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This study evaluated the effects of renal impairment (RI) and haemodialysis (HD) on the pharmacokinetics of gemigliptin, a novel dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor. After a 100 mg administration to subjects with normal renal function (n = 23) or RI (n = 24), plasma, urine or dialysate samples were analysed. Control subjects were matched to patients based on age, gender and body mass index. Patients with mild, moderate, severe RI and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) showed 1.20, 2.04, 1.50 and 1.66-fold (1.10, 1.49, 1.22 and 1.21-fold) increase of mean area under the time-plasma concentration curve from 0 to infinity (AUCinf) [maximum plasma concentration (Cmax)] of gemigliptin, respectively. Pharmacokinetics of gemigliptin was comparable between HD and non-HD periods in ESRD patients. Less than 4% of the dose was removed by 4 h HD. RI appeared to have modest effect on the gemigliptin disposition. No dose adjustment in patients with RI is proposed on the basis of exposure-response relationship. Impact of HD on the removal of gemigliptin was negligible.

A variety of insecticides, acaricides, and fungicides is used in greenhouses to protect plants. As predacious ladybirds are also used to control aphids, it is important to understand the effects of such pesticides on these beneficial insects. We examined the susceptibility to all developmental stages of the multicolored Asian ladybird beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), to 12 agents: four insecticides, four acaricides and four fungicides. Etofenprox and acetamiprid were highly toxic to most developmental stages, and also in the adult at 200 mg [AI]/L and 40 mg [AI]/L (recommended dosages for aphid control). Thiamethoxam caused knockdown of larvae, pupae, and adults; however, most recovered within 24 h. Imidacloprid, applied at 50 mg [AI]/L, produced LC 50 values of 30.3 and 190.2 mg [AI]/L for 3rd and 4th instars, respectively. Abamectin was highly toxic to eggs, larvae, pupae, and adult ladybirds at rates under 18.4 mg [AI]/L. However, recommended doses of other acaricides were very safe to all stages except for the egg stage of H. axyridis . The fungicide pyrazophos was highly toxic to eggs and larvae at a rate much lower than the recommended dose, while other tested fungicides were not toxic to any of the ladybird stages at rates over 1000 mg [AI]/L. Generally, the 1st and 2nd instars of H. axyridis were very sensitive to most of the tested insecticides and acaricides. Fungicides, on the other hand, were generally harmless to H. axyridis .