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Balancing charge generation and low energy loss (Eloss), especially in the wide spectral absorption region is critical to obtain high-performance organic photovoltaics (OPVs). Therefore, Y11-M and Y11-EB are designed and synthesized through modifying alkyl chains on different nitrogen aromatic rings of the reported non-fullerene acceptor Y11. Although all the molecules have almost similar low band-gap (around 1.30 eV), Y11-M and Y11-EB exhibit wider absorption in 410–870 nm region. Eventually, the conventional devices based on Y11-M and Y11-EB possess more efficient charge generation with low Eloss (around 0.44 eV). In addition, outstanding efficiencies of 16.64% and 17.15% with the fill factor of 76.15% and 74.73% are obtained in PM6:Y11-M and PM6:Y11-EB-based devices, both higher than Y11:PM6. The results highlight the importance of rational alkyl chains optimization, and a good structure-property relationship is established as well.

Collaborative therapy is regarded as an effective approach in increasing the therapeutic efficacy of cancer. In this work, we have proposed and validated the concept of upconversion lumienscence image guided synergy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and radiotherapy (RT) for deep cancer, via a specially designed nanoplatform integrating near infrared (NIR) light activated luminescence upconversion and X-ray induced scintillation. Upon NIR light irradiation, the nanoplatform emits highly monochromatic red light solely for imaging the targeted cancer cells without triggering therapy; however, when the irradiation turns to a low dose of X-rays, scintillation will occur which induces effectively the PDT destroying the cancer cells together with X-ray induced RT. The novel theranostic nanoplatform is constructed in such a way that the interactions between the upconversion core and the outmost scintillating shell are blocked effectively by an inert layer between them. This structural design not only enables a nearly perfect excitation energy delivery (∼100% at a spectral overlapping wavelength of ∼540 nm) from the outermost scintellating layer to the surface-anchored photosensitizers and so a maximum yield of radical oxygen species, but also achieves a strong NIR induced upconversion luminescence for imaging. Since PDT and RT attack different parts of a cancer cell, this synergy is more effective in destroying cancer than a single therapy, resulting in the reduction of the X-ray irradiation dosage. As a proof of principle, the theranostic effect is validated by in vitro and in vivo experiments, exhibiting the great potential of this sort of nanoplatform in deep cancer treatment., Nanoplatforms consisting of an upconversion nanocore and an outermost X-ray active shell for PDT enable photoswitchable UCL imaging and RT&X-PDT.

Applying an asymmetric strategy to construct non-fullerene small-molecule acceptors (NFSMAs) in organic solar cells (OSCs) plays a vital role in the development of organic photovoltaic materials. In the past several years, taking advantage of the larger dipole moment and stronger intermolecular interactions, asymmetric NFSMAs have witnessed tremendous progress in OSCs with a power conversion efficiency of over 18%. From a structural point of view, besides the possible changes in the conformation effect on molecular packing, asymmetric acceptors can also achieve a balance between the solubility and the crystallinity. Herein, we systematically investigate the structure–property–performance relationships of asymmetric NFSMAs that have recently emerged and try to clarify the feasibility and practicality of an asymmetric strategy for the design of higher-performance NFSMAs. Finally, we put forward our views and a concise outlook on the asymmetric strategy., An asymmetric strategy to construct non-fullerene small-molecule acceptors in organic solar cells exhibits excellent potential and plays a vital role in the development of organic photovoltaic materials.

A feasible tuning method for oxygen vacancies was realized by annealing under 3 atm H2 with (001)-exposed TiO2 nanosheets. The colored TiO2 sample exhibits an excellent N2 photo-fixation rate owing to the abundant oxygen vacancies (OVs) thus demonstrating that annealing with high pressure H2 is exceedingly efficient for tuning surface OVs.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is synthesized by Fusarium species that frequently infect crops during storage, and it’s harm risk to human is reflected in the consumption of infected food crops or indirectly through foods of animal origin. In this study, Hela and Chang liver cells were used to research the cellular apoptosis induced by deoxynivalenol. Cells were treated by DON toxin with a series of concentration and incubated for different time. MTT, fluorescence microscope, flow cytometer and Western blot methods were used to analyze the effect of DON on the cell apoptosis in vitro and in vivo systematically. The results showed that DON was toxic to the cells tested. After being treated by DON, the morphology of Chang livers and Hela cells changed significantly. The DON promoted apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The activity of Caspase 3 was significantly increased in DON-induced apoptosis. Moreover, endogenous Glutathione (GSH) level in these cell lines was gradually decreased. In the early apoptosis progress, oxidative stress was induced by DON. When DON reached 10 µg/mL, a markedly increased content of Malondialdehyde (MDA) was detected in both Hela and Chang liver cells. Furthermore, an in vivo test indicated that DON had toxicity to mice by causing weight loss and swollen spleen, and significantly increased expression of AST and ALT. In conclusion, the DON was toxic to mice and could induce the apoptosis of tested cells undergoing a Caspase-3 related pathway.

Low mobility and solubility reduce the availability of traditional phosphorus (P) fertilizer in red acidic soil. Hydroxyapatite (HAP), especially nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HAP), may be more efficient than P fertilizer because of its nanoparticle characteristics. Camellia oleifera (C. oleifera) is an edible oil tree whose productivity is greatly affected by P fertilizer. During this study, we investigated the migration of different particle sizes of HAP (20 nm, 200 nm, and 80 μm) and their effects on the seedling growth of C. oleifera cultivar Huashuo (HS) cuttings. A column experiment showed that the efflux ratio was negatively correlated with particle size in red acidic soil. The leaching results revealed that the contents of total P and available P in the 20-nm treatment were significantly higher than those in the 200-nm and 80-μm treatments in the deep soil (10–15 cm or 15–20 cm), whereas the application of 20-nm n-HAP caused 13.43% wastage of available P. During the container experiments, 200-nm and 20-nm HAP significantly promoted the growth of the seedlings in terms of seedling height, stem diameter, and biomass. The available P contents in the rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils were negatively correlated with the HAP particle sizes. In conclusion, the migration of HAP is inversely correlated with particle size, and HAP improves the P bioavailability in red acidic soil. In summary, 200-nm HAP was the best P fertilizer for the seedlings of HS among the three particle sizes. This study offers preliminary results indicating that 200-nm HAP might be a better P fertilizer compared with other two HAP particle sizes for use in future C. oleifera orchards.

Optimizing the molecular structures of organic solar cell (OSC) materials and boosting the power conversion efficiencies are the eternal theme in the solar energy region. A series of fused benzotriazole (BTA)-based A-DA'D-A structures of nonfullerene acceptors (such as Y18) were developed for application in efficient OSCs, in which high quantum efficiencies and low voltage losses could be achieved because of the optimized electron-deficient core and specific molecular geometry. Here, based on the BTA core, the bulky alkyl chain on the BTA unit was further tailored to minimize the lateral alkyl chains and enhance the crystallinity while maintaining an adequate solubility. The resulting NFAs of BTA-C1, BTA-C5, and BTA-C6 are synthesized. Compared with the well-designed molecular Y18 (BTA-C8), we found that simply replacing the 2-ethylhexyl chain with a single methyl (BTA-C1) can easily improve the fill factor up to 77%, but its poor light absorption capacity and large domain size impeded further efficiency improvement. In particular, the BTA-C5, with a shortened branch alkyl chain of 2-methylbutyl, achieves suitable solubility and enhanced crystallinity. Significantly, owing to the balanced charge carrier mobility and suitable phase separation, the BTA-C5-based binary single-junction OSCs achieve a high efficiency of 17.11%, which is one of the top values in BTA-based OSCs.

Cyclothianthrenes, a series of sulphur-embedded hydrocarbon belts proposed a decade ago, were successfully constructed through a stepwise bottom-up synthesis. The belt [6]cyclothianthrene ([6]CT) is the smallest and most strained member of the family yet reported. Both [6]CT and [8]CT are the first examples of cyclothianthrene characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. An unprecedented chiral belt [7]CT and a Möbius-shaped [9]CT were also achieved via modular synthesis. Crystallographic and computational studies show that belts [6]CT-[8]CT have prism-like conformations with well-defined tubular cavities which have potential for guest molecule inclusion. Cyclic voltammograms further revealed that these belts are redox-active. The success of constructing sulphur-embedded hydrocarbon belts, that is, cyclothianthrenes, greatly enriches the chemistry of heteroatom-doped molecular belts and tubes.

Tamoxifen has been used for years for treating estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer; drug resistance, however, constitutes one of the main challenges for this therapy. We found that the protein expression level of ATF3 is significantly higher in tamoxifen-resistant (TamR) MCF-7 cells than the corresponding parental cancer cells. In addition, ATF3 protein expression is positively correlated with the resistance of TamR MCF-7 cells to 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT). Mechanistically, elevated ATF3 protein expression in TamR MCF-7 cells results from a lower level of expression of YTHDF2, an m6A reader protein, and the ensuing stabilization and increased translational efficiency of ATF3 mRNA. Additionally, TamR MCF-7 cells exhibited decreased methylation at A131, a consensus motif site for m6A, in the 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) of ATF3 mRNA. Moreover, augmented ATF3 stimulates the expression of ABCB1, an efflux pump that confers drug resistance in breast cancer cells, and ATF3 itself is also positively regulated by adenylate kinase 4. Together, our results uncovered a novel molecular target for m6A modification (i.e., ATF3 mRNA) and the epitranscriptomic regulator for this target (i.e., YTHDF2). We also illustrated the role of ATF3 in drug resistance, revealed its downstream target (i.e., ABCB1), and suggested ATF3 as a candidate therapeutic target for overcoming drug resistance in cancer cells.

The rational design of polymer acceptors with strong and broad absorption is critical to improve photovoltaic performance. In this work, a new polymer acceptor PY9-T based on heptacyclic benzotriazole (Y9-C16) as a building block and thiophene unit as the linking unit was synthesized, which exhibited a low bandgap (1.37 eV) and a high extinction coefficient of the neat film (1.44×105 cm−1). When PY9-T was blended with the wide bandgap polymer donor PBDB-T, the all-polymer solar cells (APSCs) showed a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 10.45% with both high open circuit voltage of 0.881 V and short-circuit current density of 19.82 mA/cm2. In addition, APSCs based on PY9-T show good thermal stability, as evidenced by slight changes morphologies when annealed at 100 °C. These results suggest that Y9-C16 provides a new building block to develop efficient and stable polymer acceptors.

In this work, we designed and synthesized two small molecular acceptors, based on benzotriazole (BTA) as the center core with isopropyl alkyl chain, thienothiophene unit (TT) β-position connected n-hexane alkyl chain as wing, and using different end groups, 2-(3-oxygen generation-2, 3-2H − 1H-indane-1-alkyl)-malononitrile (IC) and 2-(5,6-difluoro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indane-1-alkylene) (2FIC), named BIT-IC and BIT-2FIC, respectively. The device based on PM6: BIT-IC achieved the PCE of 3.63%, which exhibited inferior performance because the device absorption is not complementary with solar spectrum, leading to the low Jsc of the device. However, the absorption band of the acceptor BIT-2FIC with 2FIC end group can reach 944 nm, and the HOMO energy level is lower than BIT-IC, therefore, the device based on PM6: BIT-2FIC can achieve more efficient exciton dissociation and charge transport, after thermal annealing treatment at 90 °C for 10 min, the device based on PM6: BIT-2FIC can achieve the PCE over 14%.

Aims Despite considerable therapeutic advances, there is still a dearth of evidence on the molecular determinants of cardiac hypertrophy that culminate in heart failure. Neuraminidases are a family of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of terminal sialic acids from glycoproteins or glycolipids. This study sought to characterize the role of neuraminidases in pathological cardiac hypertrophy and identify pharmacological inhibitors targeting mammalian neuraminidases. Methods and results Neuraminidase 1 (NEU1) was highly expressed in hypertrophic hearts of mice and rats, and this elevation was confirmed in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (n = 7) compared with healthy controls (n = 7). The increased NEU1 was mainly localized in cardiomyocytes by co-localization with cardiac troponin T. Cardiomyocyte-specific NEU1 deficiency alleviated hypertrophic phenotypes in response to transverse aortic constriction or isoproterenol hydrochloride infusion, while NEU1 overexpression exacerbated the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Mechanistically, co-immunoprecipitation coupled with mass spectrometry, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and luciferase assays demonstrated that NEU1 translocated into the nucleus and interacted with GATA4, leading to Foetal gene (Nppa and Nppb) expression. Virtual screening and experimental validation identified a novel compound C-09 from millions of compounds that showed favourable binding affinity to human NEU1 (KD = 0.38 μM) and effectively prevented the development of cardiac remodelling in cellular and animal models. Interestingly, anti-influenza drugs zanamivir and oseltamivir effectively inhibited mammalian NEU1 and showed new indications of cardio-protection. Conclusions This work identifies NEU1 as a critical driver of cardiac hypertrophy and inhibition of NEU1 opens up an entirely new field of treatment for cardiovascular diseases.

As an alternative strategy for H2 production under ambient conditions, solar-driven lignocellulose-to-H2 conversion provides a very attractive approach to store and utilize solar energy sustainably. Exploiting efficient photocatalyst for photocatalytic lignocellulose-to-H2 conversion is of huge significance and remains the key challenge for development of solar H2 generation from lignocellulose. Herein, 2D-2D MoS2 /TiO2 photocatalysts with large 2D nanojunction were constructed for photocatalytic lignocellulose-to-H2 conversion. In this smart structure, the 2D nanojunctions acted as efficient channel for charge transfer from TiO2 to MoS2 to improve charge separation efficiency and thus enhance photocatalytic lignocellulose-to-H2 conversion activity. The 2 % MoS2 /TiO2 photocatalyst showed the highest photocatalytic lignocellulose-to-H2 conversion performance with the maximal H2 generation rate of 201 and 21.4 μmol h-1 g-1 in α-cellulose and poplar wood chip aqueous solution, respectively. The apparent quantum yield at 380 nm reached 1.45 % for 2 % 2D-2D TiO2 /MoS2 photocatalyst in α-cellulose aqueous solution. This work highlights the importance of optimizing the interface structures of photocatalyst for solar-driven lignocellulose-to-H2 conversion.

Siloles are one of the most promising building blocks for the construction of functional materials that exhibit potential application in organic photovoltaic. In the present work, two novel organic dyes featuring highly conjugated and planar tetrathienosilole (TTS) as π-bridge have been successfully synthesized and employed in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) for the first time. For comparison, dye W13 with non-rigidified 2,2′-bithieno[3,2-b]thiophene linker was prepared as well. The effects of π-bridge rigidification upon the optoelectronic properties as well as the charge transfer energetic and kinetic features of these dyes have been systematically researched. It was found that a significant enhanced open-circuit voltage had been displayed for TTS-based sensitizers as the rigidification of π-bridge with tetrahedral silicon atom. Moreover, the energy levels alignment of the dyes could be fine-tuned through modulating the electron-donating groups to optimize the dyes regeneration process. Under AM 1.5G irradiation, the devices fabricated by W15 employing [Co(phen)3]2+/3+ electrolyte achieve the highest power conversion efficiency of 8.10%, which is about 19% higher than that of W13, demonstrating the great potential of TTS spacer for constructing highly efficient organic sensitizers for DSSCs.

Meso/microforming of bulk multi-scaled parts and components by directly using sheet metals is an efficient approach to realizing mass production of meso-/micro-scaled bulk structures with good productivity and low cost. This process is promising with the large-scaled application potentials. In this unique deformation-based meso-/micro-scaled manufacturing, size effect arises due to the size scaling up and down of the extrinsic and intrinsic parameters of materials and forming systems, which further induces different mechanical responses and deformation behaviors in meso/microscale from those in macroscale. In this research, a compound microforming system for a blanking-heading process was developed to produce plug-shaped bulk parts by directly using copper sheets as a case study. Different punch-die clearances and grain sizes of specimen were employed to study the interactive effects of geometry and grain sizes on the microforming process and the micro-formed part. Through numerical simulations and experimental measurements of the final parts, the influences of size effect on microstructural evolution, geometrical precision and surface defects of the meso-/micro-formed parts and the load-stroke relationship were comprehensively investigated. The results reveal that when punch-die clearance equals grain size, the maximum ultimate shear stress of blanking and the highest burr are obtained. The larger grain size and punch-die clearance increase the material loss and reduce the bulge diameter of the produced parts. Three shear bands and three dead metal zones were identified on the cross-section of parts, and various defects including sunken area, pits, crack and surface damage were observed on the surface of the parts. These findings facilitate the production of plug-shaped microparts in the aspects of process monitoring and product qualities control and enrich the understanding of sheet-metal bulk forming in this progressive and compound meso/microforming.

Hollow nanoparticles are of great interest in energy storage and environmental remediation due to their improved mass transfer ability and unique void space for confined pollutants. Herein, fabrication of highly efficient and recyclable hollow porous γ-Fe2O3 nanotubes is reported by direct thermolysis of MIL-88A (Fe) precursors. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) that served as the precursors of the hollow γ-Fe2O3 nanotubes were first synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method followed by a one-step annealing process. As a proof-of-concept application, the as-synthesized hollow porous γ-Fe2O3 nanotubes were used in the lithium-ion battery and dye adsorption, respectively. Taking advantage of the hollow porous structure, γ-Fe2O3 nanotubes exhibited excellent lithium-ion batteries performance (1559 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1) and corresponding long cycle life (1093 mAh g−1 after 240 cycles at 100 mA g−1). At the same time, maximum methyl orange (MO) uptake capacity for the as-prepared hollow γ-Fe2O3 was calculated to be as high as 63.17 mg g−1. Moreover, this adsorbent also showed good reusability through the application of an external magnetic field, further highlighting the porous structure superiority of these hollow nanotubes. This proposed strategy could be extended to synthesize various hollow metal oxide porous nanoparticles with controllable structure, enhanced energy storage capacity and better environmental remediation performances.

Cellulose has been extensively studied for environmental applications owing to its biocompatible, nontoxic, and cost-effective properties. Herein, a simple method for the design of printable cellul...

Huaier extract, the main active constituent proteoglycan, has anti-tumor activity in various experimental and clinical settings. However, the potential anti-neuroblastoma and associated mechanisms have not been investigated. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to elucidate the potential role of Huaier extract in 3 human neuroblastoma cell lines. Our study demonstrated that incubation with Huaier extract resulted in a marked decrease in cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. Huaier extract induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase in neuroblastoma and decreased the cell cycle related protein expression of cyclin D3. Western blotting analysis also showed that Huaier extract induced neuroblastoma cell apoptosis and autophagy. Signaling analysis indicated that Huaier extract suppressed the MEK/ERK and mTOR signaling pathways simultaneously. In conclusion, we verify that Huaier extract causes cell proliferation inhibition, apoptosis, autophagy, and cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase via MEK/ERK and mTOR signaling. Huaier extract may act as a complementary agent for treating neuroblastoma.

Sodium–ion hybrid capacitors (SIHCs) hold great promise in large-scale energy storage by compromising the merits of sodium–ion batteries and electrochemical capacitors; however, the mismatch of kinetics and capacity between battery-type anode and capacitive-type cathode is still the Achilles’ heel of this technology. Herein, nanohybrids with Mn single atoms implanted in N, F co-doped ultrathin porous carbon nanosheets (MnSAs/NF-CNs) have been developed as both the anode and cathode of SIHCs. The systematic experimental study coupled with theoretical calculations reveal that N-coordinated Mn atoms (Mn–N4) can act as sites not only for reversible Na+ storage with reduced energy barrier but also for improving the pseudocapacitance, thus making great contribution to accelerating the reaction kinetics of the anode and enhancing the capacity for the cathode in SIHCs. We demonstrate that the Janus-featured MnSAs/NF-CNs endows SIHCs with an impressively high energy/power density (maximum 197 W h kg−1/9350 W kg−1) and ultralong cycling life over 10 000 cycles.

Carbon dots (CDs), possessing unexpected advantages of photostability, biocompatibility and low toxicity, are regarded as novel nanomaterials in fluorescence (FL) imaging. Doping Gd element in CDs makes them have the ability to be used for magnetic resonance (MR) and FL imaging simultaneously. However, CDs reported before exhibit obvious defects like low photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield (QY) or biotoxicity. In this work, we use gadolinium meglumine, a material with relatively low biotoxicity, along with citric acid and diethylenetriamine to synthesize Gd-doped CDs (Gd-CDs) by a one-step hydrothermal method. The prepared Gd-CDs exhibit excitation-independent emission with a PL QY of 78.05% and a longitudinal relaxivity of 7.37 mM-1 S-1, which endows the composite with high-performance in MR/FL imaging. Meanwhile, the FL intensity of Gd-CDs remains stable in the presence of multiple amino acids, which indicates that the FL imaging effect should not be impacted significantly in microenvironments in vivo. In addition to the inconspicuous cytotoxicity, Gd-CDs could be used efficiently for dual-modal molecular imaging to detect diseases such as tumors in the early stages.

A fluorescent T-shaped benzimidazole was successfully designed and interlocked in a bicyclic macrocycle to form a suit[1]ane through supramolecular templated-synthesis. Compared with the bare fluorophore, suit[1]ane requires nearly two times the concentration to initialize the aggregation-caused quenching effect in solution. Furthermore, an 8-fold higher solid-state fluorescence quantum yield (21.7%) is also achieved. By taking advantage of mechanical bonding and molecular packing, such fluorescence emission enhancement through formation of a suitane opens the way to new complex fluorescent materials.

Crystal engineering aims at a better understanding of the correlation between the components and crystal structures, so that the desired crystal structure and functionality will be acquired. In this study, a lead bromide perovskite, {[Na(15-crown-5)]PbBr3}∞ (1, 15-crown-5 = 1,4,7,10,13-pentaoxacyclopentadecane), has been obtained by assembly of equal molar quantities of PbBr2, NaBr and 15-crown-5 in DMF, and 1 has been further characterized by microanalysis, IR spectroscopy, TG analysis, and single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction techniques. DSC measurement revealed that 1 experiences a reversible phase transition at ∼299/∼297 K on heating/cooling, which is an isostructural phase transition confirmed by single crystal structure analysis. 1 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma in both low- and high-temperature phases, containing face-sharing coordination octahedral [PbBr3]∞ chains and supramolecular [Na(15-crown-5)]+ cations, which are bound to the [PbBr3]∞ chains via Na–Br coordination bonds to form rotor-like neutral chains. Variable-temperature crystal structure analysis revealed that the isostructural phase transition is driven by PbBr6 coordination sphere distortion, which is related to the steric hindrance effect between the inorganic chain and 15-crown-5 molecules. Dielectric relaxation has been observed above 273 K, resulting from the distortion of PbBr6 coordination octahedra and the change in polar Na–Br bonds under an AC electrical field.

The assembly of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) that produce attractive structural color shows great potential in anti-counterfeiting application, but their processability and recyclability remain unsatisfactory due to the strong hydrogen bonds between CNCs. For the first time, optical anti-counterfeiting patterns are obtained by additive printing of surface-functionalized CNC inks (CNC-DC5700-NPES). The surface-functionalized CNC inks are prepared by sequential modification of CNCs with organosilane (DC5700) and polyoxyethylene ether (NPES), which show good flowability under shearing force and transform into a gel-like phase rapidly after printing, making possible ink-jet printing without additives. The printed patterns are transparent under natural light but show vivid interference color, showing anti-counterfeiting features between crossed polarizers. The texture and optical properties of the printed patterns can be facilely controlled by tuning the printing parameters, such as nozzle diameter, writing angle, and filling width. Moreover, the CNC-DC5700-NPES patterns with a core-shell structure could be collected in various solvents and reprinted after removing solvents. This work provided a new pathway for the preparation of optical anti-counterfeiting patterns from biomass resources.

BACKGROUND The thawing process is regarded as an essential step before the consumption of frozen foods. This study aimed to evaluate the possibility of ultrasound thawing of frozen red radish and to explore the characteristics of ultrasound thawing. The influence of low-frequency ultrasound (LFU) on the thawing efficiency of frozen red radish cylinders in air and water mediums was investigated. The effects of different ways of thawing, including air thawing (AT), water thawing (WT), refrigeration thawing (RT), ultrasound-assisted water thawing (UWT), and microwave thawing (MT) on the thawing time and quality of radish samples was studied. RESULTS The results showed that thawing time decreased remarkably in air and water mediums assisted by LFU. As the LFU power level increased, the thawing time decreased and the value of the drip loss increased. The firmness of thawed radish samples also decreased significantly compared with the fresh samples. Microwave thawing had the highest thawing rate, but the microstructure of MT radish samples was damaged severely, resulting in the highest drip loss, and the lowest firmness, and vitamin C content. In comparison with the AT, WT, and RT, a significant reduction in thawing time could be achieved for UWT (P

As flowing film gravity concentrators, spiral separators are extensively used in the processing of numerous minerals. Appropriate design of their cross-sectional geometries has been known as an eff...

The versatility and flexibility of organic photoelectric materials endow organic photovoltaic cells fine function modulation and huge commercial potential. In this work, a new noncovalent fused-ring small molecule acceptor (SMA) BID-4F has been synthesized for high-efficient organic solar cells (OSCs). BID-4F consists of a diflurobenzothiadiazole (DFBT) core, ladder-like indacenodithiophene (IDT) spacers, and dicyanoindanone electron-withdrawing end groups, which are supposed to be conformationally interlocked by noncovalent interactions, leading to good molecular planarity. In addition, compact solid state stacking was revealed by UV–vis–NIR absorption spectrum. The optimized PM6:BID-4F based device delivers an eminent power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.30% with a high open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.92 V and a high fill factor (FF) of 74.3%. Most importantly, the PCE and FF are among one of the highest values reported for the OSCs based on the unfused-ring SMAs. Overall, our work demonstrates that the unfused ring central framework with high molecular planarity through noncovalent interactions provides a good strategy to construct highly efficient SMAs.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and potassium-ion batteries (KIBs) have broad application prospects in the fields of small/medium-sized electronic products and large-scale energy storage. However, the...

Msb2 is important for growth, conidia and sclerotia formation in Aspergillus flavus. Msb2 play negative roles in regulation of aflatoxins biosynthesis., Summary As a pathogenic fungus, Aspergillus flavus can produce carcinogenic aflatoxins (AFs), which poses a great threat to crops and animals. Msb2, the signalling mucin protein, is a part of mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway which contributes to a range of physiological processes. In this study, the roles of membrane mucin Msb2 were explored in A. flavus by the application of gene disruption. The deletion of msb2 gene (Δmsb2) caused defects in vegetative growth, sporulation and sclerotia formation when compared to WT and complement strain (Δmsb2C) in A. flavus. Using thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, it was found that deletion of msb2 down‐regulated aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) synthesis and decreased the infection capacity of A. flavus. Consistently, Msb2 responds to cell wall stress and osmotic stress by positively regulating the phosphorylation of MAP kinase. Notably, Δmsb2 mutant exhibited cell wall defect, and it was more sensitive to inhibitor caspofungin when compared to WT and Δmsb2C. Taking together, these results revealed that Msb2 plays key roles in morphological development process, stresses adaptation, secondary metabolism and pathogenicity in fungus A. flavus.

In this work, Mg/Al layered double hydroxides embedded phosphorylated cellulose microspheres (Mg/Al LDH@PCMs) were prepared first with solid-phase phosphorylation on CMs then in situ nano-assembly between Mg2+, Al3+ and phosphate groups. Hence the synthesis degree of Mg/Al LDH was enhanced. The obtained Mg/Al LDH@PCMs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), specific surface area test (BET), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), ζ potential, X-ray electron energy (XPS). The novel in situ nano-assembly method provided improved Mg/Al LDH load without compromising the porous structure of CMs, making Mg/Al LDH@PCMs suitable for water treatment. The Mg/Al LDH@PCMs adsorbed tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) with a kinetic pattern of pseudo second-order kinetic model, while isothermally fitted with the Freundlich isotherm model. The maximum theory adsorption capacity of Mg/Al LDH@PCMs qm was 25.107 mg g−1 with the Gibbs free energy ∆G = 7.523 kJ mol−1 under 298 K. The TC removal mechanism was deeply investigated via characterization results and also the batch experimental results, it was inferred that electrostatic attraction between LDH particles and the anion species mainly dominated the adsorption process. These properties make Mg/Al LDH@PCMs have a wide application prospect in the water purification field.

Here we report two highly emissive perylene diimide (PDI)-based metallacages and explore their complexation with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as pyrene, triphenylene, and perylene. The fluorescence quantum yields of metallacages exceed 90% and their binding constants with perylene can reach as high as 2.41 × 104 M-1 in acetonitrile. These features enable further tuning of the emission of the host-guest complexes to obtain white-light emission based on the complementary orange emission of the metallacages and the blue emission of perylene. Moreover, owing to the huge differences of their quantum yields in solution and in the solid state, the host-guest complexes are successfully employed for information encryption. This study offers a general approach for the construction of emissive metallacages and explores their application for information encryption.

A relatively simple, but very effective method via magnetron sputtering process was used in the surface doping of the electrode plates. Molybdenum nano-particles coated electrodes were studied in the paper. The flower-like deposits appeared on the electrode plate surface, and Ni4Mo could be in-situ formed with the coating process. The hydrogen ab/desorption rates were accelerated at the beginning and dropped subsequently. The max discharge capacity and retention rate after twenty cycles of the St 5min sample reached about 370mAh/g and 92%, respectively. Comparing to the typical hydrogen storage alloys, they were much closed to the A2B7-type and have surpassed the most AB3-type Co-containing alloys. The activation energies and enthalpies of the various electrodes during the ab/dehydrogenation process were also discussed in details.

Background Phosphorus (P) -rich soils develop in phosphorite residing areas while P-deficient soils are ubiquitous in subtropical regions. Little has been reported that how metabolites participate in the seed development and the processes involved in their coping with contrasting-nutrient environments. Results Here we quantified the metabolites of Quercus variabilis acorns in the early (July), middle (August), late (September) development stages, and determined element (C, H, O, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Al, Mn, Na, Zn, and Cu) concentrations of acorns in the late stage, at geologically-derived contrasting-P sites in subtropical China. The primary metabolic pathways included sugar metabolism, the TCA cycle, and amino acid metabolism. Most metabolites (especially C- and N-containing metabolites) increased and then decreased from July to September. Acorns between the two sites were significantly discriminated at the three stages, respectively, by metabolites (predominantly sugars and organic acids). Concentrations of P, orthophosphoric acid and most sugars were higher; erythrose was lower in late-stage acorns at P-rich sites than those at P-deficient sites. No significant differences existed in the size and dry mass of individual acorns between oak populations at the two sites. Conclusions Oak acorns at the two sites formed distinct metabolic phenotypes related to their distinct geologically-derived soil conditions, and the late-stage acorns tended to increase P-use-efficiency in the material synthesis process at P-deficient sites, relative to those at P-rich sites.

Since the world-record power conversion efficiency of 15.7% was achieved for organic solar cells (OSCs) in 2019, the newly developed non-fullerene acceptor (NFA) Y6 with an A-DA′D-A structure (A denotes an electron-accepting moiety, D denotes an electron-donating moiety) has attracted increasing attention. Subsequently, many new A-DA′D-A NFAs have been designed and synthesized, and the A-DA′D-A NFAs have played a significant role in the development of high-performance non-fullerene organic solar cells (NF-OSCs). Compared with the classical A-D-A-type acceptors, A-DA′D-A NFAs contain an electron-deficient core (such as benzothiadiazole (BT), benzotriazole (BTA), quinoxaline (Qx), or their derivatives) in the ladder-type fused rings to fine-tune the energy levels, broaden light absorption and achieve higher electron mobility of the NFAs. This review emphasizes the recent progress on these emerging A-DA′D-A (including Y-series) NFAs. The synthetic methods of DA′D-fused rings are introduced. The relationships between the chemical structure of the A-DA′D-A NFAs and the photovoltaic performance of the corresponding OSCs are summarized and discussed. Finally, issues and prospects for further improving photovoltaic performance of the OSCs are also proposed.

We demonstrate multi-step synthesis of silicon porous structures with various particle sizes via low-cost annealing and pickling reactions from ball-milled Mg2Si or Si/Mg powder. Thereinto, the ultrafine Si porous structures (