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Lactoferrin (LF) has attracted great attention due to its various bioactivities, which depend on the degree of saturation with different cations. This study focused on the synergistic effect of LF and Zn2+ on human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs), considering antioxidant activities, cell proliferation, and collagen gene expression levels in these cells to improve the wound healing. The hGFs were cultured in an experimental medium, containing 1000 μg/mL of LF and various concentrations of ZnCl2. The cells were subjected to oxidative damage by exposure to 600 μM H2O2 for 30 min before incubation in the experimental medium. The cell proliferation rate and the relative gene expression levels of genes associated with apoptosis, antioxidant enzymes, and collagen were compared. H2O2 decomposition by LF was also measured using a colorimetric assay. LF enhanced hGF proliferation and the expression of collagen. Furthermore, LF directly scavenged H2O2 and prevented lipid peroxidation by enhancing the expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 gene expression, resulting in the prevention of apoptosis and recovery of the cells from H2O2-induced oxidative damage. The addition of ZnCl2 enhanced these results. The results indicated that LF with Zn-ion could play an important role in modulating the functions related to wound healing.

Background There is insufficient evidence for the efficacy of silicone soft reliner on the obturator prosthesis after maxillectomy for oral malignant tumors. Objective To verify the efficacy of silicone soft reliner on the obturator prosthesis after maxillectomy, by evaluating masticatory performance and quality of life (QoL). Methods This was a single‐arm prospective interventional study, verifying the efficacy of silicone soft reliner (GC RELINE II®) on the maxillary obturator prosthesis. Data were obtained from a comparison of the endpoints after 14 days of continuous use of acrylic and silicone soft‐lined prostheses. The primary endpoint was masticatory performance. The secondary endpoints were occlusal performance and oral health‐related QoL (OHRQoL). The masticatory performance, occlusal performance, and OHRQoL were assessed by glucose concentration, maximum bite force, and the Japanese version of Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP‐J49), respectively. Results This study included five patients (two males, three females), aged between 71 and 88 years, with a median of 74 years. The median of glucose concentration indicated a statistically significant improvement between the acrylic resin (99.6 mg/dL) and silicone soft reliner (126.0 mg/dL) obturator prosthesis (p = .043). There was no significant difference in the median of maximum bite force between the acrylic resin (302.0 N) and silicone soft reliner (250.0 N) obturator prosthesis (p = .893). Functional limitations domain of the OHIP‐J49 indicated a statistically significant improvement between the acrylic resin and silicone soft reliner obturator prosthesis (p = .043). Conclusions This study indicated that an obturator relined with soft silicone improved masticatory performance and the OHRQoL post‐maxillectomy.

A silver nanocolloidal solution was prepared by a cavitation bubble plasma with a pair of silver rod electrodes in a sodium hydroxide water solution with the initial pH = 11.0. The cavitation bubble plasma was generated by the bipolar high voltage pulses of the repetition rate 200 kHz and the pulse width 0.8 μs in the sodium hydroxide water solution in which many cavitation bubbles produced by a high-speed rotor were feeding. The UV–Vis absorption spectra of the silver nanocolloidal solution exhibited a characteristic peak around 400 nm in wavelength. The silver nanocolloidal solution of 250 mL including silver nanoparticles of median diameter 1.3 nm and concentration 4 ppm was prepared at the processing time 1 min. The particle size in the solution increased with increasing the processing time and grew to 14.6 nm in median diameter at the processing time 20 min. The concentration of particles also increased with increasing the processing time. A TEM image of silver nanoparticles revealed that the particles were spherical crystalline.

In this study, we attempted to localize the immunoreactivities of podoplanin/E11/gp38 and CD44, a counterpart possessing a high affinity to podoplanin/E11/gp38, as well as endomucin-immunoreactive blood vessels in the regions of odontoblast layers and the underlying sub-odontoblastic layers in murine tooth germs. Endomucin-reactive small blood vessels were scattered throughout the dental papillae of the tooth germs at postnatal day 1 but came to be localized close to the odontoblast/sub-odontoblastic layers until day 3. After postnatal day 5, small blood vessels were seen in odontoblast cell layers, while blood vessels with relatively larger diameters were seen forming in sub-odontoblastic layers. Immunoreactivities of podoplanin/E11/gp38 and CD44 were not detectable in the cells of dental papillae facing the inner enamel epithelium at postnatal day 1. However, at around postnatal days 3-5, podoplanin/E11/gp38 was localized in the odontoblast layer but not in the sub-odontoblastic layer, whereas CD44 was observed in the sub-odontoblastic layer but not in the odontoblast layer. The exclusive immunolocalization of podoplanin/E11/gp38 and CD44 in the odontoblast layers and sub-odontoblastic layers was seen after postnatal day 3 of the tooth germs, when the mesenchymal cells of dental papillae have already differentiated into mature odontoblasts at the cusp tip. Taken together, it seems likely that endomucin-reactive small blood vessels extended to the podoplanin/E11/gp38-positive odontoblast layers, whereas endomucin-reactive large blood vessels were already present in CD44-immmunopositive sub-odontoblastic layer, indicating the cellular regulation on the vascularization of endomucin-reactive endothelial cells during odontogenesis of the tooth germs.

Background To explore the effects of topographical modification of titanium substrates at submicron level by oxalic acid treatment on bone quality and quantity around dental implants in rabbit tibiae. Methods A total of 60 blasted CP-grade IV titanium dental implants were used. Twenty-eight control implant surfaces were treated with a mixture of HCl/H2SO4, whereas 28 other test implant surfaces were treated with oxalic acid following HCl/H2SO4 treatment. Two randomly selected sets of control or test implants were placed in randomly selected proximal tibiae of 14 female Japanese white rabbits. Euthanasia was performed 4 and 8 weeks post-implant placement. Bone to implant contact (BIC), bone area fraction (BAF), ratios of mature and immature bone to total bone, and the amount and types of collagen fibers were evaluated quantitatively. Two control and two test implants were used to analyze surface characteristics. Results Treatment by oxalic acid significantly decreased Sa and increased Ra of test implant surfaces. BIC in test implants was increased without alteration of BAF and collagen contents at 4 and 8 weeks after implant placement when compared with control implants. The ratios of immature and mature bone to total bone differed significantly between groups at 4 weeks post-implantation. Treatment by oxalic acid increased type I collagen and decreased type III collagen in bone matrices around test implants when compared with control implants at 8 weeks after implant placement. The effects of topographical changes of implant surfaces induced by oxalic acid on BAF, mature bone, collagen contents, and type I collagen were significantly promoted with decreased immature bone formation and type III collagen in the later 4 weeks post-implantation. Conclusions Treatment of implant surfaces with oxalic acid rapidly increases osseointegration from the early stages after implantation. Moreover, submicron topographical changes of dental implants induced by oxalic acid improve bone quality based on bone maturation and increased production of type I collagen surrounding dental implants in the late stage after implant placement.

Introduction After the onset of bone metastasis, tumor cells appear to modify surrounding microenvironments for their benefit, and particularly, the levels of circulating fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 23 in patients with tumors have been highlighted. Materials and methods We have attempted to verify if human breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells metastasized in the long bone of nu/nu mice would synthesize FGF23. Serum concentrations of calcium, phosphate (Pi) and FGF23 were measured in control nu/nu mice, bone-metastasized mice, and mice with mammary gland injected with MDA-MB-231 cells mimicking primary mammary tumors. Results and conclusions MDA-MB-231 cells revealed intense FGF23 reactivity in metastasized lesions, whereas MDA-MB-231 cells cultured in vitro or when injected into the mammary glands (without bone metastasis) showed weak FGF23 immunoreactivity. Although the bone-metastasized MDA-MB-231 cells abundantly synthesized FGF23, osteocytes adjacent to the FGF23-immunopositive tumors, unlike intact osteocytes, showed no FGF23. Despite significantly elevated serum FGF23 levels in bone-metastasized mice, there was no significant decrease in the serum Pi concentration when compared with the intact mice and mice with a mass of MDA-MB-231 cells in mammary glands. The metastasized femora showed increased expression and FGFR1 immunoreactivity in fibroblastic stromal cells, whereas femora of control mice showed no obvious FGFR1 immunoreactivity. Taken together, it seems likely that MDA-MB-231 cells synthesize FGF23 when metastasized to a bone, and thus affect FGFR1-positive stromal cells in the metastasized tumor nest in a paracrine manner.

A high-capacity iron- and nickel-substituted Li 2 MnO 3 cathode [i.e., Li 1.26 Fe 0.11 Ni 0.11 Mn 0.52 O 2 (LFNM)] treated by carbothermal reduction was analyzed, and the results clarified that it has both high capacity and high safety levels. X-ray analysis of a reduced LFNM (R-LFNM) cathode clarified the following. Migration of transition metals in the lattice as a result of the carbothermal reduction stabilizes the layered lattice structure, which prevents lattice shrinkage during charging and enhances charge compensation. As a result, more lithium ions can return to the cathode during discharging; namely, the irreversible capacity of the cathode decreases. Thermal stability of the R-LFNM cathode was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the results show that the total heat evolved from the R-LFNM cathode remains at a lower level compared with that of other cobalt- and nickel-containing Li 2 MnO 3 cathodes. An analysis of the lattice structure reveals that low exothermic heat from the charged R-LFNM cathode results from the distinctive property of its crystal lattice changing from layered to thermally stable spinel during charging.

Structural change and the charge compensation mechanism of lithium-rich layered cathode (Li1.23Fe0.15Ni0.15Mn0.46O2) in charged and discharged states were investigated. Selected area electron diffraction analysis revealed that in discharged state, an initial structure composed of a single phase of monoclinic layered rock-salt changed to a mixture of hexagonal layered rock-salt and spinel-like structures. In charged state, the spinel-like phase became dominant as transition-metal ions migrate. 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and Soft-XAS showed that the valence of Fe and Ni ions approximately changed from Fe3+ to Fe3.2+ and Ni2+ to Ni3.5+ during charge-discharge, although Mn ions remained as Mn4+. Various oxidation states of oxide ions such as superoxide, peroxide, and hole states have also been detected in charged state. Considering that actual discharge capacity was 255 mAh/g, the contribution to charge compensation from the valence change of Fe and Ni ions was extremely small, and it only contributed to about one-third of total capacity. Therefore, the mechanism to yield high capacity of the Li1.23Fe0.15Ni0.15Mn0.46O2 cathode relates strongly to the redox reaction of oxide ions. Moreover, the decrease in capacity during charge-discharge cycling was mainly due to the irreversible redox reaction of Mn, Fe, and oxide ions.

The development of synthetic routes to nanomaterials has been motivated by their potential applications in electronics, optics, and catalytic reactions. Solution-based synthesis has relied on organic stabilizers to regulate the crystal growth. Despite the beneficial effect on crystal growth, organic stabilizers attached to the resulting particles reduce the accessibility of reactants and inhibit charge transport, resulting in a lower catalytic activity than expected. In this work we have demonstrated that coordination polymers (CPs) can be used as precursors for photocatalysts without stabilizers. The pyrolysis of CP nanowires of [Cd(l-cysteinate)]n gave CdS/C nanowires (CdS/C-NWs) that exhibit photocatalytic activity for hydrogen generation superior to CdS nanowires with organic stabilizers (CdS/stb-NWs). Transient absorption spectroscopy showed that CdS/C-NWs provide an active surfaces to facilitate catalytic reactions associated with electron migration. Moreover, Zn-doped CdS nanowires (ZnxCd1-xS/C-NWs) obtained by the pyrolysis of CPs exhibited higher photocatalytic activity than nondoped CdS/C-NWs. The improvement in photocatalytic activity is attributable to the prolonged lifetime of photoexcited electrons. The pyrolysis of CPs provides a facile means to design nanocomposites that realize efficient catalytic reactions associated with facile charge transfer.

Sunitinib, a multitargeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor including vascular endothelial growth factor, has been widely used as a first‐line treatment against metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). However, mRCC often acquires resistance to sunitinib, rendering it difficult to treat with this agent. Recently, Rapalink‐1, a drug that links rapamycin and the mTOR kinase inhibitor MLN0128, has been developed with excellent therapeutic effects against breast cancer cells carrying mTOR resistance mutations. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo therapeutic efficacy of Rapalink‐1 against renal cell carcinoma (RCC) compared to temsirolimus, which is commonly used as a small molecule inhibitor of mTOR and is a derivative of rapamycin. In comparison with temsirolimus, Rapalink‐1 showed significantly greater effects against proliferation, migration, invasion and cFolony formation in sunitinib‐naïve RCC cells. Inhibition was achieved through suppression of the phosphorylation of substrates in the mTOR signal pathway, such as p70S6K, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E‐binding protein 1 (4EBP1) and AKT. In addition, Rapalink‐1 had greater tumor suppressive effects than temsirolimus against the sunitinib‐resistant 786‐o cell line (SU‐R 786‐o), which we had previously established, as well as 3 additional SU‐R cell lines established here. RNA sequencing showed that Rapalink‐1 suppressed not only the mTOR signaling pathway but also a part of the MAPK signaling pathway, the ErbB signaling pathway and ABC transporters that were associated with resistance to several drugs. Our study suggests the possibility of a new treatment option for patients with RCC that is either sunitinib‐sensitive or sunitinib‐resistant., A new mTOR inhibitor, Rapalink‐1, suppresses the MAPK signaling pathway, the ErbB signaling pathway and ABC transporters.

In this study, we aimed to clarify the role of ascorbic acid in collagen synthesis in periodontal ligaments using osteogenic disorder Shionogi (ODS)/ShiJcl-od/od rats lacking L-gulonolactone oxidase. These rats cannot synthesize ascorbic acid in vivo. Eight-week-old ODS/ShiJcl-od/od male rats were administered ascorbic acid solution at a concentration of 200 mg/dL (control group, n = 6) or ascorbic acid solution at concentration of 0.3 mg/dL (insufficient group, n = 12). Six rats of the insufficient group were then given with ascorbic acid solution at concentration of 200 mg/dL for additional 3 weeks (rescued group, n = 6), and then, their mandibles were histochemically examined. Consequently, the insufficient group specimens were seen to possess fewer collagen fibers, and silver impregnation revealed numerous fine, reticular fiber-like fibrils branching off from collagen in the periodontal ligaments. In control group, faint immunoreactivities for matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2 and cathepsin H were seen in the periphery of blood vessels and throughout the ligament, respectively. In contrast, in the insufficient group, intense MMP2-immunoreactivity was observed to be associated with collagen fibrils in the periodontal ligaments, and cathepsin H-immunopositivity was seen in ligamentous cells. The rescued group showed abundant collagen fibers filling the periodontal ligament space. Under transmission electron microscopy, ligamentous fibroblasts incorporated collagen fibrils into tubular endosomes/lysosomes while simultaneously synthesizing collagen fibril bundles. Thus, ascorbic acid insufficiency affected the immunolocalization of cathepsin H and MMP2; however, ligamentous fibroblasts appear to possess the potential to synthesize collagen fibers when supplied with ascorbic acid.

We investigated changes in the valence and structure of positive electrodes composed of Li-rich layered manganese (Mn) oxides (Li1.23Mn0.46Fe0.15Ni0.15O2, LMFN) when they were charged and discharged. Hard X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (HAXPES) and 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy measurements indicated that charge compensation occurred through changes in the valences of the Mn, Fe, Ni, and oxide ions, from Mn4+, Fe3.2+, Ni3.4+, and O1.78− in the charged state to Mn3.6+, Fe3+, Ni2+, and O2− in the discharged state. Neutron diffraction (ND) measurements indicated the LMFN powder had a layered rock-salt structure. However, reconstruction of the transition metal and oxide ions in the lattice during charging indicated spinel phases made up 17% of the structure, the remaining 83% being layered rock-salt. The oxygen deficiency formed during charging recovered during discharging and the lost oxygen became implanted again in the lattice of the cathode. We believe that the elucidation of the charge compensation mechanism and structural changes during charging and discharging will be useful for designing materials with larger capacity and improved cycle performance.

The morphology of diamond (100) surfaces etched by a solid-solution reaction of C into Ni was investigated. The etching was conducted at 900 °C under an Ar atmosphere. Diamond was selectively etched only under the Ni films. Atomically flat diamond (100) surfaces with step-terrace structures were formed on the etched regions. The step height was approximately 0.18 nm, which is equivalent to that of a double monatomic layer of (100) diamond. The step-edge lines were along the directions. These results indicate that the diamond etching by the solid-solution reaction of C into Ni was anisotropic.

In previous work, we engineered functional cell sheets using bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) to promote islet graft survival. In the present study, we hypothesized that a cell sheet using dermal fibroblasts could be an alternative to MSCs, and then we aimed to evaluate the effects of this cell sheet on the functional viability of human islets. Fibroblast sheets were fabricated using temperature-responsive culture dishes. Human islets were seeded onto fibroblast sheets. The efficacy of the fibroblast sheets was evaluated by dividing islets into three groups: the islets-alone group, the coculture with fibroblasts group, and the islet culture on fibroblast sheet group. The ultrastructure of the islets cultured on each fibroblast sheet was examined by electron microscopy. The fibroblast sheet expression of fibronectin (as a component of the extracellular matrix) was quantified by Western blotting. After 3 days of culture, islet viabilities were 70.2 ± 9.8%, 87.4 ± 5.8%, and 88.6 ± 4.5%, and survival rates were 60.3 ± 6.8%, 65.3 ± 3.0%, and 75.8 ± 5.6%, respectively. Insulin secretions in response to high-glucose stimulation were 5.1 ± 1.6, 9.4 ± 3.8, and 23.5 ± 12.4 μIU/islet, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretions were 3.0 ± 0.7, 5.1 ± 1.2, and 7.3 ± 1.0 ng/day, respectively. Islets were found to incorporate into the fibroblast sheets while maintaining a three-dimensional structure and well-preserved extracellular matrix. The fibroblast sheets exhibited a higher expression of fibronectin compared to fibroblasts alone. In conclusion, human dermal fibroblast sheets fabricated by tissue-engineering techniques could provide an optimal substrate for human islets, as a source of cytokines and extracellular matrix., Cell Transplantation, 25(8), pp.1525-1537; 2016

The charge compensation mechanism during cycles was investigated in Fe-containing lithium-rich layered manganese oxides (Li1.26Mn0.52Fe0.22O2), which has a potential to be used as cathode materials for high energy density and low-cost lithium-ion batteries. The capacity of cells with Li1.26Mn0.52Fe0.22O2 cathode in the discharged state was 234 mAhg−1 and the capacity retention was 46% at 30 cycles for the limit voltage from 2.0 to 4.8 V. X-ray diffraction measurements and the X-ray Rietveld analysis indicated that a layered rock-salt structure for the discharge states was transformed into a mixture of the layered rock-salt and spinel structure during cycles and that the ratio of the spinel phase became 32% by weight at 30 cycles. The X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and soft-XAS measurements revealed that the valence modification from Mn4+ to Mn2+/3+, Fe4+ to Fe3+, and O22− to O2− for the charge-discharge occurred together during cycles. During 30 cycles, the redox reactions of Fe, Mn, and oxide ions gradually became irreversible. Primary cause of above phenomena was that Fe and Mn ions stabilized at Fe3+ and Mn2+ from the surface of the electrode with the structural transformation from the layered rock-salt phase to the spinel phase.

Animal studies have shown the beneficial effects of piceatannol on metabolic health; however, there is a lack of human studies designed to examine these effects. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of piceatannol on metabolic health in humans. This randomized, placebo-controlled study was conducted on 39 subjects, including 10 overweight men and 9 overweight women (BMI ≥ 25), as well as 10 non-overweight men and 10 non-overweight women (BMI < 25). Subjects received piceatannol (20 mg/day) or placebo capsules for eight weeks in a random order. The primary outcome was the effect of piceatannol on glucose-metabolism, including insulin sensitivity. The secondary outcomes were the effects on other parameters, including blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), endothelial function, lipids, inflammation, oxidative stress, mood status, and Sirt1 and phospho-AMP-activated kinase (p-AMPK) expression in isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs). Supplementation with piceatannol in overweight men reduced serum insulin levels, HOMA-IR, BP and HR. Other groups, including non-overweight men, as well as overweight and non-overweight women, showed no beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity, BP and HR. Furthermore, piceatannol is not associated with other data, including body weight (BW), body composition, endothelial function, lipids, inflammation, oxidative stress, mood status, and Sirt1/p-AMPK expression in PBMNCs. In conclusion, supplementation with piceatannol can improve metabolic health, including insulin sensitivity, BP and HR, in overweight men.

The discovery of a novel series of β-methyltryptophan (β MeTrp) derivatives as selective and orally active non-peptide somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) agonists for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes is described. In our previous research, Compound A, β-MeTrp derivative with highly potent and selective SSTR2 agonistic activity IC50 (SSTR2/SSTR5)=0.3/>100 (nM), was identified asa drug candidate for treatment of Type 2 diabetes which lowers significantly plasma glucose level in Wistar fatty rats in its oral administrations. However, as serious increase in AUC and phospholipidosis (PLsis) were observed in its toxicological studies in rats, follow-up compounds were searched to avoid risk of PLsis with reference to their in vitro PLsis potentials evaluated on the basis of accumulation of phospholipids in HepG2 cells exposed to the compounds. It has been found that introduction of a carbonyl group onto the piperidine and piperazine or aniline moiety of compounds A and B reduced markedly the in vitro PLsis potentials. And further modification of the compounds and their evaluation led to a discovery of compounds 3k with lower in vitro PLsis potentials exhibiting lowering effect of hypoglycemia-induced glucagon secretion in SD rats (ED50=1.1mg/kg) and glucose excursion in meal tolerance test in Wistar fatty diabetic rats (MED=3.0mg/kg) in oral administrations. Compound 3k was selected asa new drug candidate of selective and orally active non-peptide SSTR2 agonists for treatment of Type 2 diabetes with low in vivo PLsis potential.

The Itajaí-Açu estuarine system, located in southern Brazil, has great economic importance due to the presence of two ports (Itajaí and Navegantes). This system is affected by industrial and dredging activities, which can cause the remobilization of pollutants accumulated over time in the sediment. In this context, hydrocarbons were assessed in twelve surface sediment samples. n-Alkane and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) concentrations were determined by gas chromatography and their sources assessed. Total concentrations ranged between 0.50 ± 0.04 and 69.70 ± 3.90 μg g-1 dry weight (d.w.) for n-alkanes and from 63.9 ± 12.1 to 1459.0 ± 43.5 ng g-1 d.w. for PAH. Most of the sediment samples presented carbon preference index (CPI) values close to unity, indicating that the area is submitted to petroleum-related sources, mainly close to Itajaí harbor, where an intense unresolved complex mixture (UCM) was observed. The presence at all stations of αβ-hopane biomarkers also indicated petrogenic input. Based on selected PAH ratios, the sedimentary PAH composition reflects a mixture of both petrogenic and pyrolytic sources. A comparison of the PAH concentrations found in this study with those listed in the sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) indicated that adverse biological effects on the biota are rarely expected.

Background: The importance of the treatment of osteoporosis is increasing in countries where the population age is rapidly advancing. A prospective study was planned for the purpose of determining the cost-effectiveness of various drugs for the prevention of incident vertebral fractures in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Method and Findings: Two hundred and forty women aged 65 to 75 years old who started treatment with various therapeutic drugs for primary postmenopausal osteoporosis were included in this study. The bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine estimated by the percent value of the young adult mean (%YAM) was less than 60% and all subjects were diagnosed with severe osteoporosis. Eight therapeutic drugs for osteoporosis were estimated of costeffectiveness to protect against incident vertebral fracture. The cost invested in our hospital to suppress one incident of vertebral fracture was 930,792 yen for daily parathyroid hormone (PTH), 872,004 yen for weekly PTH, 142,196 yen for denosumab, 195,4499 yen for monthly intravenous ibandronate, 192,234 yen for monthly minodronic acid hydrate,232,727 yen for monthly risedronate, 229,943 yen for weekly alendronate, and 352,639 yen for raloxifene. Denosumab was the most cost-effective drug, as seen from the suppression of incident vertebral fracture in severe osteoporotic patients with YAM value of less than 60% between 65 -75 years old. Conclusion: Cost-effectiveness should be evaluated when choosing a therapeutic drug for patients with osteoporosis.

In order to microscopically investigate the properties in SrGa4, the Ga NMR measurements of a powder sample were carried out. The Ga NMR spectra corresponding to Ga(I) and Ga(II) sites are obtained. The NMR spectra of 69&71Ga (a nuclear spin I = 3/2) in the powder sample of SrGa4 do not take a typical powder pattern caused by the NQR interaction, but take the spectra consisting of three well resolved resonance-lines, which indicates that the nonuniform distribution of crystal orientation in the powder sample occurs because of the magnetic anisotropy. From the analysis of the Ga NMR spectrum, it is found that the ab-plane of the crystal is parallel to the external magnetic field, which would be attributed to the anisotropy of the magnetic susceptibility with the easy axis parallel to the ab-plane. This result is also confirmed by the 69Ga NQR in SrGa4. The Knight shifts of the 69Ga(I) and 69Ga(II) shift slightly to the negative side with decreasing temperature due to the core polarization of the d-electrons. The values of the Knight shift of the 69Ga(I) and 69Ga(II) are 0.01 and –0.11 % at 4.2 K, and 0.09 and –0.08 % at 300 K, respectively. The values of the 1/ T 1 T of the NMR of both 69Ga(I) and 69Ga(II) are almost constant between 4.2 and 100 K, whose values are 1.5 s −1 K −1 at 69Ga(I) and 0.12 s −1 K −1 at 69Ga(II), while the 1/ T 1 T slightly increase above 100K with increasing temperature. The value of T 1 of 69Ga(I) is one order of magnitude less than that of 69Ga(II).

We investigated the effect of coating Fe- and Ni-substituted Li2MnO3 cathodes (Li1.23Mn0.46Fe0.15Ni0.15O2, LMFN) with Sm oxide (Sm2O3). The cells with LMFN and Sm2O3-coated LMFN cathodes respectively showed 85% and 90% capacity retention and generated 4.3 and 1.6 mlg−1 of gas during 50 cycles, which verified that the Sm2O3 coating was effective. Observations with a scanning transmission electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyzer showed that the Sm2O3 uniformly coated the LMFN. Synchrotron radiation X-ray absorption spectroscopy indicated that the Sm2O3 coating had little effect on the valence and/or electronic state of the Mn, Fe, and Ni during cycles. However, hard X-ray photoemission spectroscopy indicated that the Sm2O3 coating disturbed solid electrolyte interphase growth originating from the chemical reaction with the electrolyte solution and cathode electrode. The irreversible redox reactions of oxygen ions were also considerably suppressed. We believe that the improvements in cell properties had by using the Sm2O3-coated LMFN cathode will contribute to the development of next-generation storage devices.

Microbes, especially microalgae, have recently been of great interest for developing novel biofuels, drugs, and biomaterials. Imaging-based screening of live cells can provide high selectivity and is attractive for efficient bio-production from microalgae. Although conventional cellular screening techniques use cell labeling, labeling of microbes is still under development and can interfere with their cellular functions. Furthermore, since live microbes move and change their shapes rapidly, a high-speed imaging technique is required to suppress motion artifacts. Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy allows for label-free and high-speed spectral imaging, which helps us visualize chemical components inside biological cells and tissues. Here we demonstrate high-speed SRS imaging, with temporal resolution of 0.14 seconds, of intracellular distributions of lipid, polysaccharide, and chlorophyll concentrations in rapidly moving Euglena gracilis, a unicellular phytoflagellate. Furthermore, we show that our method allows us to analyze the amount of chemical components inside each living cell. Our results indicate that SRS imaging may be applied to label-free screening of living microbes based on chemical information.

We made high-power direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) by using single-wall carbon nanohorns (SWNHs) to support the Pt catalyst. The unique structure of the SWNH aggregate is advantageous to support the fine Pt catalysts. To prevent the growth of Pt particles even under high-Pt-content conditions, defects were intentionally created on the surface of SWNHs by oxidizing them with H2O2. This reduced the mean diameter of the Pt particles supported on the SWNHs to 2.9 nm, which is roughly 2/3 that of the Pt particles on as-grown SWNHs, for 60 wt % Pt content. We also improved the process used to make a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) by immersing the catalyst electrodes in 50 vol % MeOH before the hot-pressing process. This increased the active surface area of the Pt catalysts to nearly 100% of the Pt surface and strengthened the joint between the electrodes and the membrane. These improvements enabled us to obtain a power density of 76 mW/cm2 at 0.4 V for a passive-type DMFC operated at 40 °C.

This work describes the antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities in vitro of organic extracts from fourteen seaweeds, eleven sponges, two ascidians, one bryozoan, and one sea anemone species collected along the Brazilian and Spanish coast, as well as the isolation of the diterpene (4R, 9S, 14S)-4α-acetoxy-9β,14α-dihydroxydolast-1(15),7-diene (1) and halogenated sesquiterpene elatol (2). The most promising antimicrobial results for cell wall bacteria were obtained by extracts from seaweeds Laurencia dendroidea and Sargassum vulgare var. nanun (MIC 250 μg/ml), and by the bryozoan Bugula neritina (MIC 62.5 μg/ml), both against Staphylococcus aureus. As for antimollicutes, extracts from seaweeds showed results better than the extracts from invertebrates. Almost all seaweeds assayed (92%) exhibited some antimicrobial activity against mollicutes strains (Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma capricolum and Mycoplasma pneumoniae strain FH). From these seaweeds, A1 (Canistrocarpus cervicornis), A11 (Gracilaria sp.) and A4 (Lobophora variegata) showed the best results for M. pneumoniae strain FH (MIC 250 μg/ml). Furthermore, compounds 1 and 2 were also assayed against mollicutes strains M. hominis, M. genitalium, M. capricolum, M. pneumoniae strain 129 and M. pneumoniae strain FH, which showed MIC > 100 μg/ml. Antioxidant activities of extracts from these marine organisms were inactive, except for E7 (from sponge Ircinia sp.), which exhibited moderated antioxidant activities for two methods assayed (IC50 83.0 ± 0.1 μg/ml, and 52.0 ± 0.8 mg AA/g, respectively). Finally, for the anticholinesterase activity, all the 29 samples evaluated (100%) exhibited some level of activity, with IC50

It has been well known that mechanical properties of steels are improved by gain refinement, smaller cementite particle and finely dispersing cementite particle, It is enabled by super rapid induction tempering the the smaller cementite particle and the finely dispersing cementite particle. In this study, mechanical properties of induction quenching and tempering carbon steel using super rapid induction heating system were investigated. Dtail, the effect of quenching time on tensile properties is examined. The quenching time was changed in four steps of 0.44 s (1163 K), 10 s (1233 K) +10 s (1153 K), 20 s (1273 K) and 20 s (1433 K). As a result, it was found that the tensile strength of QT steel indicated an increase tendency with hardness. The yield strength was in proportion to a square root of grain size. However, the ductility improvement effected by super rapid induction quenching was not found, reduction of area did not depend on grain size.

In the current study, we investigated the analgesic activity of a crude methanol extract and some fractions obtained from Hyeronima alchorneoides Allemao leaves and analyzed its phytochemical profile to determine active principles. All the fractions exhibited analgesic properties using the writhing test in mice, but the hexane fraction was the most active, causing 96.4 ± 1.0% inhibition at 10 mg/kg. Three compounds were isolated and identified based on their spectral data: simiarenol (1), β.-sitosterol (2), and amentoflavone (3). Compound 1, a rare terpene isolated for the first time from the family Euphorbiaceae, presented a calculated ID50 value of 18.87 (14.6–24.4)µmol/kg with the writhing test, being about 8-fold more active than two known analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs (aspirin and dipyrone). In the formalin test, it was particularly active against the second phase, with inhibition of 59.5 ± 9%, suggesting a peripheral activity. In the capsaicin and glutamate tests, it showed inhibitio...

High blood pressure after a natural disaster is tentatively considered to be due to elevation of sympathetic nerve activity. A volcano in Japan erupted on March 31, 2000, and people living in the vicinity of the volcano were evacuated to safe shelters. We found that many evacuees developed high blood pressure while staying at evacuation centers. The aim of this study was to investigate why their blood pressures stayed elevated.Sixty-five evacuees, who were staying evacuation centers for 4 months, were examined for blood pressure, urinary sodium excretion, urinary potassium excretion, and plasma and urinary catecholamines.Associations were found between systolic blood pressure and sodium excretion (r = 0.311, p0.05) and between systolic blood pressure and the ratio of urinary sodium to urinary potassium (r = 0.320, p0.05). However, no association was found between blood pressure and plasma and urinary catecholamines (NE, DHPG and MHPG).High sodium consumption was thought to be an important factor in the elevation of blood pressure of the evacuees after acute phase reactions.

In this study, we simulate nanoscale copper precipitation process based on the vacancy jump model using Lattice Monte Carlo (LMC) method, where an activation energy is calculated from the first neighboring interaction model. We confirmed that status of copper clustering at temperature of 300 K is different from those of 600 K and 900 K at the same potential energy decrease, and copper clusters are formed more rapidly at higher temperature. We obtained a fact that process of copper clustering consists of the two phases which are formation phase, and coalescence and/or absorption phase.

A methanolic extract and two fractions (n-hexane and ethyl acetate) from Virola oleifera leaves and some compounds (one lignan and two flavonoids) were investigated to verify the analgesic activity by using the writhing test in mice. The crude methanolic extract showed a moderate analgesic effect (about 40% of inhibition in this test at 10 mg/kg), whereas n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions caused inhibition of 51.3 ± 5.9% and 50.5 ± 6.3% , respectively. Oleiferin-C (1), a lignan isolated from the n-hexane fraction, showed an interesting analgesic potential in this model when compared to two standard drugs, paracetamol (4-acetamidophenol) and aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid). The ID50 calculated for this compound was 17.25 μmol/kg, with confidence interval between 13.7 and 21.3 μmol/kg, being about 8 times more potent than the standard drugs. The mixture of two glycoside-flavonoids, identified as astilbin (2) and quercitrin (3), also exhibited good analgesic activity, causing 63% of reduction of abdominal constriction in mice. These results suggest beneficial effect of this plant to treat dolorous processes.

The phospholipid fatty acid composition of brown adipose tissue (BAT) was examined in inbred heat-tolerant FOK rats and compared with that in conventional Wistar rats not previously exposed to heat. The FOK rats showed higher unsaturation states, as indicated by higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids and a higher unsaturation index and polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids ratio. This higher level of unsaturation was characterized by the higher amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid, arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. It may be concluded that the increased docosahexaenoic acid level in BAT phospholipids brings about the hyperplasia of BAT, causing an enhancement of its in vivo thermogernic activity as well as the systemic non-shivering thermogenesis observed in heat-tolerant FOK rats.

To clarify the effects of cold acclimation and immobilization stress adaptation of rats on nitric oxide (NO) activity in interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT), we incubated neatly diced (1-mm(3) blocks) BAT in a metabolic chamber for respiration, measured oxygen consumption using a Clark electrode, and estimated NO release in the buffer medium by measuring nitrite plus nitrate (NO(x)) using the Griess method (diazotization reaction). The production of NO(x) in the buffer medium confirmed that BAT releases NO, as there is no other source of NO(x) in the system. The NO activity was observed in the basal condition and increased with noradrenaline stimulation, showing a correlation with oxygen consumption in the warm (25 degrees C)-acclimated control rats. Cold acclimation (5 degrees C, 5 weeks) or immobilization stress adaptation (3 h daily, 25 degrees C, 5 weeks) caused enhanced NO activity in the basal condition in comparison with the control. We suggest that NO is involved in enhancement of the thermogenic functions of BAT in rats.

The electronic properties of single phase type-I clathrate compounds, ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{8}{\mathrm{Au}}_{6}(\mathrm{Si}\mathrm{}or\mathrm{}\mathrm{Ge}{)}_{40}$ and ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{8}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{46\ensuremath{-}x}$ have been investigated. The crystal structure, electrical resistivities, magnetic susceptibilities, the density of states at the Fermi level, and the band gap (where applicable) were determined. ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{8}{\mathrm{Au}}_{6}{\mathrm{Si}}_{40}$ and ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{8}{\mathrm{Au}}_{6}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{40}$ show a metallic behavior whereas ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{8}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{46\ensuremath{-}x}$ is semiconducting. On a basis of this work, a first evidence is presented of the existence of type-I mixed-clathrates containing both silicon and germanium.

Membrane phospholipids are known for their role in the regulation of membrane structures and functions. Membrane phospholipid fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has been recently indicated to be important for the regulation of cellular activities, including metabolic regulation. Our previous studies have indicated the involvement of DHA in the regulation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis. The objective of the present study is to examine the changes in BAT phospholipid fatty acid composition including DHA and thermogenic activity in fasted and refed rats. Phospholipid content per microgram DNA was decreased in rats fasted for 72 h and it was not restored to the control level by refeeding for 72 h. Phospholipid fatty acid composition of BAT, as expressed by mol%, was modified in the fasted rats. Most notably, DHA, which constituted about 89% of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, was decreased concomitant with the increase in the n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid arachidonic acid. The monounsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio, which is an index of Delta(9)-desaturase activity and membrane fluidity, was decreased. Thermogenesis, as measured by the in vitro oxygen consumption of BAT, was suppressed in the fasted rats. All of the above changes were restored to normal levels after refeeding the fasted rats for 72 h. In vitro oxygen consumption correlated with the level of DHA and monounsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio. These results indicate that the modification of phospholipid fatty acid composition, especially the modification of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid DHA, and membrane fluidity are related to BAT thermoregulation in fasted and refed rats.

A low cost surface treatment technique was developed to improve wear resistance of ductile cast iron (DI) in terms of diffusion welding of molten DI with stainless steel. The essential idea of fabricating wear resistant DI is concerned with diffusion-formed chromium carbides made from chromium sourse in stainless steel and carbon source in DI. To find the most suitable condition for forming chromium carbides, two kinds of stainless steel SUS 304 and SUS 340, different pouring temperature and specimen thickness were employed. Finally the validity of the proposed method was checked in a newly developed-erosion-resistant testing machine. Furthermore, the improvement of wear resistance was quantitatively demonstrated through comparison tests using medium carbon steel and non-surface-treated DI.

(1998). The different fractions of organic matter and its annual changes in a eutrophied Brazilian coastal lagoon. SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010: Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 1408-1411.

The effects of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism on brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis and phospholipid fatty acid composition were investigated in rats. Chronic triiodothyronine (T3) treatment (hyperthyroidism) increased the interscapular BAT pad weight, its triacylglycerol content, and its DNA content. It did not affect basal and noradrenaline-stimulated in vitro oxygen consumption of BAT expressed per microg DNA, although it significantly increased the oxygen consumption of the whole BAT pad. T3 treatment had little effect on phospholipid content and phospholipid fatty acid composition. In contrast, chronic methimazole treatment (hypothyroidism) decreased the BAT pad weight and the triacylglycerol content, but did not significantly change the DNA content in comparison with the control. It significantly decreased the noradrenaline-stimulated BAT oxygen consumption expressed per microg DNA and per BAT pad, but did not change the basal oxygen consumption. Methimazole treatment significantly affected phospholipid content and phospholipid fatty acid composition. Among the major fatty acids of BAT, it decreased docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), arachidonic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, and oleic acid, and it increased linoleic acid, stearic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid. A regression analysis revealed a positive relationship between in vitro respiration and DHA levels in phospholipids (r = 0.404, p0.05). These results suggest that thyroid hormones have trophic action on BAT and are necessary for BAT thermogenic activity. This study also suggests that DHA is involved in the regulation of BAT thermogenic activity, as we previously indicated.

Clathrates of type Ba 8 TM x Si 46− x (with TM = Au, Ag, Cu) have been investigated. We report on superconductivity in Ba-inclusion silicon based clathrates when doped with transition metals. It is clarified that the transition metals are necessary in order to form the clathrates as major phases, but they destroy the superconductivity. On lowering the amount of TM, an increase in superconducting fraction has been observed, with a maximum at x ≈1. After purification a superconducting fraction of up to 50% was obtained. The critical temperatures range from 5 to 6 K depending on both, x and the type of TM.

Evidence supports the involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in ovarian physiology. The present study was undertaken to investigate the role of the NO/NO synthase (NOS) systems in ovulation, oocyte maturation, ovarian steroidogenesis, and PG production using in vitro perfused rabbit ovaries. The addition of the NOS inhibitors, aminoguanidine hemisulfate salt (AG) and N-omega-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), to the perfusate inhibited the ovulation induced by hCG in a dose-dependent manner, whereas D-NAME had no significant effect. Neither AG nor L-NAME affected the hCG-induced meiotic maturation of the ovulated ova. The exogenous administration of the NO generator, sodium nitroprusside (NP), induced follicle rupture in the absence of gonadotropin, but did not induce oocyte maturation. Inhibition of endogenous NOS by AG and L-NAME resulted in a significant elevation in the production of estradiol (E2), but not of progesterone, stimulated by hCG. The concomitant administration of NP significantly reduced the AG-stimulated production of E2 by ovaries perfused in the presence of hCG, which suggests that NO down-regulates ovarian E2 synthesis. Ovarian production of PGE2 and PGF2α in response to hCG was significantly blocked by L-NAME, and exogenous administration of NP stimulated the production of PGs in the absence of gonadotropin. Significant correlations were observed between the ovulatory efficiencies and the production of PGs by rabbit ovaries perfused with or without L-NAME. In conclusion, the ovarian NO/NOS system is involved in follicle rupture during the ovulatory process. NO may induce follicle rupture in rabbit ovaries at least in part by the stimulation of PG production.

The effects of chronic cold exposure on soleus muscle capillarity were examined, particularly in terms of the distribution of arteriolar and venular capillaries and their capillary domain area (CDA) in adult rats exposed to cold for 68 generations (CG; n = 6). These parameters were compared with those obtained from control rats (CON; n = 5) and deacclimatized rats (DCG; n = 4), reared in thermoneutral temperature after being reared for 11 generations in cold. Morphometric data were obtained from muscle cross sections exposed to a double-staining method that stained the arteriolar and venular portions of capillaries blue and red, respectively. In CG, the capillary densities of arteriolar and venular capillaries were significantly greater than that of both CON and DCG (P < 0.05). The CDA of arteriolar, intermediate and venular portions in CG was significantly smaller by 15, 14 and 13%, respectively, than those of respective portions in CON (P < 0.05). Although CDA of arteriolar and venular capillary portions was also smaller in DCG than in CON, the degree of reduction was less in DCG than in CG. The succinate dehydrogenase activity of soleus muscle was significantly greater in CG than in both CON and DCG (P < 0.05). These results suggest that adaptive changes in the oxygen transport system, identified as an increase in the number of arteriolar capillaries and a reduction in the diffusion distance for oxygen, were observed in the soleus muscle after chronic cold exposure. These changes may improve the effective oxygen supply to muscle tissues and enable muscle tissues to promote thermogenesis in the cold atmosphere.

The cardiac capillarity in adult rats reared at 5 degrees C for 68 generations was studied with a double staining method of alkaline phosphatase and dipeptidylpeptidase IV. Capillary density, proportions of arteriolar, intermediate and venular capillary portions and capillary domain area were measured in the left ventricular wall. Compared with the control rats which had been brought back from the low temperature at the 12th generation and reared at 25 degrees C since then, the heart and the cardiac cells were hypertrophied, total capillary density increased and the capillary domain areas were reduced along the capillary path from the arteriolar to venular capillary portions. The number of the venular capillary portions showed no significant change but the arteriolar and intermediate capillary portions significantly increased. All these changes suggest that the cardiac capillary network was better developed in the cold-reared rats than in control rats. In the cold-adapted rats the hypertrophic changes in cardiac cells are thus accompanied by improvements in the oxygen delivery capacity. This adaptation provides a basis for the maintenance of increased thermogenesis in many organs. The changes cannot be established by several weeks exposure to low temperature, but only after rats have been bred in a cold room for generations.

The effects of 4-week cold exposure on capillary geometry, particularly in terms of the distribution of arteriolar and venular capillaries and their capillary domain areas, were studied for different types of skeletal muscles in male Wistar rats. Morphological data for capillaries and muscles were obtained from muscle cross-sections exposed to a double-staining method that distinguishes arteriolar portions from venular portions of capillaries. In soleus (SOL; type I fibers) and the deep portion of gastrocnemius (GASd; type I and IIa fibers) muscles, total capillary density and density of arteriolar capillary were significantly greater in cold-acclimated (CA) rats than in warm control (WC) rats (p < 0.05). In the superficial portion of the gastrocnemius (GASs; type IIb fibers), however, these changes in capillarity were not observed. After cold acclimation, fiber cross-sectional area was significantly decreased by 21, 28 and 15% in SOL, GASd and GASs (p < 0.05), respectively. In SOL and GASd but not in GASs, capillary domain areas of arteriolar, intermediate and venular portions in CA were significantly smaller than those of the respective portions in WC (p < 0.05). Succinate dehydrogenase activity was significantly increased after cold acclimation, by 31% in SOL and 21% in GASd (p < 0.05). In GASs, however, the activity remained unchanged after cold acclimation. These results suggest that adaptive changes in the oxygen transport system were observed after cold acclimation in the skeletal muscles that are mainly composed of oxidative fibers. These adaptive changes may improve the effective oxygen supply to muscle tissues that contribute to thermogenesis in a cold atmosphere.

Organotin compounds have been used as anti-fouling reagents having high toxicity to aquatic organisms. In this study, in order to assess the toxic effects of triphenyltin on fish, potential activities of chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen in the liver of red sea bream, Pagrus major, and the activities of chymotrypsin and trypsin in the intestine were determined. The red sea bream were exposed to triphenyltin ranging from 0.13μg/l to 3.23μg/l for up to 8 weeks. The potential activities of chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen in the liver of exposed fish were much lower than those in the control fish, whereas the active forms of these enzymes in the intestine were not affected by the exposure to triphenyltin. The feeding activity of fish exposed to tiphenyltin of 3.23μg/l was depressed. The results of the relationship between diet amounts given and enzyme activities suggested that starvation caused a remarkable decrease in the potential activities of the zymogens in the liver, suggesting the depression of potential activities of the zymogens in the liver of exposed fish was not caused by the change in feeding activity of fish but by the toxic effects of triphenyltin. The potential activities of the zymogens were influenced by the exposure to triphenyltin of 0.13μg/l for 4 weeks.

We investigated the effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on the phospholipid fatty acid composition of brown adipose tissue by administering chronic N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (0.01%) to rats via drinking water. L-NAME caused a significant decrease in C14:0, C16:0, C16:1 and C18:1, with a concomitant increase in C18:0 and C18:2, L-NAME treatment elicited an increase in the unsaturation index. There were no significant changes in other fatty acids including the polyunsaturated fatty acids docosahexaenoate (DHA, C22:6) and arachidonate (C20:4). Polyunsaturated fatty acid linoleate (C18:2) was increased and the arachidonate index decreased in the L-NAME-treated group, suggesting a diminished conversion of C18:2 to C20:4.

Retinal migraines are characterized by attacks of fully reversible monocular vision loss associated with migraine headaches, and these phenomena are rare. Furthermore, because it is difficult to observe dynamic changes in fundus images during transient vision loss, retinal vasospasm rarely has been documented photographically.1- 4 Using videos, we documented a case of retinal vasospasm during a transient episode of monocular vision loss in a patient with a history of migraine.