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The present experiment aimed to evaluate the partial replacement of soybean with slow-release urea (Optigen 1200™) in the diet of lactating cows for 84 d. Three-hundred multiparous lactating Holstein (635 ± 25 kg of body weight, BW) cows were stratified by live body weight; parity and previous milk production were randomly assigned into two experimental groups with 150 cows per each treatment. In the control treatment, 25 g soybean meal was replaced by 5.7 g slow-release urea for 84 d. Optigen treatment did not affect feed intake, daily milk production, milk composition, or milk (feed) efficiency; however, it increased (P

Background: Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) is a dangerous disease in neonates and is accompanied by neonatal complications and death. Objective: The aim of this study was the early determination of neonatal serum vitamin A levels as a possible novel predictor for neonatal RDS. Patients and Methods: A case-control study with the identification number TCTR20210206001, was performed on 100 neonates who were admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of Tanta University Hospital (TUH) suffering from RDS (patient group) and 100 healthy neonates (control group). Estimation of serum vitamin A (retinol) was made for all neonates of this study within the first four hours after birth before any nutrition or therapies. Results: Showed The results showed no significant difference between serums retinol (RT) levels in grade 1 & 2 RDS neonates (patient group) and the serum RT levels in the control group, while there was a significant difference between serums retinol levels in grade 3 & 4 RDS neonates (patient group) and the serum retinol levels in the control group where the P-value was 0.006 and 0.002 respectively.no significant difference between serums retinol (RT) levels in grade 1&2 RDS neonates (patient group) and the serum RT levels in the control group while there was significant difference between serums retinol levels in grade 3&4 RDS neonates (patient group) and the serum retinol levels in the control group where the P-value was 0.006, 0.002 respectively. Conclusion: Serum vitamin A levels in neonates were found to be decreased in RDS neonates and could be used as a predictor for the development and severity of RDS. Recommendation: It is recommended to carry out routine estimation of serum vitamin A levels in neonates as a novel predictor for neonatal RDS.

Exploring new alternative sources of feedstuffs can contribute to animal production sustainability in some Mediterranean regions in order to overcome the rising food demand. The influence of dietary replacement of wheat straw (WS) with orange waste silage (OWS) on nutrient intakes, apparent digestibility, ruminal fermentation and blood biochemical constituents and milk production of dairy goats were evaluated. Forty pregnant goats (46.30±1.6 kg BW) were housed in individual pens in a completely randomized design and fed (ad libitum) a TMR for 75 days period. Goats were assigned to four experimental diets with the forage amounts consisting of either WS as a control diet (1000 g WS/kg DM in the TMR), a 50:50 mixture of both WS and OWS (500 g WS and 500 g OWS/kg DM in the TMR), an orange waste silage (1000 g OWS/kg DM in the TMR) or corn silage as a positive control (1000 g CS/kg DM in the TMR). The DMI increased linearly (P3-N concentration and total protozoa abundance decreased quadratically (P

Background: Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a common dangerous chest problem that is caused by a lack of surfactant. Aim: The aim of this study was to show the role of zinc as an adjuvant anti-inflammatory therapy in neonatal RDS. Objective: To study the effect of zinc supplementation in cases of neonatal RDS. Methods: A prospective randomized controlled trial (RCT) study was done on 90 neonates suffering from respiratory distress (RD) who had been diagnosed as RDS. The included neonates were classified into two groups: group 1, which received Zinc (Zn) supplementation, and group 2, which received a placebo. Down score, grades of RDS Malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) andInterleukin-8 (IL-8) were estimated on the 1st and 5th day in the presence of incubators. Results: There were statistically significant differences (SSD) in grades of RDS, Down score, MDA, SOD and IL-8 on the 5th day between group 1 and 2(p = 0.001), and between 1st and 5th day in group 1 (p = 0.001) in the presence of an incubator. There was an SSD between groups 1 and 2 in the duration of hospitalization (p = 0.001) and the number of cases that needed mechanical ventilation (MV) (p = 0.049). Conclusion: Zn supplementation is associated with clinical and laboratory improvement in cases of neonatal RDS. Recommendation: Zn supplementation for RDS neonates.

Photochromic and long-lasting photoluminescent transparent, rigid, ultraviolet (UV) protective and superhydrophobic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) plastic able to switch colour beneath UV irradiation was developed. Photoluminescent transparent PMMA plastic was prepared by the simple polymerization process of methyl methacrylate immobilized with alkaline earth aluminate (AEA) nanoparticles. These colourless PMMA plastic substrates showed a colour switch to greenish underneath UV light as proved using CIELAB screening. The morphology of AEA was evaluated using transmission electron microscopy. Conversely, transparent PMMA samples were evaluated using energy-dispersive X-ray spectra, scanning electron microscope, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and for hardness properties. Additionally, the photoluminescence properties were explored by studying excitation and emission spectra. The produced luminescence colourless PMMA plastic substrates displayed excitation band at 370 nm, and three emission peaks at 433, 494 and 513 nm. Photoluminescent PMMA with lower contents of AEA showed fast and reversible photochromism under UV light, while PMMA samples with higher contents of AEA showed long-lasting luminescence such as a flashlight with the ability to replace electric power. The findings showed that the produced photoluminescence colourless PMMA plastic substrates exhibited enhanced UV shielding and superhydrophobicity.

Sugar beet is considered the most important source of sugar production in Egypt. However, the crop is infested by a wide range of insect pests, which damage the leaves and taproot, leading to substantial yield loss. The mole cricket Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa is one of the insect species causing huge damage to sugar beet and decreasing sugar production. Thus, this study aimed to determine the effect of G. gryllotalpa on the yield, vegetative characteristics, and sugar quality of sugar beet. To achieve this, the reflectance characteristics of sugar beet plants infested by G. gryllotalpa and not infested were analyzed using hyperspectral remote sensing data. These experiments were performed in Al-Qalyubia and El-Fayoum governorates regions, representing Upper and Lower Egypt, during the 2018/2019 season. Sugar beet seedlings of 80 days old were artificially infested by G. gryllotalpa at three intensity levels viz: 5, 10 and 15 adults per replicate. The infestation rate, weight loss, vegetative and sugar quality characteristics were assessed at all levels of G. gryllotalpa infestation. In addition, the damage due to different levels of G. gryllotalpa infestation during three different stages of sugar beet plant growth (the leaf development stage, rosette stage and harvestable stage) was compared using a hyperspectral remote sensing technique. The obtained results demonstrated that percentages of both infestation and weight loss in sugar beet root increased gradually with the increase of G. gryllotalpa infestation level. At the highest infestation level (15 adults/ replicate), the infestation rate reached 45.13% and 56.02% at the Upper and Lower Egypt sites, respectively. At the same locations, the % weight loss was 19.76% and 31.79%, respectively. In both regions, all vegetative characteristics of sugar beet plants such as plant height, number of leaves, and crown diameter were significantly decreased in the plants with different infestation levels comparing with those in the healthy plants. The sucrose and total soluble solids percentages gradually decreased with increasing infestation level. The percentages of sucrose were 17.56%—18.84% at high level of infestation, compared with 20.72% for healthy plants. The results indicated that hyperspectral remote sensing could be effective to distinguish between different infestation levels of G. gryllotalpa. Regarding the spectral bands, their effectiveness was in the following order: blue > green > red > near-infrared. Therefore, the remote sensing techniques could help for detection and prediction of G. gryllotalpa in sugar beet plants.

Background: The plant-derived bioflavonoid amentoflavone has many important biological activities, among them remarkable antiviral effects, even against severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV). It inhibits severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) with an IC50 value of 8.3 M. (TMPRSS-2 activity is now thought to be the only factor necessary for cell entry and viral pathogenesis). In comparison, 3CLPRO is needed for COVID-19 replication and maturation during its life cycle. Aim: This study aims to perform an in silico study on amentoflavone activity against structural and non-structural severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLPRO) and human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS-2) proteins. Materials and Methods: Molecular docking studies were carried out using compounds against 3CLPRO and TMPRSS-2 proteins through the Swiss model, Uniport, PROCHECK, Swiss PDB viewer, PyMol, PyRx, and Desmond (Schrodinger package) computerized software.

Inhibition of membrane‐bound pyrophosphatase (mPPase) with small molecules offer a new approach in the fight against pathogenic protozoan parasites. mPPases are absent in humans, but essential for many protists as they couple pyrophosphate hydrolysis to the active transport of protons or sodium ions across acidocalcisomal membranes. So far, only few nonphosphorus inhibitors have been reported. Here, we explore the chemical space around previous hits using a combination of screening and synthetic medicinal chemistry, identifying compounds with low micromolar inhibitory activities in the Thermotoga maritima mPPase test system. We furthermore provide early structure‐activity relationships around a new scaffold having a pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine core. The most promising pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine congener was further investigated and found to inhibit Plasmodium falciparum mPPase in membranes as well as the growth of P. falciparum in an ex vivo survival assay., Chemical space exploration: Novel low micromolar membrane‐bound pyrophosphatase (mPPase) inhibitors based on an exploratory screening against Thermotoga maritima mPPase followed by early SARs around a pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine scaffold. Compound 17 a retained activity against Plasmodium falciparum mPPase in membranes, and inhibited parasite growth ex vivo.

Photochromism has been applied as an interesting technique in order to improve the anticounterfeiting of commercial commodities. To build up a mechanically reliable anticounterfeiting nanocomposite, it has been vital to enhance the engineering process of the anticounterfeiting material. In the current study, we developed mechanically reliable and highly photoluminescent lanthanide-doped strontium aluminate nanoparticles (LSAN)/polyacrylonitrile (PAN) hybrid nanofibres successfully fabricated using an electrospinning technique for anticounterfeiting applications. The produced nanocomposite films exhibited ultraviolet-induced photochromic anticounterfeiting properties. To guarantee the transparency of the LSAN-PAN film, LSAN must be immobilized onto the nanoparticle size to allow better dispersion without aggregation in the polyacrylonitrile matrix. The LSAN-PAN nanofibrous film demonstrated absorbance intensity that exhibited at 354 nm and associated with an emission intensity at 424 nm. The produced LSAN-PAN films demonstrated an enhanced hydrophobicity when increasing the ratio of LSAN, without adversely influencing their native appearance and mechanical performance. Upon excitation with ultraviolet light, the translucent nanofibrous substrates exhibited fast and reversible photochromic activity to greenish-yellow without exhaustion. The nanofibrous films exhibited stretchability, transparency, flexibility, and ultraviolet light-induced photochromism at low cost. The current strategy can be considered as an efficient technique towards the development of various anticounterfeiting materials for a better market with economic and social values.

Despite the advances in developing MMP-2/9 inhibitors, off-target side effects and pharmacokinetics problems remain major challenges hindering their clinical success in cancer therapy. However, recent targeting strategies have clearly revitalized MMP research. Herein, we introduce new s-triazine-based dendrimers endowed with intrinsic MMP-2/9 inhibitory potential and tetherable to hepatocellular carcinoma-specific targeting ligands and anticancer agents via biodegradable linkages for targeted therapy. The designed dendrimeric platform was built with potential zinc-binding branching linkers (hydrazides) and termini (carboxylic acids and hydrazides) to confer potency against MMP-2/9. Preliminary cytotoxicity screening and MMP-2/9 inhibition assay of the free dendrimers revealed promising potency (MMP-9; IC50 =0.35-0.57 μM, MMP-2; IC50 =0.39-0.77 μM) within their safe doses (EC100 =94.15-42.75 μM). The hydrazide dendrimer was comparable to NNGH and superior to the carboxylic acid analogue. MTT assay showed that the free dendrimers were superior to the reference anticancer agent honokiol. Their anticancer potency was enhanced by HK conjugation, targeting ligands installation and PEGylation as exemplified by the hydrazide dendrimer conjugate (TPG3 -NH2 )-SuHK-FA-SuPEG (Huh-7; IC50 =5.54 μM, HepG-2; IC50 =10.07 μM) being 4 folds more active than HK, followed by the carboxylic acid conjugate (TPG3 -OH)-HK-LA-PEG (Huh-7; IC50 =14.97, HepG-2; IC50 =21.29 μM). This was consistent with apoptosis studies.

Recently, monoclinic ZrO2 has received great technological importance because of its remarkable dielectric properties, high chemical stability, and high melting point. Herein, we introduce first-principles calculations using the Hubbard approach (DFT + U) to study the effects of doping with Nb and W on the electronic and optical properties of pristine ZrO2. The introduction of dopant atoms into the pristine crystal structure led to the displacement of the bandgap edges and reallocation of the Fermi level. The valence band maximum (VBM) shifted upward, resulting in band gap tightening from 5.79 to 0.89 for ZrO2: Nb and to 1.33 eV for ZrO2: W. The optical absorption of doped crystals extended into the visible and near-infrared regions. Partial density of states (PDOS) calculations showed valence band dependency on the O 2p orbital energy, with the conduction band predominantly composed of Nb 4d and W 5d. For pristine ZrO2, the results obtained for the imaginary and real parts of the dielectric function, the refractive index, and the reflectivity show good agreement with the available experimental and theoretical results. For ZrO2:W, we checked the dopant location effect, and the obtained results showed no significant effect on the calculated values of the band gap with a maximum difference of 0.17 eV. Significant band gap tightening and optical properties of our systems indicate that these systems could be promising candidates for photoelectrochemical energy conversion (PEC) applications.

Background: Neonatal jaundice is a common neonatal disease that has adverse effects on neonates, especially preterm neonates, when indirect bilirubin level is adequately high to pass the blood-brain barrier, causing bilirubin encephalopathy or kernicterus. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the value of zinc (Zn) supplementation in preterm neonates with jaundice and whether it will be beneficial. Patients and Methods: A prospective randomized clinical trial, with the identification number TCTR20200504007, was conducted at Tanta University Hospital from July 2016 to March 2018 on 200 preterm neonates with jaundice. The studied neonates were divided into two groups: group 1, which received Zn and phototherapy, and group 2, which received phototherapy only and did not receive Zn. In group 1, 100 preterm neonates with jaundice received Zn as 0.6 mL (cm3) of zinc origin/kg/day orally through the oro-nasogastric tube divided into two doses (every 12 h), which was equal to 1.2 mg elemental zinc/kg/day orally for 10 days. Results: There was no significant difference in serum bilirubin level between the two groups on the 2nd, 4th, and 6th days of admission, while the serum bilirubin level was significantly decreased in group 1 compared with that in group 2 only on the 8th, 9th, and 10th days of admission. The p-- values were 0.045*, 0.027*, and 0.004*, respectively. Conclusions:: Zn administration to preterm neonates with jaundice was found to be beneficial in decreasing serum bilirubin level. Recommendation: Zn supplementation should be provided to preterm neonates with jaundice.

Smart photoluminescent nanocomposite surface coating was prepared for simple industrial production of long-persistent phosphorescence and superhydrophobic wood. The photoluminescent nanocomposite coatings were capable to continue emitting light in the dark for prolonged time periods that may reach 1.5 hrs. Difference ratios of lanthanide-doped aluminum strontium oxide (LASO) nanoparticles immobilized into polystyrene (PS) was developed as a nanocomposite coating for wood substrates. To accomplish transparency to the prepared nanocomposite coating, LASO was efficiently dispersed in the form of nano-scaled particles to ensure homogeneous dispersion without agglomeration in the polystyrene matrix. The coated woods showed an absorption band at 374 nm and two emissive bands at 434 and 518. The luminescence spectra showed both long-persistent phosphorescence as well as photochromic fluorescence relying on the LASO ratio. The improved superhydrophobicity and resistance to scratching of the coated woods can be attributed to the LASO NPs incorporated in the polystyrene matrix. In comparison to the uncoated wood substrate, the coated LASO-PS nanocomposite film displayed also photostability and high durability. The current study proved potential high-scale manufacturing of smart wood for a number of applications, such as safety directional signs in buildings, household products, and smart windows.

A series of new substituted triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine derivatives linked to thienopyrimidine ring system were prepared as a hybrid heterocyclic systems, as possible nucleobases analogs, starting fr...

Background: Radiation sterilization is a promising method of obtaining sterile active pharmaceutical ingredients (API), excipients and formulations. One of the best methods of sterilization is to use ionizing radiation. The greatest advantage of ionizing radiation is the fact that it can be conducted at room temperature or lower. Therefore, this procedure of sterilization is reserved for drugs sensitive to the high temperature of autoclaving. Solutions of parenterally administered antibiotics must be absolutely aseptic. Most of the antibiotics are susceptible to degradation at increased temperature and humidity, so radiation is often used to obtain sterile bactericidal drugs. Methods: The available literature and published papers related to radiation sterilization as well as other sterilization methods were collected, analyzed, and reviewed to provide the comprehensive information about the radiation sterilization of antibiotics. The review was critically evaluated and concluded, emphasizing future perspectives for radiation sterilization of antibiotics. Results: The review presented the basic principles, merits, and demerits of radiation sterilization in pharmaceutical samples. Further, the review highlighted the updated summary of the recent advances in terms of the latest regulations and recommendations for radiation sterilization. Conclusion: Radiation sterilization has a promising future in pharmaceutical manufacturing processes. This approach is compatible with various types of material, is easy to control, does not increase the temperature of the process, and from the business point of view - can help to save money and time during manufacturing solid dosage forms of medicines. From the pharmaceutical sense, fully effective sterilization in the terminal step - finished packed product - is the most important advantage of radiation sterilization.

Background: Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is a serious neonatal problem which has hazardous effects on the neonates when the level of indirect bilirubin is increased to the levels that could cause kernicterus. Aims: The aim of this research is to study the cord blood levels of erythropoietin (EPO), bilirubin and reticulocyte count (RC) as early predictors of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Methods: This is a case-control study, which was conducted at Tanta University Hospital (TUH) from July 2016 to March 2018 on 90 neonates. The studied neonates were divided into 2 groups: Group 1 (45 neonates) who developed pathological hyperbilirubinemia and required treatment and group 2(45 neonates) who did not develop pathological hyperbilirubinemia and did not require treatment. Cord blood levels of EPO, bilirubin and RC were measured in all the studied neonates in both groups. Results: There was a significant difference between both groups with regard to cord blood bilirubin (CBB), hemoglobin, EPO and RC levels where the P. value is 0.001*,0.027, *0.001*&0.001*respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between cord blood EPO levels and both CBB and cord blood RC with r=0.610 and 0.579, respectively and P. value is 0.001* & 0.001* respectively. With regard to ROC curve, there were high cord blood EPO levels where the cut off value was 22.5 mIU/ml while the sensitivity and specificity were 96 and89, respectively. In the cord blood RC, the cut off value was 5.7% while the sensitivity and specificity were 93 and 85, respectively, and lastly, CBB where the cut off value was 1.8 mg/dl while the sensitivity and specificity were 89 and 78 respectively. Conclusion: Cord blood levels of EPO, bilirubin and RC were increased in cases of pathological neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Recommendation: Cord blood levels of EPO, bilirubin and RC could be used for early prediction of pathological neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a worldwide health problem. Alternate-day fasting (ADF), although thought to be aggressive, has proven safety and efficacy. We aimed to evaluate the effect of short-term ADF against already established high-fat-fructose (HFF)-induced NASH, independent of the amount of calorie intake, and to study the effect of ADF on lipogenesis, apoptosis, and hepatic inflammation. Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into two groups: (1) negative control and (2) NASH group fed on HFF for 9 weeks, and then randomized into two subgroups of either HFF alone or with ADF protocol for 3 weeks. The ADF could improve HFF-related elevation in serum lactate dehydrogenase and could decrease the mRNA expression of lipogenesis genes; acetyl CoA carboxylase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α; apoptotic genes caspase-3, p53, and inflammatory cyclo-oxygenase 2; and immunohistochemical staining for their proteins in liver with upregulation of LC3 and downregulation of P62 immunoexpression. Moreover, ADF ameliorated HFF-induced steatosis, inflammation, ballooning, and fibrosis through hematoxylin and eosin, Oil Red O, and Sirius Red staining, confirmed by morphometric analysis, without significant weight loss. Significant correlation of morphometric parameters with levels of gene expression was found. These findings suggest ADF to be a safe effective therapeutic agent in the management of NASH

The potentiality of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), D-Aspartic acids (D-Asp), Maca or vitamin C, as antioxidant agents, to reduce negative impacts of high ambient temperature on semen quality, oxidative capacity and fertility of Muscovy ducks was investigated. Seventy-five Muscovy males (34-wk of age) were distributed randomly into five experimental groups of fifteen ducks each. The first group was fed a basal diet without supplementation and served as a control. The other four groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with 400 mg CoQ10, 400 mg D-Asp, 500 mg Maca and 200 mg vitamin C (ascorbic acid) per kg diet for 17 consecutive weeks under high ambient temperature conditions. The dietary inclusion of antioxidants significantly maintains better semen variables and a higher fertility rate either for fresh or preserved semen. Among the tested antioxidants, the Maca group showed the best status and outperformed the others in terms of motility, viability, sperm cell concentration, intact acrosome and membrane integrity percentages, total proteins, total antioxidants capacity, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), testosterone, and the fertility rate for the fresh semen, as well as, forward motility, SOD and MDA for the preserved semen. The CoQ10 showed similar results to Maca in some measurements. Conversely, the basal diet had the poorest performance in all examined variables. The dietary incorporation of antioxidants (Maca or CoQ10) enhances fresh and preserved semen quantity and quality, as well as the fertility rate of Muscovy males under high ambient temperature conditions.

Objectives Living donor liver transplant is the gold standard therapy for patients with terminal hepatic disorders for whom no alternative therapy is available. The primary aim was to assess different intraoperative factors that may predict early death after adult-to-adult living donor liver transplant. The secondary aim was to assess the effect of small-for-size syndrome on mortality. Materials and methods This retrospective multicenter cohort study was performed on records from 145 adults with cirrhosis who had received a right lobe living donor liver transplant. Patients were divided according to the occurrence of short-term mortality (death within the first month after transplant). The primary intraoperative parameters included graft weight, surgical duration, mean blood pressure, serum lactate and sodium bicarbonate, transfusions, durations of cold and warm ischemia and anhepatic phase, input and output during surgery, and portal venous pressures. Results There were statistically significant variations between both cohorts for number of units of packed red blood cells, durations of cold and warm ischemia and anhepatic phase, preclamp and postreperfusion portal venous pressures, average urine output, mean serum lactate, mean blood pressure, and surgical duration (P ⟨ .001). Also, there were significant differences in the number of platelets, units of fresh frozen plasma, and mean sodium bicarbonate (P = .025, .003, and .035, respectively). Of the 25 patients who died within the early postoperative period, 20 had developed small-for-size syndrome (P ⟨ .001). Conclusions A variety of intraoperative risk factors may affect early posttransplant mortality, which suggests the high complexity of living donor liver transplants and the need for well-trained experienced teams to perform these surgeries.

Water treatment plants (WTP) generate a significant amount of sludge as byproducts with environmentally harmful elements. Thus, this work focused on the recycling of alum sludge through the extraction of different metal oxides, i.e., Al2O3, Fe2O3 and SiO2, for use in different applications, such as ceramics, cement, and agriculture. The extraction of Al2O3, Fe2O3, and SiO2 from alum sludge was performed using sulfatization and roasting to compare which of the two processes could produce the metal oxides of the highest purity. Precipitated powders were calcined at 700°, 900° and 1100 °C. Moreover, the obtained prepared and calcined powders were characterized by studying their phase compositions, microstructure, particle size, and surface area. Results indicated that roasting achieved the highest yield of alumina. Iron oxide was extracted mostly in maghemite form through roasting after calcination at 1100 °C. Further, silica was obtained in cristobalite and quartz phases after calcination at 1100 °C for the samples prepared through sulfatization. However, these phases of silica were combined with albite and obtained after calcination at 1100 °C for the samples prepared through roasting method.

Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is the most known degradable biopolymer, produced by some genera of bacteria under unfavorable growth conditions. Isolation and cloning of acetoacetyl-CoA reductase (phbB) and polyhydroxybutyrate synthase (phbC) genes from local isolate previously identified as Bacillus aryabhattai 6N-NRC (GenBank accession no. MH997667.1) was achieved. Suitable primers designed for the phbB and phbC PCR approach were used to clone the phbB and phbC genes. The phbB and phbC genes were successfully isolated, cloned and the PCR amplicon 744 bp and 1089 bp corresponding to phbB and phbC genes were identified, cloned with the pET-29a (+) carrying the phbB and phbC genes, transformed and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21. The amplification of the phbB and phbC genes using specific primers of pET-29a (+) plasmid was performed. The open reading frame of phbB sequence was found to be 99.06% identical to the sequence of acetoacetyl-CoA reductase of B. aryabhattai (GenBank accession no. CP024035.1), while the open reading frame of phbC sequence was found to be 87.18% identical to the sequence of polyhydroxybutyrate synthase of B. aryabhattai (Gen Bank accession no. CP024035.1) after DNA sequencing. The analysis of the recombinant proteins from E. coli BL21 recombinant colony by tricine-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis clarified that the expressed phbB and phbC genes in E. coli BL21 strain showed distinct bands of intensity 26.3 KD and 37.5 KD, respectively.

This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of substituting barley grain with discarded dates on intake and digestibility, nitrogen (N) utilization and fermentation characteristics of sheep fed Atriplex hay-based diets. Four Barki sheep (50.9 ± 2.93 kg of body weight (BW)) fitted with rumen cannula were used in a 4 × 4 Latin Square design with 23-day periods. Four isonitrogenous (~140 g crude protein (CP)/kg of dry matter (DM)) experimental diets were formulated with Atriplex hay, and dietary sugar content was increased by replacing barley grain with discarded dates (the proportions of discarded dates in the diet were 0, 93, 187 and 280 g/kg DM). Nutrient intakes were not influenced by diet. Organic matter, CP and neutral detergent fibre digestibility increased (p

The effect of partial replacement of wheat flour (72% extraction) by different levels (3%, 6%, 9%, and 12%) of sugar beet pulp (SBP) on rheological properties of the dough and quality characteristics of the flat bread produced were investigated. The results showed that SBP contained 7.61% moisture, 6.04% ash, 10.50 Crude protein, 17.55% Crude fiber, 0.53% fat, and 57.77% total carbohydrates. The rheological properties (Farinograph and Extensograph) of the dough were tested. The addition of SBP to wheat flour increased water absorption, mixing time, development time, dough weakening, and decreased dough stability. The addition of SBP also caused an increase in dough resistance to extensibility, proportional number, and a decrease in dough extensibility. On the other hand, the results indicated that values A.W.R.C. decreased as storage periods were increased, but the addition of SBP led to increase in the bread's freshness and reduce the decreasing rate during storage periods. Also, the blend of SBP with wheat flour in the bread decreased the acceptance of its sensory properties by the human members. it can be concluded that it is possible to produce acceptable flat bread fortified with up to 6% of SBP. Finally, the addition of SBP to wheat flour improved rheological properties of dough and improved flat bread quality.

Background/Aim: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is a common bacterial infection of ascitic fluid mainly in ascites due to liver cirrhosis. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) can activate phagocytosis and the complement system. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis was detected to be higher in MBL deficiency. This study aimed to assess ascitic fluid MBL in liver cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Methods: Ninety patients with cirrhotic ascites were included. Forty five of them had SBP. Child-Pugh score, Model for End Stage Liver Disease (MELD) and its update (uMELD) scores were used to assess severity of liver cirrhosis. Ascitic fluid samples were obtained for differentiation of leucocytic count, estimation of albumin, protein, glucose, and serumascitic albumin gradient. Ascitic fluid levels of MBL were measured for all patients. SBP was documented if polymorphonuclear leucocytic count ≥250/mm in ascitic fluid. Results: Ascitic fluid MBL level was significantly lower in patients with SBP. MBL had a significant negative correlation with ascitic total leukocytic count (TLC), also with serum creatinine, bilirubin, PT, INR and MELD score among SBP patients. However, it had a significant positive correlation with ascitic protein and with platelets. According to multivariate analysis; fever, TLC, platelets, creatinine, MBL, glucose and polymorphs were independent predictors for SBP development. Conclusion: Ascitic fluid MBL could be a good predictive and prognostic marker in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.

The major sources for human exposure to Benzo [a] pyrene (B[a]P) are contaminated food, water, and inhalation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. B[a]P is a well-known human genotoxic carcinogen (I...

Programmed death-ligand-1 (PD-L1) is a ligand for programmed death receptor (PD-1) that plays a major role in cell-mediated immune response; it regulates T-cell activation and regulates survival and functions of activated T cells. Expression of PD-L1 can induce chronic inflammation and activate mechanisms of immune evasion. PD-L1 is expressed in most of human carcinomas. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is a major keystone pathogen in periodontitis that invade host cells and disposes a variety of virulence factors. The aim of the present study was to clarify the signaling pathway of P. gingivalis molecules that induce PD-L1 up-regulation in colon carcinoma cells. Additionally, it was investigated which components of P. gingivalis are responsible for PD-L1 induction. Colon cancer cells (CL-11) were stimulated with total membrane (TM) fractions, peptidoglycans (PDGs) and viable P. gingivalis bacteria. Seven signaling molecule inhibitors were used: receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 (RIP2) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor 1&2 inhibitor, NOD-like receptor, nuclear factor kappa B inhibitor, c-Jun N-terminal kinases inhibitor, mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase inhibitor, mitogen activated kinase (MAPK) inhibitor. PD-L1 protein expression was examined by western blot analysis and quantitative real time PCR. It was demonstrated that the TM fraction and PDG induced up-regulation of PD-L1 expression in colon cancer cells. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that PDG of P. gingivalis plays a major role in PD-L1 up-regulation in colon cancer cells. In addition, the mechanism of PD-L1 up-regulation depends on NOD 1 and NOD 2 and involves activation of RIP2 and MAPK signaling pathways.

One of the major factors to prevent caries is to retrieve the mineral loss as early as possible through an internal source, which is natural saliva, or an external sources as artificial saliva, available remineralising agents and natural agents. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of a natural agent called Green Tea Extract (GTE) and a synthetic remineralising agent called Casein Phosphopeptide Amorphous Calcium Phosphate fluoride (CPP-ACPF) in treatment of incipient caries in primary teeth through scanning electron microscope and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (SEM_EDX). Materials and methods: Fifteen extracted primary teeth were selected and randomly allocated into 2 groups: Group I: CPP-ACPF, Group II: green tea solution of green tea extract. All specimens were scanned with (SEM-EDX), analysis was carried out at baseline, after demineralization and later after remineralisation. Results: SEM-EDX evaluation showed that the surface minerals content mean value for groups I and II were decreased after demineralization and re-increased after remineralization. SEM also showed improvement in the enamel appearance and the surface became smooth after remineralisation. The surface minerals content mean value in the group treated by CPP-ACPF was higher than the recorded mean value for green tea group. Conclusions: both CPP-ACPF and green tea extract have comparable remineralisation potential. KEYWORDS: Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate fluoride, SEM-EDX, primary teeth, green tea extract, white spot lesions.

The ongoing pandemic situation of COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) poses a global threat to both the world economy and public health. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover effective vaccines or drugs to fight against this virus. The flavonoids and their medicinal plant sources have already exhibited various biological effects, including antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, etc. This study was designed to evaluate different flavonoids from medicinal plants as potential inhibitors against the spike protein (Sp) and main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 using various computational approaches such as molecular docking, molecular dynamics. The binding affinity and inhibitory effects of all studied flavonoids were discussed and compared with some antiviral drugs that are currently being used in COVID-19 treatment namely favipiravir, lopinavir, and hydroxychloroquine, respectively. Among all studies flavonoids and proposed antiviral drugs, luteolin and mundulinol exhibited the highest binding affinity toward Mpro and Sp. Drug-likeness and ADMET studies revealed that the chosen flavonoids are safe and non-toxic. One hundred ns-MD simulations were implemented for luteolin-Mpro, mundulinol-Mpro, luteolin-Sp, and mundulinol-Sp complexes and the results revealed strong stability of these flavonoid-protein complexes. Furthermore, MM/PBSA confirms the stability of luteolin and mundulinol interactions within the active sites of this protein. In conclusion, our findings reveal that the promising activity of luteolin and mundulinol as inhibitors against COVID-19 via inhibiting the spike protein and major protease of SARS CoV-2, and we urge further research to achieve the clinical significance of our proposed molecular-based efficacy.

Based on a quantitative analysis using HPLC and UV, Alternaria alternata has been identified as a strong taxol producer. Taxol's biosynthetic efficiency has been checked using PCR detection.The development of taxol by A. alternata was investigated by inoculating the fungus on various media.The best medium for extracting the highest volume of taxol was found to be potato dextrose broth (PDB). After 21 days of incubation at 23°C with a pH of 8.5 and shaking (120 rpm) (250 g/L), the substance taxol was formed to perfection. HPLC was used to effectively purify the Alternaria alternata taxol. The taxol from Alternaria alternata displayed promising anticancer properties. The capacity of anticancer drugs to eradicate cancer cells may be used to determine their efficacy. As a result, the inhibitory effect of taxol on A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells was assessed by culturing the cells with different concentrations of the compound for 24 hours (MTT assay).

An isolated Lactobacillus from several various sources were identified depending on morphological, microscopically and biochemical tests in vitro analysis of probiotic properties that included: an ability to tolerate in different concentration of bile salt, survival in acidic conditions, their antimicrobial activity, and S-layer characterizations were carried out. It was noticed that isolates of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and L. delbrueckii have a broad activity of antimicrobial and found the isolate L. rhamnosus represented with a survival percentage 6.9% at pH 4.5 and 5.1% at pH 2.0) also L. rhamnosus (5.7% at pH 4.5 and 4.9% at pH 2.0) tolerated acidic media, Lactobacillus spp. has antimicrobial activity against all gram-positive and negative tested isolates. 70 kDa of S-layer protein bands were detected with whole-cell SDS-PAGE analysis, and it's predominant in cells of isolates which grown in MRS broth anaerobically. It was noticed that the collected Lactobacillus isolates could be used as probiotic.

Porous ceramics have attracted considerable attention owing to the increased interest in their applications. Porous Al2O3–MgO–TiO2 ceramic monoliths were synthesized using nanoemulsion templating and temperature-induced forming method. The nanoemulsion (NE) is prepared by the phase inversion composition method. The ceramic slurry was dispersed by ammonium citrate trihydrate (ACT), and polyacrylic acid was used to induce gelling. The effect of different nanoemulsions and different metal oxide ratios on the fired monoliths were studied. The suspended ceramic, green bodies and fired monoliths were characterized by different characterization techniques. The combination of NE with ACT increases the zeta potential of ceramic slurries to ∼−28 mV. The combined routes successfully resulted in porous monoliths with an ironic microstructure with a homogenous distribution of pores. The apparent porosity increased to 57 % that in turn increased resistivity to 4.41E + 10 Ω.cm. The fired monoliths have corundum, rutile, spinel and aluminum titanate phases.

Three types of oxadiazle and traizole monomers were prepared. The monomers are polymerized with different monomers to prepare eight different polymers. The polymers are differs in the type of bonding unit. The prepared polymers are identified by using infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The prepared polymers are doped with different ratios of iodine and protonic acid (HCl). The electrical conductivity of the pure and doped polymers was measured. Many different factors can effect on the conductivity of the polymers. The long flexible aliphatic moiety in the back bone of the polymer increase the electrical conductivity, while the presence of long aliphatic arm grafted as aside chain will decrease the conductivity. Also the type of the bonding group (amide or azomethin ) have a significant effect on the electrical conductivity. The study proved that the oxadiazole and triazole rings can participating in the conjugation of polymeric chain and enhanced the electrical conductivity. The nitrogen and oxygen atoms within the ring can participate with conjugation by their lone pair of electron and can be considered as a sites for doping. The electrical conductivity of the prepared polymers increased by increasing the ratio of the dopant but to limited percent. It was proved that the nitrogen atoms is more ready to protonated by acid than the oxygen atom

Design of the structure of nanosized photo-catalysts is an interesting research area to achieve high performance of their catalytic property. Nano-scaled single crystals of {[Ni(EN)4(NCS)2]} coordination complex (EN = ethyl nicotinate), CC1 and the nano-sized particles, CC1\ are synthesized by self-assembly and ultrasonic radiation methods, respectively. The structure comprises two crystallographically different and chemically identical Ni atoms adopting [NiN6] octahedron geometry. The structure of CC1 propagates via 1D-zegzag chains which extend in 3D- fashion via strong H-bonds. The chemical structure and morphology of CC1 and CC1\ are characterized by single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and spectroscopic methods. The heterogeneous catalytic and photo-catalytic activity of CC1 and CC1\ exhibit very efficient catalytic activity towards degradation of indigo carmine dye (IC) within very short times under UV-light or ultrasonic radiation. The good limit of detection and the high quenching efficiency of CC1 towards selective quantitative fdetermination of nitrobenzene (NB) and Fe3+ ions support its behavior as an efficient luminescent sensor.

Background: A primary aim of pediatric dentists is to repair the early demineralized enamel without intervention through remineralization. Sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) is a remineralizing material that has been reported to have promising results for caries management. Aim of the study: Evaluation of the remineralization potential of fluoridated toothpaste with SHMP on demineralized enamel of primary teeth. Materials and Methods: Fifty six freshly extracted anterior deciduous teeth were collected and divided into four groups regarding the concentrations of SHMP added to 400 ppm F containing tooth paste. Three groups contained (0.25%, 0.5%, 1%) respectively and a control group without SHMP. Specimens were treated with the tooth pastes and exposed to pH cycling for 5 days then a remineralizing solution for additional 2 days. Specimens were evaluated using Digital Radiographic Density Analysis at baseline, after demineralization and after remineralization. Results: Teeth treated with SHMP showed marked remineralization effect than those treated with fluoride alone. Increasing the concentration of SHMP from 0.25, 0.5 to 1%, associated with increased the remineralizing effect. Conclusion: SHMP has a superior remineralizing effect over fluoride alone. 1% SHMP concentration added to 400F ppm toothpaste provided the best results.

Background: Theobromine is a natural alkaloid of plant origin; theobroma cacao. Attempts have been made to use it as a remineralizing agent. Aim of the study: Assessment of the remineralizing potential of theobromine containing toothpastes compared to those with fluoride using scanning electron microscope. Methods: 15 maxillary first bicuspids were selected. Crowns were sectioned and immersed in a demineralizing solution for 4 days. 30 specimens were divided into 3 groups (10 specimens each); group 1, specimens brushed with toothpastes containing theobromine, group 2, specimens brushed with toothpastes containing fluoride and group 3 for specimens brushed with toothpaste free of fluoride or theobromine. The brushing time was 9 minutes and 20 seconds each. Remineralization was carried out using a pH cycling model for 3 days using artificial saliva. The enamel was scanned before and after demineralization and after remineralization. Results: A statistically significant difference was found in calcium and phosphate levels between group 1and 3 and also between group 2 and 3, however no statistical significant difference between group 1and 2. Conclusion: Theobromine could be suitable alternative to fluoride for caries prevention in terms of safety and efficiency.

Graphical abstract, Highlights • Cloroquine (CQ) has reduced the adverse bone changes caused by d-galactose. • It improved bone health, switched off nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) receptor activator activation and decreased ERK bone expression. • CQ treatment inhibited osteoclastogenesis and consequently restored the RANKL/OPG ratio. • CQ demonstrated an antioxidant effect in bone where it increased both catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). • CQ is a possible anti-osteoporotic agent through the suppression of osteoclastogenesis associated with ERK., Chloroquine (CQ); a lysosomotropic agent used for decade ago as anti-malarial, was tested against aging induced osteoporosis. Osteoporosis in male rats was induced using d-galactose (D-gal) as a reducing sugar at a dose of 200 mg/kg/day; i.p. Osteoporotic rats were orally treated with CQ (10 mg/kg/day) for four successive weeks. Bone densitometry of tibia and femur were evaluated. Bone formation biomarkers; osteoprotegrin (OPG), bone specific alkaline phosphatse (BALP), and osteocalcin (OCN), and bone resorption biomarker; receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), cathepsin-k (CTSK), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) were estimated. Moreover, the expression of extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) in bone was determined. CQ ameliorated the bone detrimental changes induced by d-galactose. It enhanced bone health as revealed by measurement of bone densitometry, halted the activation of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) and reduced bone manifestation of ERK. Furthermore, CQ treatment abated serum cathepsin-k (CTSK) and serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) thus inhibited osteoclastogenesis and consequently restored the RANKL/OPG ratio. CQ demonstrated an antioxidant effect in bone where it increased both Catalase (CAT) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD). These CQ preserving effect in rats treated with d-galactose were confirmed by the histopathological examination. The present study points to the potential therapeutic effect of CQ as anti-osteoporotic agent possibly through its antioxidant effects and suppression of ERK associated osteoclastogenesis.

Background: A desirable property of an obturation material in primary teeth is its antibacterial effect, this property promotes the disinfection of the pulp canals and improve the prognosis of pulpectomy and treatment outcomes. Aim of the study: evaluation the antibacterial potential of various obturation materials for primary teeth; Zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) only, calcium hydroxide with iodoform (Metapex) and a mixture of zinc oxide eugenol, calcium hydroxide and iodoform (Endoflas) against selected strains of bacteria; Enterococcus faecalis and Bacteroid fragilis. Materials and Methods: Agar diffusion method was used in which the antibacterial potential was tested by measuring the inhibition zone around each tested obturating material. Results: (Endoflas) showed the highest mean value of inhibition zone, in both types of bacteria, over the (Zinc-oxide and Eugenol) and (Metapex). The difference between the three obturating materials was statistically significant. Conclusion: The three obturating materials reported different antibacterial effect however, Endoflas was superior to Metapex and ZOE.

A polyviologen-based adsorbent was prepared via polymerization of a viologen-dialdehyde with a hydroxyl-substituted aryl-dihydrazide in acidified water. The viologen-based covalent polymer aerogel was then generated by freeze–drying. The adsorption of Reactive Blue 19 (RB19) dye onto this viologen-based covalent polymer in aqueous solutions was explored. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy were employed to study the surface morphology and chemical composition of the cationic polyviologen before and after the adsorption of RB19. The thermal stability of the prepared cationic polyviologen was also explored. The polymer adsorbent displayed the formation of nanoparticles (70–120 nm) with a high surface area (32 m2 g−1) upon dispersion in an aqueous environment. The adsorption experiments were conducted as a function of the polymer amount (0.1–0.5 g L−1), contact time (5–30 min), pHo (3.0–9.0), and initial dye concentration. It was found that a total amount of 0.5 g L−1 of the polymer removes up to 99% of 20 mg L−1 RB19 solution preadjusted to pHo 3 in 10 min. Under optimum conditions, the adsorption course was best described by the Lagergren pseudo-first-order kinetics and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm models. The results of the kinetic and isotherm analyses proposed that physisorption is the main mechanism of adsorption.

Sinus floor augmentation (SFA) has become a well-recognized procedure for site development in the atrophic posterior maxilla prior to dental implant placement. There has been an increasing search for relatively rapidly resorbable bone substitutes that enhance bone formation and facilitate bone regeneration with complete replacement by functional bone tissue. This has led to the development of a glassy crystalline silica-containing calcium alkali orthophosphate (Si-CAOP). The specific aim of this study was to assess histologically the effect of this grafting material on osteogenesis and osteogenic marker expression and to compare this effect to that of β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) in human biopsies obtained 6 months after SFA. Cylindrical biopsies, harvested 6 months after SFA, were processed for immunohistochemical analysis of sawed hard tissue sections using primary antibodies specific to osteocalcin (OC), collagen type I (Col I), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Furthermore, the bone and particle area fraction were measured histomorphometrically in all biopsies in order to characterize bone formation and degradation of the bone grafting materials. Both biomaterials facilitated osteoblast differentiation and bone regeneration of resorbed alveolar ridges, resulting in sufficient bone formation for supporting dental implants. Si-CAOP specimens displayed more advanced bone formation and significantly greater particle degradation than TCP sites. This was accompanied by significantly higher expression of OC, Col I, BSP, and ALP in the osteoid in contact with the degrading particles. These promising results indicate that the Si-CAOP material has great potential use for SFA in humans, thereby confirming its superiority to β-TCP. A prospective study involving a larger patient number, a split-mouth design and analysis of angiogenic properties and of cone-beam CT-data for assessing the volume stability of the augmented area is warranted to further confirm the high osteogenic capacity of Si-CAOP for orofacial bone regeneration.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary linseed oil, sunflower oil, and their supplementation with Amphora coffeaeformis (AC) on growth performance, carcase characteristics, fatty and amino acid profiles, oxidative stability, and meat quality of broiler chickens. One hundred and eighty day-old broiler chicks were divided into four groups (five replicates per group, 9 birds per each replicate pen). Birds in groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 fed diets containing 3% sunflower oil without AC (SFO 3%), 3% SFO with 1 g/kg diet of AC (SFAC), 3% linseed oil without AC (LSO 3%) and 3% LSO oil with 1 g/kg diet of AC (LSAC), respectively for 32 days. Final weight and weight gain were increased whereas fat pads were decreased in birds fed diets containing SFAC or LSAC compared to other groups. The values of omega-3 fatty acids, essential amino acids, and antioxidants were increased while saturated fatty acids (SFA) declined in the meat of birds fed diets supplemented with AC (SFAC & LSAC) compared to other groups. Lysine levels in the meat of birds fed AC and/or linseed diets were inversely related to hepatic L-carnitine levels. Breast meats of different broiler groups did not differ significantly in quality traits. However, broilers fed AC-containing diets had relatively lower yellowness, redness, and Chroma values. Conclusively, dietary combinations of AC with either SFO or LSO improved the performance, fatty and amino acid profiles, oxidative stability, and meat quality of broiler chickens.Highlights Supplying Amphora coffeaeformis (AC) to broiler sunflower (SFAC) or linseed oil (LSAC) diets improved performance. Dietary AC, 1 g/kg, improved the meat nutritional value of broilers fed SFAC or LSAC diets. Dietary AC, 1 g/kg, improved the meat oxidative stability of broilers fed SFAC or LSAC diets.

The present study is an application of a radiochemical procedure for the determination of 238U, 235U and 234U as well as uranium isotopic ratios in El Sela ore grade samples that located at the Sou...

Lung cancer is one of the most lethal cancers which is causing up to 3 million deaths annually worldwide. Therefore, management of lung cancer needs searching for new chemopreventive agents. This work was designed to inspect the chemopreventive potential of different extracts prepared from branches and leaves of Synadenium grantii for screening their effects on lung cancer cells (A549), then the most active extract was used for combating lung cancer induced in animal model. The in vitro results showed that, the methanolic extract was the most active extract against A549 cells with a notable cytotoxicity activity (IC50: 4.30±0.44 µg/ml), which was close to the activity of standard drug, doxorubicin (IC50: 3.50±0.40 µg/ml). The results of the in vivo experiment, revealed that in B(a)P-treated group, aspartate (AST) and alanine (ALT) transaminase activities as well as the levels of urea, creatinine, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and Phosphotylinosital 3 Kinase (PI3K) were significantly increased comparing to control group. However, treatment with S. grantii ameliorated the increase in these parameters in both after- and before-treatment groups comparing with B(a)P-treated group. This improvement in biochemical results were also supported by improving in morphological and histopathological injuries induced by B(a)P, which indicated that methanolic extract of S. grantii has a chemoprevention effect on lung cancer.

Novel inorganic-organic hybrid photochromic and fluorescent ink for anticounterfeiting documents was developed using a pigment/resin ink formula enclosing a long-lived luminescent inorganic pigment with good thermal photostability. The produced ink exhibited an optimal excitation wavelength at 360 nm with an absorption colour and fluorescence changes in the printed document. To develop a transparent printed film from pigment/resin ink, the phosphorescent pigment has to be well dispersed physically without agglomeration. The pigment/resin hybrid was applied effectively onto commercial cellulose paper sheets using screen-printing technology. An homogeneous photochromic layer was deposited on cellulose paper document surface to afford a considerable greenish-yellow colour as demonstrated by CIE coloration measurements under a UV lamp, even at a pigment concentration as low as 0.1 wt% of the ink formulation. The printed paper sheets exhibited three excitation bands at 235, 274 and 378 nm and three emission bands at 416, 418 and 436 nm. Fluorescence optical microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry of the printed paper sheet were explored. The screen-printed paper sheets displayed a reversible and fast photochromism during ultraviolet irradiation without fatigue. The rheological properties, stability, and printability of the ink were studied.

In silico studies are attracting considerable interest due to their ability to understand protein–ligand interactions at the atomic level. The main principal tools of this in silico analyses are mo...