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14 results on '"Institut für Chemie und Dynamik der Geosphäre - Troposphäre (ICG-2)"'

1. New application of direct analysis in real time high-resolution mass spectrometry for the untargeted analysis of fresh and aged secondary organic aerosols generated from monoterpenes

Author

Nora Zannoni, Maxime C. Bridoux, Ralf Tillmann, Valérie Gros, Roland Sarda-Esteve, Astrid Kiendler-Scharr, Sébastien Schramm, Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique - Approche Multi-échelle des Milieux Complexes (LCP-A2MC), Université de Lorraine (UL), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut für Chemie und Dynamik der Geosphäre - Troposphäre (ICG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, DAM Île-de-France (DAM/DIF), Direction des Applications Militaires (DAM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Aerosols, Limonene, Dart, Air Pollutants, Volatile Organic Compounds, Chromatography, Secondary organic aerosols, 010401 analytical chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Oxidation reduction, Mass spectrometry, 01 natural sciences, DART ion source, Mass Spectrometry, 0104 chemical sciences, Analytical Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, [CHIM.ANAL]Chemical Sciences/Analytical chemistry, Monoterpenes, Sample preparation, computer, Oxidation-Reduction, Spectroscopy, computer.programming_language
Abstract

International audience; Rationale: Secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) represent a significant portion of total atmospheric aerosols. They are generated by the oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and particularly biogenic VOCs (BVOCs). The analysis of such samples is usually performed by targeted methods that often require time‐consuming preparation steps that can induce loss of compounds and/or sample contaminations. Methods: Recently, untargeted methods using high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) have been successfully employed for a broad characterization of chemicals in SOAs. Herein we propose a new application of the direct analysis in real time (DART) ionization method combined with HRMS to quickly detect several hundred chemicals in SOAs collected on a quartz filter without sample preparation or separation techniques. Results: The reproducibility of measurements was good, with several hundred elemental compositions common to three different replicates. The relative standard deviations of the intensities of the chemical families ranged from 6% to 35%, with sufficient sensitivity to allow the unambiguous detection of 4 ng/mm2 of pinic acid. The presence of oligomers and specific tracers was highlighted by MSn (n ≤ 4) experiments, an achievement that is difficult to attain with other ultrahigh‐resolution mass spectrometers. Contributions of this untargeted DART‐HRMS method were illustrated by the analysis of fresh and aged SOAs from different gaseous precursors such as limonene, a β‐pinene/limonene mixture or scots pines emissions. Conclusions: The results show that it is possible to use DART‐HRMS for the identification of tracers of specific aging reactions, or for the identification of aerosols from specific biogenic precursors.

Published
2018
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2. Seasonality of tropospheric ozone and water vapor over Delhi, India: a study based on MOZAIC measurement data

Author

Herman G. J. Smit, Valérie Thouret, Shyam Lal, Lokesh K. Sahu, Physical Research Laboratory [Ahmedabad] (PRL), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Institut für Chemie und Dynamik der Geosphäre - Troposphäre (ICG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Rain, Transport, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, Monsoon, 01 natural sciences, Troposphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, Tropical, Ozone, medicine, Mixing ratio, Environmental Chemistry, Delhi, Relative humidity, Tropospheric ozone, Air mass, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Marine, Seasonality, medicine.disease, Fire, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, Water vapor
Abstract

International audience; Tropospheric distributions of ozone (O3) and water vapor (H2O) have been presented based on the Measurements of OZone and water vapor by Airbus In-Service AirCraft (MOZAIC) data over the metro and capital city of Delhi, India during 1996-2001. The vertical mixing ratios of both O3 and H2O show strong seasonal variations. The mixing ratios of O3 were often below 40 ppbv near the surface and higher values were observed in the free troposphere during the seasons of winter and spring. In the free troposphere, the high mixing ratio of O3 during the seasons of winter and spring are mainly due to the long-range transport of O3 and its precursors associated with the westerly-northwesterly circulation. In the lower and middle troposphere, the low mixing ratios of ∼20-30 ppbv observed during the months of July-September are mainly due to prevailing summer monsoon circulation over Indian subcontinent. The summer monsoon circulation, southwest (SW) wind flow, transports the O3-poor marine air from the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean. The monthly averages of rainfall and mixing ratio of H2O show opposite seasonal cycles to that of O3 mixing ratio in the lower and middle troposphere. The change in the transport pattern also causes substantial seasonal variation in the mixing ratio of H2O of 3-27 g/kg in the lower troposphere over Delhi. Except for some small-scale anomalies, the similar annual patterns in the mixing ratios of O3 and H2O are repeated during the different years of 1996-2001. The case studies based on the profiles of O3, relative humidity (RH) and temperature show distinct features of vertical distribution over Delhi. The impacts of long range transport of air mass from Africa, the Middle East, Indian Ocean and intrusions of stratospheric O3 have also been demonstrated using the back trajectory model and remote sensing data for biomass burning and forest fire activities.

Published
2010
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3. Measuring atmospheric composition change

Author

Laj P, Klausen, Bilde, Plaß-Duelmer, Pappalardo, Clerbaux, Baltensperger, Hjorth, Simpson, Reimann, Coheur, P.-F., Richter, De Mazière, Rudich, McFiggans, Torseth, Wiedensohler, Morin, Schulz, Allan, J.D., Attié, J.-L., Barnes, Birmili, Cammas, J.P., Dommen, Dorn, H.-P., Fowler, Fuzzi, Glasius, Granier, Hermann, Isaksen, I.S.A., Kinne, S.ac, Koren, Madonna, Maione, Massling, Moehler, Mona, Monks, P.S., Müller, Orphal, Peuch, V.-H., Stratmann, Tanré, Tyndall, Abo Riziq, Van Roozendael, Villani, Wehner, Wex, Zardini, A.A., Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de météorologie physique (LaMP), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), EMPA Air Pollution/Environmental Technology, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology [Dübendorf] (EMPA), Department of Chemistry [Copenhagen], Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Meteorologisches Observatorium Hohenpeißenberg (MOHp), Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), Istituto di Metodologie per l'Analisi Ambientale (IMAA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Potenza] (CNR), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Spectroscopie de l'atmosphère, Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry [Paul Scherrer Institute] (LAC), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Norwegian Meteorological Institute [Oslo] (MET), Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Institut für Umweltphysik [Bremen] (IUP), Universität Bremen, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research [Rehovot], Weizmann Institute of Science [Rehovot, Israël], School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences [Manchester] (SEAES), University of Manchester [Manchester], Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Institut für Chemie und Dynamik der Geosphäre - Troposphäre (ICG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Edinburgh] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima (ISAC), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Center for International Climate and Environmental Research [Oslo] (CICERO), University of Oslo (UiO), Department of Geosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Istituto di Scienze Chimiche 'F. Bruner', Università degli Studi di Urbino 'Carlo Bo', Department of Atmospheric Environment [Roskilde] (ATMI), National Environmental Research Institute [Danmark] (NERI), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung - Atmosphärische Aerosol Forschung (IMK-AAF), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Department of Chemistry [Leicester], University of Leicester, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 (LOA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Université Libre de Bruxelles [Bruxelles] (ULB), Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Weizmann Institute of Science, Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LA), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille, Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Climate, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Observation, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Atmospheric composition, Atmosphere, Environmental Science(all), Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Instrumentation (computer programming), Observations and Measurements, Air quality index, Instrumentation, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Remote sensing, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Chemistry, Atmospheric change, 15. Life on land, Atmospheric research, 13. Climate action, Atmospheric chemistry, Air quality, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Scientific findings from the last decades have clearly highlighted the need for a more comprehensive approach to atmospheric change processes. In fact, observation of atmospheric composition variables has been an important activity of atmospheric research that has developed instrumental tools (advanced analytical techniques) and platforms (instrumented passenger aircrafts, ground-based in situ and remote sensing stations, earth observation satellite instruments) providing essential information on the composition of the atmosphere. The variability of the atmospheric system and the extreme complexity of the atmospheric cycles for short-lived gaseous and aerosol species have led to the development of complex models to interpret observations, test our theoretical understanding of atmospheric chemistry and predict future atmospheric composition. The validation of numerical models requires accurate information concerning the variability of atmospheric composition for targeted species via comparison with observations and measurements. In this paper, we provide an overview of recent advances in instrumentation and methodologies for measuring atmospheric composition changes from space, aircraft and the surface as well as recent improvements in laboratory techniques that permitted scientific advance in the field of atmospheric chemistry. Emphasis is given to the most promising and innovative technologies that will become operational in the near future to improve knowledge of atmospheric composition. Our current observation capacity, however, is not satisfactory to understand and predict future atmospheric composition changes, in relation to predicted climate warming. Based on the limitation of the current European observing system, we address the major gaps in a second part of the paper to explain why further developments in current observation strategies are still needed to strengthen and optimise an observing system not only capable of responding to the requirements of atmospheric services but also to newly open scientific questions. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Published
2009
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4. Atmospheric composition change - global and regional air quality

Author

Zbigniew Klimont, H.M. ten Brink, Alexander Baklanov, Paolo Laj, Heidi Huntrieser, Isabelle Bey, James D. Lee, Alex Guenther, Andreas Petzold, Maria Kanakidou, Jan Kaiser, Volker Grewe, Andreas Stohl, D. D. Parrish, E. Fragkou, Paul S. Monks, F. J. Dentener, Owen R. Cooper, Ulrich Pöschl, André S. H. Prévôt, Jens Hjorth, Markku Kulmala, Stefan Reimann, Sandro Fuzzi, S. Generoso, G. R. van der Werf, Michael E. Jenkin, Andreas Hofzumahaus, Martin L. Williams, Nicolas Moussiopoulos, Mark Lawrence, Gregory J. Frost, R. von Glasow, Robert Vautard, J. Theloke, Ch. Vlachokostas, Hans-Christen Hansson, David Simpson, Ulrich Platt, Michela Maione, Hajime Akimoto, Claire Granier, Ivar S. A. Isaksen, Claire E. Reeves, John J. Orlando, Colin D. O'Dowd, Aude Mieville, A. Metzger, Rainer Steinbrecher, Robert S. Blake, Paul Ginoux, Kenneth S. Carslaw, Nicola J. Blake, Catherine Liousse, Karine Sellegri, Yinon Rudich, Urs Baltensperger, Stephan Henne, Vigdis Vestreng, Gordon McFiggans, David Fowler, Paul I. Palmer, Markus Amann, Hydrology and Geo-environmental sciences, Department of Chemistry [Leicester], University of Leicester, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima (ISAC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), Frontier Research Center for Global Change (FRCGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [Laxenburg] (IIASA), Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry [Paul Scherrer Institute] (LAC), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), University of California [Irvine] (UCI), University of California, School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds, JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Edinburgh] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Department of Applied Environmental Science [Stockholm] (ITM), Stockholm University, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology [Dübendorf] (EMPA), Institut für Chemie und Dynamik der Geosphäre - Troposphäre (ICG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Department of Geosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Center for International Climate and Environmental Research [Oslo] (CICERO), University of Oslo (UiO), Atmospheric Chemistry Services [UK], School of Environmental Sciences [Norwich], University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Department of Physics [Helsinki], Falculty of Science [Helsinki], University of Helsinki-University of Helsinki, Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Chemistry [York, UK], University of York [York, UK], Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Istituto di Scienze Chimiche 'F. Bruner', Università degli Studi di Urbino 'Carlo Bo', School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences [Manchester] (SEAES), University of Manchester [Manchester], Ionicon Analytik GmbH, Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies [Galway] (C-CAPS), National University of Ireland [Galway] (NUI Galway), School of Geosciences [Edinburgh], University of Edinburgh, Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research [Rehovot], Weizmann Institute of Science [Rehovot, Israël], Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung - Atmosphärische Umweltforschung (IMK-IFU), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Norwegian Meteorological Institute [Oslo] (MET), EMEP Meteorological Synthesizing Centre-West (MSC-W), European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP), European Environment Agency (EEA)-European Environment Agency (EEA), Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), Universität Stuttgart [Stuttgart], VU University Amsterdam, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Extrèmes : Statistiques, Impacts et Régionalisation (ESTIMR), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Norwegian Pollution Control Authority (SFT), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique - Clermont Auvergne (LaMP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LA), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Weizmann Institute of Science, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Vrije universiteit = Free university of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), University of California [Irvine] (UC Irvine), University of California (UC), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki-Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, environmental chamber data, Atmosphere Troposphere Air quality Emissions Climate Co-benefit Oxidation chemistry Aerosols Transport of pollutants Ozone, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Earth science, Climate change, Context (language use), 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, 12. Responsible consumption, transport of pollutants, chemistry.chemical_compound, 11. Sustainability, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Ecosystem, Air quality index, climate, particulate products distribution, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Aerosols, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Pollutant, long-range transport, gas-phase ozonolysis, Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Atmosphere, 2003 heat-wave, Troposphere, emissions, master chemical mechanism, 15. Life on land, Trace gas, pem-tropics-b, Co-benefit, marine boundary-layer, Megacity, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Air quality, Oxidation chemistry, tropospheric chemistry mechanism, secondary organic aerosol
Abstract

Air quality transcends all scales with in the atmosphere from the local to the global with handovers and feedbacks at each scale interaction. Air quality has manifold effects on health, ecosystems heritage and, climate. In this review the state of scientific understanding in relation to global and regional air quality is outlined. The review discusses air quality, in terms of emissions, processing and transport of trace gases and aerosols. New insights into the characterization of both natural and anthropogenic emissions are reviewed looking at both natural (e.g. dust and lightning) as well as plant emissions. Trends in anthropogenic emissions both by region and globally are discussed as well as biomass burning emissions. In terms of chemical processing the major air quality elements of ozone, non-methane hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and aerosols are covered. A number of topics are presented as a way of integrating the process view into the atmospheric context; these include the atmospheric oxidation efficiency, halogen and HOx chemistry, nighttime chemistry, tropical chemistry, heat waves, megacities, biomass burning and the regional hot spot of the Mediterranean. New findings with respect to the transport of pollutants across the scales are discussed, in particular the move to quantify the impact of long-range transport on regional air quality. Gaps and research questions that remain intractable are identified. The review concludes with a focus of research and policy questions for the coming decade. In particular, the policy challenges for concerted air quality and climate change policy (co-benefit) are discussed. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Published
2009
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5. Photolysis frequency measurement techniques: Results of a comparison within the ACCENT project

Author

L. J. Clapp, Dwayne E. Heard, F. X. Meixner, Mihalis Vrekoussis, M. Gillmann, R. Schmitt, H.-P. Dorn, G. Stange, André S. H. Prévôt, U. Platt, Paul S. Monks, M. Kortner, Christian Plass-Dülmer, Gary K. Corlett, Nikos Mihalopoulos, Birger Bohn, Kevin C. Clemitshaw, S. Sanghavi, E. Tensing, William J. Bloss, Institut für Chemie und Dynamik der Geosphäre - Troposphäre (ICG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Department of Chemistry, Institut für Umweltphysik [Heidelberg], Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), Environmental Chemistry Laboratory [Crete], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), School of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Imperial College London, Biogeochemistry Department [Mainz], Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry [Paul Scherrer Institute] (LAC), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), and Meteorologie Consult GmbH (Metcon)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, ULTRAVIOLET, Analytical chemistry, Research Groups and Centres\Earth Sciences\Ancient and Modern Earth Systems, NO2 PHOTOLYSIS, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Chemistry, 010309 optics, Optics, ACTINIC FLUX SPECTRORADIOMETRY, Research Groups and Centres\Earth Sciences\Geochemistry, 0103 physical sciences, ddc:550, Faculty of Science\Earth Sciences, FIELD, Field campaign, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, ABSORPTION CROSS-SECTIONS, MODELING INTERCOMPARISON IPMMI, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, OZONE, business.industry, Chemistry, Photodissociation, lcsh:QC1-999, Spectroradiometer, lcsh:QD1-999, TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE, QUANTUM YIELDS, RADIATION, business, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

An intercomparison of different radiometric techniques measuring atmospheric photolysis frequencies j(NO2), j(HCHO) and j(O1D) was carried out in a two-week field campaign in June 2005 at Jülich, Germany. Three double-monochromator based spectroradiometers (DM-SR), three single-monochromator based spectroradiometers with diode-array detectors (SM-SR) and seventeen filter radiometers (FR) (ten j(NO2)-FR, seven j(O1D)-FR) took part in this comparison. For j(NO2), all spectroradiometer results agreed within ±3%. For j(HCHO), agreement was slightly poorer between −8% and +4% of the DM-SR reference result. For the SM-SR deviations were explained by poorer spectral resolutions and lower accuracies caused by decreased sensitivities of the photodiode arrays in a wavelength range below 350 nm. For j(O1D), the results were more complex within +8% and −4% with increasing deviations towards larger solar zenith angles for the SM-SR. The direction and the magnitude of the deviations were dependent on the technique of background determination. All j(NO2)-FR showed good linearity with single calibration factors being sufficient to convert from output voltages to j(NO2). Measurements were feasible until sunset and comparison with previous calibrations showed good long-term stability. For the j(O1D)-FR, conversion from output voltages to j(O1D) needed calibration factors and correction functions considering the influences of total ozone column and elevation of the sun. All instruments showed good linearity at photolysis frequencies exceeding about 10% of maximum values. At larger solar zenith angles, the agreement was non-uniform with deviations explainable by insufficient correction functions. Comparison with previous calibrations for some j(O1D)-FR indicated drifts of calibration factors.

Published
2008
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6. Air pollution during the 2003 European heat wave as seen by MOZAIC airliners

Author

Jerome Brioude, Marc Tressol, Herman G. J. Smit, Valérie Thouret, Jean-Pierre Cammas, Andreas Volz-Thomas, Philippe Nédélec, Régina Zbinden, Hans Werner Pätz, Céline Mari, Carlos Ordóñez, Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, ESRL Chemical Sciences Division [Boulder] (CSD), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Institut für Chemie und Dynamik der Geosphäre - Troposphäre (ICG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Pollution, Atmospheric Science, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Planetary boundary layer, media_common.quotation_subject, Air pollution, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Wind speed, Troposphere, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Altitude, medicine, ddc:550, Relative humidity, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], 15. Life on land, lcsh:QC1-999, chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

This study presents an analysis of both MOZAIC profiles above Frankfurt and Lagrangian dispersion model simulations for the 2003 European heat wave. The comparison of MOZAIC measurements in summer 2003 with the 11-year MOZAIC climatology reflects strong temperature anomalies (exceeding 4°C) throughout the lower troposphere. Higher positive anomalies of temperature and negative anomalies of both wind speed and relative humidity are found for the period defined here as the heat wave (2–14 August 2003), compared to the periods before (16–31 July 2003) and after (16–31 August 2003) the heat wave. In addition, Lagrangian model simulations in backward mode indicate the suppressed long-range transport in the mid- to lower troposphere and the enhanced southern origin of air masses for all tropospheric levels during the heat wave. Ozone and carbon monoxide also present strong anomalies (both ~+40 ppbv) during the heat wave, with a maximum vertical extension reaching 6 km altitude around 11 August 2003. Pollution in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) is enhanced during the day, with ozone mixing ratios two times higher than climatological values. This is due to a combination of factors, such as high temperature and radiation, stagnation of air masses and weak dry deposition, which favour the accumulation of ozone precursors and the build-up of ozone. A negligible role of a stratospheric-origin ozone tracer has been found for the lower troposphere in this study. From 29 July to 15 August 2003 forest fires burnt around 0.3×106 ha in Portugal and added to atmospheric pollution in Europe. Layers with enhanced CO and NOy mixing ratios, advected from Portugal, were crossed by the MOZAIC aircraft in the free troposphere over Frankfurt. A series of forward and backward Lagrangian model simulations have been performed to investigate the origin of anomalies during the whole heat wave. European anthropogenic emissions present the strongest contribution to the measured CO levels in the lower troposphere (near 30%). This source is followed by Portuguese forest fires which affect the lower troposphere after 6 August 2003 and even the PBL around 10 August 2003. The averaged biomass burning contribution reaches 35% during the affected period. Anthropogenic CO of North American origin only marginally influences CO levels over Europe during that period.

Published
2008
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7. An idealized two-dimensional approach to study the impact of the West African monsoon on the meridional gradient of tropospheric ozone

Author

Bastien Sauvage, Jean-Pierre Pinty, Philippe Nédélec, M. Saunois, Jean-Pierre Cammas, Jean-Philippe Lafore, Andreas Volz-Thomas, Philippe Peyrillé, Céline Mari, Valérie Thouret, Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut für Chemie und Dynamik der Geosphäre - Troposphäre (ICG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Convection, Atmospheric Science, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Atmospheric circulation, Soil Science, Zonal and meridional, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, tropics, Troposphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, West African monsoon, MOZAIC, Geochemistry and Petrology, 0103 physical sciences, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), ddc:550, Meso-NH, Hadley cell, Tropospheric ozone, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Ecology, Intertropical Convergence Zone, Paleontology, Forestry, ozone, Geophysics, chemistry, troposphere, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Climatology, Environmental science
Abstract

An idealized vertical-meridional zonally symmetrical version of the Meso-NH model is used to study the response of tropospheric ozone to the dynamics of the West African monsoon, as well as surface emissions and NOx-production by lightning (LNOx). An O-3-NOx-VOC chemical scheme has been added to the dynamical model, including surface emissions and a parameterization of the LNOx production. The model shows that the ozone precursors emitted at the surface are uplifted by deep convection and then advected in the upper branches of the Hadley cells on both sides of the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). The NOx produced by lightning promotes chemical ozone production in the middle and upper troposphere from the oxidation of CO and VOCs. The analysis of the convective and chemical tendencies shows that the ozone minimum at the ITCZ is induced by venting of ozone-poor air masses into the upper troposphere. The bi-dimensional model suffers from limitations due to the absence of exchange with the higher latitudes and ventilation in the zonal direction. Despite of these restrictions, sensitivity simulations show that the LNOx source and biogenic VOCs are necessary to create the meridional gradient of ozone observed by the Measurements of OZone and water vapor by in-service AIrbus airCraft (MOZAIC) aircrafts in the southern Hadley cell. The LNOx source is also required to maintain the meridional ozone gradient up to 24 degrees N in the northern Hadley cell. The modeled meridional gradient of O-3 in the upper troposphere ranges from 0.22 to 0.52 ppbv/deg without the LNOx source and from 0.60 to 1.08 ppbv/deg with the LNOx source, in the southern and the northern cells respectively.

Published
2008
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8. Investigation of the formaldehyde differential absorption cross section at high and low spectral resolution in the simulation chamber SAPHIR

Author

H.-P. Dorn, Ralf Tillmann, Andreas Wahner, Robert Wegener, J. Bossmeyer, E. Schlosser, Theo Brauers, Institut für Chemie und Dynamik der Geosphäre - Troposphäre (ICG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, and Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Analytical chemistry, Formaldehyde, 010501 environmental sciences, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Atmosphere, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Cross section (physics), Criegee intermediate, ddc:550, Spectral resolution, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Absorption cross section, lcsh:QC1-999, 0104 chemical sciences, Volume (thermodynamics), chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

The results from a simulation chamber study on the formaldehyde (HCHO) absorption cross section in the UV spectral region are presented. We performed 4 experiments at ambient HCHO concentrations with simultaneous measurements of two DOAS instruments in the atmosphere simulation chamber SAPHIR in Jülich. The two instruments differ in their spectral resolution, one working at 0.2 nm (broad-band, BB-DOAS), the other at 2.7 pm (high-resolution, HR-DOAS). Both instruments use dedicated multi reflection cells to achieve long light path lengths of 960 m and 2240 m, respectively, inside the chamber. During two experiments HCHO was injected into the clean chamber by thermolysis of well defined amounts of para-formaldehyde reaching mixing rations of 30 ppbV at maximum. The HCHO concentration calculated from the injection and the chamber volume agrees with the BB-DOAS measured value when the absorption cross section of Meller and Moortgat (2000) and the temperature coefficient of Cantrell (1990) were used for data evaluation. In two further experiments we produced HCHO in-situ from the ozone + ethene reaction which was intended to provide an independent way of HCHO calibration through the measurements of ozone and ethene. However, we found an unexpected deviation from the current understanding of the ozone + ethene reaction when CO was added to suppress possible oxidation of ethene by OH radicals. The reaction of the Criegee intermediate with CO could be 240 times slower than currently assumed. Based on the BB-DOAS measurements we could deduce a high-resolution cross section for HCHO which was not measured directly so far.

Published
2007
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9. Technical Note: Performance of Chemical Ionization Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (CIR-TOF-MS) for the measurement of atmospherically significant oxygenated volatile organic compounds

Author

Robert S. Blake, Andrew M. Ellis, Ralf Koppmann, Theo Brauers, Eric C. Apel, Kevin Wyche, Paul S. Monks, Department of Chemistry, Institut für Chemie und Dynamik der Geosphäre - Troposphäre (ICG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, National Centre for Atmospheric Research, and National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR)

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, Chemical ionization, Accuracy and precision, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Proton, Chemistry, 010401 analytical chemistry, Analytical chemistry, Mass spectrometry, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Reagent, ddc:550, Mixing ratio, Volatile organic compound, Time-of-flight mass spectrometry, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

The performance of a new chemical ionization reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (CIR-TOF-MS) utilising the environment chamber SAPHIR (Simulation of Atmospheric Photochemistry In a large Reaction Chamber- Forschungzentrum Jülich, Germany) is described. The work took place as part of the ACCENT (Atmospheric Composition and Change the European NeTwork for excellence) supported oxygenated volatile organic compound (OVOC) measurement intercomparison during January 2005. The experiment entailed the measurement of 14 different atmospherically significant OVOCs at various mixing ratios in the approximate range 10.0–0.6 ppbV. The CIR-TOF-MS operated throughout the exercise with the hydronium ion (H3O+) as the primary chemical ionization (CI) reagent in order to facilitate proton transfer to the analyte OVOCs. The results presented show that the CIR time-of-flight mass spectrometer is capable of detecting a wide range of atmospheric OVOCs at mixing ratios of around 10 ppbV in "real-time" (i.e. detection on the one-minute time scale), with sub-ppbV measurement also achieved following an increase in averaging time to tens of minutes. It is shown that in general OVOC measurement is made with high accuracy and precision, with integration time, mixing ratio and compound dependent values as good as 4–13% and 3–15% respectively. It is demonstrated that CIR-TOF-MS has rapid multi-channel response at the required sensitivity, accuracy and precision for atmospheric OVOC measurement.

Published
2007
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10. Light induced conversion of nitrogen dioxide into nitrous acid on submicron humic acid aerosol

Author

Christian George, Jörg Kleffmann, Yasin Elshorbany, Barbara D'Anna, Konrad Stemmler, Birger Bohn, Marieme Ndour, Markus Ammann, Institut de recherches sur la catalyse et l'environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), IRCELYON, ProductionsScientifiques, Laboratory of Radio- and Environmental Chemistry, Physikalische Chemie/FB C, National Research Centre, Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lyon, Institut de Recherche en Communications et en Cybernétique de Nantes (IRCCyN), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Ecole Polytechnique de l'Université de Nantes (EPUN), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut für Chemie und Dynamik der Geosphäre - Troposphäre (ICG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, and EGU, Publication

Subjects
inorganic chemicals, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, complex mixtures, Troposphere, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Flux (metallurgy), ddc:550, Humic acid, Relative humidity, Nitrogen dioxide, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, chemistry.chemical_classification, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Nitrous acid, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [CHIM.CATA] Chemical Sciences/Catalysis, [CHIM.CATA]Chemical Sciences/Catalysis, respiratory system, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, lcsh:QC1-999, Aerosol, chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, [SDE.ES] Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, lcsh:Physics, Ambient pressure
Abstract

The interactions of aerosols consisting of humic acids with gaseous nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were investigated under different light conditions in aerosol flow tube experiments at ambient pressure and temperature. The results show that NO2 is converted on the humic acid aerosol into nitrous acid (HONO), which is released from the aerosol and can be detected in the gas phase at the reactor exit. The formation of HONO on the humic acid aerosol is strongly activated by light: In the dark, the HONO-formation was below the detection limit, but it was increasing with the intensity of the irradiation with visible light. Under simulated atmospheric conditions with respect to the actinic flux, relative humidity and NO2-concentration, reactive uptake coefficients γrxn for the NO2→HONO conversion on the aerosol between γrxn −7 (in the dark) and γrxn=6×10−6 were observed. The observed uptake coefficients decreased with increasing NO2-concentration in the range from 2.7 to 280 ppb and were dependent on the relative humidity (RH) with slightly reduced values at low humidity (60% RH). The measured uptake coefficients for the NO2→HONO conversion are too low to explain the HONO-formation rates observed near the ground in rural and urban environments by the conversion of NO2→HONO on organic aerosol surfaces, even if one would assume that all aerosols consist of humic acid only. It is concluded that the processes leading to HONO formation on the Earth surface will have a much larger impact on the HONO-formation in the lowermost layer of the troposphere than humic materials potentially occurring in airborne particles.

Published
2007
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11. Ozone, water vapor and temperature in the Upper tropical troposphere : variations over a decade of MOZAIC measurements

Author

Herman G. J. Smit, Jean-Pierre Cammas, Valérie Thouret, Sarah E. Bortz, Michael J. Prather, Department of Earth System Science [Irvine] (ESS), University of California [Irvine] (UCI), University of California-University of California, Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Institut für Chemie und Dynamik der Geosphäre - Troposphäre (ICG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, University of California [Irvine] (UC Irvine), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, upper tropical troposphere, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, Oceanography, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Troposphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, MOZAIC, ddc:550, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), measurement method, Water Science and Technology, Ecology, Forestry, air temperature, Geophysics, Climatology, tropical meteorology, Water vapor, Ozone, tropospheric ozone trends, Soil Science, Aquatic Science, Tropical Atlantic, Geochemistry and Petrology, water vapor, Trend surface analysis, medicine, 021101 geological & geomatics engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Paleontology, Tropics, Lapse rate, Seasonality, medicine.disease, ozone, annual variation, troposphere, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Environmental science, trend analysis
Abstract

[1] The MOZAIC ( Measurement of Ozone and Water Vapor by Airbus In-service Aircraft) program (Marenco et al., 1998) has archived in situ measurements of temperature, water vapor, and ozone from August 1994 to December 2003. We analyze the trends, seasonality, and interannual variability of these quantities at aircraft cruise levels (7.7 - 11.3 km) within the tropics ( 20 degrees S - 20 degrees N). Mean lapse rates for temperature and log( water vapor) are nearly identical in both tropics. The root-mean-square variance in temperature over cruise levels, seasons, and years is small

Published
2006
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12. A review of biomass burning emissions, part I: gaseous emissions of carbon monoxide, methane, volatile organic compounds, and nitrogen containing compounds

Author

K. von Czapiewski, R. Koppmann, Jeffrey S. Reid, Institut für Chemie und Dynamik der Geosphäre - Troposphäre (ICG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, NRL's Marine Meteorology Division, and Naval Research Laboratory (NRL)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Biogeochemical cycle, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Tropics, chemistry.chemical_element, 15. Life on land, 010501 environmental sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Nitrogen, Methane, Troposphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, ddc:550, Ecosystem, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Carbon monoxide
Abstract

Biomass burning is the burning of living and dead vegetation. Ninety percent of all biomass-burning events are thought to be human initiated. Human induced fires are used for a variety of ''applications'' such as agricultural expansion, deforestation, bush control, weed and residue burning, and harvesting practices. Natural fires are grassland and forest fires mainly induced by lightning. It is estimated that 8700 Tg of dry matter/year are burnt each year in total. Emissions from biomass burning include a wide range of gaseous compounds and particles that contribute significantly to the tropospheric budgets on a local, regional, and even global scales. The emission of CO, CH4 and VOC affect the oxidation capacity of the troposphere by reacting with OH radicals, and emissions of nitric oxide and VOC lead to the formation of ozone and other photo oxidants. For a large number of compounds biomass burning is one of the largest single sources in the troposphere, especially in the tropics. Biomass-burning emissions play an important role in the biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nitrogen. Following the first systematic investigations on fire emissions in laboratory experiments in the 1960's, the last 20 years saw an increasing number in studies on biomass-burning emissions in various ecosystems. Recently, our knowledge of the emissions of gaseous compounds in the troposphere from fires has increased considerably. This manuscript is the first of four describing the properties biomass burning emissions. The properties of biomass-burning particles are discussed in part II and III of this review series which have been recently published, and their direct radiative effects are in part IV. This paper focuses on the review of emission ratios and emission rates of carbon monoxide, methane, volatile organics, and nitrogen containing compounds and should not be seen as a review of global emission estimates, even though we discuss the implications of our results on such studies.

Published
2005
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13. Characterisation of the photolytic HONO-source in the atmosphere simulation chamber SAPHIR

Author

Franz Rohrer, Theo Brauers, Andreas Wahner, D. Brüning, F. J. Johnen, Birger Bohn, Jörg Kleffmann, Institut für Chemie und Dynamik der Geosphäre - Troposphäre (ICG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, and Physikalische Chemie/FB C

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Chemistry, Photodissociation, Humidity, 010501 environmental sciences, Photochemistry, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:QC1-999, Trace gas, Troposphere, Atmosphere, lcsh:Chemistry, Light intensity, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, ddc:550, Irradiation, NOx, lcsh:Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience; HONO formation has been proposed as an important OH radical source in simulation chambers for more than two decades. Besides the heterogeneous HONO formation by the dark reaction of NO2 and adsorbed water, a photolytic source has been proposed to explain the elevated reactivity in simulation chamber experiments. However, the mechanism of the photolytic process is not well understood so far. As expected, production of HONO and NOx was also observed inside the new atmosphere simulation chamber SAPHIR under solar irradiation. This photolytic HONO and NOx formation was studied with a sensitive HONO instrument under reproducible controlled conditions at atmospheric concentrations of other trace gases. It is shown that the photolytic HONO source in the SAPHIR chamber is not caused by NO2 reactions and that it is the only direct NOy source under illuminated conditions. In addition, the photolysis of nitrate which was recently postulated for the observed photolytic HONO formation on snow, ground, and glass surfaces, can be excluded in the chamber. A photolytic HONO source at the surface of the chamber is proposed which is strongly dependent on humidity, on light intensity, and on temperature. An empirical function of the form S(HONO)=a1,2×J(NO2)×(1+(RH/RH0)2)×exp(?T0/T) describes these dependencies and reproduces the observed HONO formation rates to within 10%. It is shown that the photolysis of HONO represents the dominant radical source in the SAPHIR chamber for typical tropospheric O3/H2O concentrations. For these conditions, the HONO concentrations inside SAPHIR are similar to recent observations in ambient air.

Published
2005

14. Validation of the calibration of a laser-induced fluorescence instrument for the measurement of OH radicals in the atmosphere

Author

M. Siese, Dwayne E. Heard, C. Bloss, Klaus Wirtz, William J. Bloss, Michael J. Pilling, M. Martin-Reviejo, James D. Lee, School of Chemistry [Leeds], University of Leeds, Fundación CEAM, EUPHORE laboratories, Institut für Chemie und Dynamik der Geosphäre - Troposphäre (ICG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, EUPHORE Laboratories, and Fundacion CEAM

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Radical, Analytical chemistry, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, law, ddc:550, Benzene, Laser-induced fluorescence, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, chemistry.chemical_classification, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Actinometer, Photodissociation, Toluene, lcsh:QC1-999, 3. Good health, Hydrocarbon, lcsh:QD1-999, chemistry, 13. Climate action, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

An assessment of the accuracy of OH concentrations measured in a smog chamber by a calibrated laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) instrument has been made, in the course of 9 experiments performed to study the photo-oxidation of benzene, toluene, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, para-xylene, ortho-cresol and ethene at the European Photoreactor facility (EUPHORE). The LIF system was calibrated via the water photolysis / ozone actinometry approach. OH concentrations were inferred from the instantaneous rate of removal of each hydrocarbon species (measured by FTIR or HPLC) via the appropriate rate coefficient for their reaction with OH, and compared with those obtained from the LIF system. Good agreement between the two approaches was found for all species with the exception of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, for which OH concentrations inferred from hydrocarbon removal were a factor of 3 lower than those measured by the LIF system. From the remaining 8 experiments, an overall value of 1.15±0.13 (±1σ) was obtained for [OH]LIF / [OH]Hydrocarbon Decay, compared with the estimated uncertainty in the accuracy of the water photolysis / ozone actinometry OH calibration technique of 26% (1σ).

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