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Iodine was discovered as a novel element in 1811 during the Napoleonic Wars. To celebrate the bicentennial anniversary of this event we reflect on the history and highlight the many facets of iodine research that have evolved since its discovery. Iodine has an impact on many aspects of life on Earth as well as on human civilization. It is accumulated in high concentrations by marine algae, which are the origin of strong iodine fluxes into the coastal atmosphere which influence climatic processes, and dissolved iodine is considered a biophilic element in marine sediments. Iodine is central to thyroid function in vertebrates, with paramount implications for human health. Iodine can exist in a wide range of oxidation states and it features a diverse supramolecular chemistry. Iodine is amenable to several analytical techniques, and iodine compounds have found widespread use in organic synthesis. Elemental iodine is produced on an industrial scale and has found a wide range of applications in innovative materials, including semiconductors--in particular, in solar cells., (Copyright © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

The interplay between a nucleus and an electron pair is explained through a basic application of an electrostatic and balanced model to determine the correlated and repulsive movements of the electron pair. The stable correlation depends on the positive charge produced by the combined force, which in turn establishes a negative potential energy.

The preparation and characterization of new interhalogen ionic liquids and their utility in electrolytes for dye-sensitized solar cells are described. The analysis has shown that the new type of low-viscous interhalogen ionic liquids containing a mixture of redox species has provided promising alternatives to viscous ionic liquids based on alkylimidazolium iodides.

The coordination of the cations Cu(II), Co(II), Rh(III), Ir(III), Ni(II), Pd(II), Pt(II), and Zn(II) to the copper-binding octapeptide region in the human prion protein is compared through structural optimization. The computational results reveal that, among these cations, the coordinations of Co(II) and Rh(III) are the most similar to that of Cu(II) and that the cations Ni(II), Pd(II), and Pt(II) prefer a four-coordinate square-planar coordination by the peptide ligand.

A new quasi-one-dimensional compound Ni8Bi8SI is synthesized and its crystal structure determined from single-crystal x-ray diffraction data. Analysis of chemical bonding reveals strong multicenter Ni-Bi bonds and pair Ni-S interactions within the compound.

The effects of sodium counterion presence and chain length on structure and dynamics of single DNA strands of polythymidylate were studied by molecular dynamics simulations. The results show that the importance of base-base stacking phenomenon increases with chain length and partially reduces flexibility of the strand.

Binary metal iodide-iodine complexes were produced from the reaction between HgI2(C6N4H12) and HI in ethanol solution. Structure of such complexes, which are stable under ambient conditions, is composed of C6N4H13+ cations, discrete trigonal HgI3- ions and ...Hg2I(sub 6)(super 2-)...HgI(sub 6)(super 2-) chains in the crystallographic b direction. A new synthetic route of introducing metal iodides into polyiodide networks with the use of a metal iodide was discussed.

Pentabismuth(3+) tetrachlorogallate(III) has been synthesized by the reduction of a BiCl3-GaCl3 melt with bismuth metal. The antimony analog Sb5(GaCl4)3 was prepared by the reduction of an SbCl3-GaCl3 mixture with gallium metal. Theoretical calculations showed for isoelectronic, trigonal pyramidal M5 closo-clusters showed the stability of the Sb(sub 5)(super 3+). The results showed the equal distribution of electron density over all M-M vectors for Sb(sub 5)(super 3+) and Bi(sub 5)(super 3+), while Sn(sub 5)(super 2-) and Pb(sub 5)(super 2-) have no substantial electron density between the equatorial atoms.

A number of metal-mediated and oxime-catalyzed steps leading to formation of imidoylamidines are investigated. This synthesis method will encourage studying chemical and biological properties of imidoylamidines compounds.

The authors review the publications on polyiodides. The topics of interest include the synthesis and characterization of these compounds, their structure and bonding, the conductivity mechanism, and technical applications in different areas.

The study stated that the anodic oxidation of molybdenum metal in MeOH at both low anodic and cathodic current density (0.025 A/cm(super 2) and electrolyte temperatures below 20 degrees C provided an efficient approach to Mo(OMe)(sub 6). The theoretical calculations performed for a free molecule of Mo(OMe)(sub 6) indicated that the low symmetry was the result of the packing of the molecules in the crystal structure.

This recommendation proposes a definition for the term "halogen bond", which designates a specific subset of the inter- and intramolecular interactions involving a halogen atom in a molecular entity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Te4[Ga2Cl7]2 has been isolated from GaCl3–benzene media and its structure determined. The structure features a centro­symmetric square-planar Te cation and staggered [Ga2Cl7]− anions, consisting of two corner-sharing GaCl4 tetrahedra. The chlorine bridge between the Ga atoms in the anion is bent. The title compound is isotypic with Te4[Al2Cl7]2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]