cancer and an alternative treatment for preventing inflammation via enhancing autophagy.

In this work, a chemical wet method used to prepare SWCNTs decorated with ZnO-Ag and ZnO-Au as nanocomposite materials by using precipitate method. Then, the overall measurement results were characterized via the (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer to demonstrate the role of presence SWCNTs in SWCNTs/ZnO-Ag/ZnO-Au nanocomposite and produce number of electron-holes pairs present in the additive nanoparticles. Nano materials had been shown many biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, drug delivery, immunomodulation and antitumor activities. In the current study, we investigated the effect of SWCNTs decorated with ZnO-Ag and ZnO-Au on the activity of phagocytic cells against S.auerus, SWCNTs decorated with ZnO-Ag and ZnO-Au were markedly increased intracellular killing, and the activity phagocytic cells against S.auerus. Nanocomposite materials showed induction of the clearance activity of S. aureus that was accompanied by significant increase NOX2 activity. Taken together, the results of the this study confirmed that SWCNTs decorated with ZnO-Ag and ZnO-Au could be an effective treatment for prevention of bacterial infections by up-regulated of phagocytosis.

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and graphene oxide flakes (GOFs) exerted significantly (p &lt, 0.0001) supportive roles on the phagocytosis bioactivity of the immune cells of phagocytic nature against the Gram-positive and Gram-negative human pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Under experimental conditions, upon bacterial exposure, the combined GNPs and GOFs induced significant clearance of bacteria through phagosome maturation (p &lt, 0.0001) from time-points of 6 to 30 min and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS, p &lt, 0.0001) through the NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2, p &lt, 0.0001)-based feedback mechanism. The effects of the combined presence of GNPs and GOFs on phagocytosis (p &lt, 0.0001) suggested a synergistic action underway, also achieved through elevated signal transduction activity in the bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM, p &lt, 0.0001). The current study demonstrated that GNPs&rsquo, and GOFs&rsquo, bactericidal assisting potentials could be considered an effective and alternative strategy for treating infections from both positive and negative bacterial strains.

In this study, we investigated the synergistic effect of Patulin with GNPs as invasion inhibitor in REF cells after infected with Staphylococcus aureus. REF cells were grown in 6 well plate then infected with S. aureus for 2hr in the presence and absence of GNPs and Patulin alone and mixed to gather 25 μg/ml. Then, the cells were washed and fresh media containing 100 μg/ml of gentamicin was added and incubated for 2 h at 37°C. Then, the cells were washed and lysed using 0.1% Triton. Bacterial colonies were counted after 20 h. The invasion efficiency was calculated as the average number of bacteria per well. Each invasion assay was done in triplicate. The results demonstrated that the GNPs, and Patulin are reduced the binding of bacterial strains to REF cells. These results confirmed that the GNPs, and Patulin were intermediates the adherence and invasion of S. aureus in REF cells.

In this study, we investigated the toxicity of Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and combination between them on kidney parameters using animal’s model. GNPs and LPS were confirmed using UV-spectrum assay. GNPs and LPs were intraperitoneal injected in mice. Their effectiveness of in kidney parameters had been studied; these parameters included measurement of urea, creatinine levels, and Histopathological changes. The results of biochemical tests are showed no significant changes in urea, and creatinine concentration compared with control group for 1,2 and 3 weeks. Histological results showed no changes were addressed. The findings demonstrated that the GNPs and LPS were biocompatible materials in kidney of male mice.

The electrochemical behaviour of nicotine extracted from commercial cigarette tobacco were studied in a blood media, at a glassy carbon electrode (GCE), using cyclic voltammetry technique. The nicotine compound oxidized the blood component in neutral media, at pH 7.4. The response was evaluated with respect to different pH values, scan rates, concentrations and temperatures. From the voltammogram of nicotine in a blood medium, it was found that the oxidation current peak of nicotine was +999 mV in acidic and alkaline media, which enhanced about twice in an acidic medium and disappeared in an alkaline medium. In its turn, at highly acidic media, three reduction current peaks appeared in the nicotine voltammogram in blood media. The electrochemical behavior of nicotine was investigated using cyclic voltammetry technique; the method was successfully applied for the determination of the nicotine compound which had a reversible redox couple in a blood medium from the peak potential separation of 100 mV. Also, it was found that the average value of the diffusion coefficient at the cathodic electrode was 4.075x10(11) cm-2 s-1, and 22.625x10(11) cm-2 s-1 at the anodic electrode.

Hesperidin, as a flavonone, is recognized as promising anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer agent. Its poor bioavailability is crucial bottleneck for therapeutic efficacy. To enhance the stability and bioactive potentials, hesperidin -PLGA-Poloxamer 407 was successfully prepared to minimize or overcome problems associated with hesperidin absorption. The characteristics of nanohesperidin were testing by in vitro dissolution study, XRD, FTIR, PSA and SEM. Antioxidant effects of nanohesperidin were studied. The structure-activity relationship analysis with antioxidant pharmacophore has been performed by using density functional theory method and quantum chemical calculations. The structural properties were investigated using Becke three-parameter hybrid exchange and the Lee-Yang-Parr correction functional methods. Nanohesperidin was found to decrease the H2O2 activity-induced DNA instability. Blood compatibility on human erythrocytes was confirmed by haemolytic and in vitro toxicity assessments. The in vitro anticancer activity of nanohesperidin towards MCF-7 cells using various parameters was carried out. The nanohesperidin was found to exert cell growth arrest, activated DNA fragmentation and induced apoptotic cell death through caspase-3 and p53-dependent pathways. These findings showed that nanohesperidin play an important role in its anticancer effects, suggesting might be used for clinical trials and can represent driving formulation for novel chemotherapeutic agents.

Linalool is a monoterpene alcohol which occurs naturally in several aromatic plants. The aims of this study are to load Linalool on gold nanoparticles, conjugate the complex with CALNN peptide, and investigate them for in-vitro anticancer activities against breast cancer (MCF-7) cell line. Linalool was obtained with 98% purity while gold nanoparticles and CALNN peptide were chemically synthesized. The formation of LIN-GNPs and LIN-GNPs-CALNN was observed through a color change. These compounds were confirmed and characterized using SEM, DLS, AFM, UV–VIS spectrophotometer, XRD, and FTIR. The free radical scavenging potential of each compound was confirmed based on its stable antioxidant effects using different parameters. Blood compatibility on red blood cells was confirmed by hemolytic and in vitro cytotoxicity assays. The in-vitro anticancer activity of each compound towardMCF-7 cell line was investigated using various parameters. From the results, Linalool, GNPs, LIN-GNPs, and LIN-GNPs-CALNN were found to exert cell growth arrest against MCF-7 cell line. The anti-proliferative effect of these compounds was due to cell death and induction of apoptosis confirmed using acridine orange-Ethidium bromide dual staining, DAPI staining, and electrophoresis analysis of DNA fragmentation. High fluorescent signals specific for the cellular uptake of LIN-GNPs and LIN-GNPs-CALNN into the cytoplasm of the cell line were confirmed. To study the toxicity of LIN-GNPs-CALNN in animal models, the hematological, histopathological, and body weight changes were estimated after 4 weeks of intraperitoneal injection of the compounds into the animal models. Our results demonstrate that Linalool, GNPs, Linalool-GNPs, and Linalool-GNPs-CALNN peptide had no side effects and could be clinically used for future therapeutic purposes.

Nanoparticles are a special group of materials with unique features and extensive application in diverse fields. The present work demonstrates the toxicity impact of porous silicon nanoparticles (PSNPs) on kidney parameter which is prepared by electrochemical etching method. the synthesis of porous silicon nanoparticles are conformed by using structural and optical properties from through scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscopy techniques. The effect of toxicity of these nanoparticles on the liver parameters in laboratory animals use four groups each groups involve three duplicities was studied. Injected of porous silicon nanoparticles in the intraperitoneal at concentration of 1mg/kg. The results of biochemical assay Aspartate Amino-Transferase (GOT), Alanine Amino-Transferase (GPT), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) were compared with the control groups, for four weeks and then confirm a result was made with Histological study for section of liver. Results show no significant differences in levels (GOT, GPT, ALT) among the test groups via comparison with controls groups. This Result indicates no toxic effect of porous silicon nanoparticles' on kidney parameters.

The disposal of the waste tires has become a serious problem faced by many countries today, recycling offers a powerful solution to this problem, for example using it as an adsorbent. In this research, we studied the modification of scrap tire by radiation with gamma ray in trichloroacetic acid solution and elucidated the possibility of using it as an adsorbent to remove Methylene Blue dye (MB) from aqueous solution. The effect of various variables, such as time passing, primary concentration of MB, the quantity of adsorbent and PH of the medium was studied in order to obtain the maximum dye removal. Equilibrium time was at 45 min, maximum adsorption was at PH=9. The results showed the scrap tires ability to be modified and the possibility of using it as an available and inexpensive adsorbent, as well as providing a safe disposal of solid waste.

In this study, synthesis and characterizing of Gold:Zinc Oxide (Au:ZnO) as a core:shell nanoparticles (CSNPs) has been prepared via Laser Ablation at various Laser Pulses Energy 400, 600, and 800 mJ with 200 strokes. Further confirmation of the production of Au:ZnO CSNPs by analyzing the structural and optical properties from aggregated Au:ZnO. CSNPs obtained via drop casting Au:ZnO CSNPs colloidal solutions into silicon wafers. Nanoparticles were identified via X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared, and ultraviolet–visible absorption spectrum. It was found particle size increased with energy, and the shell of ZnO on the surface of gold nanoparticles is strongly affected on absorptions, while the absorption of Au:ZnO CSNPs decreased when the decorated surface of Au by ZnO corresponding to Au and ZnO as an individual.

The investigation goes through paper to taking away of lead ions from aqueous medium by waste tire rubber granules(WTRG). The effect of various operational parameters like period of time, original metal concentration, size of adsorbent particles, adsorbent dose, and PH of medium on the adsorption ability of WTRG was evaluated. The kinetic of the adsorption process was relatively fast with approximately one hour of equilibrium time. A tiny adsorbent particle size (0.04 mm), PH medium (5-6) preferential the adsorption process. Data of isotherm studies exposed that adsorption of Pb(II) was well expressed by the Langmuir isotherm formula (R2=0.993). The study demonstrated the ability of WTRG to remove lead from aqueous environment as a cheap and available material. The use of WTRG exhibited the safe disposal of solid waste. Hence its with double benefit for environment.

Cancer cells are mainly dependent on glycolysis to generate Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) and intermediates required for cell growth and proliferation. Inhibition of glycolysis might be of therapeutic value in antitumor treatment. We investigated the effects of D-mannoheptulose (MH) as the inhibitor of hexokinase on glycolysis metabolism and apoptosis to prevent the proliferation and inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells (AMJ13 and MCF7) in vitro. Cancer cells were compared with a normal embryo fibroblast (REF) cell line via MTT cytotoxicity assay to determine the IC50 of different MH concentrations (13.125 - 1680 µg/ml) and treated with specific concentrations (250, 125, and 62.5 µg/ml) after incubation for 72h at 37 °C. Hexokinase activity, pyruvate, ATP concentration, and acidity were measured in treated and untreated breast cancer and normal cells after treatment with 62.5 µg /ml MH for 72 h at 37 °C. Our findings showed that MH inhibited the proliferation of breast cancer cell lines and induced killing by increasing cytotoxicity and apoptosis and decreasing hexokinase activity, pyruvate concentration, ATP, and acidity compared with the normal cell line. In addition, MH had low toxicity against normal cells. In conclusion, our results revealed that MH inhibits the glycolysis pathway by inhibiting hexokinase in breast cancer cells and their proliferation. Therefore, MH can be considered a promising treatment for breast cancer.

Hesperidin is one of the flavonoids and it recognized to possess various biomedical potentials. Golden nanoparticles have been used in various applications covering both in vivo and in vitro biomedical diagnosis. To evaluate the stimulation activity of phagocytic Index (PI), the golden nanoparticle–conjugated hesperidin (AuNPs-Hd) were used in present study. The effect of AuNPs-Hd showed a considerable increase (85%) in contrast with PI of Gold nanoparticles which was (66%) and Hesperidin which was (51%). while, PI of blood sample that indicate the control was (20%). These data provide the evidence about the impact of AuNPs-Hsp on phagocytic cells and the nanoparticles were ingested by these cells.

2-benzhydrylsulfinyl-N-hydroxyacetamide was extracted from fig fruit. The fig fruits were placed in selective sequentially extract processes using soxhlet. The antibacterial activity of 2-benzhydrylsulfinyl-n-hydroxyacetamide was tested against human pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus using the Optical density assy technique to measure bacterial growth curve. The alternation in the cluster shap of treated S. aureus was measured using SEM technique. The mechanism by which 2-benzhydrylsulfinyl-N-hydroxyacetamide destroy bacterial strain was measured by investigation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) using Acridine orange-ethidium bromide (AO/EtBr) double staining assay. The results of the present study demonstrated that the 2-benzhydrylsulfinyl-N-hydroxyacetamide as a new DNA-mediated antimicrobial agent. 2-benzhydrylsulfinyl-N-hydroxyacetamide was experimental new agent to breakdown the bacterial cells by permeating the bacterial genetic materials (nucleic acid and cytoplasmic membrane, leading to loss of cell-wall integrity, damage of nucleic acid, and increased in the permeability of bacterial cell-wall. The 2-benzhydrylsulfinyl-N-hydroxyacetamide could serve as a novel active antimicrobial agent in biomedical applications.

This study aimed to synthesize and characterize silver nanoparticles using Iraqi propolis then inversigate their ability in induce of phagocytic cells. The Synthesis of Silver nanoparticles by on the green synthesis was confirmed using different parameters, color changes, and then conformed by of UV visible spectroscopy. The morphology was characterized by SEM. Moreover, their effectiveness in stimulation of Phagocytosis had been studied. The results showed significant increases in the ability of phagocytic cells in the presence of nanoparticles as compared with non-treated cells. The results suggested that silver nanoparticles synthesis using Iraqi propolis act as immunomodeulater and could be used for pharmaceutical applications.

In this study we investigated the toxicity of Graphene oxide and Gold nanoparticles on kidney function parameters using Animals model. The nanoparticles were confirmed using different parameters like UV visible spectroscopy. The morphology was characterized by SEM. Moreover, their effectiveness in kidney parameters had been studied. These parameters included measurement of urea, and creatinine levels and histopathology sections for kidney after injection of nanoparticles intraperitoneal in male albino mice. The results of biochemical tests are showed no significant changes in urea, creatinine concentration compared with control group. Then we confirmed our results using histology sections of kidney. In conclusion there are no significant differences in levels of urea, creatinine between when compared with control group. So the results indicate that Graphene and Gold nanoparticles have no toxic effect on kidney of male mice.

The aims of this study are to use Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and LPS as combination cytotoxic therapy In-vitro against MCF-7 cells. The GNPs was confirmed using SEM. MCF-7 cells were treated with GNPs, and LPS at different concentration then anti-proliferative activity of these substances was studied using MTT assay. Apoptotic cells were studied using Acrydin Orange /Ethidum bromide AO/EB daul stain. Our results showed the ability of GNPs, and LPS as potential anticancer agent in breast cancer that ability inducing apoptosis. The results of current work suggest that the GNPs and LPS could be used for wide biomedical applications in future and could be offer new drug instead of chemotherapy in treatment of various types of cancer disease.

Galangin is a flavonoid from the root of Alpinia officinarum. It has novel anticancer properties. In the current study, ovarian cancer cells SKOV3 were treated with galangin alone, galangin combined with Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and AuNPs alone, and cytotoxic activity of these agentswas investigated using MTT viability assay. The expression of apoptosis-related genes p53, caspase-8 was studied using Real time PCR assay. Galangin was tested at different concentrations. AuNPs concentrations were 6.25,12.5, 25, 50 and 100 µg/ml. The study of gene expression showed significant effects on p53, caspase8 in ovarian carcinoma cells. The results of the current study refer to galangin-AuNPs combination is synergistic against to ovarian carcinoma to induce cytotoxicity and cell death via apoptosis, this mechanism enhancing expression of p53, caspase-8. The effects of galangin, AuNPs,combination therapy have potential clinicaluse in the future and could be alternative way to the conventional chemotherapy drug.

Nanoparticles (GONPs) have attracted a lot of attention during last 25 years ago because their applications such as drug delivery, biosensor, antimicrobials and anticancer activity. In the current work, the in vitro effects of Gold nanoparticles GNPs, and Graphene oxide nanoparticles GONPs as anti-inflammatory agents was measured by treated of Bone marrow derived macrophages BMDMs to LPS and ATP in the presence and absence of GNPs and GONPs. GNPs and GONPs inhibited LPS, ATP induced interleukin 6 (IL-6), and Tumor necrosis factor –alpha (TNF-α) production by BMDMs cells in a dose dependent manner. The present work exhibited that GNPs and GONPs could modulate immune system parameters and act as anti-inflammatory agents.

Drug delivery vehicles based on magnetic nanoparticles present a promising strategy for cancer treatment, due to controlled targeted treatment, high loading efficiency, and biosafety as compared to traditional drug delivery approaches. In the present study, superparamagnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (SPIONs) were synthesised by a co-precipitation approach, stabilised with dextran (DEX), and successfully conjugated with folate (FA) for delivery of camptothecin (CPT) in prostate cancer cells. Size and other characteristics of the modified nanoparticles were measured using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and zeta-potential. The results demonstrated that the prepared FA-DEX-SPIONs were spherical in shape with an average diameter of 63.31 nm. They had anticancer activity with high CPT loading efficiency in AT3B-1cancer cells, enabling the therapeutic activity of the drug via its active delivery and release at 37 °C in phosphate and citrate buffer solutions. MTT results exhibited no cytotoxicity on rat androgen independent prostate cancer (AT3B-1) and normal human prostate (RWPE-1) cells. In conclusion, FA-DEX-SPION composite is a promising candidate that could be used for the targeted release of CPT anti-cancer drug.

The raw-SWNTs and raw-MWNTs were chemically oxidized with a mixture of sulfuric acid and nitric acid under ultrasonic vibration. The functionalized-SWNTs (F-SWNTs) and functionalized-MWNTs (F-MWNTs) were characterized by using ultra violet-visible spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The antibacterial efficiency of SWNTs and MWNTs towards Escherichia coli (E. coli) as gram-negative bacteria was evaluated via viable count method and fluorescence microscopy. The results of viable count method showed that the SWNTs and MWNTs have higher inhibitory effect after being treated with H2SO4/HNO3.The E. coli images under fluorescence microscopy exhibited that almost red color for dead cells, which confirms the efficient lethal ability of F-SWNTs and F-MWNTs.

Poly-l-lysine-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs-PLL) were prepared and used as a novel-carrier for the transfer of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) into neural stem cells (NSCs) under the beneficial influence of an external magnetic field. Pro-BDNF, a gene from human brain cDNA libraries, was obtained by polymerase chain reaction and constructed in a mammalian expression vector (PSecTag2/HygroB). The nanoparticles (NPs) were examined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, zeta potential, and Transmission electron microscopy. From the results, the levels of BDNF among the transfected and untransfected cells were 30.326 ± 5.9 and 5.85 ± 3.11 pg/mL, respectively, as detected by an ELISA method. Moreover, the enhanced green fluorescent protein vector was used to evaluate the gene expression efficiency for SPIONs-PLL as a non-viral carrier in NSCs. This was performed under the influence of a magnetic field and the transfection reagents (such as Lipofectamine 2000), which served as a positive control. The histological analysis revealed that the concentration of intracellular NPs was significantly higher than intercellular NPs. These results suggest that SPIONs-PLL can serve as a novel alternative for the transfection of BDNF-NSCs and could be used in gene therapy.

In the present study, antimicrobial activity of Linalool loaded on Glutathione-modified Gold nanoparticles prepared by novel method was investigated. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Linalool-gold nanoparticles (LIN-GNPs) against Gram's positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Gram's negative bacteria Escherichia coli, and against Leishmania tropica. Gold nanoparticles were synthesized using the chemical method. Colour change, UV-Vis spectrum, FTIR and SEM confirmed the characterization of gold nanoparticles and LIN-GNPs. The antibacterial study was including agar well diffusion method, MIC, MBC. The mode of action was determined by cellular material release assay, SEM and AO/EtBr for ROS detection. Anti-parasitic activity was evaluated using MTT assay. FTIR spectral analysis investigated that Linalool was loaded on gold nanoparticles. SEM showed that the Gold nanoparticles and LIN-GNPs were generally found to be spherical in shape and the size was ranged 5-11 nm for GNPs and 15-20 nm for LIN-GNPs. The results of antibacterial activity demonstrated that Linalool alone had low activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. While the results showed that gram-positive bacteria were more effective by LIN-GNPs. LIN-GNPs acted on the bacterial cell membrane, resulting in loss of integrity and increased permeability of cell wall and stimulated ROS production that leads to damage of bacterial nucleic acid. The anti-parasitic activity results indicated the high activity of LIN-GNPs on L. tropica compared with Linalool and Gold nanoparticles. These results proved that LIN-GNPs have great potential as antimicrobial activity and could be used as a developing strategy for a successful antimicrobial therapeutic agent.

Chrysin, as a flavone, is a promising drug candidate because of its multifaceted properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer. However, its poor bioavailability is a bottleneck for pharmaceutical applications. To enhance the bioactive effects, chrysin-loaded poly (D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) and polyvinyl alcohol were successfully prepared to overcome problems associated with chrysin. The properties of modified nanochrysin were analysed by in vitro dissolution study, XRD, FTIR and SEM. Free radical scavenging potentials of the modified nanochrysin against DPPH were confirmed based on its stable antioxidant effects. A DNA instability enhancement was observed after H2O2 exposure, whereas chrysin decreased the H2O2 activity, and modified nanochrysin was more potent in this regard. Blood compatibility on red blood cells was confirmed by haemolytic and in vitro cytotoxicity assays. The in vitro anticancer activity of the modified nanochrysin towards MCF-7 and SKOV-3 cell lines using various parameters was investigated. The nanochrysin was found to exert cell growth arrest against both cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. IC50 value was significantly decreased in nanochrysin in comparison with pure chrysin and induced apoptotic cell death pathway. The results of this study suggest that the nanochrysin might be used for medical applications and offer a beneficial formulation for chemotherapy.

Si/SiO2 nanowires were synthesized directly by and on silicon substrate surface without the use of a metal catalyst. Since these nanowires grow directly from the silicon substrate, they do not need to be manipulated or aligned for subsequent applications. The obtained nanowires are amorphous with diameters ranging between 50 to 200 nm and few micrometers in length. Parameters like heating temperature, deposition time, and carrier gas flow-rate were found critical in determining the size, structure, growth yield and morphology of the obtained nanowires. FTIR absorption spectra showed high intensity Si–O asymmetric stretching mode and no absorption for Si-Si backbone vibration mode at 620 cm−1which indicates the non-crystalline nature of grown wires.