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Macrophages (MQ) are major constituents of chronically inflamed periapical tissues in apical periodontitis. This study aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory effect of engineered bioactive chitosan-based nanoparticles (CSnp) antibiofilm medication on MQ cocultured with periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PdLF). Cells viability, spreading, PdLF migration, and intracellular CSnp uptake were characterized. Tandem Mass Tag-based proteomics was applied to analyze MQ global protein expression profiles after interaction with Enterococcus faecalis biofilm, CSnp-treated biofilm, and CSnp. Secreted inflammatory mediators were analyzed. Following bioinformatics analyses, candidate proteins were validated via targeted proteomics. CSnp maintained cells viability, increased MQ spreading, and PdLF migration (p 1.5-folds, p 1.5-folds, p, Graphical abstract This study elucidated the immunomodulatory effect of engineered bioactive chitosan-based nanoparticles (CSnp) as antibiofilm medication on macrophage (MQ) co-cultured with periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PdLF) via proteomic and cytokine analyses. CSnp were internalized via different endocytic pathways. Cells interaction with CSnp resulted in increased MQ spreading and PdLF migration. MQ inflammatory response to CSnp-treated biofilm was compared to untreated biofilm. Quantitative proteomics of MQ was done using tandem mass tag (TMT)-mass spectrometry (MS). Bioinformatics analysis of global proteomic data was followed by validation of candidate proteins via parallel reaction monitoring (PRM)-targeted MS. CSnp upregulated proteins having immunoregulatory and antioxidant activities. MQ stimulated with CSnp-treated biofilm produced higher anti-inflammatory but lower pro-inflammatory mediators. Engineered CSnp has the potential to regulate biofilm-mediated inflammation to promote periapical healing in the treatment of apical periodontitis (Schematic created with BioRender.com).Image 1., Highlights • CSnp internalized via macropinocytosis, clathrin-mediated endocytosis, and phagocytosis. • Enterococcus faecalis biofilm altered macrophage proteomic profile. • Macrophage proteome upon CSnp-treated biofilm interaction was distinct from biofilm. • CSnp upregulated proteins with immunoregulatory and antioxidant activities. • CSnp reduced proinflammatory but increased anti-inflammatory mediators.

The purpose of this study was to assess the antimicrobial activity of root canal sealers modified with novel highly loaded antimicrobial drug-silica coassembled particles (DSPs) on Enterococcus faecalis-infected root canal dentin.DSPs were synthesized through coassembly of silica and octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT) surfactant drug (35% w/w OCT). DSPs (1% wt of the total mass of the sealer) were mixed homogenously with either epoxy resin sealer (AH Plus [AH]; Dentsply Sirona, Tulsa, OK) or calcium silicate-based sealer (EndoSequence BC Sealer [BC]; Brasseler, Savannah, GA). To assess the antimicrobial activity of DSP-loaded sealers, the apical third of single-rooted teeth was obtained and infected with E. faecalis for 3 weeks followed by the application of experimental (DSP-loaded) sealers or corresponding controls for up to 28 days. Microbiological analysis and laser scanning confocal and scanning electron microscopy were used to determine the colony-forming unit (CFU)/mL, the percentage of live bacteria, and the intratubular bacterial and sealer penetrations. Factorial analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc tests were used to assess the antimicrobial effect of DSPs on different sealers.All experimental groups showed significant reductions in CFUs at all-time points compared with positive controls (P .05). The addition of DSPs to BC significantly reduced the CFUs (2.11 ± 0.13, 2.22 ± 0.19, and 2.25 ± 0.17 at 1, 7, and 28 days, respectively) compared with the unmodified sealer (3.21 ± 0.11, 4.3 ± 0.15, and 4.2 ± 0.2 at 0, 7, and 28 days). DSPs enhanced the antimicrobial performance of AH only at 1 day (4.21 ± 0.17 vs 5.19 ± 0.12, P .05). AH and AH + DSPs showed higher bacterial viability compared with BC and BC + DSPs at all incubation periods (P .05).Loading endodontic sealers with DSPs had a material-dependent effect on the antimicrobial properties and could reduce the incidence of secondary infections.

A novel 2-part varnish system containing chitosan nanoparticles (part 1) and chitosan-grafted hydroxyapatite precursor nanocomplex (part 2) was developed to condition the root-end dentin using the principle of biomineralization while rendering both antimicrobial efficacy and bioactivity. This in vitro study aimed to characterize and assess the effectiveness of the chitosan nanoparticles and chitosan-grafted hydroxyapatite precursor nanocomplex containing self-mineralizing antibacterial tissue repair varnish to condition as well as seal root-end dentin during endodontic microsurgery.In phase 1, the antibacterial properties and cellular response of the varnish were characterized. The antibacterial activity and cellular responses were evaluated using Enterococcus faecalis and periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts, respectively. In phase 2, a resected root-end model was used to apply the 2-part varnish and examine the dentin-varnish interface using transmission electron microscopy. The percentage of root end sealed with time was determined using scanning electron microscopy (n = 6/time point). Statistical analysis was performed using 1-way analysis of variance where applicable.The part 1 and 2 of the varnish displayed significant antibacterial activity and reduced bacterial adherence/survival (P.01). The attachment and spreading of PDL fibroblasts on the varnish-conditioned dentin was enhanced compared with unconditioned dentin (P.01). In the resected root-end model, the 2-part varnish displayed a biomineralized varnish layer with close interaction with the subsurface dentin. Root-end coverage with the biomineralized layer increased with incubation time (P.01), reaching approximately 95% coverage after 24 hours.The 2-part varnish system effectively conditioned/sealed the root end with a biomineralized layer while reducing bacterial load and promoting PDL fibroblast attachment. This therapeutic modification of root-end dentin could provide optimal conditions to enhance healing and improve prognosis in teeth with root-end cracks after endodontic microsurgery.

Objective Proteolytic and demineralizing agents have a profound influence on the dentin ultrastructure, which plays a key role in the mechanical integrity of the tooth and integrity of dentin-biomaterial interfaces. In-depth characterization of dentin treated with a novel root canal irrigation protocol comprising sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and etidronate (HEDP) is lacking. This study comprehensively characterized and compared the effects of the continuous chelation (NaOCl/HEDP) and sequential chelation (NaOCl/EDTA) protocols on dentin. Methods Dentin blocks, dentin powder and root canals of mandibular premolars were distributed into Group 1, Saline (control); Group 2, NaOCl/EDTA; and Group 3, NaOCl/HEDP. Ultrastructural characteristics of the treated dentin were investigated using electron microscopy and light microscopy, while the surface roughness was analyzed using atomic force microscopy. Chemical compositional changes were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and energy-dispersive-X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), while collagen degradation was determined using ninhydrin assay. Data were statistically analyzed using multiple-factor one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests (P = 0.05). Results NaOCl/HEDP resulted in partially degraded, yet mineralized collagen fibers, with minimal alteration to the subsurface matrix. Conversely, NaOCl/EDTA dissolved the hydroxyapaptite encapsulation, exposing collagen fibre bundles. There was no significant difference in the surface roughness between the two protocols (P > 0.05). NaOCl/HEDP resulted in homogenous distribution of organic and inorganic components on the treated surface. Significance This study highlighted that continuous chelation (NaOCl/HEDP) resulted in a frail surface collagen layer while sequential chelation (NaOCl/EDTA) exposed bare collagen fibres. These surface and sub-surface effects potentially contribute to structural failures of dentin and/or dentin-biomaterial interfacial failures.

is a genus of plant in the grass family. It is found in the tropical regions and is also known as grass, Bermuda grass and Indian Doab. It is a herb extensively used in Indian system of medicine. It has many health benefits and is useful in controlling hypertension, skin diseases and diabetes. Selenium particles have an excellent anti-cancer, , antioxidant, photo reactive property. The size of SeNPs ranges from 30nm to 200 nm. These particles can be used in arthritis, cancer, diabetes etc. To prepare the selenium particles using Cynodon , fresh Cynodon was dried and made into a fine powder and powder mixed with distilled water. Selenium were synthesized using plant extract and sodium . Anti microbial activity against oral pathogens tested usingagar well diffusion method. The diameter of zone of inhibition was recorded on each plate. The change was indicative of the formation of SeNPs that was further confirmed by . The Cynodon mediated SeNPs showed high anti microbial activity against all the three micro-organisms especially Candida and S.. Therefore, diseases can be prevented as it is very effective in inhibiting the growth of the colonies.

Bioactive molecule carrier systems (BACS) are biomaterial-based substrates that facilitate the delivery of active signaling molecules for different biologically based therapeutic applications, which include regenerative endodontic procedures. Tissue regeneration or organized repair in regenerative endodontic procedures is governed by the dynamic orchestration of interactions between stem/progenitor cells, bioactive molecules, and extracellular matrix. BACS aid in mimicking some of the complex physiological processes, overcoming some of the challenges faced in the clinical translation of regenerative endodontic procedures.This narrative review addresses the role of BACS in stem/progenitor cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation with the application for dentin-pulp tissue engineering bothComprehensive characterization of well-designed and customized BACS is necessary to be able to deliver multiple bioactive molecules in spatiotemporally controlled manner and to address the release kinetics required for potential

Commercially used polymer separators for lithium-ion batteries are inherently flammable and their reliability is limited to specific temperatures. The electrode-supported alumina separator shows good cell performance with improved safety. However, alumina is heavier than polymer separators and thus has a lower weight-based energy density. This paper reports synthesis and characterization of a lighter and low-cost silica (quartz) membrane separator for lithium-ion batteries and its performance in comparison with alumina separators. Thin (40 μm) quartz silica films can be readily coated on a Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) electrode by the blade-coating method from a quartz silica slurry due to its more favorable particle shape and matching zeta-potential as compared to alumina. A new infiltration method shows that quartz silica separators exhibit better electrolyte wettability than alumina and polypropylene (PP) separators. LTO/Li cells with quartz silica, alumina and PP separators exhibit similar cyclability indicating that the quartz silica separator is inert to the cell internals. However, the EIS results show that the quartz silica separators have a better charge transfer rate and lower SEI resistance compared to the cells with the alumina and PP separators. The results demonstrate that the quartz silica separator is more favorable inorganic material as the membrane separator for safer, higher energy density and better performing lithium-ion batteries.

Background: Alzheimer’s disease is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with depletion of acetylcholine. Oral treatment with tacrine hydrochloride; a reversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, finds limited use in Alzheimer’s disease due to frequent dosing, hepatotoxicity and extensive pre-systemic metabolism. Objectives: The objective of the study was to evaluate pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, safety and stability profile of transdermal w/o nanoemulsion gel of tacrine hydrochloride and determine its relative bioavailability from transdermal nanogel in contrast to marketed capsule and conventional hydrogel. Methods: The optimized nanoemulsion gel NEGT4 (droplet size 156.4 ±0.48 nm, with poly dispersity index 0.36 ±0.4, permeation flux 6.172±2.94 µg/cm2/h across rat skin) was prepared by spontaneous emulsification followed by sonication. NEGT4 contained 7 mg of drug in 10% w/w distilled water, 30% w/w surfactant (Labrafil M) and cosurfactant (Transcutol P) mixture in ratio 1:4 and 60 % Capryol 90 as oily phase thickened with 98.9 mg ethyl cellulose (20 cps). In vivo studies were carried out on male Wistar rats following standard guidelines. Scopolamine was used to induce amnesia in rats which is a characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease. Various formulations were compared by performing pharmacokinetic, histopathological, behavioural and biochemical studies on rats. Stability studies on nanoemulsion gels were carried out in accordance with The International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines. Results: Pharmacokinetic studies exhibited significantly greater extent of absorption from NEGT4 in comparison to capsule and hydrogel with a 2.18 and 5.26-fold increase respectively. Significant improvement in neurobehavioral parameters was observed with NEGT4 in scopolamine-induced amnesic rats. Biochemical assessment showed superior anti-amnesic activity of NEGT4 through augmentation of antioxidant enzymes, decreased lipid peroxidation and acetylcholinesterase activity. Low value of serum aminotransferase in rats treated with NEGT4 indicated the absence of hepatotoxicity. NEGT4 was found to be non-irritant and possessed a shelf life of 4.11 years. Conclusion: Developed nanoemulsion gel of tacrine hydrochloride was found to be safe, stable, and efficacious and has immense potential to be used in the therapy of Alzheimer’s disease.

Introduction The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of chitosan-hydroxyapatite precursor (C-HA) nanocomplex conditioning on the chemical modifications at the tricalcium silicate sealer-dentin interface using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. Methods Dentin slabs from human premolar root dentin were prepared, demineralized, and randomly distributed between control and C-HA nanocomplex conditioned groups. Tricalcium silicate sealer was applied, and the slabs were allowed to set in 100% humidity for 10 days. The cross-sectional area was exposed, and the sealer-dentin interface was characterized for chemical/ultrastructural evaluation with time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. Results Chemical analysis revealed the presence of an ion-rich layer constituted of abundant phosphates (PO2−, PO3−, and PO4−), hydroxide (OH−), and chitosan fragments (C2H4NO−, C3H4NO2−, C2H5O2+, C2H6NO+, C4H6NO2+, C5H6NO+, and C5H5O2+) on the dentin surface at the sealer-dentin interface and subsurface dentin after conditioning with C-HA nanocomplexes. In contrast, a decreased interfacial presence of calcium (Ca+) and calcium phosphates (CaPO2+, CaPO3+, CaPO4+, and Ca2PO3+) and the absence of phosphate fragments in the control were noted. Ultrastructural evaluation showed an interfacial layer ( Conclusions C-HA nanocomplex conditioning of dentin before tricalcium silicate sealer application resulted in a chemically modified dentin substrate with an ion-rich layer consisting of phosphate, calcium, calcium phosphates, and chitosan that chemically modified the dentin surface/subsurface.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T08:33:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-11-01 Desert Research Institute Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Objectives: The dentin therapeutic agent chlorhexidine has inflammatory and cytotoxic characteristics urging investigation of alternatives like the natural compound epigallocatechin-gallate. The aim is to verify the effect of epigallocatechin-gallate and chlorhexidine on viability, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and differential protein expression of MDPC-23 odontoblast-like cells stimulated by Streptococcus mutans. Design: Cells were stimulated with heat-killed S. mutans at multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 100–1000 and subsequently treated with 100–1 µM of epigallocatechin-gallate. Cells with no treatment or chlorhexidine were controls. Combined stimulated/treated cells were tested for cytotoxicity (Alamar-Blue, N = 3, n = 3), total protein (N = 3, n = 3), IL-1β (ELISA, N = 3, n = 3), and differential protein expression by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS, n = 2). Results: Cells stimulated at MOI 100/1000 and treated with 10 µM epigallocatechin-gallate and chlorhexidine did not present cytotoxicity. IL-1β significantly increased in both un-stimulated and stimulated chlorhexidine 10 µM groups when compared to un-treated control (p < 0.05). MOI 100 chlorhexidine 10 µM group significantly increased IL-1β compared to un-stimulated chlorhexidine 10 µM and epigallocatechin-gallate 10 µM groups, as well as to MOI 100 epigallocatechin-gallate 10 µM group (p < 0.05). LC-MS/MS revealed S. mutans and mammalian proteins, with tooth-specific proteins exhibiting different abundance levels, depending on the tested condition. Conclusions: Odontoblast-like cells stimulated with S. mutans at different MOI combined with epigallocatechin-gallate treatment did not cause cytotoxicity. S. mutans stimulation combined with chlorhexidine 100 µM treatment decreased cell viability, while treatment with chlorhexidine 10 µM concentration significantly increased IL-1β. S. mutans stimulation and treatment of cells resulted in varied protein expression. Department of Clinical Sciences – Restorative Faculty of Dentistry University of Toronto Department of Restorative Dentistry Institute of Science and Technology of São José dos Campos Sao Paulo State University Department of Biological and Diagnostic Sciences-Oral Microbiology Faculty of Dentistry University of Toronto Dental Research Institute Faculty of Dentistry University of Toronto Department of Restorative Dentistry Institute of Science and Technology of São José dos Campos Sao Paulo State University Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada: 2018-06489

AIM To assess odontogenic differentiation abilities of porous biomineralizable composite scaffolds comprising eggshell derived nano-hydroxyapatite (HAnp) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) on cultured human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). METHODOLOGY Nano-hydroxyapatite was derived from eggshells using a simple combustion method and CMC was prepared from chitosan through a chemical route. Several compositions of HAnp-CMC (0:5, 5:0, 1:5, 2:5, 3:5, 4:5 and 1:1 w/w%) scaffolds were prepared by magnetic stirring and freeze-drying methods. HAnp-CMC scaffolds were characterized using high-resolution scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction methods. In vitro bioactivity was determined following the interaction in simulated body fluid for 21 days. The optimized composite was then loaded onto hDPSCs to assess cell viability/proliferation, dentine sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expressions using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry methods, respectively, following 7, 14 and 21 days. For intergroup and intragroup comparisons, Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman tests were employed, respectively, followed by appropriate post hoc test (Dunn). Significant levels were set at *p

In the present study, an extracellular esterase from Serratia sp. was purified 24.46 fold using an initial ammonium sulphate precipitation step (optimized concentration of 30–40%), followed by Diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DEAE-cellulose) chromatography and size exclusion Sephadex G-200 column chromatography steps. The molecular weight of the esterase using native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was determined to be 236 kDa and by using sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was found to be 60 kDa suggesting that the enzyme was a tetramer of 4 subunits. The purified esterase was able to catalyze the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl esters, especially p-nitrophenyl acetate. Maximum esterase activity was achieved in 0.15 M Tris–HCl buffer of pH 8.5 at 50 °C after 10 min. The enzyme was stable for at least 8 h at 4 and 35 °C but the half-life was determined to be 4.5 h at 50 °C and 3 h at 60 °C. The esterase activity was inhibited by detergents (1 mM) (Triton X-100, Tween 60, Tween 80, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid and SDS) except Tween 20. The esterase activity was inhibited by organic solvents (1 mM) such as ethanol, methanol, acetone, acetonitrile and was stable in the presence of glycerol, isopropanol but the organic solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) significantly (p

Objective To evaluate the protease activity in dentin matrices subjected to lactic acid (LA) in comparison to polyacrylic acid (PAA) challenge model at cathepsin K (CT-K) optimum pH 5.5 to assess effectiveness of inhibitors in dentin collagen degradation. Methods Dentin disks measuring 0.5 mm prepared from human molars were completely demineralized in 10% H3PO4. Demineralized dentin disks were challenged with 0.1 M LA, 1.1 mM PAA, artificial saliva (AS), or deionized water (C) for 24 h or 7-days. Dentin collagen properties were tested by measurement of %dry mass change, and ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Degradation of dentin type I collagen was measured by telopeptide assays measuring the sub-product release of C-terminal cross-linked telopeptides (ICTP) and C-terminal peptide (CTX) in the incubation media in relation to total protein concentration, which correlates with matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and CT-K activities. Results Gravimetric analysis showed statistically significant difference between C and other groups (p Significance LA has the ability to activate endogenous CT-K in dentin as measured by the release of CTX (CT-K specific telopeptide). This LA based model has the potential application for further investigations on the activity and possible inhibitors of CT-K in human dentin.

Lithium-ion batteries prepared with ceramic, powder-coated electrode separators exhibit improved safety and performance characteristics compared to those with polymeric separators prone to thermal runaway. However, electrode-coated alumina separators are thinner and more flexible than standalone ceramic powder separators. Previous studies demonstrated the success of lithium-ion batteries with an alumina separator prepared by the blade-coating method on metal oxide electrodes. The present work examines the effect of particle size of α-alumina powder on slurry processability, coating formation, and the performance of lithium-titanate/lithium half cells with an alumina powder electrode-coated separator. Alumina powders with large particles (> 10 μm) were unable to form a slurry with the consistency required to fabricate such electrode-coated separators. Alumina powders that formed a consistent slurry were directly coated onto a lithium-titanate electrode, resulting in a good quality, thin electrode-supported separator. However, submicron-sized particles of α-alumina could block the electrode surface, affecting performance and stability of the final cell with the separator. Unimodal, micron-sized particles formed low viscosity slurries that both wet and damaged the electrode. An improved cell performance was observed if the coated separator was made of alumina powder with bimodal distribution of submicron and micron-sized particles, yet good results in terms of separator formation and the performance of the resulting cells were achieved only with alumina powder of a specific bimodal distribution. Interaction of the alumina and binder in the separator was studied to understand the need for the specific bimodal distribution of the alumina powder.

Temporal-controlled release of bioactive molecules is of key importance in the clinical translation of tissue engineering techniques. We engineered a core-shell nano-system (TD-NS) that sequentially released transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), a chemotactic/proliferating growth factor and dexamethasone (Dex), an osteo/odontogenic agent in a temporal-controlled manner. In stage-1, there was a rapid release of TGF-β1, reaching a concentration of 2 ng/mL of TGF-β1 in 7 days to 14 days, which tapers subsequently. In stage-2, Dex was released linearly from 9 days to 28 days. The TD-NS group showed a significantly higher (P 0.05) osteo/odontogenic differentiation compared to the control and free TGF-β1 group (Free-TD) that was further corroborated with animal models/histochemical examination. The findings from this study highlighted the potential of temporal-controlled delivery of TGF-β1 and Dex from a single nano-carrier to direct spatial and temporal-control for a cell-free tissue engineering strategy in the treatment of apical periodontitis.

Research in organic permeable base transistors (OPBTs) has led to a significant increase in their performance. However, despite this progress, understanding of the working mechanism of OPBTs is still limited. Although first numerical models of OPBTs are able to describe the switching mechanism of OPBTs correctly, they neglect currents injected at the base electrode, which leads to unrealistically low off-currents and high ON/OFF ratios. Here, a tunneling model is developed that is capable of describing injection of charges through a thin oxide layer formed around the base electrode of OPBTs. With the help of this injection model, the performance of the base–collector diode of OPBTs is discussed. In particular, the model is used to explain the reduction in backward currents due to an exposure to ambient air by an increase in the thickness of the oxide layer. Furthermore, the tunnel model is used to show that the reduction in backward currents of the base–collector diode leads to a decrease in off-currents of complete OPBTs, which in turn leads to an increase in their ON/OFF ratio.

To investigate the effectiveness of root canal irrigation with chitosan on the dislocation resistance of a root canal sealer (MTA Fillapex) in vitro, measured by the push-out bond strength test.Root canals of mandibular premolars (n = 57) were prepared using rotary files with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite as the irrigant during instrumentation. Following this, the specimens were randomly divided into three groups (n = 19) based on the final irrigant: group 1, 0.2% chitosan solution; group 2, 17% EDTA solution; group 3, saline. Three specimens from each group were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The remaining specimens of each group were divided into two subgroups (n = 8) based on the method of agitation of the final irrigants (chitosan/EDTA/saline): subgroup A, sonic (Endoactivator, Dentsply Maillefer); subgroup B, no activation (control). After irrigation, all specimens obturated with a commercial mineral trioxide aggregate-resin hybrid sealer (MTA Fillapex, Angelus, Londrina, Brazil). Dislocation resistance was measured using the push-out bond strength test after 3 weeks. The data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test (P = 0.05).Immaterial of the irrigant agitation, groups irrigated with chitosan showed significantly higher bond strength values than those irrigated with EDTA (P 0.05). Groups irrigated with saline showed the least bond strength values (P 0.05). When EDTA was used, sonic agitation significantly improved the bond strength of the sealer, compared to the control (P 0.05). There was no significant difference between sonic agitation and the control when chitosan solution was used as the final irrigant (P 0.05). The nitrogen/carbon ratio was significantly higher in chitosan groups compared to the control group (P 0.05).This study provides the first evidence that chitosan irrigation improves the dislocation resistance of MTA-resin hybrid root canal sealer, compared to EDTA and saline irrigation.Chitosan-based irrigation has been previously shown to demonstrate anti-biofilm properties in the root canal. The present study demonstrates that chitosan can improve the bond strength of a root filling material, which may contribute to better sealing of the root canal system.

Introduction Macrophages regulate the processes of inflammation and tissue regeneration/repair through their plasticity and phenotypes of different activation states. Previous studies have shown that disinfection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-contaminated dentin with photoactivated rose bengal–functionalized chitosan nanoparticles (CSRBnps) in vivo supported neotissue formation without signs of inflammation and root resorption. The aim of this study was to understand the mechanism underlying CSRBnp-guided attenuation of inflammation in LPS-contaminated dentin using macrophage polarization as an indicator of inflammation and repair. Methods To quantify the polarized macrophage populations, M1/M2-specific surface markers CD68, CD80, and CD206 and transcriptional factors signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1, STAT3, and STAT6 were determined using immunohistochemistry among previously obtained root specimens implanted into mandibles of guinea pigs for 4 weeks. In group 1, the canals were not inoculated; in group 2, the canals were inoculated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa LPS; in group 3, the canals were inoculated and disinfected with sodium hypochlorite; in group 4, the canals were inoculated and disinfected with sodium hypochlorite and calcium hydroxide; and in group 5, the canals were inoculated and disinfected with sodium hypochlorite, and CSRBnps (300 μg/mL) with photoactivation (λ = 540 nm, 40 J/cm2) were analyzed. Results An increased expression of M2-specific markers was observed in the group treated with CSRBnps compared with the groups treated with either conventional or no root canal disinfection. A statistically significant population of macrophages expressing both M1- and M2-specific markers was observed in all the tested groups. Conclusions Disinfection of LPS-contaminated dentin with CSRBnps demonstrated M2-type polarization of macrophages, which corresponded to repair and neotissue formation.

The use of sunscreens in our daily lives to reduce UV exposure on our skin is a good measure against photoaging. However, the current active ingredients in the market are not able to cover the entire spectrum range of UVA and UVB. Therefore, broader spectrum compounds are constantly being searched by cosmetic companies to replace the commercially available UV filters. In this study, an experimental model utilizing the MATLAB software was developed to measure a compound’s critical wavelength (λc). The purpose of this research was to ease the cost and speed up the screening of bioactive compounds for photoprotective properties while maintaining accuracy in the process. In this paper, the measurement of caffeic acid, gallic acid, and pinocembrin’s critical wavelength in the MATLAB software was explained in a step-by-step guide. This was done to create an understandable and executable procedure for future researchers to utilize. Subsequently, from the results, the critical wavelength of caffeic acid, gallic acid, and pinocembrin was 378.2nm, 324.6nm, and 364.8nm, respectively. This shows that caffeic acid has the broadest absorbance spectrum, followed by pinocembrin, and finally gallic acid. Thus, it may be possible that caffeic acid might have stronger photoprotective abilities as compared to pinocembrin and gallic acid, based on its critical wavelength.

Background Orthodontic treatment poses an increased risk of plaque accumulation and demineralisation of enamel leading to white spot lesion around the brackets. This parallel arm trial aims to assess the degree of bacterial plaque formation adjacent to orthodontic brackets, following the application of a chitosan-based varnish or chlorhexidene-fluoride varnish. Methods A total of 200 teeth from 20 patients undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy were assessed and biofilm formation around the brackets were recorded using the Bonded Bracket Index (Plaque index) at baseline and weekly for 6 weeks. The bacterial count and plaque pH at corresponding weekly intervals were also recorded. Following bracket bonding, the patients were cluster randomised to receive chitosan-based varnish-CHS (UNO Gel Bioschell, Germiphene corp., Brantford, Canada) or chlorhexidine-fluoride varnish-CFV (Cervitec F, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) every week on the representative teeth respectively. BBI proportions were compared between groups at all time intervals using Chi square test. Mean plaque bacterial count and plaque pH were compared using Mann Whitney U test and Tukey’s HSD test respectively. Results Baseline characteristics were similar between the groups: Mean age was CHS = 23 and CFV = 21; male to female ratio was CHS = 5/5, CFV = 7/3. At the end of 6 weeks, chitosan-based varnish performed equal to chlorhexidine-fluoride varnish (P > 0.05) with 98% and 95% of teeth with acceptable scores respectively. The plaque bacterial count significantly reduced at 6 weeks for both varnish compared to the baseline; The value for CHS was 0.43 ± 0.4 × 104 and CFV was 0.77 ± 0.64 × 104 CFU (P Conclusion This trial showed that both chitosan-based varnish and chlorhexidine-fluoride varnish reduced bacterial count, while the plaque pH remained neutral over a period of six weeks in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy. The anti-plaque effects of the natural biopolymeric chitosan-based varnish was similar to that of chlorhexidine-fluoride varnish, a known chemotherapeutic agent. Registration: This trial protocol was registered with https://www.ctri.nic.in (CTRI/2019/05/018896). (Date of registration 02/05/2019). Protocol: The protocol was not published before trial commencement.

The ever-growing standards of human living associated with augmentation in human-machine interactivity has created a colossal demand for portable electronic devices with smart material functionalities. One such smart functionality is the ability to be applied on any possible structure and also to operate under mechanically stressed environments. Accordingly, mechanically flexible polymer-based electro-active smart composites have garnered significant technological interest for flexible and/or wearable electronic applications. Also, such polymer-based electro-active smart composites, when integrated to device‐engineering technologies, enable the effective fabrication of slender, lighter, stretchable, and foldable sensors and/or actuators. This chapter discussed various types of electro-active polymer composite-based stretchable strain sensors, their operating mechanisms, performance metrics that validate the suitability of a material for stretchable strain sensing, and factors that decide the strain sensing performance of polymer-based conductive composites.

Polymer-based soft matrix-enabled smart composites are playing a pivotal role in stretchable and/or flexible electronics, which is a fast-emerging technological sector with promising implications in structural health monitoring and personalized healthcare. Rapid advancements in the field of nanotechnology, catalyzed by the development of novel synthetic and characterization tools, have enabled researchers to perceive further and deeper into the roots of advanced materials and their related applications. There is also the availability of vast chemical design space to molecularly engineer the material functionalities of polymers using nano-sized materials. Plus, the availability of a wide range of polymeric matrices and numerous functional nano-sized dopants has opened up diverse opportunities in the field of flexible electronics. This chapter highlights the recent developments in the field of flexible electronics, with special emphasis on important applications of such nanotechnology-enabled polymer-based smart materials.

Introduction The purpose of this study was to assess the antimicrobial activity and flow of root canal sealers after incorporating novel highly loaded antimicrobial drug-silica coassembled particles (DSPs). Methods DSPs were synthesized through coassembly of silica and octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT) antimicrobial surfactant. DSPs were loaded (1% and 2% wt) into epoxy resin sealer (AH Plus [AH]; Dentsply DeTrey GmbH, Konstanz, Germany) or calcium silicate–based sealer (EndoSequence Bioceramic Sealer (BC); Brasseler, Savannah, GA). OCT release from DSP-modified sealers was determined using liquid chromatography. Antimicrobial activity of sealers against planktonic or biofilm form Enterococcus faecalis was assessed using direct contact and membrane restricted tests. Sealer flow was tested according to ISO6876:2012. Results OCT release from BC + 1% or 2% DSPs was above the minimum inhibitory concentration following 2 days throughout the 30-day experiment, whereas OCT release from AH + 1% or 2% DSP was significantly below the minimum inhibitory concentration against E. faecalis (4 μg/mL) over the whole 30-day experimental period. All materials (with or without DSPs) killed planktonic bacteria initially. AH ± 1% or 2% DSPs had no antimicrobial activity after 7 days. BC + 1% or 2% DSPs maintained antibacterial activity over the 30-day period. Both modified and unmodified sealers completely inhibited the growth of E. faecalis biofilms after 24 hours of contact. DSPs decreased the flow of AH and BC sealers; for AH, the reduction was proportional to the amount of DSPs added. All modified and unmodified sealers, except for AH + 2% DSPs, were within the acceptable limits of ISO 6876 flow tests. Conclusions DSPs enhanced the antimicrobial performance of BC but not AH, whereas the material’s flow remained compliant with ISO 6876 standards. Depending on the sealer, DSPs may enhance antimicrobial efficacy in root canal treatment and potentially improve treatment outcome.

Remineralization of demineralized dentin is of considerable clinical interest as it may prevent failure in dental restoration. Amelotin (AMTN) is an enamel protein that has a direct influence on the biomineralization of enamel by promoting hydroxyapatite mineralization. In this study, we harnessed the mineral-inducing properties of AMTN to remineralize demineralized dentin by coating the protein on hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HANP). Collagen gel and demineralized dentin sections of human third molars were used as our model system. It was shown that AMTN coated HANP accelerates the formation of a larger and more homogeneous mineral surface with higher crystallinity on both collagen and demineralized dentin.

This study aimed to characterize the decellularization effects of different treatment protocols on the bovine dental pulp extracellular matrix (ECM) for tissue regeneration.Seven different decellularization protocols consisting of trypsin/EDTA (for 1 hour, 24 hours, or 48 hours), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, for 24 hours or 48 hours), Triton X-100 (for 1 hour), and deoxyribonuclease treatments were tested on bovine dental pulp tissue. The posttreatment samples were evaluated for remaining DNA and cellular contents, structural durability, immunofluorescence analysis, and in vivo immune responses.A complete decellularization process in all of the experimental groups was observed. The protocol that included 1 hour of Triton X-100 treatment and 12 hours of trypsin/EDTA treatment with no SDS treatment (P7 [12E-0S-1T]) showed the highest retention of glycosaminoglycan and the absence of nuclei in 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole. All groups showed significantly lower DNA content compared with native pulp tissue (P.05), whereas compared with other protocols, protocols 1 (1 hour of EDTA/trypsin, 24 hours of SDS, and 1 hour of Triton X-100) and 4 (1 hour of EDTA/Trypsin, 48 hours of SDS, and no Triton X-100) resulted in the highest DNA contents (P.05). Based on these results, P7 was further evaluated by immunofluorescence and in vivo immunogenicity. P7 specimens preserved collagen type I, whereas mononuclear cell infiltration along with neovascularization was observed in vivo.All tested treatments displayed the potential ability to decellularize pulp tissue and are viable options for a xenogeneic dental pulp ECM scaffold. The P7 (12E-0S-1T) protocol resulted in decellularized ECM with minimal organic matrix/ultrastructural detriments and an acceptable host immune response.

Objective To evaluate protease activity of dentin matrices subjected to treatment with non-specific (chlorhexidine – CHX), cysteine cathepsin specific (E−64), and cysteine cathepsin-K (CT-K) specific (Odanacatib – ODN) inhibitors. Methods Pulverized dentin powder obtained from human dentin disks (0.5 mm thickness) completely demineralized with 10% H3PO4 were challenged in 1 mL lactic acid (LA) (0.1M, pH 5.5) or stored in deionized water for 30 min. Aliquots of dentin powder were then immersed in 1 mL of CHX (2%), E−64 (10 μM and 20 μM) or Odanacatib (0.2 nM and 1 μM) for 30min. Degradation of dentin collagen was determined by telopeptide assays measuring the sub-product release of C-terminal cross-linked telopeptides (ICTP) and C-terminal peptide (CTX) in incubation media, which correlates with matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and CT-K activities respectively (n = 3). The ICTP and CTX data were normalized to concentration of total protein (ICTPtp and CTXtp) in the media, measured by bicinchoninic acid assay. Dentin matrix properties were also measured by gravimetric change (n = 8) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) (n = 10). Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test and independent t-test (α = 5%). Results Telopeptide assays showed significantly lower CTXtp values after treatment with E−64 and Odanacatib. E−64 and Odanacatib at all tested concentrations significantly reduced the release of ICTPtp. Gravimetric analysis showed no significant difference between the tested inhibitors and control except for CHX after lactic acid challenge. UTS results showed significantly higher values for E−64 (20 μM) and Odanacatib (0.2 nM and 1 μM) groups in deionized water. Significance Dentin therapies targeting enzymes such as CT-K by specific inhibitors may provide superior pharmacokinetics and optimum efficacy due to precise protein binding, consequently limiting collagen degradation directly or indirectly by enzyme related pathways.

Biosynthesis of nanoparticles is an emerging technology with conventional methods. Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles (MNPs) has been done from various biological materials like bacteria, fungi and plants extracts. Leaves extracts contain phytochemicals which play a major role in formulating and enhancing bioactivity of nanoparticles. Two main approaches used to synthesize nanoparticles are “top-down” and “bottom-up” approaches. Studies on green biosynthesis of MNPs particularly focus on copper, cobalt, silver, gold, platinum, zirconium, palladium, iron, cadmium and metal oxides such as titanium oxides, zinc oxides. These various MNPs have diverse applications in food industries, drug delivery system, nano-filtration, UV-protectant paints, biomedical field, agricultural, environmental and physiochemical areas. They also have applications as artificial enzymes, nanocatalysts, lubricant additives and as therapeutic agents. This chapter mainly pivots around the biosynthesis and applications of green and advanced nanomaterials.

The electrical excitation of surface plasmons/photons from MIM tunnel junctions has attracted significant research attention in recent times [1]–[3]. These devices, though are promising for future on-chip plasmonic applications, are plagued with low quantum efficiencies. In an effort towards increasing the effectiveness of such devices, we study the behaviour of gap plasmons in Ag-SiO2-Ag and Al-Al2O3-Au structures, with a 3 nm oxide and confined in two dimensions. We find that the out-coupling of leaky modes due to the Fabry-Perot resonances in the oxide region contributes to the lower efficiencies of MIM tunnel junctions.

Different methods to characterize bacterial biofilms have been established, each presenting with distinct advantages and shortcomings. The aim of this study was to validate the ability of microbiological culture, the adenosine-5'-triphosphate (luminescence) assay, molecular, and microscopic methods to assess antibiofilm efficacy.Thirty-nine extracted single-rooted teeth were selected. Enterococcus faecalis biofilms were grown for 21 days and randomly distributed into 3 groups. All canals were instrumented (F3 ProTaper Universal; Dentsply Sirona, Johnson City, TN) and irrigated (ProRinse needles, Dentsply Sirona) as follows: group 1, sodium hypochlorite and EDTA irrigation; group 2, supplemented with sonic agitation of NaOCl, and group 3, sterile distilled water irrigation. Bacteriologic samples were collected before (S1) and after canal preparation (S2) and subjected to quantification by culture methods, quantitative reverse transcriptase real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and luminescence assay. The biofilm structure and bacterial cell viability were evaluated under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Data were subjected to statistical analysis to determine the statistical significance (P .05).S1 samples showed approximately 8-log colony-forming-units of bacteria using both culture and qRT-PCR. The reduction in bacterial population and relative luminescence was highly significant in the S2 samples from groups 1 and 2 (P .001). SEM and CLSM showed well-matured root canal biofilms in the pretreatment samples that were reduced after treatment. Irrigation with NaOCl combined with sonic agitation significantly decreased the percentage of live cells (P .05) but was not able to eliminate the biofilm structure.This study highlighted the maximum reduction of microbes after instrumentation-syringe irrigation. Although supplementary sonic agitation reduced the root canal biofilm further, it did not completely eliminate the biofilm from a single root canal model. The merits of combining microbiological and molecular quantification methods with CLSM for the comprehensive assessment of antibiofilm efficacy in root canals were emphasized.

Background/Aims: Activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway has been widely investigated in bone biology and shown to promote bone formation. However, its specific effects on osteoclast differentiation have not been fully elucidated. Our study aimed to identify the role of β-catenin in osteoclastogenesis and bone homeostasis. Methods: In the present study, exon 3 in the β-catenin gene (Ctnnb1) allele encoding phosphorylation target serine/threonine residues was flanked by floxP sequences. We generated mice exhibiting conditional β-catenin activation (Ctsk-Cre;Ctnnb1flox(exon3)/+, designated CA-β-catenin) by crossing Ctnnb1flox(exon3)/flox(exon3) mice with osteoclast-specific Ctsk-Cre mice. Bone growth and bone mass were analysed by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and histomorphometry. To further examine osteoclast activity, osteoclasts were induced from bone marrow monocytes (BMMs) isolated from CA-β-catenin and Control mice in vitro. Osteoclast differentiation was detected by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, immunofluorescence staining and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT–qPCR) analysis. Results: Growth retardation and low bone mass were observed in CA-β-catenin mice. Compared to controls, CA-β-catenin mice had significantly reduced trabecular bone numbers under growth plates as well as thinner cortical bones. Moreover, increased TRAP-positive osteoclasts were observed on the surfaces of trabecular bones and cortical bones in the CA-β-catenin mice; consistent results were observed in vitro. In the CA-β-catenin group, excessive numbers of osteoclasts were induced from BMMs, accompanied by the increased expression of osteoclast-associated marker genes. Conclusion: These results indicated that the constitutive activation of β-catenin in osteoclasts promotes osteoclast formation, resulting in bone loss.

Introduction The persistence of dentin-bound lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in disinfected root canals impedes treatment outcomes of endodontic procedures. This study assessed the effects of photoactivated rose bengal–functionalized chitosan nanoparticles (CSRBnps) on LPS-contaminated root dentin in vivo using an intraosseous implantation model and neotissue formation as a marker. Methods Fifty human, 3-mm-long root segments with a 1.2-mm canal lumen were divided into 5 groups (n = 10): group 1, canals not contaminated; group 2, canals contaminated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa LPS; group 3, canals contaminated and disinfected with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); group 4, canals contaminated and disinfected with NaOCl and calcium hydroxide; and group 5, canals contaminated and disinfected with NaOCl and CSRBnps (300 μg/mL) with photoactivation (λ = 540 nm, 40 J/cm2). Specimens were implanted into mandibles of guinea pigs, block dissected after 4 weeks, and the canal content evaluated histologically and immunohistochemically. The ingrown neotissue interface (50 μm) with dentin was characterized for fibroblasts, osteoclasts, inflammatory markers, dentin resorption, mineralization, and angiogenesis and dichotomized as type 1 (no inflammation and resorption, indicative of LPS inactivation) or type 2 (inflammation and resorption). The frequency of the observed parameters was analyzed using the Fisher exact test. Results The outcome was categorized as type 1 in groups 1 and 5, type 2 in group 2, and mixed type 1 and 2 in groups 3 and 4. The outcomes in groups 1 and 5 (P > .05) differed significantly (P Conclusions Disinfection of LPS-contaminated root canals with photoactivated CSRBnps in vivo supported ingrowth of neotissue without signs of inflammation or resorption, suggestive of effective inactivation of dentin-bound LPS.

In this report, a facile and eco-friendly method was developed to synthesize a potent antimicrobial agent, effective against fungus, bacteria, and virus. The biocompatible FDA approved polymer, polyethylene glycol (PEG), has been modified by ascorbic acid to form fluorescent polyethylene glycol-ascorbic acid complex (FL PEG AA). The flourescence of FL PEG AA complex could be tuned from green to red in the visible range with varying ascorbic acid(AA) concentrations. The Density Functional Theory (DFT) and the Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (DT-DFT) on ascorbic acid–monoethylene glycol and ascorbic acid–hexaethylene glycol studies were performed to understand the electronic and bonding nature of FL PEG-ascorbic acid (FL PEG AA) system. The emission of FL PEG AA can be ascribed to the integrated core of FL PEG AA through strong hydrogen-bonding interactions. The fluorescence of FL PEG AA was successfully applied to understand its cellular uptake by breast cancer cells. The FL PEG AA complex showed significant inhibition of growth, when tested against fungus (Candida albicans), bacteria: gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and the virus (Bacteriophage lambda). The antimicrobial activity of the FL PEG AA system supports the application of this novel formulation as a potent antimicrobial agent. Due to its viscous physical nature, the FL PEG AA complex could be applied as a coating agent or aerosol spray.

There are many extrinsic factors that can contribute to the premature aging of the skin. In recent years, the demand for natural cosmetic from the general population has noticeable grow. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the bioproperties of sky fruit (Swietenia macrophylla) seed extract that could help to inhibit premature skin aging. Firstly, the extract and its fractions were tested on HaCaT cells for their wound healing properties. The presence of sky fruit’s extract and its fractions on scratch wound significantly improved cellular proliferation, migration, and closure of the wound. These effects were distinctly observed following the treatment with S. macrophylla hexane fraction (SMHF) and S. macrophylla water fraction (SMWF). Our continuous research study revealed that SMWF had antioxidant properties, which might be one of the factors contributing to its emerging wound healing properties because antioxidants are known to act as suppressors of the inflammatory pathway and aid the transition towards cell proliferation. In addition, all samples had critical wavelengths that indicated that they were able to absorb the whole UVB range and some parts of the UVA wavelength. This suggested that S. macrophylla might contain potential photoprotective bioactive compounds, which could be developed into anti-UVB photoprotective sunscreens. Thus, this warrants further studies focusing on isolation and identifications of the bioactive compounds responsible for both its photoprotective and wound healing properties. A deeper study on mechanisms of the pathways that were affected by these compounds should be conducted as well to better understand this natural product and develop it into a potential cosmeceutical ingredient.

Introduction The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) and ethanolic propolis extract (EPE) incorporated into a calcium hydroxide paste (Ca[OH] 2 ) to kill bacterial biofilms. Methods Human root canal dentin was infected with Enterococcus faecalis for 21 days and also intraorally for 48 hours followed by incubation in brain-heart infusion for 48 hours to standardize biofilm growth. Ca(OH) 2 pastes associated or not with CNPs or EPE were tested on biofilms for 7 and 14 days. Distilled water was used for control purposes. After the treatment procedures, microbiological analysis was performed to determine the reduction in E. faecalis colonies. Confocal microscopy was used to determine the percentage of cell viability in polymicrobial biofilms before and after the exposure to the experimental intracanal medications. Results All experimental pastes were able to significantly reduce the E. faecalis colony-forming units (CFU) after 7 or 14 days ( P 2 paste ( P 2 showed similar percentages of bacterial viability to the control regardless of the exposure time ( P > .05). The viable cell count significantly dropped in the Ca(OH) 2 /CNPs groups for both 7 and 14 days ( P 2 /EPE groups were only effective in eliminating bacteria during the first 7 days of treatment ( P Conclusions Incorporating CNPs into pastes of Ca(OH) 2 could potentially be beneficial when using interappointment intracanal medications because of their ability to kill bacteria in short- and long-term exposure.

Objective: To investigate sustained release of solid lipid nanoparticles containing Artemether and Lumefantrine against the P. falciparum by the combination of drugs that eventually will decrease the chance of drug resistance development. Methods: Artemether and Lumefantrine come under BCS class II (poor aqueous solubility and high permeability) and these drug molecules possess low oral bioavailability due to improper dissolution and incomplete absorption. Novel formulation of Artemether and Lumefantrine may eliminate all of shortcomings and may lead to enhance oral bioavailability due to increase in solubility of these drugs. Liquid crystalline nanoparticles (cubosomes or hexosomes) containing Artemether and Lumefantrine were formulated by Hydrotropic dilution method. In this method ethanolic solution of GMO with drug and aqueous solution of Poloxamer 407 were prepared by vortexing. Water phase containing the Poloxamer (10% w/v) added to the ethanolic phase drop wise with continuously vortexing resulting in the precipitation of the GMO. A milky suspension is formed which indicate the formation of liquid crystallineas Results: The average particle size of Artemether and Lumefantrine loaded SLNs decreased with increasing concentration of surfactant. SLNs of 193.5-194 nm with a Polydispersity index of (0.600 ± 0.10) were obtained at higher concentration of lipid and surfactant. Entrapment efficiency of Artemether and Lumefantrine were found 85% and 95.5% insolid lipid nanoparticles. Furthermore the stability of SLNs indicated with negligible drug leakage after 3 weeks in stability studies as per ICH guidelines. Physical and chemical stability study revealed no major change in particle size and entrapment efficiency of liquid crystalline nanoparticles. Conclusion: The result concluded that Artemether and Lumefantrine were loaded in solid lipid nanoparticles that exhibited sustained release from the designed dosage form against the P. falciparum and decrease the chances of drug resistance development during the treatment.

Aim To assess a novel, noninvasive intervention capable of mobilizing charged antibacterial nanoparticles to the apical portions of the root canal system, utilizing the principles of electrokinetics. Methods Experiments were conducted in three stages. Stage-1: A computer model was generated to predict and visualize the electric field and current density distribution generated by the proposed intervention. Stage-2: Transport of chitosan nanoparticles (CSnp) was evaluated qualitatively using a transparent microfluidic model with fluorescent-labelled CSnp. Stage-3: An ex vivo model was utilized to study the antimicrobial efficacy of the proposed treatment against 3-week-old monospecies E. faecalis biofilms. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also utilized in this stage to confirm the deposition of CSnp. Results The results of the computer simulations predicted an electric field and current density that reach their maxima at the apical constriction of the root canal. Correspondingly, the microfluidic experiments demonstrated rapid, controlled CSnp transport throughout the simulated root canal anatomy with subsequent distribution and deposition in the apical constriction as well as periapical regions. Infected root canals when subjected to the novel treatment method resulted in a mean bacterial reduction of 2.1 log CFU. SEM analysis revealed electrophoretic deposition of chitosan nanoparticles onto the root canal dentine walls in the apical region. Conclusion The findings from this study demonstrate that the combination of cationic antibacterial nanoparticles with a low-intensity electric field results in particle transportation (electrophoresis) and deposition within the root canal. This results in a synergistic antibiofilm efficacy and has the potential to enhance root canal disinfection.

AIM To characterize a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated dentine tissue model (LPS dentine) to analyse the efficacy of polycationic chitosan nanoparticles (CSnp) and/or dexamethasone conjugate chitosan nanoparticles (Dex-CSnp) on the viability/differentiation potential of stem cells from apical papilla (SCAP) when exposed to LPS dentine. A further aim was to understand the effect of macrophage-dependent inflammation on SCAP migration in the presence of LPS dentine. METHODOLOGY A total of 88 dentine slabs were used. TOF-SIMS analysis was performed amongst the LPS-treated and untreated dentine groups (n = 2/group). The study was conducted using four dentine groups: no treatment (control); LPS treatment only; LPS treatment followed by CSnp conditioning; and LPS treatment followed by Dex-CSnp conditioning groups. SCAP adherence, viability, differentiation and biomineralization potential on dentine from different groups were studied using fluorescent and scanning electron microscopy. Inflammation by macrophages in response to LPS dentine was quantified, and effect on SCAP migration was analysed. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test with a significance level of P

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of dentin conditioning with chitosan-hydroxyapatite precursor (C-HA) nanocomplexes on the depth of tricalcium silicate sealer penetration into dentinal tubules and ultimate tensile strength (UTS).surface charge and size distribution for C-HA nanocomplex formulation was evaluated followed by bioactivity assessment of standardized films of C-HA nanocomplexes (n = 15) incubated in simulated body fluid. Mineralization potential was assessed with X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, whereas scanning electron microscopy was used for ultrastructural evaluation. Static water contact angles and UTS were measured on dentin discs (n = 2/group) and dentin beams (n = 10/group) treated with/without sodium hypochlorite/EDTA and C-HA nanocomplex conditioning. In phase 2, the depth of sealer penetration after C-HA nanocomplex conditioning was evaluated using fluorescent imaging (n = 12/group). The percent area penetration and mean/maximum penetration depth were calculated at 4- and 6-mm levels from the root apex. Data from contact angle measurements, mechanical testing, and penetration assessment parameters were subjected to the independent samples t test with a significance level set at P.05.A formulation of C-HA nanocomplexes (2 mg/mL) was chosen as a polyanionic, hydrophilic, nonaggregating concentration having bioactivity potential established through the formation of phosphate/carbonate bonds and the crystalline nature of the formed minerals. A significantly lower contact angle and higher UTS were registered for the C-HA nanocomplex-conditioned group (P.05). Statistically significant (P.05) greater sealer penetration was recorded at the 4-mm level for all assessment parameters and percent area penetration at 6 mm for the C-HA nanocomplex group.C-HA nanocomplex conditioning enhances dentin surface wettability to facilitate greater tricalcium silicate sealer penetration and UTS of dentin.

Antibacterial and chelating properties of chitosan has been widely studied for various dental applications. Objective To characterize the interaction between chitosan-nanoparticles (CSnp) and collagen, and understand their stabilizing effect against collagenase degradation for dentin matrix stabilization. Methods Phase-1: a single Type I collagen-fibril model was used to study the interaction with CSnp along with carbodiimides crosslinking treatment. Degradation of the crosslinked fibrils was studied with bacterial collagenase enzyme and monitored using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, turbidity measurement (400 nm), ninhydrin assay and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Interaction of CSnp with collagenase and Type I collagen, were evaluated using SDS-PAGE, and proteolytic cleavage potential of a synthetic peptide. Phase-2: degradation of dentin collagen crosslinked with/without CSnp was evaluated using FTIR, ninhydrin assay and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Glutaraldehyde crosslinking was used as a positive control. Results Both native collagen-fibrils and dentin collagen after crosslinking showed higher resistance to collagenase degradation, as observed in turbidity measurements and FTIR spectra. AFM images showed the interaction of CSnp with single collagen-fibril and crosslinked collagen resisted collagenase degradation up to 54 h. The collagen and collagenase both formed complexes with CSnp resulting in thickening of bands and reduction in collagen degradation. CSnp treated collagenase showed significantly reduced cleavage of the fluorescent peptides. Dentin collagen was coated with CSnp following crosslinking with significant increase in resistance to collagenase degradation. Significance Crosslinked CSnp on collagen stabilized and enhanced the resistance of dentin matrix against bacterial collagenase degradation due to non-specific interaction with both collagen and collagenase.

Dentin is a composite hard tissue, comprising of inorganic and organic matrices, and regulated by many proteins during development. The demineralization of dentin results from the loss of inorganic matrix [mainly hydroxyapatite (HAP)], but the organic matrix (mainly type I collagen) will sustain for a period of time after demineralization. Over the past decade, there has been a growing interest on the remineralization of demineralized dentin, primarily in connection with minimally invasive caries management. More and more biomaterials and methods are currently being evaluated to achieve newer approaches for the remineralization of demineralized dentin. These strategies are mostly based on biomimetic approaches and aim to achieve the characteristics of natural hard tissue. This article will present a complete review on the basic compositions and properties of dentin, which formed the basis for the biomimetic remineralization of demineralized dentin.How to cite this articleZhang X, Xiao Z, Wang H, Kishen A. Biomineralization and Biomaterial Considerations in Dentin Remineralization. J Oper Dent Endod 2016;1(1):7-12.

Fullerenes and their derivatives are among the most commonly used electron transport materials. However, the use of fullerenes is limited by their low stability in ambient air. Here, we test the hypothesis that the air-stability of fullerene-based electron transport materials can be improved by adding fluorinated functional groups, making the materials less susceptible to degradation by interaction with oxygen and moisture. As proof for the concept, C60CF2 based Organic Field-Effect Transistors (OFETs) are studied. An average mobility of μ = ( 0.83 ± 0.52 ) c m 2 V − 1 s − 1 is found, with a maximum mobility of μ = 2.02 c m 2 V − 1 s − 1 . Compared to identical C60 OFETs, C60CF2 based OFETs degrade at a much lower rate and even sustain exposure times of up to 60 h in ambient air.

The natural fiber reinforced composites are highly utilized in the applications of building and construction industry, storage containers, transportation industry and in other industrial applications. The natural fibers are preferred for its distinct properties than synthetic fibers. Natural fibers are economically cheaper, recyclable and ecologically biodegradable. Many studies were proposed by the researchers to improve the machinability and mechanical behaviour of natural fiber reinforced composites. The addition of filler material is a kind of approach to improve the property of natural fiber reinforced composites. In this study the composite laminates are created by reinforcing bi-directional bast type jute and unidirectional leaf made sisal fibers into an epoxy LY556 resin matrix material. The silicon carbide (SiC) is used as filler material. Two types of composite laminates are manufactured. The first sample is considered in the ratio of 70% epoxy resin to 30% Jute + Sisal fiber composition without any filler material. The second composition includes the ratio of 70% epoxy resin to 30% Jute + Sisal fiber along with 10% SiC as filler material. The hardner HY951 of 10% is used in both compositions. The machining operation was performed by using HSS twist drill for three different machining parameters (Drill bit type, Spindle speed and Feed rate). The circularity and surface roughness are considered as output parameters. The machining is performed in the range of 20 different combinations as directed by the RSM software. The conformation tests are carried out to validate the RSM results. The optimization results shows that the sample with SiC filler exhibits better machinability behaviour than sample without filler material.

This study aims to develop and characterize the regenerative potential of an atelopeptidized treated dentin matrix xenograft using in vitro and in vivo models.Freshly extracted bovine dentin was pulverized into 250- to 500-μm particles and demineralized with 17% EDTA for 1, 7, and 13 days. The samples were atelopeptidized with pepsin. The degree of demineralization and the effect of atelopeptidization were assessed using field emission scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. The expression of dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1, dentin sialophosphoprotein, and osteopontin was evaluated in dental pulp stem cells using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The samples were then implanted intramuscularly in rats for 30 days, and the inflammatory cells were quantified histologically.Field emission scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed an exposed tubular structure of dentin after 1 and 7 days of demineralization. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the absence of amide peaks at 1260 to 1640/cm after atelopeptidization. The dental pulp stem cell expression of dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1 and dentin sialophosphoprotein increased in all compared with the untreated control group (P.05). The maximum expression rates were observed for the 1-day demineralized and atelopeptidized group. The 1-day demineralized group elicited the highest inflammatory response compared with the 7- or 13-day demineralized groups (P.001). Atelopeptidization significantly decreased the inflammatory response only in the 1-day demineralized dentin group (P.05).Atelopeptidization of 1-day demineralized dentin xenograft preserved the collagen structure, minimized the immune reaction, and provided sufficient regenerative potential.

Correction for ‘Performance of electrode-supported silica membrane separators in lithium-ion batteries’ by Kishen Rafiz et al., Sustainable Energy Fuels, 2020, 4, 1254–1264.

AIM To assess the inflammatory potential of biofilm matrix constituents of Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa monospecies biofilms on macrophages. METHODOLOGY In vitro biofilms of E. faecalis and P. aeruginosa were grown (7 days) in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The biofilm matrix components: exopolysaccharides (EPS) and extracellular DNA (eDNA) were extracted and quantified. The inflammatory potential of EPS and eDNA was assessed on macrophage cell lines (RAW 267.4) using nitric oxide (NO), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) expressions. LPS from P. aeruginosa and planktonic bacteria were positive controls. One-way analysis of variance and the Tukey post hoc test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Extracted EPS from both biofilm strains was associated with higher levels than eDNA in both growth conditions (P

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) and chitosan nanoparticles (CNps) to inactivate bacteria and prevent biofilm formation at sealer-dentin interfaces. Methods: The study was divided into 3 stages: first stage, the experiment was conducted to analyze the antibacterial properties of CMCS in different formulations against biofilms; second stage, direct-contact and membranerestricted methods were used to evaluate the antibacterial properties of an epoxy resin (ThermaSeal Plus; Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Tulsa, OK) and calcium silicate (MTA Fillapex; Angelus SA, Londrina, PR, Brazil) basedsealers with or without CNps; and third stage, biofilm formation at the sealer dentin interfaces of root dentin treated with CMCS and filled with gutta-percha and CNp incorporated sealer were analyzed after 1- and 4-week aging periods. The samples were treated and filled as follows: (1) distilled water: unaltered sealer (control group), (2) CMCS: sealer+CNps (CMCS group), and (3) CMCS/rose bengal: sealer+CNps (CMCS/RB group). Enterococcus faecalis was used to infect all the samples. Microbiological and microscopic analyses were used to assess the antibacterial characteristics. Results: CMCS-based treatments effectively killed bacteria adherent on root dentin (P < .05). The addition of CNps to ThermaSeal enhanced its antibacterial ability by direct-contact and membrane-restricted tests (P < .05). The CNp incorporation significantly increased the antibacterial efficacy of root canal sealers even after a 4-week aging time (P < .05). Conclusions: This study highlighted the ability of CMCS to disinfect root canal dentin and inhibit bacterial adhesion. CNps in root canal sealers are capable of maintaining their antibacterial activity even after prolonged aging.(J Endod 2015;-:1‐6)

Introduction Interaction of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) mixed with chlorhexidine (CHX) produces a brown precipitate containing para-chloroaniline (PCA). When QMiX is mixed with NaOCl, no precipitate forms, but color change occurs. The aim of this study was to qualitatively assess the formation of precipitate and PCA on the surface and in the tubules of dentin irrigated with NaOCl, followed either by EDTA, NaOCl, and CHX or by saline and QMiX by using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). Methods Dentin blocks were obtained from human maxillary molars, embedded in resin, and cross-sectioned to expose dentin. Specimens in group 1 were immersed in 2.5% NaOCl, followed by 17% EDTA, 2.5% NaOCl, and 2% CHX. Specimens in group 2 were immersed in 2.5% NaOCl, followed by saline and QMiX. The dentin surfaces were subjected to TOF-SIMS spectra analysis. Longitudinal sections of dentin blocks were then exposed and subjected to TOF-SIMS analysis. All samples and analysis were performed in triplicate for confirmation. Results TOF-SIMS analysis of group 1 revealed an irregular precipitate, containing PCA and CHX breakdown products, on the dentin surfaces, occluding and extending into the tubules. In TOF-SIMS analysis of group 2, no precipitates, including PCA, were detected on the dentin surface or in the tubules. Conclusions Within the limitations of this study, precipitate containing PCA was formed in the tubules of dentin irrigated with NaOCl followed by CHX. No precipitates or PCA were detected in the tubules of dentin irrigated with NaOCl followed by saline and QMiX.