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A practical technique for removing fluoride from aqueous solutions by adsorption was created using the natural adsorbent known as Terminalia Chebula with a primary emphasis on adsorption isotherms and kinetic studies. The experimental results showed the best conditions for removing fluorine ions as follows: the dosage of the natural adsorbent: 50 mg/L, contact reaction time: 40 min, shaking speed = 120 rpm, temperature = 32 °C. The amount of removal of fluorine ions was found to be >98 % fluoride within a shorter time and reached adsorption equilibrium within 40 min with a maximum defluoridation capacity of 20.92 mg/g. At lower solution pH (3 to 5), there is higher fluoride adsorption on the adsorbent surface and as the pH becomes alkaline (pH > 7) the adsorption capacity decreased. The two co-ions namely NO3− and Cl− removed the fluoride 79 % whereas, the phosphate ions did not have any marked effect on the defluoridation. The pseudo-second-order kinetic order such Langmuir, Empirical Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherms can well predict the adsorption equilibrium rate to be at 0.044 mg/L with contact time (t) of 30 min. In addition to that the adsorption is characterized by SEM, X-ray diffraction and FTIR techniques. This study has ultimately found that the Terminalia Chebula is a workable, natural material for fluoride elimination.

The absorption studies on serotonin (STO) and platinum metal clusters were investigated. The STO-Pt3 (gas phase) cluster has the maximum adsorption energy, whereas the water medium has the lowest. The gas phase STO-Pt3 absorption energy is -19.18 kcal/mol, while the water solvent is -11.03. The electrophilicity index of all metal-drug systems is greater, indicating that metal clusters make the serotonin more electrophilic. The cluster's conductivity representation as energy gaps pointed, suggesting it could be a sensor. A more stable gas phase medium has more negative solvation energies than other media types. The metal clusters and molecules interacted substantially in non-covalent interaction studies. Electron localized function (ELF) and localized orbital locator (LOL) experiments proved electron delocalization energies and reduced density gradient (RDG) confirmed non-covalent interactions. Molecular electrostatic potential shows the electrophilic and nucleophilic attractions of STO with Pt3 metal clusters. Frontier molecular orbital (FMO) studies show very low energy gap values.

Infections caused by multi-drug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are a global threat to human health. As venoms are the source of biochemically diverse bioactive proteins and peptides, we investigated the antimicrobial activity and murine skin infection model-based wound healing efficacy of a 13 kDa protein. The active component PaTx-II was isolated from the venom of Pseudechis australis (Australian King Brown or Mulga Snake). PaTx-II inhibited the growth of Gram-positive bacteria in vitro, with moderate potency (MICs of 25 µM) observed against S. aureus, E. aerogenes, and P. vulgaris. The antibiotic activity of PaTx-II was associated with the disruption of membrane integrity, pore formation, and lysis of bacterial cells, as evidenced by scanning and transmission microscopy. However, these effects were not observed with mammalian cells, and PaTx-II exhibited minimal cytotoxicity (CC50 > 1000 µM) toward skin/lung cells. Antimicrobial efficacy was then determined using a murine model of S. aureus skin infection. Topical application of PaTx-II (0.5 mg/kg) cleared S. aureus with concomitant increased vascularization and re-epithelialization, promoting wound healing. As small proteins and peptides can possess immunomodulatory effects to enhance microbial clearance, cytokines and collagen from the wound tissue samples were analyzed by immunoblots and immunoassays. The amounts of type I collagen in PaTx-II-treated sites were elevated compared to the vehicle controls, suggesting a potential role for collagen in facilitating the maturation of the dermal matrix during wound healing. Levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and interleukin-10 (IL-10), factors known to promote neovascularization, were substantially reduced by PaTx-II treatment. Further studies that characterize the contributions towards efficacy imparted by in vitro antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activity with PaTx-II are warranted.

We report stable and heterogeneous graphene oxide (GO)–intercalated copper as an efficient catalyst for the organic transformations in green solvents. The GO-intercalated copper(II) complex of bis(1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane) [Cu(II)-bis-cyclen] was prepared by a facile synthetic approach with a high dilution technique. The as-prepared GO-Cu(II)-bis-cyclen nanocomposite was used as a click catalyst for the 1,3 dipolar Huisgen cycloaddition reaction of terminal alkyne and azide substrates. On directing a great deal of attention toward the feasibility of the rapid electron transfer rate of the catalyst in proliferating the yield of 1,2,3-triazole products, the click catalyst GO-Cu(II)-bis-cyclen nanocomposite was designed and synthesized via non-covalent functionalization. The presence of a higher coordination site in an efficient 2D nanocomposite promotes the stabilization of Cu(I) L-acetylide intermediate during the catalytic cycle initiated by the addition of reductants. From the XRD analysis, the enhancement in the d-interlayer spacing of 1.04 nm was observed due to the intercalation of the Cu(II)-bis-cyclen complex in between the GO basal planes. It was also characterized by XPS, FT-IR, RAMAN, UV, SEM, AFM, and TGA techniques. The recyclability of the heterogeneous catalyst [GO-Cu(II)-cyclen] with the solvent effect has also been studied. This class of GO-Cu(II)-bis-cyclen nanocomposite paves the way for bioconjugation of macromolecules through the click chemistry approach.