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β-Cyclodextrin, a green and widespread supramolecular catalyst, has been explored as a highly proficient promoter for the metal-free one-pot multi-component synthesis of a vast range of highly functionalized bioactive heterocyclic moiety, 2-amino-4,6-diphenylnicotinonitriles and 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one, from easily available precursor aldehydes. The main endeavor of these protocols is to explore this organic supramolecule in one-pot multi-component synthesis. Absence of metal catalyst or toxic acid and harsh reaction conditions, excellent functional group tolerance, inexpensive, greener and environmentally safe protocol are the key advantages of this work.

The present study was undertaken to know the effect of common mixed pulp and paper mill effluent discharge released from century pulp and paper mill Lalkuan, Nainital Uttarakhand on the blood morphology of Heteropneustes fossilis (Singhi). The various morphological changes were observed in the specimen, randomly collected with the help of cast net from (3 sites) different locations. The maximum changes were observed in the specimen collected from site 3 in compare to site 1 and 2 respectively. The formation of inclusion bodies, sickle cells, Cabot rings and ovalocytes were recorded along with nuclear fusion, membrane disruption and cell clumping of blood cells in the specimen collected from the site 3 (i.e. nearer to source of discharge) while in the specimen collected from site 2, the formation of tear drop cell, target cells, spherocytes and bi-nucleated cells were recorded along with the activity of cell clumping. The changes were found less in the specimen collected from site 1 in compare to the specimen of site 2 and 3 i.e. formation of ovalocytes, spherocytes and microcytes with the activity of membrane degeneration and agglutination in blood cells.

Persisters of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) that fail to form colonies on agar media when de-stressed are termed as differentially detectable (DD) persisters. Since in the host, Mtb primarily survives by utilizing lipids, we used a long-term lipid diet model to induce DD persisters of M. tuberculosis. Persisters were induced by replacing the dextrose-containing medium with one containing fatty acids instead of dextrose (FAM). After 2, 4 or 6 weeks, CFU and most probable number assays were performed; the difference between the two gave an estimate of DD persisters. Since rifampicin has been shown to induce formation of DD persisters in vitro, one set of FAM cultures were also given short-term rifampicin stress after 2, 4 or 6 weeks. Fraction of DD persisters increased with time and rifampicin treatment enhanced the effect of fatty acids, at 2 and 4 weeks. At six weeks, even in the absence of rifampicin, ∼95% population were DD persisters. The DD persisters were vulnerable to drugs interfering with bacterial respiration such as thioridazine, bedaquiline and clofazimine. The study indicates potential formation of DD persisters of Mtb in a lipid-rich microenvironment in the host even before antibiotic therapy.

Solvents play an imperative task in chemical reactions. In recent years, green and sustainable chemistry has demanded the improvement of new synthetic protocols that shrink waste and environment hazardous compounds which is a major concern in all fields and also in industry. Most of the chemical processes during fine chemical synthesis in research laboratory or in chemical industry entail solution phase for making the reaction medium homogeneous and allowing more reacting molecular interactions, and therefore, organic solvents are usually the first option for that. Solvents are needed both in reaction as well as in separation or purification steps either by extraction or by recrystallization. The major disadvantages of some solvents involve their pyrophoric nature, poor recovery, and high volatility. Therefore, majority of such solvents are associated with their hazardous nature which cause numerous ill effects toward human health and environment. This chapter summarizes the importance of green solvents over conventional solvents toward organic synthetic approaches.

The objective of the present research was to study the effect of cold shock (3 °C and 6 °C) on fertilized eggs of the sterlet, Acipenser ruthenus L. Cold shock was applied for various durations (30, 60 and 90 min) and the ploidy levels, survival, and genotypes of the treated embryos/larvae were recorded. Analysis of ploidy levels confirmed the presence of diploid, triploid, and mosaic (1n/2n, 2n/3n, and 1n/2n/3n) genotypes in experimental groups, while it was strictly diploid in control groups. Microsatellite genotyping confirmed both the incidence of polyspermy and retention of the 2nd polar body in experimental groups. However, patterns of inheritance in all diploid offspring in experimental and control groups revealed classical Mendelian disomic inheritance. Interestingly, the observed mosaic sterlets had normal morphology and were alive. However, some larvae had abnormal morphology which may be due to haploid syndrome. In all treatment groups (treatments: 3 °C–30 min; 3 °C–60 min; 3 °C–90 min; 6 °C–60 min), where the percentage of polyploid/mosaic larvae were high, the mortality was also high. Whereas, in the control groups (where there were only diploid (2n) larvae), the mortality was relatively low.

A new and efficient protocol for the conversion of aldehyde into nitriles by modified Schmidt reaction. The reaction is carried out under solvent free condition using sodium azide as a source of nitrogen and catalysed by p-toluene sulphonic acid in presence of silica surface with no side product. This transformation gives good to excellent yield for numerous aromatic, aliphatic and heterocyclic nitriles using very simple reagent. This method has avoided the use of transition metal catalyst, toxic cyanide, hazardous solvent and offers a greener, simple and environment friendly procedure.

Fe3O4-CTAB NPs have been applied as a competent catalyst for one-pot synthesis of nitriles directly from aldehydes. The present investigation describes the synthesis of nitriles by combination of aromatic/aliphatic/heterocyclic aldehydes and hydroxylamine hydrochloride in the presence of iron oxide nanocatalyst in DMF under reflux condition. Fe3O4-CTAB NPs were prepared by reported method and characterized by FE-SEM, TEM, and XRD analysis. The amount of Fe in Fe3O4-CTAB was quantified by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The protocol endow with excellent yield of products along with simple reaction set up and economically adept alternative approach.

A green and suitable protocol for the conversion of aldoximes into nitriles is described. The transformation is carried out under solvent-free conditions using FeCl3-silica medium. The protocol offers a green, single-step facile procedure with the use of less toxic metal salt to isolate nitriles in good to excellent yields.

Fe3O4-CTAB NPs have been applied as a competent catalyst for one-pot synthesis of nitriles directly from aldehydes. The present investigation describes the synthesis of nitriles by combination of aromatic/aliphatic/heterocyclic aldehydes and hydroxylamine hydrochloride in the presence of iron oxide nanocatalyst in DMF under reflux condition. Fe3O4-CTAB NPs were prepared by reported method and characterized by FE-SEM, TEM, and XRD analysis. The amount of Fe in Fe3O4-CTAB was quantified by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The protocol endow with excellent yield of products along with simple reaction set up and economically adept alternative approach.

A green and suitable protocol for the conversion of aldoximes into nitriles is described. The transformation is carried out under solvent-free conditions using FeCl3-silica medium. The protocol offers a green, single-step facile procedure with the use of less toxic metal salt to isolate nitriles in good to excellent yields.

Bile acids regulate the transcription of genes that control cholesterol homeostasis through molecular mechanisms that are poorly understood. Physiological concentrations of free and conjugated chenodeoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid, and deoxycholic acid activated the farnesoid X receptor (FXR; NR1H4), an orphan nuclear receptor. As ligands, these bile acids and their conjugates modulated interaction of FXR with a peptide derived from steroid receptor coactivator 1. These results provide evidence for a nuclear bile acid signaling pathway that may regulate cholesterol homeostasis.

The essential oil from the rhizomes of Hedychium gardnerianum Roscoe (‘Kahili ginger’) contains about 30% of sesquiterpenes, mainly cadinane derivatives. The following new sesquiterpenes were identified by their NMR and MS data: α-corocalene epoxide (104); 1,10;7,10-bisepoxy-1,10-seco-calamenene (68); 6,7;7,10-bisepoxy-6,7-seco-calamenene (74); 7-epi-trans- (60) and 7-epi-cis-sesquisabinene hydrate (69); 10-epi-cubenol (78); and ar-curcumen-1,10-diol (108). Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Leucolactone, isolated from the root of Leucas aspera has been characterized as 3β,16α-dihydroxyoleanan-28→13β-olide on the basis of 1 H, 13 C NMR, 2D NMR and mass spectral analysis.

The large-scale purification of plasmid DNA was achieved using fast protein liquid chromatography on a Hi-Load Q Sepharose column. This method allows for the purification of plasmids starting from crude plasmid DNA, prepared by a simple alkaline lysis procedure, to pure DNA in less than 5 h. In contrast to the previously described plasmid purification methods of CsCl gradient centrifugation or high-pressure liquid chromatography, this method does not require the use of any hazardous or expensive chemicals. More than 100 plasmids varying in size from 3 to 15 kb have been purified using this procedure. A Mono Q Sepharose column was initially used to purify plasmids smaller than 8.0 kb; however, a Hi-Load Q Sepharose column proved more effective with plasmids larger than 8 kb. The loading of plasmids larger than 8 kb on the Mono Q column resulted in a high back pressure and the plasmid DNA could not be eluted from the column. Thus, for routine purification we utilize the Hi-Load Q Sepharose column. Plasmids purified by this method had purity, yield, and transfection efficiency in mammalian cells similar to those of plasmids purified by CsCl density gradient centrifugation.