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BACKGROUND The metabolic dysregulation associated with DM causes secondary pathophysiological changes in multiple organ systems. We wanted to estimate the levels of serum magnesium and HbA1c in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, study the correlation between serum magnesium and glycaemic control in these patients and evaluate the relation between serum magnesium and duration of diabetes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS This is a cross sectional study of 160 cases conducted during between February 2017 to September 2018, in KIMS Hospital Hubli. RESULTS Out of 160 cases, 42% had hypomagnesemia whereas only 3% of the control group had low levels of magnesium. Mean value of magnesium was found to be lower in patients with diabetes of duration >10 years (1.4 mg/dL), whereas magnesium mean value was 2.1 mg/dL in patients with diabetes duration

A simple, accurate, rapid and precise method was developed for the simultaneous estimation of Ibuprofen and Diphenhydramine in Pharmaceutical dosage form. Chromatogram was run through Inertsil ODS (250x4.6mm) 5µ. Mobile phase used was Acetonitrile and Phosphate buffer (45:55) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and detection wavelength was found to be 260 nm. The retention time was found to be 2.32 min and 2.93 min for Ibuprofen and Diphenhydramine respectively. The accuracy and reliability of the method was assessed by evaluation of linearity, precision (intra-day and inter-day % RSD >2), accuracy (98-102%), specificity, LOD, LOQ values in accordance with ICH guidelines. The developed method is applicable for routine quality control analysis of selected combined dosage forms.

A simple, Accurate and precise method was developed for the simultaneous estimation of the Grazoprevir and Elbasvir in Tablet dosage form. Chromatogram was run through Kromosil C18 (250 x 4.6 mm), 5m. Mobile phase containing Buffer: Acetonitrile taken in the ratio 45:55 was pumped through column at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. Buffer used in this method was Di Potassium Hydrogen ortho Phosphate. Temperature was maintained at 30°C. Optimized wavelength selected was 215 nm. Retention time of Elbasvir and Grazoprevir and were found to be 2.503 min and 3.004. %RSD of the Elbasvir and Grazoprevir were and found to be 0.3 and 0.4 respectively. %Recovery was obtained as 98.17% and 99.83% for Grazoprevir and Elbasvir respectively. LOD, LOQ values obtained from regression equations of Grazoprevir and Elbasvir were 0.24, 0.73 and 0.06, 0.19 respectively. Retention times were decreased and run time was decreased, so the method developed was simple and economical that can be adopted in regular Quality control test in Industries.

In the present work RP-HPLC method has been developed for the quantitative estimation of Terbinafine hydrochloride in bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulations. A rapid and sensitive RP-HPLC Method with PDA detection (220 nm) for routine analysis of in Bulk drug and Pharmaceutical formulation was developed. Chromatography was performed with mobile phase containing a mixture of Potassium dihydrogen phosphate and Acetonitrile (65:35 v/v) with flow rate 1.5 ml/min. The linearity was found to be in the range of 50-150 µg/ml with (r2=0.999). The proposed method was validated by determining sensitivity, accuracy, precision, LOD, LOQ and system suitability parameters according to ICH guidrelines.

A new, simple, precise, accurate and reproducible RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of Amitriptyline and Perphenazine in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations was developed. Separation of Amitriptyline and Perphenazine was successfully achieved on Inertsil ODS (250x4.6mm) 5µm column in an isocratic mode utilizing Methanol: ACN: Water (50:30:20) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and eluents were monitored at 253nm with a retention time of 2.440 and 5.503 minutes for Amitriptyline and Perphenazine respectively. The method was validated and it was found to be linear. The values of the correlation coefficient were found to 0.992 for Amitriptyline and 0.9992 for Perphenazine respectively. The LOD for Perphenazine and Amitriptyline were found to be and 33.8µg/ml and 4.2 µg/ml. The LOQ for Perphenazine and Amitriptyline were found to be 20.88µg/ml and 12.12µg/ml respectively. The percentage recoveries for Amitriptyline and Perphenazine were found to be within the limit indicates that the proposed method is highly accurate. The method was extensively validated according to ICH guidelines.

The collective strong coupling of rubidium atoms in a magneto-optical trap (MOT) to the Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) modes of a Fabry-P\'erot cavity is investigated. Bright and dark $^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$ MOT atoms are prepared at the geometric center of the cavity, and the vacuum Rabi splitting (VRS) of the collectively coupled atom-cavity system is measured for ${\mathrm{LG}}_{l0}$ ($l=0,1,2,3$) modes. The atom number coupled to the cavity mode depends on the overlap of the atomic density distribution and the specific spatial mode function, which is reflected in the measured VRS spectrum. The known mode function and the measured VRS can then be used to test whether the atomic density distribution in the experiment is Gaussian or uniform. A simple theoretical model for this process is described, and the experimental measurements are found to be in close agreement with the model.

A simple, Accurate, precise and rapid method was developed for the simultaneous estimation of the Metformin and Linagliptin in Tablet dosage form. Chromatogram was run through Inertsil ODS C18 (250 x 4.6 mm, 5). Mobile phase containing Methanol, Acetonitrile and Water in the ratio of 40: 40: 20 was pumped through column at a flow rate of 1ml/min. Optimized wavelength for Metformin and Linagliptin was 258 nm. Retention time of Metformin and Linagliptin were found to be 2.764 min and 3.162 min %RSD of Metformin and Linagliptin were found to be 0.507 and 0.51 respectively. % Assay was obtained as 99.24% and 99.82% for Metformin and Linagliptin respectively. LOD, LOQ values of Metformin and Linagliptin were 0.08ppm, 0.25ppm and 0.03ppm, 0.08ppm respectively. Regression equation of Metformin was found to be y = 10831x-34273, and for Linagliptin value was found y = 21030x + 31232. Hence the developed method can be successfully employed for the routine analysis of Metformin and Linagliptin in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms.

Synopsis Accurate estimation of the scattering properties at the ultracold temperatures is challenging due to the demand for the precise knowledge of interactions between the colliding partners. We identify the aspects of interactions that play the defining roles in the scattering calculations. We compute potential energy curves for the 7Li+-7Li, X2∑g + and A2∑u +, and determine their collisional properties.

In the projected analysis work, a successful; attempt was made to develop simple, accurate, novel, ecofriendly and precise technique for the estimation of poorly water soluble drug Gliclazide in single drug containing dosage form. In the present investigation, a mixed hydrotropic blend of 2M urea and 6M trisodium citrate was used for quantitative determination. Gliclazide showed λ-max at 225 nm and beer's law was obeyed with in the concentration range of 4μg/ml-12μg/ml with mean recovery ranging from 95.33% to 96.35%. The developed technique was validated as per ICH guidelines.

In the present paper an attempt has been made to evaluate the physicochemical properties(density, moisture content, specific gravity, refractive index, boiling point, viscosity, acid value, peroxide value, iodine value, saponifiation value) of some available edible oils in Tirupathi and detail description of various factors affecting edible oils like temperature, moisture, oxygen, effect of refining process, types of adulterations, effects of metals, and antioxidant properties of oils has been discussed.

Binders are added to tablet formulation to impart plasticity and thus increase the interparticulate bonding strength within the tablet. The development of new excipients for potential use as binding agent in tablet formulations continues to be of interest. This is because different binding agents can be useful in achieving various tablet mechanical strength and drug release properties for different pharmaceutical purpose Binders are agents employed to impart cohesiveness to the granules. This ensures the tablet remains intact after compression as well as improving the flow qualities by the formulation of granules of derived hardness and size. Natural binders like different starch, gums, mucilages, dried fruits possesses binding capacity as well as some other properties like filler, disintergrant & natural polymers are safe & economical than synthetic polymers like PVP.

A comprehensive study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of naked neck (Na) gene on immune competence, serum biochemical parameters and carcass quality traits in three genotypes (NaNa, Nana and nana) of the naked neck chicken under a tropical climate (Southern India). Sixty day-old chicks (20 from each genotype) were selected randomly and reared under similar environmental conditions up to eight weeks of age. The cell mediated immune (CMI) response to phytohaemoagglutinin-P (PHA-P) was significantly higher (p≤0.01) in NaNa and Nana genotypes compared to nana birds. The humoral response as measured by antibody titre to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was also significantly higher in NaNa. The total cholesterol, LDL and VLDL cholesterol levels were significantly (p≤0.01) lower whereas HDL cholesterol level was significantly higher in NaNa and Nana compared to nana genotype. The presence of Na allele significantly increased the live weight and dressing yield, and decreased the feather cover and abdominal fat. The naked neck genotypes (NaNa/Nana) performed better than the normal (nana) siblings for almost all the traits studied.

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is important for human diet and medicinal purposes. It can be grown in a wide range of climates. Suitable fertilizer management is required for adequate root and seed production of radish. Microbial amendments may affect root and seed yield. An experiment was conducted to judge the efficacy of 10 treatments of combinations of microbial amendments and inorganic fertilizers on root and seed yield of radish. Results indicated that the phosphate solubilizer bacteria (PSB), Bacillus polymixa, in combination with an N:P:K fertilizer increased root yield of radish. The bacterium Azospirillum or PSB at the same rate of inorganic fertilizer was equally effective for seed production. Correlation-regression and path analysis indicated that shoot-root ratio by weight, root characteristics and days to 50% flowering are important characters towards root and seed yield of radish. When all yield characters were considered, multivariate analysis produced dendrograms with three or four...

An experiment was conducted to elucidate the effect of graded levels of vitamin D 3 in White Leghorn (WL) layer breeders on egg production, shell quality, hatchability of eggs and juvenile performance of offspring during their late laying period (72-88 wk). White Leghorn breeder females were randomly divided into 5 groups of 50 each and were housed in individual California cages in an open-side housing system. Considering birds in five cages as a replicate, 10 such replicates were randomly allotted to each treatment. A basal diet was formulated containing all the nutrients as recommended for WL layers except vitamin D 3 , which served as control. Another, four diets were formulated by supplementing graded levels of feed grade crystalline cholecalciferol to the basal diet that contained 300, 600, 1,200 and 2,400 ICU of vitamin D 3 per kg. Each diet was offered ad libitum to one of the above five treatment groups. The egg production, egg weight, daily feed consumption and the feed intake per dozen eggs or kg egg mass of the birds fed diet without any supplemental vitamin D 3 was comparable with those of supplemental groups. Similarly, the level of vitamin in the diet did not have any effect on any of the above parameters. However, the specific gravity of eggs laid by the birds fed the diet without supplemental vitamin D 3 was comparable with either 600 or 2,400 ICU supplemental groups but significantly higher when compared to the 300 and 1,200 ICU groups. The egg -shell breaking strength was significantly lowered in the 600 ICU supplemental groups as compared to the strength of other dietary groups. The Haugh unit, egg shell weight, shell thickness, tibia breaking strength, bone ash and calcium content were not influenced by vitamin D 3 concentration in the diet. Serum Ca concentration was influenced by vitamin D 3 level in the diet. The serum Ca concentration of birds fed either control or the vitamin supplemented diet up to 1200 ICU/kg diet was comparable. However, increasing the concentration of vitamin D 3 to 2,400 ICU/kg diet significantly enhanced the concentration of Ca in the serum, which was significantly higher compared to other dietary groups. The serum concentration of P and protein, however, was not influenced by level of vitamin D 3 in the diet. Neither fertility nor hatchability was influenced by vitamin D 3 concentration in the diet. Feeding a vitamin D 3 deficient diet or supplementation of vitamin to hens did not have any influence on their progeny chicks. It can be concluded that dietary supplementation of vitamin D 3 may not be essential for optimum production, shell quality, hatchability, and juvenile performance of WL breeders during 72 to 88 weeks of age.

Compression coating provides a unique platform for formulating modified release products in a way the dosage form can successfully be targeted to localize the release of the drug in any desired portion of the GIT without the additional step of film coating. The current work focuses on the development and optimization of modified release Verapamil Hydrochloride tablets using compression coating. The effect of various concentrations of different grades HPMC polymers, like, K4M, K15M and K100M on the release profile was studied in DOE environment. The results of the DOE provide an optimized range of the three polymers which could potentially give the targeted release profile for all drugs which have solubility profiles similar to Verapamil HCl. Three batches of optimized formulation were loaded on to accelerated stability studies at 40°C/75% RH in HDPE containers and the 3 months stability data indicates that there is no significant change in either the potency of the dosage form or its in vitro dissolution profile.

Polymers are becoming very important in the drug delivery field. To control the drug release rate from the formulation, polymers are being used as the main tool. Polymers can be used as taste masking agents, to enhance stability of drug and to modify drug release characteristics. Biodegradable materials are used in medicine and other areas. In recent years there has been increase in use of biodegradable polymers. Biodegradable polymers are of two classes; synthetic and natural polymers. Natural polymers offer few advantages than synthetic polymers. Although polymers are used extensively as pharmaceutical packaging, this review is concerned with the use of polymers in the formulation of various dosage forms.