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Boron doped carbon nitrides (CN) manganese oxide (BCN/MnO2) nanocomposite is considered to be a visible light active photocatalyst and it is used for the removal of Rhodamine B. Boron doped at 5% in CN (BCN) was prepared by thermal condensation of melamine with boric acid and MnO2 nanoparticle was synthesized by hydrothermal method. As prepared 5% BCN/MnO2 was confirmed and characterized by various spectral techniques like Powder X-ray diffraction studies (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and electrical properties were also studied. The photocatalytic activity of 5% BCN/MnO2 nanocomposite was act as an efficient photocatalyst towards the degradation of Rhodamine B. The obtained result also confirms that the 5% BCN/MnO2 nanocomposites exhibit the better degradation irradiated in visible light compare to pristine MnO2 and CN.

We have synthesized two ionic liquids namely 1-hexyl-1,2,4-triazolium methanesulfonate and 1-hexyl-1,2,4-triazolium trifluoroacetate. We have carried out the reduction of various aldehydes and ketones by NaBH4 in the presence of the synthesized ionic liquids. Cinnamaldehyde and acetophenone are used for the optimization of the reaction condition. Reduction of different aldehydes and ketones were carried out and a good yield of product is obtained where the ionic liquid with anion methanesulfonate is used. In the case of ketones, ionic liquid 1-hexyl-1,2,4-triazolium trifluoroactetate gives a good yield.

In the present work Indole and substituted glycolic acid have been chosen as starting materials. These are broad class of chemical compounds, with many important pharmacological properties. Because of ease of reaction with electrophiles, indole is widely used in various pharmaceutical preparations. The present investigation was concerned with synthesis of some novel 3-substituted indole derivatives with objective of discovery novel and potent analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant agents. These compounds were synthesized by cyclisation of indole-3-acetic acid with different aromatic amines. The structures of new compounds were confirmed by FT IR, 1HNMR and Mass. These compounds were tested in-vivo for analgesic, anti-inflammatory activates and biochemical studies antioxidant activity. The statistical analysis was carried out by ANOVA. All the compounds tested (NHR-I-NHR-VII) showed analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Among seven compounds three compounds (NHR-I, NHR-II, NHR-IV) showed significant analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.Compounds NHR-II and NHR-V showed 74.38% and 70.68% inhibition of paw oedema in anti-inflammatory activity compared to 75.28% inhibition of standard Indomethacin.Compounds NHR-I and NHR-II showed 68.84% and 73.30% inhibition against acetic acid induced writings' in analgesic activity compared to 75.23% inhibition of standard Diclofenac.Compound NHR-II showed 71.6% inhibition of DPPH radical in Anti-oxidant activity compared to 84% inhibition of standard Ascorbic acid. The results showed that incorporation of appropriately substituted aromatic amines at third position of Indole nucleus can afford good analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant with reduced side effects of compounds.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoplates were synthesised via the calcination of zinc acetate along with orange peel powder at 500°C for 4 h. The phase purity and average crystallite size of the prepare...

The major resolution of the study was to develop a dynamic form of natural biopolymer material to improve the wound healing by inhibition of biofilm formation on the surface. The extraction of collagen was effectively prepared from Scomberomorus lineolatus fish skin. Lyophilized collagen sheet was liquefied in 0.5M acetic acid to form acidic solubilized collagen (ASC) for further analysis. Physicochemical characterization of ASC was performed by various techniques using a standard protocol. The yield of ASC form S.lineolatus is higher (21.5%) than the previous reported studies. The effect of collagen solubility is gradually decreases with increasing concentration of NaCl and collagen is mostly soluble in acidic pH conditions. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of ASC contains α chain composition of α1 and α2 subunits and was characterized as type I collagen. Ultraviolet absorption was regulated as the appropriate wavelength to optimize the collagen. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction confirmed that the isolated collagen is a triple-helical structure. The biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was significantly reduced by collagen incorporated with isolated 3,5,7-trihydroxyflavone (collagen-TF) sheet up to 70%. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay executed on fibroblast cell lines (L929) shows that the collagen-TF sheet was 100% compatible to enrich the cell adhesion and proliferation. The current study was the first report to extract, purify, and characterize ASC from S. lineolatus fish skin and characterize as type I collagen. Based on the result, we design the natural biodegradable collagen loaded with TF compound (collagen-TF) for antibiofilm properties. Compared with different sources of polymer, fish skin collagen is more effective and can be used as a biopolymer sheet for wound healing, food, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and pharmaceutical application.

The proposed work intended to improve sludge reduction efficiency of dark Fenton (DF) treatment. Dark Fenton reduces 61% of sludge in 90 min under the optimized Fe (II) and H2O2 dosage of 0.008 g/g suspended solids (SS) and 0.032 g/g SS respectively at pH 3. Combination of dark Fenton with disperser (DFD) reduces time required for the treatment from 90 to 30 min with the disperser specific energy input of 835.536 kJ/kg total solids (TS). At 30 min reaction time, mixed liquor suspended solids and total chemical oxygen demand reduction were found to be 65% and 60%, respectively for DFD. The efficiency of DFD treatment revealed best fit with R2 value of 0.989 during pseudo first order kinetic analysis. The synergistic effect of DFD resulted in 29% higher MLSS reduction and 31% higher TCOD reduction than dark Fenton (DF) in 30 min treatment as the obtained MLSS and TCOD reduction at 30 min treatment time was observed to be 65% and 60% in DFD and 36% and 29% in DF, respectively. Although, DFD demands higher energy input (233.69 kWh), it had potency to reduce higher solids concentration in a short duration and this results in a net profit of 12.852 USD/ton of sludge.

In a search for α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitors to treat type 2 diabetes in this study, a new series of thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives with azole heterocyclic compounds were designed and synthesized via Knoevenagel condensation for the first time. These synthesized compounds are characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, DEPT-135, and HRMS. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity using acarbose as standard. The lipophilicity (C log P) and molar refractivity (MR) for the compounds were also studied. Structure–activity relationship study (SAR) revealed that compounds 14a–c exhibited maximum inhibition due to the presence of fluorine in a hydrophobic site of aromatic phenyl amine at the seventh position of azaindole. To further verify the effect of C log P of substituents and MR on biological activity, calculation of C log P and MR (molecular refractivity) parameter of all compounds have done using ChemDraw software. Compounds 14a–c found to show higher inhibition due to higher value of C log P (14a = 6.49, 14b = 5.63, 14c = 6.45) and MR (14a = 125, 14b = 117, 14c = 123). These properties make compounds 14a–c to have more inhibitory activity. Among the tested compounds, 14a–c showed inhibition in the range of standard acarbose at the concentration of 250 µg/ml against α-amylase and α-glucosidase.

Two new Schiff base copper(II) complexes, [CuL1(tmen)] (1) and [Cu $_{\mathrm {2}}\mathrm {L}_{\text {2}}^{\text {2}}$ (tmen)] (2) {where, H $_{\mathrm {2}}\textit {L}^{\mathrm {1}}=$ N-(salicylidene)-L-valine, H $_{\mathrm {2}}\textit {L}^{\mathrm {2}}=$ N-(3,5-dichlorosalicylidene)-L-valine and tmen = N,N,N $^{\prime }$ ,N $^{\prime }$ -tetramethylethylene-1,2-diamine} have been synthesized and characterized by molar conductance, elemental analyses, VSM-RT, UV-Vis, FTIR, EPR, and CD spectra. Both the complexes were structurally characterized by single crystal XRD. The crystal structure of complex 1 displays a distorted square pyramidal geometry in which Schiff base is coordinated to the Cu(II) ion via ONO-donor in the axial mode, whereas, the chelating diamine displays axial and equatorial mode of binding via NN-donor atoms. The crystal structure of the complex 2 reveals a syn-anti mode of carboxylate bridged dinuclear complex, in which, the coordination geometry around Cu(1) is square pyramid and distorted square planar around Cu(2). The target complexes were screened for in vitro antidiabetic activity. Both the complexes showed good inhibitory activity for α-amylase and α-glucosidase.

The current study is to evaluate the inhibition of biofilm formation and quorum sensing activity of isolated 3, 5, 7-Trihydroxyflavone (TF) from A.scholaris leaf extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The effects of isolated TF on quorum sensing-regulated virulence factors production such as swimming motility, pyocyanin production, proteolytic, EPS, metabolic assay and inhibition of biofilm formation against P.aeruginosa was evaluated by standard protocols. In addition, the interaction between the isolated TF and active sites of QS- gene (LasI/rhlI, LasR/rhlR, and AHLase) in P.aeruginosa was evaluated by molecular docking studies using AutoDock Tools version 1.5.6. Based on the structural elucidation of the isolated compound was identified as 3, 5, 7-Trihydroxyflavone. Consequently, the isolated TF shows a significant reduction of biofilm formation through the inhibition of QS-dependent phenotypes such as pyocyanin production, proteolytic, swimming motility, EPS activities against P.aeruginosa in a dose-dependent manner. Molecular docking analysis of isolated TF can interfere the signaling [N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (3-oxo-C12-HSL) and N-butanoyl-L-homoserine lactone (C4-HSL)] molecules in P.aeruginosa by QS genes (LasI, LasR, rhlI, and AHLase) regulation. The isolated TF compound from A.scholaris reveals a greater potential to inhibit biofilm and QS dependent virulence factor production in P.aeruginosa. Docking interaction studies of TF-LasR complex express higher binding affinity than the other QS gene in P.aeruginosa.

Research on alternative renewable energy source is of great interest because of increasing world energy demand and depleting non-renewable energy resources. Organic materials consisting of the well-known polycyclic planar aromatic system, pyrene as core, functionalized with different chromophores as arms can be employed as hole transporting materials in various optoelectronic and electronic devices. Moreover this kind of architecture could facilitate the hole injection by tuning the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level. With this aim we designed some of the pyrene oligomers which can be used to fabricate organic electronics devices. A theoretical study of these pyrene oligomers is discussed in this paper.

In the present study, the effect of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzoic acid isolated from roots of Hemisdesmus indicus on the erythrocyte membrane bound enzymes and antioxidant status in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats was investigated. The streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were treated with 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzoic acid (500 μg/kg/day) for 7 weeks by oral intubation and compared with glibenclamide, a standard hypoglycemic agent (100 mg/kg). The erythrocyte membrane was isolated and the activity of Na(+)/K(+)-dependent ATPases, Ca(2+)-ATPases, Mg(2+)-ATPases were determined. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, vitamins C, vitamin E, plasma reduced glutathione and erythrocyte glutathione, reduced glutathione content in the tissues was also assayed. Administration of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzoic acid to diabetic rats significantly (F0.05 and P0.001) elevated the activity of total ATPases, Na(+)/k(+) ATPase, Mg(2+) ATPase and Ca(2+) ATPase to near normal level. The activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase in erythrocytes were decreased significantly (F0.05; P0.001) in diabetic rats. Diabetic rats treated with 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzoic acid showed a significant (F0.05;0.001) increase in the enzymic antioxidants in erythrocytes. The elevated levels of vitamin E and low level of vitamin C and glutathione level in plasma and erythrocytes were observed in diabetic rats when compared to control rats and were restored significantly (F0.05; P0.001) after the administration of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzoic acid. This study concludes administration of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzoic acid supports the restoration of antioxidant defence, reduces the free radial production, lipid peroxidation and the glycosylation of haemoglobin in diabetic rats.

Hydroxy 4-methoxy benzoic acid (HMBA) isolated from the roots of Hemidemus indicus (H. indicus ) was evaluated for its anti-diabetic activity on streptozoticin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. HMBA, the active principle of H. indicus, was administered (500μg/kg body weight) orally to STZ-induced diabetic and non diabetic rats. The effect of HMBA on plasma glucose, insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin, liver glycogen and serum total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), γ-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT) and creatine kinase (CK). After administration of HMBA, the levels of glycosylated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol were normalized in diabetic rats. It also reversed the elevated levels of AST, ALT, ALP, γ- GT and CK to near normal level. The levels of plasma insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin and liver glycogen were also restored after HMBA treatment. Thus the results of our study suggested that HMBA could help in controlling DM owing to their hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic effects.

Thepresent research work was aimed to develop a simple, precise, sensitive and reliable, gradient RP-HPLC method and to comprehensively validate as per the guidelines given under ICH Q2(R1) for simultaneous estimation of Metoprolol, Telmisartan and Chlorthalidone in their combined dosage form. A thorough computer assisted literature survey revealed that there is no HPLC method for aforementioned drugs. A new combination of Metoprolol, Telmisartan and Chlorthalidone is available in market as Met XL 3D and it is found to beneficial in the treatment of hypertension. HPLC separation was achieved by using Phenomenex C18 column (250×4.5mm, 5μ) with phosphate buffer (pH adjusted to 3.0): acetonitrile as mobile phase in gradient mode at a flow rate of 1ml/min and UV detection at 310 nm. Retention times were found to be 4.5, 7.2 and 11.01min for Metoprolol, Telmisartan and Chlorthalidone respectively. The drugs are found to be linear with correlation coefficient value was nearly 0.999. Percentage recoveries from recovery studies were found to be 99.22, 99.17 and 99.02% for Metoprolol, Telmisartan and Chlorthalidone individually. LOD and LOQ were found to be lower, hence the method is sensitive.

Anin vitroantidiabetic activity onα-amylase andα–glucosidase activity of novel 10-chloro-4-(2-chlorophenyl)-12-phenyl-5,6-dihydropyrimido[4,5-a]acridin-2-amines (3a–3f) were evaluated. Structures of the synthesized molecules were studied by FT-IR,1H NMR,13C NMR, EI-MS, and single crystal X-ray structural analysis data. Anin silicomolecular docking was performed on synthesized molecules (3a–3f). Overall studies indicate that compound3eis a promising compound leading to the development of selective inhibition ofα-amylase andα-glucosidase.

In this work, using ab initio and density functional theory (DFT) methods halogen substituted formic acid (FA) dimer is studied. The dimer stability is due to the hydrogen bonds, either conventional (O H⋯O, O H⋯F, O H⋯Cl) or non-conventional (C H⋯O, C H⋯F, C H⋯Cl). Among all the dimers, trans–trans form is more stable than the trans–cis, and cis–cis form. Basis set extrapolated counterpoise corrected interaction energy results for the FA dimer are in excellent agreement with BSSE corrected MP2 interaction energy. Symmetry Adopted Perturbation Theory (SAPT) analysis reveals that the electrostatic effect plays a dominant role in stabilization among the dimers with maximum interaction energy. Chlorine substituted FA dimer has high hyperpolarizability, which makes them excellent candidate for nonlinear optical materials (NLO). The halogen substituted formic acid dimers have higher stability and polarizability value than the unsubstituted formic acid dimer. The hyperpolarizability values depend on the geometrical structures of halogenated formic acid dimers than the type of hydrogen bonds. The small excitation energy and HOMO–LUMO gap in the halogenated formic acid dimer has led to the strong nonlinear optical response. The depolarization ratio and Rayleigh scattering increases in formic acid dimer after the halogen atom substitution.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antidiabetic and ameliorative potential of aqueous extract of Ficus bengalensis bark in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. The effect of oral administration of aqueous extract of F. bengalensis bark on blood glucose, serum electrolytes, serum glycolytic enzymes, liver microsomal protein, hepatic cytochrome P-450 dependent monooxygenase enzymes and lipid peroxidation in liver and kidney of streptozotocin -induced diabetic rats was studied. Oral administration of Ficus bengalensis to fed, fasted and glucose loaded diabetic rats significantly [F > 0.05 (ANOVA) and P< 0.05 (DMRT)] decreased the blood glucose level at 5 hrs and restored the levels of serum electrolytes, glycolytic enzymes and hepatic cytochrome P-450 dependent enzyme systems and decreased the formation of liver and kidney lipid peroxides at the end of 12 weeks. Further, the aqueous extract of Ficus bengalensis at a dose of 500mg/kg/day exhibits significant antidiabetic and ameliorative activity as evidenced by histological studies in normal and Ficus bengalensis treated streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. On the basis of our findings, it could be used as an antidiabetic and ameliorative agent for better management of diabetes mellitus.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzoic acid isolated from the roots of Hemidesmus indicus on plasma glucose, plasma, erythrocyte and erythrocyte membrane lipid peroxidation and membrane-bound Ca(2+) ATPase activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In our study, diabetic rats had increased levels of blood glucose and lipid peroxidation in plasma, erythrocytes and erythrocyte membrane and decreased level of plasma insulin and decreased activity of low affinity Ca(2+) ATPase in erythrocytes. Restoration of plasma insulin and glucose in diabetic rats indicates the effect of HMBA on insulin, glucose and lipid peroxidation. HMBA also restored diabetes-induced alterations in the activity of membrane-bound Ca(2+) ATPase. Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that HMBA mediated normalization of membrane-bound ATPase in erythrocytes is due to improved glycemic control and antioxidant activity.

Objective To evaluate the antidiabetic activity of an aqueous extract of the roots of Hemidesmus indicus on blood glucose, serum electrolytes, serum marker enzymes, liver microsomal P-450 enzymes, and lipid peroxidation in the liver and kidney of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Materials and methods Effect of H. indicus extract on blood glucose was studied with fed, fasted and glucose-loaded diabetic and nondiabetic rat models. The effect of the extract on serum electrolytes, serum levels of key glucose metabolizing enzymes, hepatic microsomal protein and hepatic cytochrome P-450-dependent mono-oxygenase enzyme systems and lipid peroxidation in the liver and kidney of diabetic rats. One way analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple range test was used for statistical analysis. Results Oral administration of H. indicus aqueous extract to fed, fasted and glucose-loaded diabetic rats decreased blood glucose level significantly at 5 h and restored serum electrolytes, glycolytic enzymes and hepatic cytochrome P-450-dependent enzyme systems by preventing the formation of liver and kidney lipid peroxides at the end of 12 weeks of the study period. Conclusion From the studies, it can be concluded that the aqueous extract of the roots of H. indicus at a dosage of 500 mg/kg/day exhibits significant antidiabetic activity. It restores the concentrations of electrolytes, glucose metabolizing enzymes, hepatic microsomal protein and hepatic cytochrome P-450-dependent mono-oxygenase enzyme systems to near normal level and also corrects the related metabolic alterations in experimentally induced diabetic rats. H. indicus administration also decreased liver and kidney lipid peroxidation products. On the basis of our findings, H. indicus could be used as an antidiabetic and antioxidant agent for the prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus.