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Aromatic helical receptors P-1 and P-2 were slightly modified by aerobic oxidation to afford new receptors P-7 and P-8 with right-handed helical cavities. This subtle modification induced significant changes in the binding properties for chiral guests. Specifically, P-1 was reported to bind d-tartaric acid (Ka =35500 M-1 ), used as a template, much strongly than l-tartaric acid (326 M-1 ). In contrast, its modified receptor P-7 exhibited significantly reduced affinities for d-tartaric acid (3600 M-1 ) and l-tartaric acid (125 M-1 ). More dramatic changes in the affinities and selectivities were observed for P-2 and P-8 upon binding of polyol guests. P-2 was determined to selectively bind d-sorbitol (52000 M-1 ) over analogous guests, but P-8 showed no binding selectivity: d-sorbitol (1890 M-1 ), l-sorbitol (3330 M-1 ), d-arabitol (959 M-1 ), l-arabitol (4970 M-1 ) and xylitol (4960 M-1 ) in 5% (v/v) DMSO/CH2 Cl2 at 25±1 °C. These results clearly demonstrate that even subtle post-modifications of synthetic receptors may significantly alter their binding affinities and selectivities, in particular for guests of long and flexible chains.

The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the survival rate by comparing Class II restoration using flowable resin composite with stainless steel crown in primary molars. Electronic medical records and radiographs of 1,504 primary molars with proximal caries of 590 patients from June 2015 to August 2019 were analyzed. With the collected data, survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method. The 1-year survival rate of flowable resin composite in the primary molar was 98.5%, 3-year survival rate was 87.7%, and mean survival time was 39 months. There was no statistically significant difference between flowable resin composite and stainless steel crown (p = 0.896). Within the limits of this study, Class II restoration using flowable resin composite can be considered a promising option for the treatment of proximal caries in primary molars.

As a synthetic model for intra-protein interactions that reinforce binding affinities between proteins and ligands, the energetic interplay of binding and folding was investigated using foldamer-based receptors capable of adopting helical structures. The receptors were designed to have identical hydrogen-bonding sites for anion binding but different aryl appendages that simply provide additional π-stacking within the helical backbones without direct interactions with the bound anions. In particular, the presence of electron-deficient aryl appendages led to dramatic enhancements in the association constant between the receptor and chloride or nitrate ions, by up to three orders of magnitude. Extended stacking within the receptor contributes to the stabilization of the entire folding structure of complexes, thereby enhancing binding affinities.

The chemopreventive effects of various mixed cereal grain (MCG) samples on azoxymethane (AOM, 10 mg/kg) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS, 2% w/v)-induced colorectal cancer (CRC) in C57BL/6J mice were studied. The main MCG preparation consisted of fermented brown rice (FBR), glutinous brown rice, glutinous Sorghum bicolor, glutinous Panicum miliaceum, Coix lacryma-jobi and black soybean at an appropriate mixing ratio. Other MCG preparations contained rice coated with 5% Phellinus linteus and 5% Curcuma longa (MGR-PC), or 10% Phellinus linteus (MCG-P), or 10% Curcuma longa (MCG-C). Consumption of dietary MCG-PC by CRC mice significantly increased colon length, decreased the ratio of colon weight to length, and reduced the number of colon tumors. Similar effects, although to a lower extent, were observed in CRC mice fed with MCG-P, followed by those fed with MCG-C, MCG, FBR or white rice (WR). MCG-PC significantly suppressed colonic neoplasia, and decreased the levels of various cytokines (tumor necrosis factor: Tnf, interleukin 1 beta: Il1b, interleukin 6: Il6, and interferon gamma: Ifng) in serum and colon tissue of the CRC mice. In addition, MCG-PC increased the mRNA expressions of tumor protein p53(Tp53) and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A(Cdkn1a), activated pro-apoptotic caspase 3(Casp3), and reduced expression of both mRNA and protein of inducible inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 (Nos2), prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (Ptgs2), and cyclin D1(Ccnd1) in colon tissue. These findings suggest that than compared with other cereal grain preparations, MCG-PC had a greater activity against AOM/DSS-induced CRC by reducing intestinal inflammation, and modulating the expression of certain carcinogenesis related factors (Nos2, Ptgs2, Tp53, Cdkn1a, Ccnd1 and Casp3) in colon tissue of CRC mice.

As DYRK1A and 1B inhibitors, 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine derivatives were synthesized. Mostly, 3-aryl-5-arylamino compounds (6) and 3,5-diaryl compounds (8 and 9) were prepared and especially, 3,5-diaryl compound 8 and 9 showed excellent DYRK1B inhibitory enzymatic activities with IC50 Values of 3–287 nM. Among them, 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl), 5-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine (8h) exhibited the highest inhibitory enzymatic activity (IC50 = 3 nM) and cell proliferation inhibitory activity (IC50 = 1.6 µM) towards HCT116 colon cancer cells. Also compound 8h has excellent inhibitory activities in patient-derived colon cancer organoids model as well as in 3D spheroid assay model of SW480 and SW620. The docking study supported that we confirmed that compound 8h binds to DYRK1B through various hydrogen bonding interactions and hydrophobic interactions.

Two indolocarbazole-naphthyridine foldamers 2 and 3 that fold into helical conformations were prepared. The 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) moiety was introduced at one end of the foldamer strands to develop foldamer-based catalysts for the site-selective acylation of polyols. These foldamers adopt helical conformations containing internal cavities capable of binding octyl β-d-glucopyranoside. The association constants were determined to be 1.9 (±0.1)×105 M-1 for 2 and 2.1 (±0.1)×105 M-1 for 3 in CH2 Cl2 at 25 °C. In the presence of DMAP, 2 or 3 as the catalysts, octyl β-d-glucopyranoside was subjected to acetylation under identical reaction conditions. The DMAP-catalysed reaction afforded the random distribution of the monoacetylates (6-OAc : 4-OAc : 3-OAc : 2-OAc=33 : 24 : 41 : 2). In contrast, foldamers 2 and 3 led to the predominant formation of 6-OAc. The relative distributions were estimated to be 6-OAc : 4-OAc : 3-OAc=88 : 4 : 6 : ∼0 with 2 and 6-OAc : 4-OAc : 3-OAc : 2-OAc=90 : 3 : 6 : 1 with 3.

Using a simple and facile method, we precisely controlled the two-dimensional layered array structure of graphene oxide (GO)–iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticle hybrid multilayer films and investigated the correlation between the assembled structure of the hybrid films and their magnetic properties. GO–Fe3O4 nanoparticle hybrids were obtained via the ligand exchange of oleic acid-functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles with GO at the gas–liquid interface. Hybrids of oriented Fe3O4 nanoparticles and GO monolayers spontaneously formed at the gas–liquid interface, which were subsequently deposited on solid substrates using the Langmuir–Schaefer (LS) technique. Two-dimensional superlattices of GO–Fe3O4 nanoparticle hybrids were fabricated through repeated LS deposition of the nanoparticle monolayer with a hexagonal array structure sandwiched between GO monolayers. The magnetic properties of the GO–Fe3O4 multilayer were measured using SQUID magnetometry. From the field cooling/zero field cooling results, we found that the 2D superlattice-like layered structure of the GO–Fe3O4 multilayer facilitates the layer-dependent properties in the out-of-plane field case due to the dipolar interactions between the top and bottom layers.

Indolocarbazole-Pyridine (IP) hybrid foldamers have been known to adopt a helical conformation with an internal tubular cavity wherein water molecules are tightly packed via the formation of multiple cooperative hydrogen bonds. In order to develop IP foldamer-based receptors for ions and molecules other than water molecules, we herein prepare two modified IP foldamers 2 and 3 that contain a pyrrole and an inverted pyridine in the middle of the strands, respectively, instead of the original pyridine unit. Such site-specific modification significantly disrupts the hydrogen-bonding network between the entrapped water molecules and the interior of the cavity, thus allowing for binding two dihydrogenphosphate ions as a cyclic dimer inside the cavity as demonstrated by 1H NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystal structure analysis. The crystal structures of the two complexes (H2PO4−)2 ⊂ 2 and (H2PO4−)2 ⊂ 3 are very similar to each other, with twelve hydrogen bonds between the bound dihydrogenphosphate dimer and the interior functional groups, indolocarbazole NH protons, pyridine nitrogen atoms and terminal OH protons in the helical tubular cavity.

A series of indolocarbazole-pyridine (IP) hybrid foldamers containing chiral residues at multiple different positions were prepared to reveal the matched and mismatched phenomena of local stereocenters on the induction of helical bias. These foldamers adopted stable helical conformations, thus affording well-resolved separate sets of 1H NMR signals for right- (P) and left-handed (M) helices in water saturated organic solvents such as toluene and dichloromethane. The ratios of P- and M-helices were determined by integrating the 1H NMR signals, in combination with the molar circular dichroism (Δe) and optical rotation ([α]D) values. The degree of helical bias was larger in the IP foldamer bearing chiral residues at the termini relative to those at the pyridine side chains, but the preferred helix orientation was opposite to each other. Foldamers 5(SS)t(SSS)py and 6(RR)t(SSS)py with chiral residues at five different positions demonstrated the matched and mismatched phenomena of local stereocenters in 6(RR)t(...

An indolocarbazole–naphthyridine hybrid oligomer capable of adopting a stable helical conformation was prepared, and its folding properties were thoroughly studied in the solid state and in solution. As a result of folding, a hydrophilic cavity was generated inside the helix wherein monosaccharides were able to be encapsulated in the order of glucose (9.6 × 104 M–1) > galactose (1.0 × 104 M–1) ≫ mannose (∼0) in 10% (v/v) DMSO/CH2Cl2.

Background: Tacrolimus (TAC) is a main therapy for liver transplantation (LT) patients, but it has side effects such as chronic nephrotoxicity that progressively aggravate renal function. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively compare the renal function be tween a TAC group and a combination of everolimus and reduced TAC (EVR-TAC) group after deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT). Methods: The study comprised 131 patients who underwent DDLT between January 2013 and April 2018 at our institution. They received TAC or EVR-TAC after DDLT. Everoli mus (EVR) was introduced between 1 and 6 months after DDLT. Results: Thirty-six of 131 patients (27.5%) received EVR-TAC. The incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD; estimated glomerular filtration rate

Introduction Several treatments have recently been known for hepatocellcular carcinoma (HCC) who have failed to treat sorafenib. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have proven to be effective, but data on the safety and efficacy of liver transplant (LT) patients are limited. We aimed to report the effect of nivolumab after failure of sorafenib treatment in patients with recurrent HCC after liver transplantation. Methods This study retrospectively evaluated patients who failed sorafenib for recurrent HCC treatment after liver transplantation in a single center from March 2007 to December 2018. Patients with recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation who received regorafenib or nivolumab after sorafenib treatment failure were included. Results Of the 53 study patients, 8 received regorafenib and 10 received nivolumab. There is no difference in the characteristics of the two groups. Median overall survival (OS) from LT or HCC recurrence was 58.1 months and 40.2 months in the novolumab group and was 25.6 months and 17.6 months in the non-nivolumab group (p = 0.104 and p = 0.143, respectively). The median OS from nivolumab use was 5.3 months and the median OS from sorafenib use in non-nivolumab group was 14.8 months (p = 0.657). All 10 patients receiving nivolumab failed to control HCC progression and 6 patients (60%) were dead due to HCC progression during a median follow-up period of 2.4 months (interquartile range, 1.8-7.2 months) from the onset of nivolumab. Conclusions Present study suggests that the use of nivolumab in LT patients with recurrent HCC has not shown a clear function in inhibiting HCC progression yet.

The helical handedness excess of an indolocarbazole–pyridine hybrid oligomer capable of folding into a stable helical structure was achieved up to 96% by rational modification of terminal chiral residues.

Highly effective and safe drugs for the treatment of neuropathic pain are urgently required and it was shown that blocking T-type calcium channels can be a promising strategy for drug development for neuropathic pain. We have developed pyrrolidine-based T-type calcium channel inhibitors by structural hybridization and subsequent assessment of in vitro activities against Cav3.1 and Cav3.2 channels. Profiling of in vitro ADME properties of compounds was also carried out. The representative compound 17h showed comparable in vivo efficacy to gabapentin in the SNL model, which indicates T-type calcium channel inhibitors can be developed as effective therapeutics for neuropathic pain.

The development of more effective electrodes for lithium ion batteries requires increasing the specific surface area and improving the reversible capacity of the materials. We prepared a hybrid multilayer film consisting of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets and iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles assembled using the Langmuir-Schaefer (LS) technique. The GO-Fe3O4 hybrid monolayer is formed by ligand exchange between GO suspended in the subphase and oleic acid-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles dispersed at the liquid-gas interface. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) results indicate that the GO-Fe3O4 composite monolayer at the interface possesses closely packed hexagonal structure of the Fe3O4 nanoparticles with high coverage upon monolayer compression. The multilayer GO-Fe3O4 hybrid materials were prepared by repeated LS deposition, exhibiting high reversible capacity (~600 mAh g−1) and superior cycle stability over 1000 cycles.

SH2 domain-containing inositol 5′-phosphatase 2 (SHIP2) is a lipid phosphatase that produce phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate (PI(3,4)P2) from phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate (PI(3,4,5)P3), and is involved in many diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases. A recent report demonstrating that SHIP2 inhibition decreased tau hyperphosphorylation induced by amyloid β and rescued memory impairment in a transgenic Alzheimer's disease mouse model indicates SHIP2 can be a promising therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. In the present study, we have developed novel, potent SHIP2 inhibitors by extensive structural elaboration of crizotinib discovered from a high-throughput screening. Our representative compound 43 potently inhibited SHIP2 activity as well as GSK3β activation in HT22 neuronal cells. It was also shown that 43 has favorable physicochemical properties, especially high brain penetration. Considering SHIP2 is one of key signal mediators for tau hyperphosphorylation, our potent SHIP2 inhibitor 43 may function as a promising lead compound for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

A new double-stranded dinuclear helicate that displays conformational switching in response to temperature was prepared by self-assembly of an aromatic helical foldamer and dichloropalladium(ii). The relative populations of the two helicate conformers, syn-anti and syn-syn, were demonstrated to be reversibly modulated through temperature control.

Through variation of the central pyridine in an indolocarbazole-pyridine hybrid foldamer, the kinetic stabilities of helical conformations were determined and compared based on the inter-conversion rates of P and M helical isomers.

This study was carried out to re-use the post-harvest substrate of Pleurotus pulmonarius. In this study, we used two mixing ratio. First, a mixing ratio is developed by Gangwon Province Agriculturl Research and Extension Services[Poplar sawdust(10)+Cottonseed hull(50)+Cottonseed mal(20)+Beet pulp(20)]. Second, mixing ratio is developed by farmers[Poplar sawdust(60)+Cottonseed hull(10)+Cottonseed mal(10)+Beet pulp(20)]. First mixing ratio research results, Hosan was no difference in the yield by 30%, Yield of the Hwasan has increased by 20%. Second mixing ratio research results, Hosan was no difference in the yield by 20%. However, Hwasan has decreased.

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of shading materials (aluminum specific-shading screen and polypropylene non-woven fabric) and shading ratio (50% and 70%) on climatic changes, cut-flower quality, and yield of spray rose cultivars for export during high temperature periods. The daily cumulative solar radiations were higher with the aluminum specific-shading screen, especially with 50% shading compared to polypropylene non-woven fabric. Air temperature and root zone temperature within rockwool media greatly decreased with the aluminum specific-shading screen, but relative air humidity was not different among shading methods. Chlorophyll contents (SPAD values) were slightly higher with aluminum-specific shading screen than with polypropylene non-woven fabric, and were higher with 50% than with 70% aluminum specific-shading screen. Except for ‘Lovely Lydia’, marketable and exportable yields of all cultivars were higher with 50% than with 70% aluminum shading treatment. In addition, flower s talk length, stem diameter, number of node and 7ea-leaflet, and floret number tended to be better with aluminum specific-shading screen. Flower stalk length was higher with 70% than with 50% aluminum shading treatment. Chromaticity of petals slightly increased, and vase life was 0.5-2.5 days longer for each cultivar with aluminum specific-shading screen than with polypropylene non-woven fabric.

Of the bisurea compounds linked through trans- and cis-benzanilide spacers, the cis-amide derivatives were found to be effective in chloride transport, using which a stimuli-responsive mobile carrier was devised.

Eight carbazole-based molecular tweezers (CMTs) were designed and synthesized for application in the discrimination of heavy metal ions. All CMT solutions in MeCN were transparent, but exhibited strong deep blue or sky blue fluorescence emission upon UV irradiation. The electronic absorptions of CMTs appeared mainly in the UV region. The CMTs exhibited different fluorescence response patterns upon the addition of various transition metal ions. The principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) exhibited clear clustering of data points within the same metal ions and successful dispersion of data clusters. The influence of anionic species on the fluorescence emission of CMTs was almost negligible. Therefore, the chemometric analysis allowed for successful discrimination of 18 heavy metal ions.

Recovery of mitochondrial dysfunction has gained increasing attention as an alternative therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent studies suggested that the 18 kDa mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO) has the potential to serve as a drug target for the treatment of AD. In this study, we generated a structure-based pharmacophore model and virtually screened a commercial library, identifying SVH07 as a virtual hit, which contained a tricyclic core structure, thieno[2',3':4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-d][1,2,4]triazine group. A series of SVH07 analogues were synthesized and their effects on the mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP production were determined by using neuronal cells under Aβ-induced toxicity. Among these analogues, compound 26 significantly recovered mitochondrial membrane depolarization and ATP production. In vitro binding assays indicated that SVH07 and 26 showed high affinities to TSPO with the IC50 values in a nanomolar range. We believe that compound 26 is a promising lead compound for the development of TSPO-targeted mitochondrial functional modulators with therapeutic potential in AD.

The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of methanolic extracts of cooked mixed grain rice samples, including grain rice (sorghum, black bean, proso millet, and Job's tears) mixed with fermented brown rice (GR), GR added with 0.5% water extract of Sanghwang mushroom (GRS) or 0.1% curry (GRK), and traditional five grain mixed rice (TMR, Ohgokbap), on H2O2-induced oxidative injury in LLC-PK1 pig renal epithelial cells. White rice (WR) was used as a positive control. Cells were first exposed to H2O2 (250 μM) for 4 hr, followed by treatment with 100 μg/mL of different GR extracts for 24 hr. H2O2 significantly induced cell damage (P

An indolocarbazole dimer, containing chiral urea appendages, that adopts a helically folded conformation by intramolecular hydrogen bonds as proven by 1H NMR and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy has been prepared. Owing to the preferential formation of one helical conformer, strong CD signals appear in relatively non-polar solvents such as chloroform (CHCl3) and dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) but the signal is negligible in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). In addition, the optical rotation of the dimer is highly sensitive to the polarity of solvents. For example, the magnitude of the specific rotation ([α]D) is − 934° in CH2Cl2 and − 657° in CHCl3 but it is only − 75° in DMSO. These observations suggest that the dimer folds to a helical structure by intramolecular hydrogen bonds in relatively non-polar solvents but exists in an unfolded extended conformation in polar solvents such as DMSO. The dimer strongly binds anions such as chloride, acetate and sulfate by multiple hydrogen bonds. In addition, anion binding ...

An indolocarbazole dimer that contains aldehyde groups at both ends was prepared by connecting two monomeric units through a rod-like 1,4-butadiynyl spacer. Upon mixing with chiral 1,2-diamines at room temperature, the dimer was in situ converted to the corresponding cyclic diimines in the presence of tetrabutylammonium acetate as a template. The resulting diimines fold to helical conformations of right-handed (P) or left-handed (M) orientations, depending on the absolute stereochemistries of chiral 1,2-diamines. The patterns and intensities of the CD spectra can be used to determine the absolute configurations and enantiomeric excesses of chiral 1,2-diamines.

Binary titania–silica metal oxides (TiO2–SiO2) have preferentially been used as photocatalysts for the degradation of organic contaminants under UV irradiation. Herein we synthesized TiO2–SiO2 aerogel powders with different Si-to-Ti ratios suitable for decolorization of organic pollutants using less expensive silica source (sodium silicate) and titanium oxychloride as a titania precursor. Consequently, the surfaces of the alcogels were hydrophobized using trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS) as a silylating agent to yield hydrophobic aerogel powders at ambient pressure drying. The as-prepared samples were calcined at different temperatures ranging from 200 to 1000 °C to evaluate the effect of the heat treatment in the microstructure of the aerogels. The physico-chemical properties of the aerogels were examined by XRD, FTIR, XRF, TEM, SEM, N2 gas physisorption studies, TGA/DTA and diffusive reflectance spectrometry analyses. It was found that calcination temperature is an important factor in improving the porosity and crystallinity of the aerogels however; it has a detrimental effect on the hydrophobicity and photochemical performance of the aerogels. The as-synthesized aerogels were hydrophobic and exhibited the highest activity toward decolorization of methylene blue. The hydrophilic aerogels were obtained after calcination at temperature ⩾500 °C however; the formed samples possessed lower activities. Hydroxyl radicals ( OH) detection experiment performed in the presence of the photocatalysts indicated that the generation of radicals during irradiation increases with increasing illumination time.

An indolocarbazole dimer with the urea functional group was prepared as an anion receptor which contained eight NH hydrogen bonds donors. Two indolocarbazole units were coupled through a butadiynyl linker to allow for helical folding of the resulting dimer by intramolecular hydrogen bonding and dipole–dipole attractions as proven in the 1H NMR spectroscopy. The dimer was found to bind anions (Cl− , Br− , N3 − , AcO− , and ) by multiple hydrogen bonds in 10% (v/v) MeOH–acetone, showing high selectivity for sulphate ion. The 1H NMR spectra clearly demonstrated that only indolocarbazole NH protons were involved in the hydrogen bonding with small anions such as chloride, but all of the existing indolocarbazole and urea NHs participated in the hydrogen bonding with sulphate ion. This difference in the binding mode might be responsible for the high affinity and selectivity towards sulphate ion.

Adopting the concept of procarrier for the first time, we demonstrated the controlled transport of chloride ions across lipid and cellular membranes. Procarriers containing highly hydrophilic appendages were initially inactive due to the lack of their partitioning into lipophilic membranes but were activated to transport chloride ions in the presence of specific enzymes that were able to hydrolyze off the appendages to generate an active carrier under specific conditions. Namely, the procarrier with an ester-bond-linked appendage was most activated by an esterase (PLE) at pH = 7.4, whereas the procarrier with a glycosyl-bond-linked appendage was activated only by a glycosylase (AOG) under slightly acidic conditions (pH = 5.5–6). In addition to controlling chloride transport, hydrophilic appendages greatly increase the water solubility of the procarrier, which may improve the deliverability of a hydrophobic active carrier into a plasma membrane.

Octa[8-{4-(4'-cyanophenylazo)phenoxy}]octyl and octa[8-{4-(4'-cyanophenylazo)phenoxycarbonyl}]heptanoated disaccharide derivatives were synthesized by reacting cellobiose, maltose, and lactose with 1-{4-(4'-cyanophenylazo) phenoxy}octylbromide or 1-{4-(4'-cyanophenylazo)phenoxycarbonyl}]heptanoyl chloride, and their thermotropic liquid crystalline and photochemical phase transition behavior were investigated. All the {(cyanophenylazo)phenoxy} octyl disaccharide ethers (CADETs) formed monotropic nematic (N) phases, whereas all the {(cyanophenylazo) phenoxycarbonyl}heptanoated disaccharide esters (CADESs) exhibited enantiotropic N phases. Compared with CADETs, CADESs showed higher isotropic (I)-to-N phase transition temperatures. Photoirradiation of the disaccharide derivatives in a glass cell or in a cell with a rubbed polyimide (PI) alignment layer at a N phase resulted in disappearance of the N phase due to trans-cis photoisomerization of azobenzene, and the initial N phase was recovered when the irradiated sample was kept in the dark because of cis-trans thermal isomerization and reorientation of trans-azobenzenes. The rates of the photochemical N-I and the thermal I-N phase transition of disaccharide derivatives in a cell with a rubbed PI alignment layer were faster than those in a glass cell, and were significantly different from those observed for the monomesogenic compounds containing cyanoazobenzene and the 4-{4'-(cyanophenylazo)phenoxy}octyl glucose and cellulose ethers. The results were discussed in terms of difference in cooperative motion of azobenzene groups due to the flexibility of the main chain, the number of mesogenic units per repeating units, and the distance between the azobenzene groups.

Using a series of diphenylureas capable of folding to helical conformations, the binding trends have been compared between two anions of different sizes, chloride and sulfate. The binding constant for the sulfate ion steadily increases from monomer to pentamer as the chain length increases, but for the chloride ion it increases up until the trimer and then reaches a plateau.

Chiral organic anions such as camphorsulfonates and cAMP give rise to the preferential formation of a one-handed helix of an indolocarbazole foldamer, thus inducing characteristic circular dichroic (CD) signals. Moreover, the on and off switching of the chiroptical signal can be operated by acid and base chemistry which efficiently controls the association and dissipation of the foldamer and cAMP.

A number of indolocarbazole-based anion receptors were prepared and their anion-binding behaviors were characterized in solution and in the solid state. First, chain-length-dependent binding affinities of chloride ion were revealed using a series of indolocarbazoles that consisted of one to four indolocarbazole units. The binding affinities were steadily enhanced from monomer to dimer, then to trimer by Gibb’s free energy (–∆∆G) = 2.4 ± 0.1 kcal/mol, and then nearly saturated. Second, a water-soluble trimer folded to generate an internal helical cavity with six convergent NHs, wherein small halides bound in water in the order of Cl– (65 M–1) > F– (46 M–1), and Br– (19 M–1). Third, X-ray crystal structures clearly proved helical folding of a trimer in the presence of sulfate ion, in which left- and right-handed helices stacked alternatively. It was also shown that the selectivity of anion binding could be varied by the modification of the spacer groups connecting indolocarbazole units. Finally, we prepared chiral indolocabazole dimers that adopted helical structures by intramolecular hydrogen bonds and displayed complete inversion of the helical sense upon anion binding. The dimers gave characteristic optical readouts in a reversible manner according to chemical stimuli, thus functioning as chirooptical molecular switches.

A series of isoxazol-indolin-2-one was designed for GSK-3 inhibitors as novel anticancer agents based on their binding mode analysis in GSK-3 crystal structure. Total 21 compounds were synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against two tumor cell lines (DU145 and HT29). Most of the synthesized compounds were potent with above 80% inhibitory activity at 100 , and several compounds were examined for inhibitory activity against GSK-3. Among them, 15(Z) (=H, =3-Cl-phenyl) was most active with 78% inhibition of tumor cell line (HT29) at 20 and 72% inhibition of GSK-3 at 20 .

The effect of the variation of aeration time on the removal of organics, nitrogen and phosphorus using synthetic wastewater was investigated in sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) which included DNPAOs and DNGAOs. The cycling times in four SBRs were adjusted to 12 hours and then included different aerobic times as 1 hr, 2.5 hr, 4 hr and 5.5 hr, respectively. Four SBR systems have been operated and investigated for over 40 days. Average TOC removal efficiencies were about 71 % in all SBRs. The NH 4+ -N removal efficiency was increased as the increase of aeration time. After changing aeration time, the total nitrogen removal efficiencies of SBRs were shown as 35 %, 85 %, 75 % and 65 %, respectively. Higher phosphorus release and uptake were occurred as the decrease of the aeration time. After all, the overall phosphorus removal efficiency decreased and the deterioration of phosphorus removal was occurred when aeration time was over 4 hr. Denitrification in aerobic conditions was observed, which showed the presence of DNPAOs and DNGAOs. In batch experiments, PAOs were shown as the most important microorganisms for the phosphorus removal in this experiment, and the role of DNGAOs was higher than that of DNAPOs for the nitrogen removal.Key Words :SBR, Aeration time, Nutrient removal, PAOs, DNPAOs, DNGAOS, Batch experiment

Department of Green Energy & Research Center for Convergence Technology, Hoseo University, Chungnam 336-795, Korea. *E-mail: jklee@hoseo.edu Department of Advanced Technology Fusion, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea. *E-mail: jjlee@kku.ac.kr Probiond Co. Ltd, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea Department of Applied Chemistry, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea Received September 4, 2010, Accepted October 20, 2010