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High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to a Diode-Array-Detector (HPLC-DAD) is used to investigate samples which were extracted from ancient Egyptian textiles (4th–5th c. AD) of the Museum of Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University. Madder is identified in several samples. According to semi-quantitative results, which are obtained from HPLC peak areas measured at 254 nm, madder that is rich in purpurin and poor in alizarin is identified in samples which were treated (i) only with madder and (ii) with madder and either indigo/woad (Indigofera species and other/Isatis tinctoria L.) or weld (Reseda luteola L.). The madder dye used in these samples could have been originated from Rubia peregrina L. However, the possible use of Rubia tinctorum L. (or other plants of the Rubiaceae family) by the Egyptian dyers cannot be ruled out, particularly if methods were developed by the ancient dyers to affect and control the relative composition of madder dye. The HPLC peak area ratio of alizarin versus purpurin is very high (&gt, 2.2) for samples which were treated with madder (probably originated from R. tinctorum) and a tannin source. Finally, in some samples, only indigoid dyes (indigo/woad) are identified.

This study was aimed to evaluate the utilization of hydrolyzed Indigofera zolingeriana by celullase enzyme as the feed ingredient of gourami fish. This study used a completely randomized design which contained three steps, whereas each step contained four treatments and four replications. The first step performed by evaluating the Indigofera leaf meal (ILM) added with cellulase enzyme of 0 g/kg (control), 0.4 g/kg, 0.8 g/kg, and 1.2 g/kg. The second step was the digestibility test of ILM on gourami seeds. The third step was feed evaluation added with ILM as much as 0% (control), 15%, 30%, and 45% against the growth performance on gourami seeds. The gourami seeds used in the second and third steps with a weight of 13.65 ± 0.39 g/seed and 5.95 ± 0.15 g/seed, respectively. The addition of 0.8 g/kg and 1.2 g/kg cellulase enzyme could significantly decrease the crude fiber of ILM with 43.33%, besides having the best value of total, ingredient, protein, lipid, and energy digestibility. The growth performance of gourami seeds given 15% ILM added feed had the best value and insignificantly different from the control feed without ILM addition based on the specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), and feed efficiency (FE). Keywords: Cellulase, feed, hydrolyze, Indigofera zolingeriana, Osphronemus gouramy. ABSTRAK Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi pemanfaatan daun Indigofera zolingeriana yang dihidrolisis enzim selulase sebagai bahan baku pada pakan benih ikan gurami. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap yang terdiri atas tiga tahap, dimana masing-masing tahap terdiri dari empat perlakuan dan empat ulangan. Pada tahap pertama dilakukan evaluasi tepung daun Indigofera (TDI) yang ditambahkan enzim selulase sebesar 0 g/kg (kontrol), 0.4 g/kg, 0.8 g/kg, dan 1.2 g/kg. Pada tahap kedua dilakukan uji kecernaan bahan TDI pada benih ikan gurami. Pada tahap ketiga dilakukan evaluasi pakan yang ditambahkan TDI sebesar 0% (kontrol), 15%, 30% dan 45% terhadap kinerja pertumbuhan pada benih ikan gurami. Benih ikan gurami yang digunakan pada penilitian tahap kedua dengan bobot 13.65 ± 0.39 g/ekor dan 5.95 ± 0.15 g/ekor. Penambahan enzim selulase pada dosis 0.8 g/kg dan 1.2 g/kg secara signifikan mampu menurunkan serat kasar TDI sebesar 43.33 % dan memberikan nilai terbaik terhadap nilai kecernaan total, kecernaan bahan, kecernaan protein, kecernaan lemak dan kecernaan energi. Kinerja pertumbuhan benih ikan gurami yang diberikan pakan yang ditambahkan TDI sebesar 15% memilki nilai terbaik dan tidak berbeda nyata terhadap pakan kontrol tanpa TDI dari aspek laju pertumbuhan spesifik (LPS), retensi protein (RP) dan efisiensi pakan (EP). Kata kunci: Hidrolisis, Indigofera zolingeriana, Osphronemus gouramy, pakan, selulase.

Indigo Naturalis, also known as Qing Dai (QD) is a compound obtained from Indigofera tinctoria, Isatis tinctoria, and Polygonum tinctoria and is known to ameliorate refractory ulcerative colitis (UC) by an unknown mechanism. QD maintains both homeostasis and the integrity of colon epithelia in mice that have experimentally induced colitis. The primary component of QD, indigo, comprises 42.4% of the compound. Indigo efficiently suppresses rectal bleeding and reduces the erosion of the colon epithelium, whereas it does not reduce weight loss or increase survival in a certain condition. Indigo is a ligand of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which is involved in the anti-colitis activity of QD. Here we investigate the effects of indigo on wound (erosion) closure in colon epithelial cells. Oral administration of indigo induced expression of Cytochrome P450 1A1 (Cyp1a1) in the colon but not in the liver, suggesting that indigo stimulates AhR from the luminal side of the colon. The erosion-closure activity tested in the scratch assays using Caco-2 cells was accelerated by addition of QD and indigo to the culture medium. QD and indigo also induced nuclear localization of AhR and expression of CYP1A1 in the Caco-2 cells. Acceleration of scratch wound closure was abolished by addition of the AhR-antagonist CH223191. Cell proliferation and actin polymerization were also shown to contribute to erosion closure. The results suggest that indigo exerts its erosion-healing effects by increasing proliferation and migration of colon epithelial cells via activation of AhR in intestinal epithelia.

Background: Vatsanabha is a potent cardiac poison comes under the category of Mahavisha with its main active principles aconitine, picraconine and pseudaconine. In the literatures there are descriptions about toxicants and in some traditional Malayalam textbooks antidotes has been explained under the concept “Prathyoushadha”. Neeli Moola has been mentioned as a Prathyoushadha for Vatsanabha poisoning in a renowned textbook „Visha Vaidya Jyotsnika‟. Hence to evaluate the antidotal activity in Vatsanabha poisoning, Neeli Moola Kalka has been used and the haematological parameters were analyzed to screen the results. Methods: Wistar strain albino rats were used in this study which were divided into 3 groups, normal control, toxic control and the test drug group. The duration of the study was 28 days .The data generated was mentioned as Mean±SEM. Difference among the groups was assessed by employing one way ANOVA followed by Dunnet‟s mul tiple „t‟ test. Results: Reversible action has been observed after the administration of Neeli Moola Kalka in the hematological parameters which has shown toxicity changes due to administration of Vatsanabha. Conclusion: Neeli Moola Kalka is having mild to moderate antidote effect in Vatsanbha induced toxicity.

The hepatoprotective efficiency of Indigofera tirunelvelica Sanjappa whole plant against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity was examined. Rat hepatocyte monolayer culture and wistar albino rats were exercised as in vitro and in vivo screening models of protective agent for liver. In in vitro analyses, the whole plant ethanolic extract of Indigofera tirunelvelica Sanjappa were inspected. Silymarin was chosen as a standard treatement drug. In vitro, free radical scavenging property was also evaluated. In animal studies, hepatotoxicity was produced in Wistar albino rats by dispensing CCl4. The degree of hepatotoxicity was examined by determining the ranges of serum enzyme. The antioxidant parameters such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, reduced glutathione, and malondialdehyde of the hepatocytes were also evaluated. In in vitro studies, ethanol extract of I. tirunelvelica whole plant was identified to be the most active than other assessed extracts. Besides, whole plant ethanol extract of I. tirunelvelica was noticed to be rich in phenolic and flavonoids. It exhibited expressive free radical scavenging property versus diphenylpicryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and superoxide ion radicals. In the animals studies, whole plant ethanolic extract of I. tirunelvelica at a ranges of doses (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) revealed considerable amount of protection against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity as evident by the protection of CCl4 induced changes biochemical parameters. The results of the present study suggested that the significant hepatoprotective property of whole plant ethanol extract of I. tirunelvelica against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity and intimates its use as a potential medicinal drug for liver diseases.

The emerging demand of natural indigo dye due to the environmental and sociological concerns imparted by the synthetic dye helps in leveraging the conventional natural indigo dye production process in many developing countries, including India. Despite having remarkable global market potential, the high price of natural indigo dye impedes its extensive commercialization. Therefore, in the present study, the economics of natural indigo dye is evaluated through life cycle cost (LCC) analysis by considering the traditional indigo dye production process in India using the plant biomass Indigofera tinctoria L. The life cycle model includes cultivation of Indigofera biomass, as well as the production and processing of indigo dye and the cost involved in each step. Along with the detailed cost analysis, the present study also includes socio-economic analysis and possibilities of cost reduction based on the outcome of sensitivity analysis. From the LCC analysis, the life cycle cost of Indigofera biomass cultivation is $420.74 ha−1 year−1, whereas the indigo dye production cost is $113 ton−1 of Indigofera biomass. For an annual dye production of 1000 tons, the present study estimated the economic stabilization of rural farmers and labours by an annual employment generation of 196,250 man-days year−1 and 12,50,000 man-days year−1, respectively. By sensitivity analysis, the raw material price was identified as the major contributor in the total indigo dye production cost. As a cost reduction measure, the combination of biomass yield (70 tons) and reduction in the biomass production cost (50%) was found to be suitable. Utilization of by-product generated from the dye industry into value-added products could contribute towards a cost reduction of 22% in the Indigofera biomass cultivation and a cost saving of $37.4 ton−1 of biomass in the indigo dye production cost.

Oxidative Stress is the primary cause of most of the diseases currently in the world. The human body is prone to many illnesses out of which oxidative stress plays a significant role in the causation of those. The Stress in the body releases free radicals and these free radicals react with the cell organelle and cause denaturation and break down. The generated free radicals should be fought to eliminate and prevent toxic effects. Many drugs are known to fight free radicals. Most of them had been scientifically evaluated and published for their activity too. The investigations say that antioxidant activity of the herbs does not similarly reflect . There were differences in activity and significant deviations in the results that are shown in comparison to and . Thus, there is an urgent necessity to investigate the antioxidant activity of herbs to make sure that the activity resembles and to find any variations when compared to activity. This research protocol was framed out to screen for the antioxidant activity of the ethanol extracts of the Indigofera leaves by estimating the serum parameters and correlating the results with the human body. Out of the values overall, the were the ones that are significant participants in fighting the free radicals and in boosting the immune system. The ethanol extract successfully prevented the breakdown of the cellular structure of the liver cells, thereby protecting it and replenishing the enzyme levels by destroying the free radicals that are generated due to DMH.

Indigofera zollingeriana is a leguminous plant that has high protein content and dry matter digestibility and therefore a potential forage to support more productive ruminants. Effective development and distribution of this nutritious forage is using seeds as planting materials. The objective of this study is to identify types of pests mostly attack on Indigofera seeds that inhibit its propagation, and to evaluate the effectiveness of chemical and biological agents as pest control. Identification on pest types was done by trapping the pests, and then observed its type at the zoology laboratory of LIPI Bogor. Test of pest control was conducted in vitro at the Laboratory of Goat Research Station, using completely randomized design consisting of four pest control treatments and five replications. namely: (a) Chemical treatment (active ingredient Deltamethrin), (b) Biological treatment ( Beauvaria bassiana fungus), (c) Biological treatment ( Metarizium anisopliae fungus), and (d) Water treatment (control). Pests were put in the jars (three heads/jar) and carried out five replicates. Mortality rate was measured for five consecutive days. The results showed that Nezara viridula , Halyomorpha nr halys , and Tineidae sp. are the most common pests that attacked Indigofera zollingeriana seeds. The highest pest mortality rate (91.67-100%) was due to the chemical treatment on the first day of observation, and the treatment effect on pest mortality was significant. The biological treatment caused more than 50% seed mortality on day three and 100% mortality on the day five. It is concluded that chemical treatment on Indigofera zollingeriana seed is more effective to control pests compared to the biological or water treatments.

The research objective was to determine the effect of fermented corn straw and elephant grass silage on improving the performance of Bali cows. The research has been carried out at the Gowa Experimental Garden, South Sulawesi Agricultural Technology Research Institute in Bajeng District, Gowa Regency. Using 20 Bali cows divided into 4 feed treatments with 5 repetitions each, namely: P1 = 50% fermented corn stalks + 50% fresh elephant grass + 2 kg/head/day concentrate, P2 = 50% fermented corn stalks + 50% silage of elephant grass + 2 kg/head/day concentrate, P3 = 50% fermented corn stalks + 50% combined silage (elephant grass + Indigofera legume) + 2 kg/head concentrate, P4 = Control (grass and corn straw without fermentation). Parameters measured were nutritional content of feed, performance of beef cattle, consumption and conversion of feed, and farm analysis. The study was conducted for four months. Data were analyzed using a completely randomized design, further testing with the Duncan method. The results showed that the P3 feed contained crude protein, which was higher than other treatments by 11.98% and crude fiber the lowest was 22.51%. Bali cows' average daily body weight gain at P3 was the highest compared to other treatments at 0.39 kg/head/day. The consumption of dry matter and organic matter in P2 treatment was the highest compared to other treatments, namely 5282.9 g/head/day and 4046.9 g/head/day. The lowest conversion in the P3 treatment was 13.42. The conclusion provision of fermented maize stalks, combined silage of grass and Indigofera and concentrate gives Bali cows better performance than other treatments.

Chicken liver is commonly used as a substitute for meat in nugget production. However, the chicken liver will give a fishy smell, bitter taste, and less protein content. This research aims to find additional ingredients to reduce the liver's fishy smell and bitter taste and increase the protein content. The material used is chicken meat, chicken liver, mayonnaise, and Indigofera sp . leave. This research is an experimental study with an organoleptic test involving 31 panellists. The parameter was colour, aroma, flavour, and texture. The experimental design was a complete random by testing 4 nugget variants: P0: chicken meat + liver (nugget) without mayonnaise and Indigofera sp . leaves; P1: Nugget + mayonnaise 5% + Indigofera sp . leaves 5%; P2: Nugget + mayonnaise 7.5% + Indigofera sp . leaves 7.5 %; P3: Nugget + mayonnaise 10% + Indigofera sp . leaves 10 %. The data from the organoleptic test was analyzed with ANOVA to find out any significant differences. The result shows that the addition of mayonnaise and Indigofera sp . leaves significantly affect the colour but not on aroma, flavour, and texture. Both mayonnaise and Indigofera sp. leaves do not have a strong aroma and flavour, so they cannot replace chicken liver's strong aroma and flavour. However, Indigofera sp. leaves have strong colours so that they can change the colour. Based on the result of the panel test and statistical analysis, it was concluded that the addition of mayonnaise and Indigofera sp. leaves does not improve the organoleptic quality of the product.

BACKGROUND: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill (Fabaceae) is abundant in northeastern Brazil and popularly used in the treatment of infectious and inflammatory processes. Several biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antitumor, hepatoprotective and low toxicity, are reported for this plant. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated hepatoprotective activity and the antioxidant effect of methanolic extract of I. suffruticosa leaves (MEIS) on Swiss albino mice submitted to experimental models of acetaminophen-induced liver injury. METHODS: MEIS (50 mg/kg; p.o.) was standardized according to the LD50 and its hepatoprotective property on Swiss albino mice evaluated during a 7-day period. On the eighth day, the acetaminophen-induced hepatic injury was performed. Histomorphometric analysis of liver tissue, antioxidant activity and serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (AST), aspartate aminotransferase (ALT) and bilirubin were measured. RESULTS: MEIS (50 mg/kg; p.o.) restored serum enzyme levels and results were close to those of positive control (silymarin) when compared to the negative control. Histopathological and histomorphometric analyzes confirmed MEIS hepatoprotective activity, showing reorganization of structural units of cells, nuclei and sinusoidal capillaries of hepatocytes, reducing the damage on liver tissue and increasing organ regeneration rate. MEIS showed high antioxidant potential at concentrations of 1000 and 500 µg/mL. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that MEIS has hepatoprotective activity and high antioxidant potential.

Six natural polar glycosides were isolated and identified from indigofera stachyoides radix, they were identified as β-sitosterol-D-glucoside (1), schizandriside (2), kaempferol-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), 2-methoxy-4-(2'-hydroxyethyl)–phenol-1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5) and 2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl) ethyl 1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (6). Meanwhile, four flavonoids including 7, 4'-dihydroxyl-3'-methoxyisoflavone (7), calycosin (8), 7-hydroxyl-4'-methoxyflavanone (9), maackiain (10) and one steroid compound, stigmasterol (11) were also reported herein.

Background: Cancer is one of the major causes of the death and affects people of all ages throughout the world. The drugs that are currently available to treat cancer have many side effects. Hence, there is considerable scientific interest in the continuing discovery of new anticancer agents from natural sources. The aim of this study was to prepare and characterize nanoparticles combining Indigofera intricata crude alcoholic extract and chitosan and to evaluate the anticancer cell proliferative activity for both extract and nanoparticles. Methods: Dried alcoholic extract was prepared and characterized for its phenolic and flavonoid contents. Chitosan extract nanoparticles was prepared by ionic gelation method and characterized by thin layer chromatography (TLC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), particle size and zeta-potential analysis. The anticancer cell proliferative activities of both plant extract and nanoparticles at different concentrations were evaluated using breast cancer cell line (MCF 7). Results: The alcoholic extract showed high contents from both phenolic and flavonoid constituents (15 % and 22 % respectively). The interaction of polyphenolic compounds of the extract with chitosan was confirmed by the TLC and FTIR results. The particle size and zeta-potential of nanoparticles found to be 400.6nm ± 101.8 nm and +42.1 mV ± 9.27 mV respectively. The plant extract showed the lowest cell viability of 45.21% ± 4.8% at the highest dose (250 mg) tested in this investigation. Almost 500-fold reduction (from 250 mg to 0.5 mg) in the extract concentration required to achieve same anticancer cell proliferative activity when formulated as nanoparticles. Also 2.5 mg extract containing nanoparticles showed similar anticancer cell proliferative activity as 5 mg 5-FU. Conclusion: Our results revealed that traditional medicinal plants could be an excellent source of natural anticancer agents and the chitosan-extract nanoparticles is a promising formulation strategy to enhance their clinical effectiveness.

Background Indigo-dyed textiles have been central to the cultural identity of Landian Yao (literally “blue clothes Yao”) people in Southwest China for centuries, driving a significant local market for naturally dyed indigo cloth. In the past two decades, local indigo production for traditional textiles has declined for several reasons: Firstly, the younger generation of Landian Yao has shifted to using western style jeans and T-shirts. Secondly, due to its labor-intensive nature. In contrast, at a global scale, including in China, there has been a revival of interest in natural indigo use. This is due to a growing awareness in the fashion industry about human and environmental health issues related to synthetic dye production. Ironically, this new awareness comes at a time when traditional knowledge of indigo dyeing is being lost in many places in China, with weaving and use of natural dyes now limited to some remote areas. In this study, we recorded indigo dyeing processes used by Landian Yao people and documented the plant species used for indigo dyeing. Methods Field surveys were conducted to the study area from September 2015 to November 2016, supplemented by follow-up visits in July 2018 and November 2018. We interviewed 46 key informants between 36 and 82 years old who still continued traditional indigo dyeing practices. Most were elderly people. Semi-structured interviews were used. During the field study, we kept a detailed account of the methods used by Landian Yao dyers. The data were then analyzed by using utilization frequency to determine the best traditional recipe of indigo dye extraction. All the specimens of documented species were collected and deposited at the herbarium of Kunming Institute of Botany. Results Our results showed that indigo dyeing was divided into two main steps: (1) indigo pigment extraction and (2) dyeing cloth. The general procedures of indigo dye extraction included building or buying a dye vat, fermentation, removal of the leaves of indigo producing plant species, addition of lime, oxygenation, followed by collection, and the storage of the indigo paste. The procedures of dyeing cloth included preparing the dye solutions, dyeing cloth, washing, and air drying. It is notable that Landian Yao dyers formerly only performed the dyeing process on the goat days in the lunar calendar from June to October. After comparing the range of local indigo extraction methods, our results showed that the following was best of these traditional recipes: a indigo-yielding plant material to tap water ratio of 30 kg: 200 l, lime 3 kg, a fermentation time of 2–3 d, aeration by agitation for up to 60 min, and a precipitation time of 2–3 h. Our results show that 17 plant species in 11 families were recorded in the indigo dyeing process. With the exception of the indigo sources, only Dioscorea cirrhosa Lour. and Artemisia argyi H.Lév. & Vaniot were previously recorded in dyeing processes. Other species given in this paper are recorded for the first time in terms of their use in the indigo dyeing process. In the study area, Landian Yao men were in charge of indigo dye extraction, and the women were responsible for dyeing cloth. Conclusions The Landian Yao has completely mastered the traditional indigo dyeing craft and are one of the well-deserved identity blues. Indigo production from plants using traditional methods is a slow process compared to synthetic dyes and is not suitable for modern and rapid industrial production. Therefore, our study records the detailed information of traditional indigo dyeing to protect and inherit it. Strobilanthes cusia (Nees) Kuntze is the main indigo source in Landian Yao that is widely used in the world and can be commercially exploited as an indigo plant. For commercial and environment benefits, we suggest that producing natural indigo for the commercial market is a good choice.

The current study focuses on the valorization potential of Indigofera tinctoria L. waste biomass recovered from the indigo dye production process for biofuel and compost. In order to compare the potential of after dye extracted biomass (ADB) with before dye extracted biomass (BDB), different physical (proximate analysis, calorific value, thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD)), chemical (ultimate analysis, inorganic elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)), and compositional characterization (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and extractive content) were performed. With C/N ratio of 19.66 and high mineral contents (P = 1513.47 and K = 5672.63 ppm), ADB showed favorable potential for compost. Additionally, the ultimate composition (C = 44.23%, H = 6.62%, N = 2.25%, and O = 37.94%) and lignocellulosic composition (cellulose = 41.15%, hemicellulose = 28.9%) of ADB indicated comparable methane (498.94 L/kg VS) and ethanol (281.9 L/Mg) potential. Considering the overall biomass potential, an integrated approach has been suggested to utilize ADB for biofuels (biogas and bioethanol) and compost production. This approach may enhance the eco-sustainability by substituting the current energy and fertilizer need in Indigofera biomass cultivation and indigo dye production processes with a predicted energy equivalent of 3709.68 MJ (from biogas) or 1131.56 MJ (from bioethanol) per 240 kg dry weight of ADB.

Malaria is a worldwide serious-threatening infectious disease caused by Plasmodium and the parasite resistance to antimalarial drugs has confirmed a significant obstacle to novel therapeutic antimalarial drugs. In this article, we assessed the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of nanoparticles prepared from Indigofera oblongifolia extract (AgNPs) against the infection with Plasmodium chabaudi caused in mice spleen. AgNPs could significantly suppress the parasitaemia caused by the parasite to approximately 98% on day 7 postinfection with P. chabaudi and could improve the histopathological induced spleen damage. Also, AgNPs were able to increase the capsule thickness of the infected mice spleen. In addition, the AgNPs functioned as an antioxidant agent that affects the change in glutathione, nitric oxide and catalase levels in the spleen. Moreover spleen IL1β, IL-6 and TNF-α-mRNA expression was regulated by AgNPs administration to the infected mice. These results indicated the anti-oxidant and the anti-inflammatory protective role of AgNPs against P. chabaudi-induced spleen injury.

Indigofera argentea Burm. f.; commonly known as neel, jantari, hathio; is traditionally used for the treatment of headache, fever, inflammation and body pain. Local communities also used this plant for the treatment of malaria, jaundice, vertigo and gastric disorders.This study is aimed to evaluate the toxicity and possible analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of the ethanolic crude extract of Indigofera argentea (IaCr) to support its use in folk medicine and to screen the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity.Aqueous ethanolic (30:70) extract of whole plant of Indigofera argentea (IaCr) was prepared and phytochemical study was performed by preliminary methods followed by HPLC and DPPH method. In vivo experiments were performed in Wistar albino rats including hot plate, tail immersion, formalin and capsaicin-induced pain tests in rats and acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by using in vitro human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization and carrageenan-induced rat paw edema test, while antipyretic activity was evaluated by Brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia test.The crude extract of Indigofera argentea confirmed the presence of flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, saponins and tannins as soluble ethanolic constituents in preliminary study. The maximum quantity of gallic acid equivalent (GAE) phenolics, and quercetin equivalent (QE) flavonoid content found was 81 ± 2 mg GAE/g and 56 ± 1.4 mg QE/g of extract respectively. Quantification based on HPLC exposed the presence of phenols and flavonoids, quercetin, gallic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, benzoic acid, ferulic acid and coumaric acid. In vivo experiments revealed significant P0.05) dose-dependent inhibition in hot plate, tail immersion and capsaicin-induced pain test. IaCr showed significant inhibition of pain latency against both phases in formalin test and considerably decreased the number of writhes caused by acetic acid at the doses of 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg. In the in vitro anti-inflammatory (HRBC) assay, IaCr showed good membrane stability with maximum percentage hemolysis inhibition of 49.29% while in carrageenan-induced paw edema test in rats the IaCr showed significant anti-inflammatory action in a dose-dependent fashion. Statistical significant reduction in rectal temperature was observed at the doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg in yeast-induced pyrexia test in rats.The results of the experimental studies proved the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Indigofera argentea and supported the traditional use of this plant.

Indospicine, a non-proteinogenic analogue of arginine, occurs only in Indigofera plant species and accumulates in the tissues of animals grazing on Indigofera. Canine deaths have resulted from the consumption of indospicine-contaminated meat but only limited information is available regarding indospicine toxicity in humans. In this study three human cell lines, Caco-2 (colorectal adenocarcinoma), HT29-MTX-E12 (colorectal adenocarcinoma) and HepG2 (hepatocellular carcinoma), were used to investigate the cytotoxicity of indospicine and its metabolite 2-aminopimelic acid in comparison to arginine. Indospicine and 2-aminopimelic acid were more cytotoxic than arginine, displaying the highest toxicity in HepG2 liver cells. Intestinal transport in vitro also revealed a 2-fold higher transport rate of indospicine compared to arginine. The sensitivity of HepG2 cells to indospicine is consistent with observed canine hepatotoxicity, and considering the higher in vitro transport of indospicine across an intestinal barrier, it is possible that similar ill effects could be seen in humans consuming contaminated meat.

High-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode-array detector (HPLC-DAD) is used to investigate 30 samples which were removed from 27 ancient Egyptian fabrics of the Fill-Trevisiol collection. Attention is focused in this paper on fabrics of the Roman and Byzantine periods, with red and deep violet–blue wool weft threads which are Z-spun. The following dyes are identified in fabrics which date to the Roman period (first–fifth c. ad): mollusc purple, madder, and indigo/woad (Indigofera species and other, Isatis tinctoria L.). The results for the Byzantine (fifth–seventh c. ad) fabrics are richer in terms of identified dyes: apart from the three aforementioned dyes, the use of kermes (Kermes vermilio Planchon) and cochineal is revealed as the two coccid dyes have been detected in six Egyptian–Byzantine fabrics. Moreover, a yellow dye (probably Reseda luteola L.) is identified in one sample. Finally, samples taken from two fabrics, which date to the Islamic period, were dyed using indigo/woad and lac (Kerria lacca, Kerr). Mixing madder and indigo/woad to imitate true purple was a common practice in ancient Egypt and this is confirmed by the HPLC results in several samples. Semi-quantitative results are obtained from the HPLC peak areas and lead to the following conclusions. Madder dyes which were rich or poor in alizarin, compared to purpurin, and could have been therefore obtained from Rubia tinctorum L. and Rubia peregrina L., respectively are detected in Byzantine fabrics. Only alizarin-rich madder dyes are identified in some samples from Roman fabrics, but in some other samples the relative alizarin-to-purpurin ratio cannot be measured with confidence. Cochineal is found in two samples. The biological source of cochineal (Porphyrophora hamelii Brandt) is possible to be chemically identified only in one sample. The HPLC results of the molluscan dye detected in a Roman fabric are compared with the relative compositions of extracts of the three Mediterranean molluscs leading to the speculation that the Roman purple sample was probably dyed using Hexaplex trunculus L. The molluscan dye was furthermore detected in a Byzantine sample where it was combined with madder. Finally, it is reported that the standard (hydrochloric) acid hydrolysis method which is commonly applied to extract dyes from archaeological samples does not have any noticeable effect on the relative composition of the molluscan dye.

This study aimed to evaluate protein quality of top leaf meal of Indigofera zollingerina based on its net protein utilization (NPU) as well as to evaluate its metabolizable energy. Fifty broiler chicks were used in determination of NPU while fifteen broiler strain Cobbs chickens aged 5 weeks were used for metabolizable energy measurement. This study used descriptive method in which data obtained were analyzed and compared to NPU and metabolizable energy of soybean meal. The results showed that top leaf meal of Indigofera zollingerina had NPU of 38.58 – 46.98, which is 70.14% - 85-42% of that of soybean meal (55). Its metabolizable energy was 2791.12 kcal/kg and was 9.46% higher than that of soybean meal. As the NPU and metabolizable energy were close to those of soybean meal, top leaf meal of Indigofera zollingerina can be used to substitute protein from soybean meal in poultry feed.

The present study reports the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (IH-AgNPs) using aqueous leaf extract of Indigofera hisruta L. The biosynthesized IH-AgNPs were found to be FCC crystals, 5-10 nm in size, spherical in shape and stable. The biosynthesized IH-AgNPs showed dose-dependant cytotoxicity against prostate cancer (PC3) (IC50 = 68.5 μg/mL), colon cancer (COLO205) (IC50 = 85.2 μg/mL), and mouse melanoma (B16F10) (IC50 = 80.9 μg/mL). IH-AgNPs were found to be nontoxic towards normal CHO (Chinese hamster ovary) cells. The biosynthesized IH-AgNPs showed effective in vitro antioxidant activity against DPPH (IC50 = 63.43 μg/mL) and H2O2 (IC50 = 89.93 μg/mL) radicals. IH-AgNPs exhibited effective antibacterial activity against both Gram+ve and Gram-ve bacteria. MIC values of IH-AgNPs against S. aureus, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa and E. coli were found to be 7.8 μg/mL, 3.9 μg/mL, 15.6 μg/mL and 15.6 μg/mL respectively. IH-AgNPs also showed inhibitory activity against fungal pathogens including C. albicans, C. nonalbicans and C. tropicalis. Considering the results together, we demonstrate that IH-AgNPs exhibits three different bioactivities (3-in-1 system) and they could be employed as future antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer agents/drug delivery vehicles in the field of biomedicine.

Stachyodin A (1), a rearrangement product of pterocarpan featuring a 6/5/5/6 tetracyclic ring system with an unusual spirotetrahydrofuran ring, and stachyodin B (2), a new dihydrochalcone, along with five known analogues (3–7) were isolated from the roots of Indigofera stachyodes. The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated on the basis of their HRESIMS and NMR spectroscopic data, and their absolute configurations were determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data, respectively. Compounds 2–4 showed inhibition of nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-activated BV-2 microglial cells.

Technological advance leads the natural dyes to be eroded by the synthetic one. Synthetic colorant has advantages of salient, more uniform color and more practical use. Meanwhile, the disadvantage of it is much metal content harmful to the environment. The natural colorant is colorant (pigment) derived from plant, animal or mineral sources. The advantage of natural dyes is that it is more environment-friendly because it is not poisonous and safe for health. The disadvantage of it is storage difficulty. When natural dyes in liquid form is stored too long, it will be decomposed easily. For that reason, it should be stored in powder form.The method used to get natural dyes was extraction with a batch manner. The extraction was carried out with basic material-to-solvent ratios of 1:10, 1:7, and 1:5. The basic materials used were mangrove spesies rhizopora stylosa, Soga Tingi, and Indigofera. The best extract was obtained with a ratio of 1:5 for all basic materials. The powder was prepared by feeding the extracting solvent into a spray dryer so that the natural colorant powder was obtained. The application of colorant powder was used at 1 gram/100 ml, 2 gram/100 ml, 2 gram/100 ml, 4 gram/100 ml, and 5 gram/100 ml. The immersing with natural colorant was conducted in 2 conditions: extract and powder are immersing were carried out 5 times with each submerging of 15 minutes and dried. Then, fixation (color-locking) was done to batik. The fixer employed was tunjung (changing the color of batik into the darker one), alum (maintaining the batik’s color), and lime (change batik color into the brighter one). The fixated batik cloth was then examined for its fading against washing using launder meter and against rubbing using crock meter. The result of the examination was analyzed using a staining scale and greyscale. The examination using the staining scale was divided into 2: wet and dry rubbings. From the result of the wet and dry rubbing test, it was obtained the best result with tingi colorant, alum fixer solution, and powder condition. Meanwhile, on the greyscale, it was obtained the best result with tingi colorant, alum fixer, and powder condition. So, it could be concluded that the optimum application of powder to batik cloth was 4 gram/100 ml water and 5 times immersing. The best result of fading resistance against washing and rubbing was tingi with alum fixer and in powder condition.Keywords – extraction, spray dryer, fixation, launderometer, and crockmeter

The use of protein with low-cost, high quality, low methane, and ammonia emissions are a prerequisite as a protein source in ruminant. However, the European Commission has prohibited protein derived from fish meals for ruminant feeds. So encouraging efforts to explore the other protein sources to be most important. Most of the high protein legumes grow in tropical areas such as Indonesia and have the potential as an alternative protein source in ruminant feed, including Indigofera zollingeriana (25-27% protein content) . But many browse legumes with high protein are a heterogeneous group of plants, with variable second a r y metabolic content and rumen degradable protein. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the characteristics fermentation of IZ as green protein supplement on in vitro methane, ammonia and microbial protein production. The experiment was a completely randomized design with four different level supplementation of Indigofera zollengeriana (IZ) as green protein concentrate and five replications. The treatment diets were R0; basal diet (60% forage + 40% concentrate) + 0% IZ, R1; R0 + 10% IZ, R2; R0 + 20% IZ, and R3; R0 + 30% IZ. The experiment result showed that supplemenatation of IZ was significant effects (P

In general, natural dyes for textile materials are obtained from extracts part of the plants such as roots, wood, leaves, seeds, and flower. Textile industry especially batik craftsman, have known many plants that can dye textile materials, such as indigo (indigofera), soga tingi bark (Ceriops tagal), tegeran wood (Cudraina javanensis), turmeric (Curcuma), tea (The), noni root (Morinda citrifelia), soga jambal bark (Pelthophorum ferruginum), kesumba (Bixa orelana), and guava leaf (Psidiumguajava). Soga tingi bark chosen because it can produce tannins which can be used as natural dyes. The purpose of this research was to obtained tannin content in soga tingi bark as qualitatively and quantitatively. The analysis carried out is FTIR and HPLC method. FTIR analysis carried out to determine of the compounds contained in the soga tingi bark extraction. Based on FTIR analysis it can be seen that there are O-H and N-H group in the wavenumber 3375,13 cm-1. C=O bond at wavenumber 1739,16 cm-1. C=C bond at wavenumber 1624,31 cm-1. C-H bond at wavenumbers 2970,72 cm-1, 1456,39 cm-1, and 1365,74 cm-1. NO2 bond at wavenumber 1365,74 cm-1. C-N bond at wavenumbers 1228,69 cm-1 and 1217,34 cm-1. And C-O bond at wavenumbers 1228,69 cm-1, 1217,34 cm-1, and 1052,3 cm-1. While HPLC analysis carried out to determine contains tannin level in the soga tingi bark extraction. HPLC conditions used are Flowrate: 1 mL/min, Mobile phase: MeOH : H2O (50:50), λ: 271 nm and Column: C18, 250 mm. Based on HPLC analysis it is known that the contains tannin level in the soga tingi bark extraction is 22,44 ppm.

Amino acid composition can be used to determine protein quality, by comparing with reference amino acid values. This research was conducted with the aim to evaluate and study the composition of amino acids and protein quality of native chicken meat by giving Indigofera zollingeriana powder (IP) and turmeric phytobiotics (TP) as green feed. Treatment ration study: R0 = control ration (research ration without green feed; Treatment R1 = substitution of 10% protein of soybean meal with IP + 2.5% TP; Treatment R2 = substitution 15% of soybean meal protein with IP + 2.5% TP, treatment R3 = substitution of 20% protein of soybean meal with IP + 2.5% TP. The variables observed were amino acids composition and protein quality of native chicken meat. The raw material for rations was prepared according to the needs of native chicken with iso-protein and iso-energy. The study used 160 native chickens which were divided into 4 treatments and 5 replications using a completely randomized design (CRD). Chemical scores were 78.91%, 76.39%, 82.66% and 82.66% for the treatment of R0, R1, R2 and R3 respectively, and amino acid scores increased along with the increase in substitution of soybean meal with indigofera powder protein be respectively 98.29%; 97.78%; 102.59% and 107.85%. It concluded that substituting 20% soybean meal protein with indigofera powder protein and added 2.5% turmeric phytobiotic gives a better chemical score and amino acid score.

This study was conducted to evaluate the fermentability and nutrient digestibility of concentrate feed containing Indigofera zollingeriana using in vitro technique. Randomized complete block design was used on 3 types of concentrate feed and 4 groups (replicates) of goat's rumen liquid. The concentrate feeds were R1, R2 and R3 containing I. zollingeriana at 0 (control), 20 and 40%, respectively. Variables observed were total gas production, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), organic matter (IVDOM), and crude protein (IVDCP), volatile fatty acid (VFA) profiles and NH3 concentration. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results showed that there was no significant effect of R3 on IVDMD, IVDOM and IVDCP as compared to R1 and R2. However, there was significant difference (P

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of nitrogen fertilizer level on growth, dry matter yield and nodulation of Indigofera zollingeriana plant at during the nursery. The experiments were arranged in a complete randomized design consisting of four treatments and four replications. The utilized four levels of the nitrogen fertilizer were 0 (P0), 100 (P1), 150 (P2) and 200 kg N/ha (P3) equivalent to 0, 0.15, 0.23 and 0.30 g N/polybag respectively. The variables in this study included the plant height, stem diameter, number of petioles per plant, length of petiole, number of leaves per plant, root length for each plant and dry matter yield. The results showed that the fertilizer doses increased the plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves per plant, and dry matter yield of leaf, leaf petiole, stem, root and nodule. It could be concluded that nitrogen fertilization was effective in stimulating growth, production and nodulation at early nursery stage, yet higher nitrogen doses (200 Kg N/ha) are ineffective and have inhibitory effects of growth and production. Therefore, high-dose nitrogen fertilizers in legume plants should be avoided because Indigofera zollingeriana is able to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere as in other legumes.

Noni juice extract waste is a waste product of Noni juice that is not used optimally. Noni juice extract waste contains plenty of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols and saponins. In vitro screening of addition Noni juice extract waste (NJEW) in lactating dairy goat’s diet was conducted to evaluate their effect on rumen fermentability characteristics and digestibility. The measured variables were pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA), ammonia, microbial protein synthesis and dry matter digestibility, organic matter digestibility and degradation rate. The research was conducted using randomized block design with 5 diet treatments and 3 times rumen fluid intake as blocks. The diet treatments consist R0=60% Napier grass (NG)+40% concentrate (control); R1=60% NG+35% concentrate+5% NJEW; R2=60% NG+30% concentrate+10% NJEW; R3=60% NG+25% concentrate+15% NJEW; R4=45% NG+15% Ingidofera+25% concentrate+15% NJEW. Addition of NJEW in lactating dairy goat’s diet had no significant effect on all variables except for VFA and ammonia production as it was significantly increased when the level of NJEW addition were raised (P

Background: Trypanosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease, transmitted by blood-sucking insects and can affect humans and animals, depending on the species of Trypanosoma parasite. Trypanosoma has acquired resistance to the majority of drugs used; hence, alternative medicines are required. Indigofera oblongifolia leaf extract (IOE) has been shown to treat blood stage malaria. Here, IOE was used to demonstrate its effect on Trypanosoma evansi-infected mice. Methods: Analysis of IOE by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry showed the presence of many active components like flavonoids and phenolics. The mice were divided into three groups as follows: vehicle control, T. evansi-infected mice and T. evansi-infected-treated mice. Results: The findings demonstrate a significant effect of IOE treatment on T. evansi-infected mice. Parasitemia was decreased by 70%, weight loss was reduced, and splenomegaly was significantly decreased. Additionally, IOE improved the histological architecture of the spleen, as shown by the improved histological injury score post-treatment. Anemia was apparent during the course of infection in T. evansi-infected mice; this was reversed upon treatment with IOE to almost the normal level of hemoglobin and erythrocytes. Reduced glutathione and catalase were also ameliorated upon IOE treatment compared to T. evansi-infected mice. Conclusion: Overall, this study shows the ameliorative role of IOE against T. evansi-induced spleen injury in mice. Keywords: Trypanosomiasis, Mouse, Spleen, Indigofera oblongifolia

Objectives This study aimed to investigate the anticancer potential of indigocarpan (1), a pterocarpan isolated from Indigofera aspalathoides, a plant found in India which has been used in Ayurveda for centuries for the treatment of oedematous tumours. Methods The antiproliferative activity in a panel of four human cancer cell lines was studied. The mechanism of its antiproliferative activity in human colorectal adenocarcinoma LS174T cells was investigated in detail. Key findings Indigocarpan (1) showed antiproliferative activity in a panel of four human cancer cell lines with IC50s ranging from 180 to 250 μm. Indigocarpan induces p53-dependent p21 upregulation and apoptosis in LS174T cells, upregulates p53 and p21WAF1 protein levels, enhances cleavage of caspase-3 and downregulates cyclin D1, cyclin B1 and PCNA protein levels, indicating its role in modulating cell cycle progression. Indigocarpan also exhibited a strong antioxidative effect in LS174T cells. Conclusions Along with the antiproliferative capacity, the strong antioxidative property of the compound makes it a promising candidate for further development as an anticancer and chemopreventive compound.

Indospicine is a non-proteogenic amino acid that accumulates as the free amino acid in livestock grazing Indigofera plant species and causes both reproductive losses and hepatotoxic effects. An efficient synthetic route to l-indospicine from l-homoserine lactone is described. The methodology is applicable for the synthesis of both deuterium labelled isotopomers and structural analogues for utilisation in biological studies. The key steps are a zinc mediated Barbier reaction with acrylonitrile and a Pinner reaction that together introduce the target amidine moiety.

This research aimed to increase functional value of broiler-chicken meat containing high antioxidant and low cholesterol through substitution of soybean meal (SBM) with Indigofera zollingeriana top leaf meal (ILM). The experiment used 160 day old broiler chicken (Cobb strain). The experimental chicken were provided dietary treatments when they were 15-days old (initial body weight of 460.5±1.56 g/bird) and terminated on day 35. A completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and four replications and ten birds in each replication was used in this experiment. Dietary treatments were: R1= diet containing 20% soybean meal (SBM) without I. zollingeriana top leaf meal (ILM); R2= diet containing 16% SBM and 5.9% ILM; R3= diet containing 12% SBM and 11.8% ILM; R4= diet containing 8% SBM and 17.74% ILM. Variables measured were performances (feed consumption, body weight gain, and feed conversion) and the quality of broiler meat (cholesterol, fat content, and malondialdehyde [MDA] concentration). The results showed that supplementation of 17.74% ILM (R4) as the substitution of 60% soybean meal protein produced the same performances of broilers as those of control diet (R1). Supplementation of 11.8% ILM as the substitution of 40% soybean meal protein (R3) decreased meat cholesterol by 34.70%, meat fat content by 52.93%, and MDA concentration by 62.52%. The conclusion of this study was that supplementation of 17.74% ILM produced the same performances as that of control diet, increased antioxidant content of the meat, indicated by a lower MDA concentration, and decreased cholesterol, as well as fat content of broiler-chicken meat. Key words: broiler performance, cholesterol, Indigofera zollingeriana, malondialdehyde (MDA)

Swamps forage generally have crude fiber content and tannin content which is quite high. Unlike the case with legumes which are high in protein content but crude fiber content, and tannins that are not too high compared to swamp forages. The presence of tannin in swamp forage, has an impact on palatability, digestibility and biological value of feed. In such a situation, modification of swamp forages with tree legumes is a promising alternative source of feed for goats. Protein in small ruminant animals is generally degraded in the rumen before reaching the abomasum, where absorption of nutrients occurs. As a result, protein digestibility will be reduced because it is damaged during the journey to the abomasum, so there needs to be modification so that protein damage to the rumen can be reduced. One way is to create a protein protector that is able to protect protein by using tannin which is quite abundant in swamp forages. In addition to functioning as a protein protector, tannin is also useful as an anthelmintic agent (anti-parasite) in goats, so that it will reduce the occurrence of worm disease in goats so that it will reduce the use of worm parasitic drugs which will have an impact on goat performance. The specific objectives of this study were to analyze the ability of a combination of swamp forage with modified legume as a complete feed granule with different tannin content on the quality of local carcass and goat meat Trial feeding was carried out on 12 male local goats aged 1.5-2 years, body weight 33-35 kg. At this stage a modified swamp and legume forage in the form of granules was modified as a complete feed on the performance of local meat-producing goats. Parameters measured included: Carcass quality, physical and organoleptic quality of meat. The results showed that the application of swamp forage and indigofera legume on male goats affected the cut weight and carcass percentage. Giving a combination of swamp forage with indigofera legume with different tannin content affects the physical properties of goat meat which includes cooking losses, water holding capacity, but does not affect the tenderness of meat, and pH.

This study utilized Urea Multiplenutrient Molasses Block (UMMB) based on 40% of Indigofera flour to determine daily gain and performance of postpartum Bali Cattle. The parameters of the study were daily gain, chest depth, body length, and withers height. The UMMB consisting of rice bran, urea, coconut cake meal, shrimp waste meal, molasses, mineral, Indigofera flour, salt, and cement as an adhesive. This study was divided into two paddocks where each paddock consisted of 10 head an-estrus postpartum Bali Cattle. Subsequently, each paddock was arranged by different treatment consisted of control (without any treatments) and additional feed supplement of UMMB. The mean values of each parameter were compared by T-Test. The result revealed that the additional feed supplement of UMMB had significant effect on average daily gain (0,8 kg head day ) compared to the control treatment (0.2 kg head day ). The treatments had significant effect on chest circumference (0.2 ± 0.05 vs 0.3 ± 0.02 cm head day ) and body length (0.04 ± 0.01 vs 0.14 ± 0.05 cm head day ). In contrary, neither control nor additional feed supplement had no significantly effect (P = 0.55) to shoulder height of postpartum Bali Cattle (0.13 ± 0.03 vs 0.18 ± 0.06 cm head day ). Daily gain of an-estrus post-partum Bali cattle tended to be high by feed supplement of UMMB. Therefore, UMMB was appropriate for ruminant diet as a feed supplement.

The main aim of this work is focused towards possible reuse of both solid and liquid waste generated from the natural indigo dye production process. The solid waste (C/N:15.01) was utilized to produce stable compost with possible re-use in Indigofera cultivation. Among seven compost combinations (C1–C7) using jeevamrutha (JA) and cow-dung (CD) as inoculum, C4 with 8% JA showed higher biomass degradation (51%) and plant growth potential (GI > 125%). Whereas the undiluted liquid waste was treated using algal consortia, bacteria, and indigenous microbial population, achieved a maximum removal of 90% ammonia, 82% nitrate, and 88% phosphorus for its re-use in the dye production process. Hence, incorporation of suitable waste management strategies in natural indigo dye production could help to achieve a zero waste sustainable process.

The research is to examine the performance of solar cell with turmeric andindigo dye. Turmeric dye is obtained by extraction method while the indigo dye is obtained by fermentation method from indigofera plants. Indigofera and turmeric dyes were treated by mixing dye with indigo / turmeric molarity 0.32M / 0.23M. Characteristics of the dye are studied. The natural dye was tested with absorbance test, FTIR and cyclic voltammetry. The dye mixing was then applied to dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and then DSSC performance was tested at 0 hours. The UV-Vis results showed that the dye absorption with indigo / turmeric molarity was 0.32M / 0.23M with an absorption peak of 375 -525 nm. From the FTIR test, the dyeing function mixing group with indigo / turmeric molarity of 0.32M / 0.23M is -OH, C = Caromatic, alkane C-H, amina C-N.The result of cyclic voltammetry test showed that mixing dye with indigo / turmeric molarity 0,32M / 0,23M band gap 0,745 eV. Result from this research of solar cellefficiency is 0.038%.

This research aimed to evaluate the effect of different protein sources (plant or animal source) as substitution of 50% soybean meal protein in the flushing diet on early reproduction performances of doeling. The treatments were three types of flushing diet, i.e., Control diet containing soybean meal (C), diet containing Indigofera meal (IM), and diet containing cricket meal (CM). Diet IM and CM were substitution of 50% soybean meal protein in the ration. Completely randomized design was used with three treatments and four replications by using twelve Sapera doeling. The experiment with flushing diet was done started from three weeks before mating (including adaptation), during mating and following one month after pregnancy. Parameters measured were nutrient consumption, BCS, plasma glucose, cholesterol, progesterone hormone and reproductive performance. The results showed that treatments of utilization of different protein sources were not significantly affected the feed consumption, BCS and reproductive performances of doeling, but it had significant effect (P

The main problem of using oil palm fronds (OPF) as ruminant feed is due to the high content of detergent and neutral lignin fibers. OPF could not be used as a single feed, but must be combined with concentrates that have high protein and energy levels. Therefore, it is very necessary to find mixed concentrate alternatives, such as indigofera sp. in combination with OPF. This experiment aimed to analyze the quality of OPF using fiber cracking technology combined with indigofera sp. in the ruminant ration to the fermentation in the rumen-simulating semi-continuous culture system (Rusitec). This study consisted of two phases; the first phase is a fiber cracking technology of oil palm fronds and the second one is a Rusitec study. The study of fiber cracking technology used OPF that had been inputted into the fiber cracking machine. The Rusitec study was conducted in the Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, National Nuclear Technology Agency, Lebak Bulus Raya, South Jakarta, Indonesia. This study used rumen fluid from fistulated buffalo. This study used a randomized complete block with 4 replications. There are four treatments tested in this study: (1) OPF 60% + Concentrates 40% (T1); (2) OPF fiber cracking technology 60% + Concentrates 40% (T2); (3) OPF fiber cracking technology 60% + Concentrates 20% + Indigofera sp. 20% (T3); and (4) OPF fiber cracking technology 60% + Indigofera sp. 40% (T4). Parameters measured in this research were rumen volatile fatty acid (VFA) profiles, rumen ammonia, methane, pH, dry matter digestibility (DMDi), organic matter digestibility (OMDi), NDF, ADF, metabolism crude protein, proximate analysis, saponin, and tannin. Data were tested using analysis of variance (ANOVA), if there is a real difference then it is continued with Duncan’s Test. The fiber cracking machine using urea for ammoniation can destroy the bonds of lignocellulose and lignohemicellulose which are the factors causing low digestibility in ruminant.

A new isoflavone 7-hydroxy 3′-methoxyisoflavone ( 1 ) is isolated from the seeds of Indigofera heterantha . The structure of this new compound was established using spectroscopic techniques such as ID, 2D NMR, and mass spectrometry. Density functional theory calculations are carried out for the first time for geometric, electronic and spectroscopic properties of 1 (isoflavone). DFT calculations have been performed at B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level of theory for obtaining geometric and spectroscopic properties of compound 1 . The simulated vibrational spectrum of compound 1 at B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) shows nice correlation with the experimental IR spectrum after a scaling factor of 0.973. 1 H and 13 C NMR chemical shifts were calculated using Cramer’s re-parameterized function WP04 at 6-311G(d,p) basis set, and show nice correlation with the experimental data. Four conformers were considered for NMR chemical shift calculations. Electronic properties such as band gap, Ionization potential and electron affinities were also simulated for the first time; however, no comparison could be made with the experiment.