1. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists and antagonists: a patent review (2014-present)
- Author
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Ichiro Takada and Makoto Makishima
- Subjects
Mitochondrial disease ,Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ,Inflammation ,Type 2 diabetes ,Pharmacology ,Ligands ,01 natural sciences ,PPAR agonist ,Patents as Topic ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Drug Development ,Drug Discovery ,Animals ,Humans ,Medicine ,PPAR alpha ,PPAR delta ,Receptor ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Autoimmune disease ,business.industry ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,0104 chemical sciences ,PPAR gamma ,010404 medicinal & biomolecular chemistry ,Nuclear receptor ,chemistry ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,medicine.symptom ,business - Abstract
Introduction: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), PPARα, PPARδ, and PPARγ, play an important role in the regulation of various physiological processes, specifically lipid and energy metabolism and immunity. PPARα agonists (fibrates) and PPARγ agonists (thiazolidinediones) are used for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia and type 2 diabetes, respectively. PPARδ activation enhances mitochondrial and energy metabolism but PPARδ-acting drugs are not yet available. Many synthetic ligands for PPARs have been developed to expand their therapeutic applications.Areas covered: The authors searched recent patent activity regarding PPAR ligands. Novel PPARα agonists, PPARδ agonists, PPARγ agonists, PPARα/γ dual agonists, and PPARγ antagonists have been claimed for the treatment of metabolic disease and inflammatory disease. Methods for the combination of PPAR ligands with other drugs and expanded application of PPAR agonists for bone and neurological disease have been also claimed.Expert opinion: Novel PPAR ligands and the combination of PPAR ligands with other drugs have been claimed for the treatment of mitochondrial disease, inflammatory/autoimmune disease, neurological disease, and cancer in addition to metabolic diseases including dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes. Selective therapeutic actions of PPAR ligands should be exploited to avoid adverse effects. More basic studies are needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of selective actions.
- Published
- 2019