13,789 results on '"FLOCCULATION"'
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2. Study of montmorillonite modification technology using polyvinylpyrrolidone
- Author
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Volodymyr Krasinskyi, Rafał Malinowski, Krzysztof Bajer, Piotr Rytlewski, and Andrzej Miklaszewski
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Montmorillonite ,Polyvinylpyrrolidone ,Structure ,Intercalation ,Exfoliation ,Flocculation ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
In this work, a new method of modifying montmorillonite (Mt) with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was developed, which makes it possible to obtain modified Mt with different structures and modifier content simultaneously. The essence of the method consists in mixing colloidal solutions of Mt and PVP, processing the mixture with ultrasound, settling, and selecting individual layers of the final solution. Several methods, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, have been used to characterize pure substances and to study the structure and thermal behavior of the composites. It was established that PVP macromolecules could both intercalate in the interlayer space of Mt and form exclusively exfoliated Mt. In addition, under certain conditions, Mt flocculated with PVP can be obtained. It is shown that during intercalation, PVP macromolecules displace and replace montmorillonite water in the interlayer space of clay mineral.
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- 2023
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3. Flocculation Performance of Industrial Sugarcane Juice by Acrylamide-Based Anionic Flocculant
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Eva Oktavia Ningrum, Agung Subyakto, Wirawan Ciptonugroho, Shania Lorensa, Devianti Anggraini Ramadhani, and Agus Surono
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flocculation ,flocculant ,polymers ,sugarcane ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Despite the widespread use of ionic polymer flocculants in sugar refineries, there is still insufficient knowledge on the relationship between the polymer properties and the efficiency of flocculation. This paper describes the performance of poly(sodium acrylate-co-acrylamide) (poly(SA-co-AAm)) as an anionic flocculant in the flocculation–coagulation of sugarcane juice from the sugar factory Gempolkrep PTPN X Mojokerto. Poly(SA-co-AAm) was successfully prepared via free radical polymerization of sodium acrylate and acrylamide with respective molar ratios of 40:60, 50:50, and 60:40, and compared with the commercial flocculant Accofloc. It was found that the mud height of the sugarcane decreased with increasing SA:AAm ratio. However, mud height increase was observed with further increasing SA:AAm ratio. Furthermore, increasing the flocculant dosage did not induce any significant change in the mud height and pH. The total dissolved solids (TDS) significantly decreased when the ratio of sodium acrylate:acrylamide was changed from 40:60 to 50:50, whereas a further change to 60:40 increased the TDS value again. It is also noticed that the tendency of turbidity is consistent with the TDS value. These results demonstrate that poly(SA-co-AAm) is a feasible alternative to the commercial flocculant owing to its good flocculation–coagulation performance with an optimum SA:AAm ratio of 50:50.
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- 2023
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4. Growth of Floc Structure and Subsequence Compaction into Smaller Granules through Breakup and Rearrangement of Aluminum Flocs in a Constant Laminar Shear Flow
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Mii Fukuda Hayami, Takashi Menju, Takeshi Ide, Tatsuro Uchida, and Yasuhisa Adachi
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PACl ,aluminum hydroxide gel ,ALT ratio ,flocculation ,densification ,erosion breakup ,Science ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 ,Inorganic chemistry ,QD146-197 ,General. Including alchemy ,QD1-65 - Abstract
We have constructed an outer-cylinder-rotating Couette device for high-speed shear flow in laminar flow conditions and visualized the structure formation and subsequent rearrangement of PACl (flocculant made of aluminum hydroxide gel) and kaolinite flocs by visible light imaging. In a previous report, we analyzed the case of relatively low shear rate (G-value = 29 1/s) and confirmed that the flocculation process could be separated into two stages: a floc growth stage and a breakup/rearrangement stage. Once the large bulky flocs that reached the maximum size appeared, they rearranged and densified through structural fracture and rearrangement. In this report, this process was further investigated by conducting experiments under two different high shear rates (58 and 78 1/s) at which breakup and rearrangement became more pronounced, and three different aluminum kaolinite ratios (ALT ratios) that were over and under the optimum dosage (neutralization point by Zeta potential). Visualization results confirmed that, during the growth stage, the flocculation rate could be approximated by a scaling relationship between floc size and elapsed time, which depended on the ALT ratio. After reaching the maximum size, the floc rapidly became compact and dense following adsorption of the gel, incorporating fine fragments from erosion breakup. The over and under dosages created a lot of fragments of erosion breakup, but less so in the optimum dosage. In the optimum ALT ratio, fragments did not remain because they were incorporated into the flocs and densified, and the floc size was thought to be maintained. The floc circularity distribution peaked at around 0.6 and 1, suggesting that the flocs were spherical in shape due to erosion breakup.
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- 2024
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5. Sedimentation of bentonite suspensions under the influence of low molecular weight polymers based on amino ester salts
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Dmitriy Yu. Vandyshev, Olga V. Sleptsova, Vladislav Yu. Gazin, Stanislav A. Malyutin, Naum R. Malkin, and Khidmet S. Shikhaliev
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flocculation ,coagulation ,amino esters ,sedimentation rate ,rheological properties ,bentonite ,drilling fluid ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Among the available technologies for treating natural and wastewater from clay materials, coagulation/flocculation is the most common method due to its high efficiency, simplicity, and cost-effectiveness. Inorganic coagulants such as aluminum sulfate and ferric chloride, widely used as destabilizing agents for colloidal particles, have several significant drawbacks: low efficiency and toxicity. Organic reagents of both natural and synthetic origin are a good alternative. This work is devoted to the evaluation of the flocculation action of new reagents, which are low molecular weight polymers based on amino ester salts on clay suspensions, as well as the selection of their optimal concentration, providing the maximum sedimentation rate. Studies have shown that amino ester salts can be effectively used for the treatment of water-clay suspensions. An important factor is the nature of the anion used, which has a significant influence on the oagulation ability of esters. Thus, 40–50 % (wt.) aqueous solutions of amino ester chlorides added to clay suspensions in an amount not exceeding 0.1% (vol.) can be used to thicken clay suspensions. At the same time, aqueous solutions of amino ester bromides regardless of the concentration, introduced into bentonite suspensions of 0.1–0.4 % (vol.), contribute to improved sedimentation, reducing viscosity, and increasing filtration capacity. These results allow us to recommend the use of amino ester chlorides as a thickener in the preparation of drilling muds for strengthening the walls of wells during drilling, and bromides – for flocculation of bentonite suspensions in oil production
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- 2023
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6. Flocculation of Cellulose Microfiber and Nanofiber Induced by Chitosan–Xylan Complexes
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Gabriela Adriana Bastida, Quim Tarrés, Roberto Aguado, Marc Delgado-Aguilar, Miguel Ángel Zanuttini, and María Verónica Galván
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flocculation ,xylan ,chitosan ,nanocellulose ,gel point ,viscosity ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the key factors influencing the rheological behavior and the mechanisms of natural polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) as flocculation agents for cellulose microfibers (CMFs) and nanofibers (CNFs). PECs were formed by combining two polyelectrolytes: xylan (Xyl) and chitosan (Ch), at different Xyl/Ch mass ratios: 60/40, 70/30, and 80/20. First, Xyl, Ch, and PEC solutions were characterized by measuring viscosity, critical concentration (c*), rheological parameter, ζ-potential, and hydrodynamic size. Then, the flocculation mechanisms of CMF and CNF suspensions with PECs under dynamic conditions were studied by measuring viscosity, while the flocculation under static conditions was examined through gel point measurements, floc average size determination, and ζ-potential analysis. The findings reveal that PEC solutions formed with a lower xylan mass ratio showed higher intrinsic viscosity, higher hydrodynamic size, higher z-potential, and a lower c*. This is due to the high molecular weight, charge, and gel-forming ability. All the analyzed solutions behave as a typical non-Newtonian shear-thinning fluid. The flocculation mechanisms under dynamic conditions showed that a very low dosage of PEC (between 2 and 6 mg PEC/g of fiber) was sufficient to produce flocculation. Under dynamic conditions, an increase in viscosity indicates flocculation at this low PEC dosage. Finally, under static conditions, maximum floc sizes were observed at the same PEC dosage where minimum gel points were reached. Higher PEC doses were required for CNF suspensions than for CMF suspensions.
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- 2023
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7. Nanoparticles, an Emerging Control Method for Harmful Algal Blooms: Current Technologies, Challenges, and Perspectives
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Jun Song, Zhibin Xu, Yu Chen, and Jiaqing Guo
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nanoparticles ,harmful algal bloom ,photocatalysis ,flocculation ,water resource protection ,water remediation ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are a global concern because they harm aquatic ecosystems and pose a risk to human health. Various physical, chemical, and biological approaches have been explored to control HABs. However, these methods have limitations in terms of cost, environmental impact, and effectiveness, particularly for large water bodies. Recently, the use of nanoparticles has emerged as a promising strategy for controlling HABs. Briefly, nanoparticles can act as anti-algae agents via several mechanisms, including photocatalysis, flocculation, oxidation, adsorption, and nutrient recovery. Compared with traditional methods, nanoparticle-based approaches offer advantages in terms of environmental friendliness, effectiveness, and specificity. However, the challenges and risks associated with nanoparticles, such as their toxicity and ecological impact, must be considered. In this review, we summarize recent research progress concerning the use of nanoparticles to control HABs, compare the advantages and disadvantages of different types of nanoparticles, discuss the factors influencing their effectiveness and environmental impact, and suggest future directions for research and development in this field. Additionally, we explore the causes of algal blooms, their harmful effects, and various treatment methods, including restricting eutrophication, biological control, and disrupting living conditions. The potential of photocatalysis for generating reactive oxygen species and nutrient control methods using nanomaterials are also discussed in detail. Moreover, the application of flocculants/coagulants for algal removal is highlighted, along with the challenges and potential solutions associated with their use. This comprehensive overview aims to contribute to the development of efficient and sustainable strategies for controlling HAB control.
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- 2023
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8. Flocculating Activity of a Bioflocculant from Bacillus megaterium BMBF in Treatment of Domestic and Coal Mine Wastewater
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Tlou Nelson Selepe, Remilekun Akanbi, Tsolanku Sidney Maliehe, Kgabo Moganedi, and Peter Masoko
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Bacillus megaterium BMBF ,flocculation ,reduction efficiency ,wastewater ,Technology ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Physics ,QC1-999 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Attention has been paid to bioflocculants production because of their effectiveness, innocuousness and environmental friendliness. This study aimed to characterise a bioflocculant from Bacillus megaterium BMBF and apply it in wastewater treatment. The proteins, carbohydrates and uronic acid were calculated using the Bradford, phenol–sulphuric acid and carbazole assays, respectively. An energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) and infrared spectrometry were employed for the identification of the elemental composition and effective units, respectively. Cytotoxicity was carried out against Vero (African green monkey kidney) and bovine dermis cells using a colorimetric cytotoxicity assay. The reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) in domestic and coal mine wastewater was studied using the Jar test. The flocculant was composed of 12% protein, 27% carbohydrates and 61% uronic acid. Infrared spectrometry indicated hydroxyl, carboxyl and amino groups. EDX indicated C (61%) and O (17.5%) as the main elements. The bioflocculant revealed the mean inhibition concentration of 59 ug/mL against bovine dermis and 240 µg/mL on Vero cells. Maximum COD and BOD removal percentages of 97% and 99.3% were recorded on coal mine wastewater treatment and about 99.2% (COD) and 93% (BOD) on domestic wastewater. In conclusion, the bioflocculant from B. megaterium has potential industrial utility.
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- 2022
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9. Bio-coagulation-flocculation (BCF) of municipal solid waste leachate using Picralima nitida extract: RSM and ANN modelling
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Chinenye Adaobi Igwegbe, Okechukwu Dominic Onukwuli, Joshua O. Ighalo, and Mathew Chukwudi Menkiti
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Picralima nitida ,Chemical oxygen demand ,Coagulation ,Flocculation ,Artificial neural network ,Response surface methodology ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
The performance of Picralima nitida extract (PNE) in bio-coagulation-flocculation (BCF) for the reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in municipal solid waste leachate (MSWL) was studied. The PNE was characterised via Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The process was modelled using both the response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) methods, and their prognostic capabilities established. The coagulant precursor was found to contain protein (28.4%) which is an active component of a good coagulant for neutralisation and adsorption of the colloidal particles. C=O, O–H, and N-H functional groups were present in the extract which are preferred for BCF process. This process was effectively optimised (COD = 75.25 ± 0.5%) to achieve the best removal at pH = 2.3, PNE dosage = 0.38 g/L, and time = 28.22. min. The analysis of variance indicated that the RSM model was statistically suitable for the interpretation of the processes at the studied range. The RSM and ANN were capable of predicting the COD reduction process with the latter giving the best prediction with lesser error and nonlinear relationship. Though ANN had superior accuracy, RSM has the advantage of giving a predictive equation and showing the effect of operating factors and their interactions on the response compared. The mechanisms of the process were charge neutralisation, adsorption and bridging.
- Published
- 2021
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10. Investigation of the influence of ionizing radiation on aqueous solutions of albumin
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Ogryzkova, I
- Published
- 2020
11. Single‐particle electrophoresis for studying the adsorption of cationic polymers onto anionic particles
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Filip Strubbe, Kristiaan Neyts, Peter Dubruel, Íngrid Amer Cid, and Lenny Van Daele
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POLYACRYLAMIDE ,polymer ,Clinical Biochemistry ,electrophoretic mobility ,ATR FTIR SPECTROSCOPY ,single particle ,Science General ,POLYELECTROLYTE ADSORPTION ,Biochemistry ,Analytical Chemistry ,Chemistry ,MOLECULAR-WEIGHT ,kinetics ,electrophoresis ,polymer adsorption ,COLLOIDAL PARTICLE ,FLOCCULATION ,LATEX-PARTICLES ,SILICA ,CHARGE-DENSITY POLYCATION ,cationic polymers - Abstract
Understanding the adsorption of polymers onto particles is crucial for many technological and biomedical applications. Even though polymer adsorption on particles is a dynamic process, most experimental techniques can only study the adsorption indirectly, in equilibrium and on the ensemble level. New analysis methods are required to overcome these limitations. We investigated the use of single-particle electrophoresis to study the adsorption kinetics of cationic polymers onto anionic particles and compared the resulting data to a theoretical model. In this approach, the electrophoretic mobility of single polystyrene (PS) particles, exposed to different concentrations of poly(2-guanidinoethyl methacrylate), was measured as a function of time. The polymer adsorption leads to an electrophoretic mobility change of the PS particle over time, from the initial negative value to a positive value at equilibrium. By fitting the kinetics data to the Langmuir model, the adsorption rate, desorption rate and equilibrium constant were determined. Finally, the adsorption kinetics of several other polymers was investigated. This showed that the presented technique enables direct analysis and comparison of the kinetics of polymer adsorption on the single-particle level. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
- Published
- 2022
12. Evaluation of Anionic and Cationic Pulp-Based Flocculants With Diverse Lignin Contents for Application in Effluent Treatment From the Textile Industry: Flocculation Monitoring
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Kinga Grenda, José A. F. Gamelas, Julien Arnold, Olivier J. Cayre, and Maria G. Rasteiro
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anionic cellulose ,cationic cellulose ,bio-polyelectrolytes ,flocculation ,textile wastewater ,decolouration ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
In wastewater treatment, flocculation is a widely used solid/liquid separation technique, which typically employs a charged polymer, a polyelectrolyte (PEL). Polyelectrolytes features, such as charge type, charge density and molecular weight, are essential parameters affecting the mechanism of flocculation and subsequent floc sedimentation. The effectiveness of the process is also influenced by the characteristics of the system (e.g., type, size, and available surface area of suspended particles, pH of the medium, charge of suspended particles). Thus, a good understanding of the flocculation kinetics, involved mechanisms and flocs structure is essential in identifying the most adequate treatment conditions, having also into consideration possible subsequent treatments. In this study, Eucalyptus bleached pulp and a cellulosic pulp with high lignin content (~4.5 wt%) obtained from Eucalyptus wood waste were used for bio-PELs production. Firstly, a pre-treatment with sodium periodate increased the pulps reactivity. To produce cationic cellulose the oxidation step was followed by the introduction of cationic groups in the cellulose chains, through reaction with Girard's reagent T. Applying different molar ratios (0.975 and 3.9) of Girard's reagent T to aldehyde groups led to cationic PELs with diverse charge density. On the other hand, to obtain anionic cellulose a sulfonation reaction with sodium metabisulfite was applied to the intermediate dialdehyde cellulose-based products, during 24 or 72 h, and anionic-PELs with diverse features were obtained. The developed water soluble, anionic and cationic bio-PELs were characterized and tested as flocculation agents for a textile industry effluent treatment. Initially, jar-tests were used to tune the most effective flocculation procedure (pH, flocculant dosage, etc.). Flocculation using these conditions was then monitored continuously, over time, using laser diffraction spectroscopy (LDS). Due to the small size of the dyes molecules, a dual system with an inorganic complexation agent (bentonite) was essential for effective decolouration of the effluent. Performance in the treatment was monitored first by turbidity removal evaluation (75–88% with cationic-PELs, 75–81% with anionic-PELs) and COD reduction evaluation (79–81% with cationic-PELs, 63–77% with anionic-PELs) in the jar tests. Additionally, the evolution of flocs characteristics (structure and size) during their growth and the flocculation kinetics, were studied using the LDS technique, applying the different PELs produced and for a range of PEL concentration. The results obtained through this monitoring procedure allowed to discuss the possible flocculation mechanisms involved in the process. The results obtained with the bio-PELs were compared with those obtained using synthetic PELs, commonly applied in effluents treatment, polyacrylamides. The developed bio-PELs can be competitive, eco-friendly flocculation agents for effluents treatment from several industries, when compared to traditional synthetic flocculants with a significant environmental footprint. Moreover, LDS proved to be a feasible technique to monitor flocculation processes, even when a real industrial effluent is being tested.
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- 2020
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13. Concentration of Chlorella Sorokiniana Microalga Biomass at Combined Usage of Coagulants and Flocculants
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N. Politaeva, Y. Smyatskaya, A. Toumi, and A. Oparina
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coagulation ,flocculation ,chitosan ,polyacrilamide ,iron (III) chloride ,microalga Chlorella Sorokiniana ,precipitated biomass ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
In this work we studied various methods for concentrating the algae biomass, and mechanisms of concentration processes of the microalgae cells. Presented are papers devoted to usage of various coagulants and flocculants (iron (III) chlorides and sulphates, titanium tetrachloride, slaked lime, potassium chloride, potassium permanganat, aluminum potassium sulphates, Flopam FO 4550 SH). In the experimental part we studied usage of FeCl3*6H2O coagulant in the amount of 4, 6, 8, 10, 20, 30 mg/l of microalga Chlorella Sorokiniana suspension. Microstructure investigations have shown that at addition of ferrous chloride of concentration more than 20 mg/l, the cell death is more than 50%. Concentrations from 4 to 10 mg/l achieve low degree of precipitation (not more than 18%). Aiming at increasing degree of precipitation we investigated usage of two-component system coagulant-flocculant. Usage of two-component system results in a significant increase of precipitation degree of microalga Chlorella Sorokiniana: at addition of chitosan the degree reaches 53%, at addition of PAA it is 79%. We determined volume of the thickened biomass sludge. It shows that usage of chitosan results in more tightened biomass layer, which occupies minimal volume (V = 140 ml). The following three-component mixture is an optimum variant for high-efficient precipitation of biomass: coagulant FeCl3 in the amount of 6 mg/l; flocculants as a mixture of chitosan 2% and PAA 1% in the amount of 10 ml/l. Addition of chitosan solution as a flocculant results in decrease of pH value, which is caused by usage of acetic acid for preparation of chitosan solution. Microstucture analysis of the precipitated biomass shows that at coloration of Chlorella Sorokiniana cells by methylene blue, the amount of dead (colored) cells is not less than 5%. Consequently, the precipitated biomass might be used for obtaining of valuable components.
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- 2018
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14. Influence of Zwitterionic CAPB on Flocculation of the Aqueous Cationic Guar Gum/Glauconite Suspensions at Various pH
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Ewelina Godek, Elżbieta Grządka, Urszula Maciołek, and Anna Bastrzyk
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glauconite ,cationic guar gum ,CAPB ,flocculation ,adsorption ,pH ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
The influence of the pseudoamphoteric zwitterionic surfactant cocamidopropylbetaine (CAPB) on the stabilizing flocculating properties of the aqueous suspensions of glauconite (GT) with cationic guar gum (CGG) at various pH values was investigated. The following techniques were used: turbidimetry, UV-VIS spectrophotometry, tensiometry, electrophoretic mobility measurements, SEM, CHN, XRD, and FT-IR. It was established that CGG is an effective glauconite flocculant. Moreover, the most probable mechanism that is responsible for flocculation is bridge flocculation resulting from polymer adsorption on the glauconite surface. The adsorption process is caused by electrostatic interactions between the negatively charged glauconite surface and the positively charged polymer. The amount of CGG adsorption increases with the increase of the pH, which was confirmed by the adsorption and zeta potential measurements. The addition of CAPB increases the amount of the polymer adsorption due to the formation of intermolecular polymer–surfactant complexes; however, it reduces flocculation effectiveness.
- Published
- 2021
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15. Chitosan Coagulation Pretreatment to Enhance Ceramic Water Filtration for Household Water Treatment
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Collin Knox Coleman, Eric Mai, Megan Miller, Shalini Sharma, Clark Williamson, Hemali Oza, Eleanor Holmes, Marie Lamer, Christopher Ly, Jill Stewart, Mark D. Sobsey, and Lydia S. Abebe
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chitosan ,coagulation ,flocculation ,ceramic filter ,filtration ,drinking water ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Viruses are major contributors to the annual 1.3 million deaths associated with the global burden of diarrheal disease morbidity and mortality. While household-level water treatment technologies reduce diarrheal illness, the majority of filtration technologies are ineffective in removing viruses due to their small size relative to filter pore size. In order to meet the WHO health-based tolerable risk target of 10−6 Disability Adjusted Life Years per person per year, a drinking water filter must achieve a 5 Log10 virus reduction. Ceramic pot water filters manufactured in developing countries typically achieve less than 1 Log10 virus reductions. In order to overcome the shortfall in virus removal efficiency in household water treatment filtration, we (1) evaluated the capacity of chitosan acetate and chitosan lactate, as a cationic coagulant pretreatment combined with ceramic water filtration to remove lab cultured and sewage derived viruses and bacteria in drinking waters, (2) optimized treatment conditions in waters of varying quality and (3) evaluated long-term continuous treatment over a 10-week experiment in surface waters. For each test condition, bacteria and virus concentrations were enumerated by culture methods for influent, controls, and treated effluent after chitosan pretreatment and ceramic water filtration. A > 5 Log10 reduction was achieved in treated effluent for E.coli, C. perfringens, sewage derived E. coli and total coliforms, MS2 coliphage, Qβ coliphage, ΦX174 coliphage, and sewage derived F+ and somatic coliphages.
- Published
- 2021
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16. Dewatering of dredged slurry by horizontal drain assisted with vacuum and flocculation
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Y. Zhou, D. Khoteja, H. Pu, and Y. Pan
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Vacuum consolidation ,Flocculation ,Materials science ,Vacuum pressure ,Polyacrylamide ,High water content ,Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology ,Dewatering ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Slurry ,Geotechnical engineering ,Geosynthetics ,Civil and Structural Engineering - Abstract
This study proposes a new method using the combination of flocculation and prefabricated horizontal drain (PHD) assisted with vacuum pressure for rapid dewatering of high-water-content dredged slurry. First, to demonstrate the superiority of using PHD over the more commonly used prefabricated vertical drain (PVD), experiments were conducted to compare the dewatering performance between the PHD and the PVD. Then six model tests with the proposed dewatering method were performed with various contents of flocculant (anionic polyacrylamide (APAM)) to investigate the effect of APAM content on the dewatering process and soil properties (i.e. undrained shear strength, permeability and compressibility). Furthermore, particle size distributions of the slurry before and after model tests were measured to analyze the dewatering behavior and changes in material properties. Finally, particle loss during vacuum consolidation for various APAM contents were compared to study the flocculation effect on clogging problem. Results indicate that the proposed method can prevent significant bending deformation of the drain board and mitigate clogging of the drain filter and, thus, can significantly accelerate the dewatering process of high-water-content dredged slurry.
- Published
- 2022
17. Effect of Mn2+ on the phosphorus removal and bioflocculation under anoxic condition
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Xiangdong Zhang, De-Zhou Wei, Lanhe Zhang, Xiaohui Xu, and Xiaohui Guan
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Flocculation ,Environmental Engineering ,Phosphorus ,Chemical oxygen demand ,chemistry.chemical_element ,General Medicine ,Manganese ,Anoxic waters ,Extracellular polymeric substance ,chemistry ,Environmental Chemistry ,Sewage treatment ,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ,General Environmental Science ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
Manganese ion (Mn2+) generated from metallurgical, steel making and chemical industries enters sewage treatment plants and affects the sludge activity and flocculation. The effect of Mn2+ on the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total phosphorus (TP) and sludge activity were investigated in anoxic zone of an anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A2O) process. The compositions and structures of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were characterized using three-dimensional excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (3D-EEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to reveal the relationship among Mn2+, EPS and sludge flocculation. The results showed that low concentration of Mn2+ ( 10 mg/L) hindered microbial flocculation and reduced removal efficiencies of the pollutants. When Mn2+was 5 mg/L, removal efficiencies of COD and TP reached 65% and 90%, respectively. Sludge flocculation was the best and SVI was 70.56 mL/g. The changes of Mn2+ concentration caused deviation of groups’ compositions in LB-EPS and TB-EPS, where the main components were always protein (PN) and polysaccharide (PS). The addition of Mn2+ resulted in the degradation of humic acids. However, it did not give rise to significant morphology changes of EPS.
- Published
- 2022
18. Intermittent swelling and shrinkage of a highly expansive soil treated with polyacrylamide
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An Deng, Brendan C. O'Kelly, Abbas Taheri, and Amin Soltani
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Swell–shrink cycles ,Polyacrylamide (PAM) ,Flocculation ,Expansive clay ,Polyacrylamide ,Sediment volume ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,Analytical chemistry ,Compaction ,02 engineering and technology ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,01 natural sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Consistency limits ,Swelling and shrinkage strains ,medicine ,TA703-712 ,021101 geological & geomatics engineering ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Shrinkage ,Expansive soil ,Engineering geology. Rock mechanics. Soil mechanics. Underground construction ,Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology ,Oedometer test ,Distilled water ,chemistry ,Swelling ,medicine.symptom - Abstract
A B S T R A C T This laboratory study examines the potential use of an anionic polyacrylamide (PAM)-based material as an environmentally sustainable additive for the stabilization of an expansive soil from South Australia. The experimental program consisted of consistency limits, sediment volume, compaction and oedometer cyclic swell–shrink tests, performed using distilled water and four different PAM-to-water solutions of PD = 0.1 g/L, 0.2 g/L, 0.4 g/L and 0.6 g/L as the mixing liquids. Overall, the relative swelling and shrinkage strains were found to decrease with increasing number of applied swell–shrink cycles, with an ‘elastic equilibrium’ condition achieved on the conclusion of four cycles. The propensity for swelling/shrinkage potential reduction (for any given cycle) was found to be in favor of increasing the PAM dosage up to PD = 0.2 g/L, beyond which the excess PAM molecules self-associate as aggregates, thereby functioning as a lubricant instead of a flocculant; this critical dosage was termed ‘maximum flocculation dosage’ (MFD). The MFD assertion was discussed and validated using the consistency limits and sediment volume properties, both exhibiting only marginal variations beyond the identified MFD of PD = 0.2 g/L. The accumulated axial strain progressively transitioned from ‘expansive’ for the unamended soil to an ideal ‘neutral’ state at the MFD, while higher dosages demonstrated undesirable ‘contractive’ states.
- Published
- 2022
19. Effect of the branching morphology of a cationic polymer flocculant synthesized by controlled reversible‐deactivation radical polymerization on the flocculation and dewatering of dilute mature fine tailings
- Author
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Benjamin Nguyen and João B. P. Soares
- Subjects
Reversible-deactivation radical polymerization ,Flocculation ,Morphology (linguistics) ,Chemical engineering ,Chemistry ,General Chemical Engineering ,Cationic polymerization ,Branching (polymer chemistry) ,Tailings ,Dewatering - Published
- 2022
20. Natural plant materials as coagulant and flocculants for the treatment of palm oil mill effluent
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Kai Soon Lim, Vasanthi Sethu, and Anurita Selvarajoo
- Subjects
010302 applied physics ,Flocculation ,Design–Expert ,Central composite design ,biology ,Chemistry ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Pulp and paper industry ,biology.organism_classification ,01 natural sciences ,Palm oil mill effluent ,Aloe vera ,Pome ,0103 physical sciences ,Coagulation (water treatment) ,Response surface methodology ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
The present study reports the effectiveness of natural plant materials - fenugreek as a coagulant, with okra and Aloe vera as flocculants, to treat palm oil mill effluent (POME). The treatment process was modelled using Central Composite Design (CCD) of the Design Expert software. Standard jar tests were used to determine the important treatment parameters such as pH, coagulant dosage and flocculant dosage on the removal efficiencies and they were optimized with Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The optimum condition obtained from RSM was established for pH, coagulant dosage and flocculant dosage as pH 4, 22.24 g/L and 16.77 mL/L respectively for fenugreek-okra, and pH 4, 24.13 g/L and 20 mL/L respectively for fenugreek-Aloe vera. Removal efficiencies of TSS, TUR and COD were 88.19%, 78.35% and 30.56% respectively for fenugreek-okra and 83.40%, 82.78% and 32.95% respectively for fenugreek-Aloe vera. Results obtained from characterisation shows that the coagulation – flocculation process was ruled by inter-particle bridging as the dominant mechanism.
- Published
- 2022
21. Distinct approaches of removal of dyes from wastewater: A review
- Author
-
Gurleen Bal and Archana Thakur
- Subjects
Flocculation ,Adsorption ,Wastewater ,Chemistry ,Organic dye ,Biosorption ,Photocatalysis ,Coagulation (water treatment) ,Biodegradation ,Pulp and paper industry - Abstract
Concerns about the concentration of organic dyes in wastewater have been raised by environmentalists for quite some time. Many industries, including fabric, food, makeup, and paper industry, are significant sources of organic dye disposal in wastewater. This is creating a significant problem for many organisms which are living in water. Various methods reported till date for organic dyes removal from water are divided into chemical, physical, and biological methods. As different dyes are used in different industries, distinct methods are used for their effective removal. Different physical methods for removing dyes include adsorption, coagulation/flocculation, and filtering. Electro-Fenton, Photocatalysis, and Ozonation are examples of chemical techniques. The biological methods include the use of enzymes and microbes, as well as biosorption and biodegradation.
- Published
- 2022
22. Potential for colloid removal from petrochemical secondary effluent by coagulation–flocculation coupled with persulfate process
- Author
-
Liya Fu, Lujie Liu, Meng Zhao, Yin Yu, Changyong Wu, Yuexi Zhou, and Min Li
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Flocculation ,Environmental Engineering ,Aluminium chloride ,Chemistry ,Ultrafiltration ,Persulfate ,complex mixtures ,Fluorescence spectroscopy ,Dissolved organic carbon ,medicine ,Humic acid ,Effluent ,Water Science and Technology ,Nuclear chemistry ,medicine.drug - Abstract
The selective removal characterization of colloids in petrochemical secondary effluent treated by coagulation-flocculation (CF) coupled with persulfate (PS) process was investigated. Results showed that the optimal dosages for CF-PS were as follows: poly aluminium chloride (PAC) of 25.0 mg/L, Fe2+ of 6.0 mmol/L, Na2S2O8:12COD ratio of 1.0, and the removal ratio of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) reached 55.0%. The order of importance of factors affecting efficiency was as follows: Fe2+, S2O82−, pH, and the DOC removal followed the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. Ultrafiltration technology was used to analyze the distribution of different molecular weights (MWs) in colloids, and to investigate the selective removal of colloids. CF-PS can effectively remove high-MWs (> 50 K) colloids, with its DOC removal of 41.3%. Single PS can effectively remove medium-WMs (3 K~50 K) and low-MWs (< 3 K) colloids, with the DOC removals of 62.7% and 40.3%, respectively. Excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy combined with fluorescence regional integration analysis indicated that the medium-MWs and low-MWs fractions were removed more in the fulvic acid-like, soluble microbial metabolites, and humic acid-like substances by the PS process. Moreover, with the addition of CF pretreatment, CF-PS enhanced the removal of high-MWs and medium-MWs in the tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like substances. The relationship between the fluorescence and the DOC further reveals that humic acid-like/soluble microbial metabolites substances are dominant contributors to colloidal organic carbon in the CF-PS. This study provided a new approach to evaluate the selectivity of colloids during PS-related processes and AOPs.
- Published
- 2022
23. Advance recovery approach for efficient recovery of waste lubricating oil by different material formulations
- Author
-
Sayantan Sarkar, Deepshikha Datta, and Bimal Das
- Subjects
Flocculation ,education.field_of_study ,Calcium hydroxide ,Population ,Waste oil ,Pulp and paper industry ,Solvent ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Adsorption ,chemistry ,Environmental science ,Viscosity index ,education ,Refining (metallurgy) - Abstract
The rapid growth of population with increased facilities for comfort nowadays leads to a drastic depletion of natural resources. The present work emphasizes the re-refining process of waste lubricating oil by the solvent-extraction flocculation process. Re-refining is considered by many as a preferred option in conserving resources, minimizing waste, and reducing environmental hazards to a great extent. The effect of various parameters like refining time, refining temperature, solvent to waste oil ratio, flocculant dosage, adsorbent to distilled oil ratio has been elaborately studied, and the optimum yield percent was obtained at 33 °C of refining temperature, 20 min of refining time with a solvent to waste oil ratio of 5:1 (w/w). Various solvents like iso-butanol and n-butanol were used, and iso-butanol was found to produce a higher yield of 72%, which is 2% higher than the solvent n-butanol. Calcium hydroxide was used as a flocculant, and a concentration of 2 kg of flocculant per kg of solvent was optimum. The flashpoint, ash content, and viscosity index of re-refined oil were 210 °C, 0.25 g, and 175, respectively, comparable to virgin lube oil. The purity and the existence of oxidation products were elaborately analyzed by FTIR and GC–MS analysis. Thus, the refined oil obtained can effectively mitigate the ever-growing oil crisis and help create a healthy and pollution-free environment.
- Published
- 2022
24. Recycling and modeling of chromium from sludge produced from magnetic flocculation treatment of chromium-containing wastewater
- Author
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Jiao Du, Yueping Guan, Tao Li, and Xiaoxian Shang
- Subjects
inorganic chemicals ,Flocculation ,Environmental Engineering ,General Chemical Engineering ,Sodium chromate ,Oxide ,chemistry.chemical_element ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Chromium ,Adsorption ,chemistry ,Wastewater ,Sodium hypochlorite ,otorhinolaryngologic diseases ,Environmental Chemistry ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,Hydrogen peroxide ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
In this paper, an effective and sustainable treatment method for recycling chromium from sludge produced by magnetic flocculation was established. Chromium was extracted from sludge with hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite, and then, superparamagnetic ferroferric oxide nanoparticles (MPs) were recovered by magnetic separation. The recovery percentage of chromium with sodium hypochlorite was higher than that with hydrogen peroxide, and the maximum was 99.12%. With increasing MPs use times, the adsorption percentage of chromium decreased, but there was no significant change in the recovery percentage of chromium in sludge. The purity of the recovered sodium chromate crystals was 96.28%. The back-propagation algorithm was used to model chromium recovery. The correlation coefficient between the model prediction data and experimental data was 0.9990, and the average absolute error was 0.51. The maximum recovery percentage of chromium obtained from model prediction was 99.27%, and the corresponding optimal conditions were consistent with those of experiments.
- Published
- 2022
25. Kinetic process of the biosorption of Cu(II), Ni(II) and Cr(VI) by waste Pichia pastoris cells
- Author
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Gang Xu, Zhou Kaiyan, Haina Cheng, Hongbo Zhou, and Yulu Zhou
- Subjects
Flocculation ,Aqueous solution ,Ion exchange ,Chemistry ,Kinetics ,Biosorption ,General Medicine ,Industrial waste ,Adsorption ,Desorption ,Environmental Chemistry ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Water Science and Technology ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
Waste biomass of Pichia pastoris (P.pastoris) cells from the fermentation industry is an environmentally friendly biosorption material. The present study aimed to explore the biosorption behaviour of waste P.pastoris cells for Cu(II), Ni(II) and Cr(VI) in aqueous solution conditions. The results showed that the adsorption kinetics of three kinds of metals were well-fitted with lineared Elovich, pseudo-second-order kinetics models, non-linear kinetics and adsorption isotherms. The effective biosorption rates for Cu(II), Ni(II) and Cr(VI) removal were 71.3%, 59.7% and 16.25% respectively. The maximum Cu(II) adsorption capacity of waste P.pastoris was 40 mg/g at pH = 4 and 225 mg/L of solute concentration for 0.4 g biomass, better than that of the living yeasts. The pattern of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) indicated that functional groups such as –NH, –OH, Si–O, P–O–C were involved in Cu(II) adsorption process. The analysis of SEM-EDS, XRD and TEM-EDS can be concluded that Cu(II) occupied Ca(II) binding sites by ion exchange mechanism to remove flocculation, and Cu(II) adsorbed onto the diatomite containing in the industrial waste P.pastoris. Thus the adsorption mechanism of the industrial waste P.pastoris was proposed taking Cu(II) as the example. And consecutive biosorption/desorption cycles were used for the evaluation of the regeneration efficiency, suggesting the good regeneration and reusability of waste P.pastoris.
- Published
- 2021
26. Effects of micro-flocculation pretreatment on the ultrafiltration membrane fouling caused by different dissolved organic matters in treated wastewater
- Author
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Ying-Xue Sun, Chen Liu, Ting Meng, and Lanxin Ren
- Subjects
Flocculation ,Chemistry ,Membrane fouling ,Ultrafiltration ,Filtration and Separation ,micro-flocculation ,Pulp and paper industry ,floc size ,organic fouling ,Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering ,Wastewater ,ultrafiltration (uf) ,dissolved organic matter (dom) ,TD1-1066 ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
This study investigated the efficacy of using micro-flocculation as a pretreatment approach in alleviating ultrafiltration (UF) membrane fouling caused by organic matter in treated wastewater. Three typical model dissolved organic matters (DOM), humic acid, fulvic acid, and sodium alginate, were employed to simulate membrane fouling. The results showed that micro-flocculation using poly aluminum chloride (PAC) or polymerized ferric sulfate (PFS) as flocculant could effectively enhance the treatment performance of the UF process on DOM. With 6 mg/L PAC, the removal efficiency of humic acid, fulvic acid, and sodium alginate by micro-flocculation combined UF process reached 79.95%, 63.25%, and 51.14%, respectively. Specifically, after micro-flocculation, micromolecular hydrophilic organic matter (e.g., fulvic acid) tended to form a compact cake layer. The macromolecular hydrophobic organic matter (e.g., humic acid) and macromolecular hydrophilic organic matter (e.g., sodium alginate) generally led to a loose cake layer. At PAC dosage of 6 mg/L, the membrane specific flux (J/J0) at the end was improved by 11.71%, 10.27%, and 2.2% for humic acid, sodium alginate and fulvic acid solutions, respectively, compared with the UF process alone. It could be inferred that micro-flocculation pretreatment can effectively mitigate the membrane fouling when treating wastewater containing humic acid, sodium alginate, or fulvic acid. HIGHLIGHTS Micro-flocculation could enhance the capability of the UF process in removing DOM.; Micro-flocculation pretreatment effectively alleviated UF membrane fouling.; Cake layer played an important role in mitigating UF membrane fouling.; The compactness of cake layer was related to the molecular weight, hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity of organic matters.
- Published
- 2021
27. Heavy metals removal from landfill leachate by coagulation/flocculation process combined with continuous adsorption using eggshell waste materials
- Author
-
Dua'a B. Telfah, Aiman Q. Jaradat, and Rabah Ismail
- Subjects
Flocculation ,Environmental Engineering ,Chemistry ,eggshell ,Heavy metals ,Pulp and paper industry ,Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering ,removal efficiency ,Egg Shell ,Adsorption ,landfill leachate ,Metals, Heavy ,Scientific method ,Animals ,Coagulation (water treatment) ,Leachate ,Eggshell ,coagulation ,heavy metals ,Water Pollutants, Chemical ,TD1-1066 ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
The use of agricultural waste materials to remove heavy metals from wastewater is attractive due to its simplicity and economic efficiency. In this study, the applicability of calcined eggshell waste materials (CES) for heavy metals removal from real wastewater were examined via transport column experiment preceded by coagulation/flocculation process.A column packed with granular activated carbon (GAC) is operated in parallel to CES column to evaluate the adsorptive attributes of CES. The findings are assessed from another set of column experiments consisting of sand followed by CES column to evaluate the effect of particulate matter (PM) on CES performance toward heavy metals removal. In coagulation experiment, alum addition at an optimum dose (3.0 g/L) reduced the total suspended solids (TSS) by 80%, whereas the Fe, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, and Cr were reduced by 80%, 77%, 76%, 73%, 56%, and 49%, respectively. Under the current applied hydrodynamic conditions, using sand column before CES column improved the removal efficiencies of Fe, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, and Cr from 50% to 92%, 55% to 93%, 60% to 87%, 53% to 76%, 45% to 65%, and 41% to 60%, respectively. The whole results illustrate that CES can be competitive to GAC for heavy metals removal from landfill leachate, mainly if applied after PM removal by sand filtration. HIGHLIGHTS Total suspended solids and heavy metals are effectively decreased by adding 3.0 g/L alum.; Heavy metals are effectively eliminated from landfill leachate using calcined eggshells.; Particles facilitated heavy metal movement via the filter media.; Sand pretreatment improved the performance of calcined eggshell to remove heavy metals.; The research findings may lead to more cost-effective landfill leachate treatment technology.
- Published
- 2021
28. A method for humidifying fine particles of coking coal: Agglomeration characteristics and dust dynamics analysis
- Author
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Shuting Zhang and Ze Zhang
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Flocculation ,Materials science ,business.industry ,Economies of agglomeration ,General Chemical Engineering ,Polymer ,engineering.material ,Adsorption ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,Coating ,Agglomerate ,engineering ,Coal ,Particle size ,business - Abstract
The chemical agglomeration technology can effectively remove fine particles during coking coal loading and unloading. Aiming at the traditional agglomerator has the high price and secondary pollution problems, the new method of viscosifying fine particles was established. The fine particles were contacted with the soap solution through the cyclone circumfluence to increase viscosifying and agglomerate. The regulation and control of uniform humidification of whole particles were studied, and the relations among humidification, agglomeration, dust suppression and agglomeration conditions of fine particles were discussed. By establishing the agglomeration model and mechanical model, the influence of agglomeration on the force and velocity distribution of particles was analyzed based on CFD. The results showed that the soap solution has a strong effect on agglomeration of particle size less than 0.5 mm. The adsorption and flocculation of the polymer chain in the soap can promote the agglomeration of the fine particles. In the area of vortex formed by swirling air, with the mass addition ratio of soap powder increases from 5% to 15%, the coating efficiency of fine particles increases from 82% to 96%. The agglomeration results show that the average concentration of the fine particles decreases by nearly 20% finally.
- Published
- 2021
29. Role of particle dynamics in processing of terrestrial nitrogen and phosphorus in the estuarine mixing zone
- Author
-
Sara Newton, Matias Scheinin, Joonas J. Virtasalo, Tom Jilbert, Eero Asmala, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Marine Ecosystems Research Group, Tvärminne Zoological Station, Aquatic Biogeochemistry Research Unit (ABRU), Department of Geosciences and Geography, Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), and Environmental Geochemistry
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Aquatic Science ,Oceanography ,01 natural sciences ,GRAIN ,Particle dynamics ,Mixing zone ,SEDIMENTATION ,1172 Environmental sciences ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,geography ,SEA ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,FRESH-WATER ,LISST-100 ,IRON ,010604 marine biology & hydrobiology ,Phosphorus ,Estuary ,Nitrogen ,SIZE ,chemistry ,DENSITY ,Environmental chemistry ,FLOCCULATION ,Environmental science ,MATTER - Abstract
Multiple biogeochemical processes in estuaries modulate the flux of nutrients from land to sea, thus contributing to the coastal filter. The role of particle dynamics in regulating the fate of terrestrial nutrients in estuaries is poorly constrained. To address this issue, we resolved the particle size distribution of suspended material, and quantified size-fractionated particulate nitrogen (PN) and phosphorus (PP), in a stratified mesotrophic estuary (Pojoviken, Finland). We also carried out a mixing experiment where the effects of salt-induced flocculation on particle size distribution and concentrations of PN and PP were examined. The experimental results showed that salt-induced flocculation at already very low salinities increases the total particle concentration and mean particle size, indicating transfer of dissolved material into particulates. Correspondingly, a significant increase in PP and particulate iron (Fe) was observed in the experiment results, suggesting coupled flocculation of P-containing organic matter (OM) and ferrihydrite. Particle dynamics in the field data were dominated by processes occurring downstream of the flocculation zone. Primary production created a downward flux of autochthonous OM particles, promoting passive aggregation by random collisions with terrestrial material in the water column. Maximum particle concentrations were observed at and below the halocline. The highest PN and PP concentrations were observed in the subhalocline layer, 3.5 and 0.14 mu mol L-1, respectively. Molar ratios of N:P in this material were >40, consistent with typical marine snow in the early stages of microbial processing. Our study provides a mechanistic overview of the biogeochemical drivers of particulate nutrient dynamics in stratified estuarine environments.
- Published
- 2021
30. Influence of salinity on heavy metal and oil removal from hypersaline oilfield–produced water by electrocoagulation: mechanistic insights
- Author
-
Narges Fallah, Mahdieh Mehri, and Bahram Nasernejad
- Subjects
Salinity ,Flocculation ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,chemistry.chemical_element ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Adsorption ,Metals, Heavy ,Specific surface area ,Electrocoagulation ,Environmental Chemistry ,Oil and Gas Fields ,Freundlich equation ,Cadmium ,Water ,General Medicine ,Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ,Pollution ,Kinetics ,chemistry ,Environmental chemistry ,Hydroxide ,Water Pollutants, Chemical ,BET theory - Abstract
The focus of the present study was to explore how and to what extent ultrahigh salinity affects the adsorption of cadmium and hydrocarbon pollutants onto aluminum hydroxide adsorbents formed in an electrocoagulation process. The changes in the nature and structure of the electro-generated aluminum particles and the possible removal mechanisms due to high salt content were investigated by using FE-SEM/EDS, FTIR, BET, and XRD analyses. The pseudo-second order and Freundlich models proved to fit the data for cadmium adsorption onto the aluminum hydroxides best. It was demonstrated that the adsorption capacities were significantly affected by the high salinity. With the rise of the salinity from 2 to 170 g/L, the cadmium and COD removal yields dropped from 81 to 60% and from 90 to 72%. The increase of the oil content led to the enhanced cadmium adsorption capacity due to surface complexation and ion exchange mechanisms. It was proved that Lagergren pseudo-first-order kinetic model could justify COD abatement trends. FTIR spectra depicted that the negative impact of high salinities on the adsorption was due to causing the formation of less stable adsorbents. According to BET analysis, the occurrence of much wider pore size distribution and smaller specific surface area in high salinity case was the main reason for the decreased adsorption capacity. Based on XRD analysis, the higher crystallinity of the produced aluminum hydroxide particles and their consequential smaller surface areas resulted in the lower adsorption capacity in the hypersaline environment. It was concluded that adsorption via inner-sphere and outer-sphere complexation and sweep flocculation were the possible removal mechanisms. Total treatment cost of 8.75 and 3.49 €/m3 were estimated for low and ultrahigh salinity conditions.
- Published
- 2021
31. Selective precipitation of RNA with linear polyacrylamide
- Author
-
Alexandr Muterko
- Subjects
Flocculation ,Chromatography ,Precipitation (chemistry) ,Polyacrylamide ,Acrylic Resins ,RNA ,General Medicine ,Biochemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Genetics ,Nucleic acid ,Molecular Medicine ,RNA extraction ,Solubility ,DNA - Abstract
Selective precipitation of RNA is often used in molecular biology as one of the methods for separation of nucleic acids to obtain samples enriched with DNA or RNA molecules alone or for purification of RNA samples. In the present study a simple and fast approach for selective precipitation of RNA with linear polyacrylamide is proposed for the first time. The method is based on the different predispositions of the DNA and RNA molecules to bind with the polyacrylamide. In this process, the linear polyacrylamide is used as the flocculant, collecting RNA particles to form aggregate, which then precipitated at low alcohol concentration. During and after precipitation the temperature is adjusted to maintain high solubility of DNA and other contaminates at given pH, salt and alcohol concentrations on the one hand, and globular state of polyacrylamide, preventing solubility of the RNA-LPA aggregate, on the other hand. The precipitated RNA can be used directly for RT-qPCR assay. The principal advantage of the present approach is the fast and quantitative precipitation of most RNA species from very dilute solutions. This makes it possible to obtain both almost DNA-free RNA and RNA-free DNA samples in one process.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/15257770.2021.2007397 .
- Published
- 2021
32. Influence of interfacial, thermodynamic and hydrophobic parameters on Acid Red 57 removal by ionic micellar flocculation
- Author
-
Eduardo Lins de Barros Neto, Ricardo Paulo Fonseca Melo, Giselle Kalline Gomes Carvalho Barros, Lindemberg de Jesus Nogueira Duarte, and Francisco Wendell Bezerra Lopes
- Subjects
Flocculation ,Chemical engineering ,Chemistry ,Process Chemistry and Technology ,General Chemical Engineering ,Live organisms ,Ionic bonding ,Degradation (geology) ,Filtration and Separation ,General Chemistry ,Photosynthesis ,Organic molecules - Abstract
Most dyes are complex organic molecules that are highly resistant to degradation and may cause severe damage to live organisms and photosynthetic activities. In this respect, the aim of the present...
- Published
- 2021
33. Synthesis of a Micro-Crosslinked Polyacrylamide Flocculant and Its Application in Treatment of Oily Produced Water
- Author
-
Minggang Wang, Xiaokang Yin, Yuan Tian, Yebang Tan, Chai Fengxin, and Zhicheng Li
- Subjects
Flocculation ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Fuel Technology ,Chromatography ,Chemistry ,General Chemical Engineering ,Polyacrylamide ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,Produced water - Published
- 2021
34. Flocculation performance of alginate grafted polysilicate aluminum calcium in drinking water treatment
- Author
-
Gao Wenxiu, Jie Ma, Wang Xiyue, Yimin Liu, Dawei Lou, Zhang Hao, and Lili Lian
- Subjects
Flocculation ,Environmental Engineering ,Solid particle ,Chemistry ,General Chemical Engineering ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Calcium ,Physical Entrapment ,Chemical engineering ,Aluminium ,Environmental Chemistry ,Water treatment ,Turbidity ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,Sodium alginate - Abstract
An inorganic-biopolymers hybrid flocculant (PSAC-SA) was prepared by modifying sodium alginate onto polysilicate aluminum calcium (PSAC) through coordination between SA and Ca2+. The preparation conditions of PSAC-SA and the flocculation parameters that influence of the turbidity and color removal efficiency were investigated and optimized. The flocculation experiments results showed that the maximum turbidity and color removal could get 97.2% and 98.4% for kaolin-humic acid suspensions, respectively. The application of PSAC-SA for Songhua River treatment indicated that it had an excellent flocculation capacity in real water samples, and its flocculation efficiency was much better than that of individual flocculants (PSAC and SA). Moreover, the flocculation mechanisms were discussed in detailed, which indicated that the bridging effect and physical entrapment of solid particles played an important role in the flocculation process.
- Published
- 2021
35. Effect of interparticle interactions on the yield stress of thickened flocculated copper mineral tailings slurry
- Author
-
Yong Wang, Huazhe Jiao, Yiming Wang, Aixiang Wu, Raimund Bürger, Zhuen Ruan, Fernando Betancourt, and Shengkai Wang
- Subjects
High concentration ,Flocculation ,Adsorption ,Mineral ,Chemical engineering ,Chemistry ,General Chemical Engineering ,Slurry ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Thickening ,Tailings ,Copper - Abstract
Gravity thickening by deep cone thickener is popularly applied in cemented paste backfill, which is essential for tailings management and green mining. To avoid rake bogging, high concentration and high flowability are required for thickened tailings slurry. These properties depend critically on the yield stress of the slurry. The yield stress, in turn, can be influenced by the flocculant dosage and the acidity (pH) that form the flocculation condition. Experiments have been performed to eventually quantify the dependence of yield stress on these two variables. The yield stress test of flocculated and thickened copper mineral tailings slurry, and the analysis of flocculant adsorption, were conducted at different pH values and flocculant dosages. It turns out that the amount of flocculant adsorbed on the tailings particles surface has a maximum with respect to pH but increases with the increasing flocculant dosage. In turn, the amount of flocculant adsorbed affects the yield stress, a macroscopic property of the slurry, through the total interactions (microscopic) between polymer-coated tailings particles. Bridging interaction is essential for total interactions. It is obtained that the yield stress varies analogously to the absolute of the minimum value of the total interactions at different pH values and flocculant dosages. Therefore, interparticle interactions should be adjusted by control pH and flocculant dosage to achieve high-concentration and high-flowability underflow to avoid rake bogging in a deep cone thickener.
- Published
- 2021
36. The effectiveness and mechanisms of superplasticisers in dispersing class F fly ash pastes
- Author
-
Obada Kayali, Jong-Leng Liow, and Chenman Wang
- Subjects
Flocculation ,Adsorption ,Chemical engineering ,On the fly ,Chemistry ,General Chemical Engineering ,Fly ash ,Absorption (chemistry) ,Dispersion (chemistry) ,Layer thickness - Abstract
To explain the incompatibility of some superplasticisers with class F fly ash, the effectiveness and mechanisms of superplasticisers based on lignosulfonate (LS), polynaphthalene (PNS) and polycarboxylates (PCE-1 and PCE-2) in dispersing the fly ash pastes were studied. The most effective superplasticisers, PCEs (PCE-1 and PCE-2), produced almost no additional electrostatic repulsion, are adsorbed in low amounts, and exhibited negligible adsorbed layer thickness. It is suggested that the excellent dispersing abilities of PCEs rely on the molecules remaining in the liquid phases of the pastes. For the inefficacy of LS and PNS, the absorption of molecules and bridging flocculation are the most likely causes. Superplasticiser molecules that entered the fly ash through the pores on the fly ash surface lost their dispersing abilities. The highly negatively charged LS and PNS can attract several fly ash particles to form the bridging flocculation, which reduced the dispersion of the fly ash pastes.
- Published
- 2021
37. Assessment of Rheological Behaviour of Water-in-Oil Emulsions Mediated by Glycolipid Biosurfactant Produced by Bacillus megaterium SPSW1001
- Author
-
Padmini Padmanabhan, Zairah Waris, Ibrahim M. Banat, Varsha Singh, and Sriparna Saha
- Subjects
Flocculation ,biology ,Chemistry ,Bioengineering ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ,Biochemistry ,Surface tension ,Glycolipid ,Rheology ,Chemical engineering ,Emulsion ,Z-value ,Glycolipids ,Sugar ,Molecular Biology ,Biotechnology ,Bacillus megaterium - Abstract
A screening programme using mineral salt medium supplemented with n-hexadecane resulted in isolating a Bacillus megaterium SPSW1001 which was capable of producing surface active molecules lowering culture medium surface tension to 27.43 ± 0.029 mN/m and interfacial tension to 0.38 ± 0.03 mN/m at 72 h and an emulsification index (E24) (85.63%). The biosurfactant product was further used to assess its effects on the rheological characteristics of water-in-oil emulsion prepared with engine oil. Structural characterization of the biosurfactant product by FTIR revealed a C–O–C stretch in sugar moiety and ester carbonyl linkage group between sugar and fatty acids, respectively, while mass spectral analysis revealed its glycolipid nature, with an m/z value of 662.44. The fluid behaviour of water-in-oil emulsion showed a non-Newtonian viscoelastic dilatant flow after yielding exemplified appropriately by Herschel-Bulkley model with 100% confidence of fit. The present study is significant in formulation and handling, processing, and transport of emulsion and in understanding flocculation characteristics.
- Published
- 2021
38. Factors Influencing the Removal of Boron from Fracturing Fluid Flowback by Chemical Oxidative Precipitation
- Author
-
R. R. He, T. Yu, X. F. Zhang, C. T. Qu, B. Kou, X. Zhang, J. X. Liu, and Y. Huang
- Subjects
inorganic chemicals ,Flocculation ,Precipitation (chemistry) ,Materials Science (miscellaneous) ,General Chemical Engineering ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Environmental pollution ,Oxidative phosphorylation ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,Oxygen precipitation ,Fracturing fluid ,chemistry ,Oxidizing agent ,Boron ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
The reuse of fracturing fluid flowback contributes toward water resource conservation and the reduction of environmental pollution. However, the ability to reuse the flowback is affected by its residual boron content. Hence, the control of boron content is crucial for effective flowback reuse and the reduction of relevant treatment costs. In the present study, chemical oxidation combined with the flocculation precipitation method was used to remove residual boron from fracturing flowback fluid. Taking boron removal rate as an index, the effects of the precipitator, oxidant, pretreatment pH (pHp), n(H2O2)/n(B) value, pretreatment time (tp), n(Ba)/n(B) value, reaction pH (pHr), and reaction time (tr) on boron removal by chemical oxygen precipitation were studied. The results showed that boron removal was performed at 20–25 °C via chemical oxidative precipitation. The use of BaCl2 as the precipitating agent and H2O2 as the oxidizing agent (under the following conditions: pretreatment pH = 9, pretreatment time (tp) = 30 min, reaction pH = 10, and reaction time (tr) = 360 min) led to a boron removal rate of 95.5% and a residual boron content of 6.76 mg/L in the solution.
- Published
- 2021
39. A cost-effective anionic flocculant prepared by grafting carboxymethyl cellulose and lignosulfonate with acrylamide
- Author
-
Tong Gao, Tao Lou, Xuejun Wang, and Guohao Guan
- Subjects
Flocculation ,Polymers and Plastics ,Cationic polymerization ,Carboxymethyl cellulose ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Polymerization ,Wastewater ,medicine ,Copolymer ,Cellulose ,Methylene blue ,medicine.drug ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
How to efficiently utilize most abundant biomass of cellulose, lignin and their derivatives has become an emerging challenge as the anticipative oil depletion. In this paper, the ternary anionic copolymer of carboxymethyl cellulose-acrylamide-lignosulfonate (CAL) was successfully prepared by hydrothermal polymerization. Based on the flocculation characteristics of cationic methylene blue, the optimal polymerization process was confirmed as the raw material ratio of 1:1:1, initiator dosage of 0.9 wt %, the reaction time was 5 h and the reaction temperature was 55 °C. The results showed that the decolorization ratio was 87.5% at the CAL dosage of 600 mg/L for the 500 mg/L methylene blue simulated wastewater. The CAL achieved fast flocculation kinetics and super color removal ratios in the wide ranges of environmental pH, temperature and salt concentration. The flocculation mechanism is single charge neutralization. Moreover, the estimated treatment cost of CAL is 68.3% lower than that of commercial anionic PAM. The prepared anionic CAL flocculant has the characteristics of environmental safety, excellent flocculation performance and cost-effectiveness, which shows great potential in the field of dye wastewater treatment, and also provides a feasible way for the effective utilization of biomass resources.
- Published
- 2021
40. COAGULANT-FLOCCULANT FROM SECONDARY RESOURCES FOR TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER
- Author
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Olga Pap, Alla Tuchkoskaya, Vladimir Rukhlya, and Vladimir Shablovski
- Subjects
Flocculation ,drinking water ,алюміній ,Sulfuric acid ,Portable water purification ,flocculant ,флокулянт ,стічна вода ,Pulp and paper industry ,питна вода ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Wastewater ,chemistry ,aluminum ,коагулянт ,Coagulation (water treatment) ,Sewage treatment ,coagulant ,Silicic acid ,Sulfate ,wastewater - Abstract
Coagulants and flocculants are used almost at all drinking water supply facilities, wastewater treatment plants of municipal and industrial enterprises in Belarus and Ukraine to intensify and increase the efficiency of the processes of purification, clarification and discoloration of water and wastewater. Mainly as coagulants aluminum and iron salts are used, as flocculants - active silicic acid, starch, cellulose derivatives, polyacryloamide, etc. Sulfuric acid treatment of alumina-containing raw materials allows, in the course of one process, to obtain a mixture of active substances - salts of aluminum, iron, active SiO2. In this case, there is no need to separate the salt from suspended particles and colloidal silicic acid. The presence of suspended dispersed particles in the active substance, as well as colloidal silicic acid and its salts, enhances and accelerates coagulation. The resulting solution, along with aluminum sulfate, contains silicic acid, which acts as a flocculant in the process of water purification. In addition, the processed products also contain ferrous sulfate, in the presence of which a better coagulation result is achieved. Industrial tests of the coagulant-flocculant were carried out in order to purify wastewater from oil products. The test results showed that the effectiveness of the coagulant-flocculant in reducing the content of oil products in wastewater is comparable to the currently used aluminum sulfate. The effectiveness of the developed coagulant-flocculant for the purification of drinking water was evaluated in comparative tests with a coagulant “Polvak-68” in the mode of trial coagulation on a laboratory flocculator. The research results are showed that the value of all parameters characterizing the contamination of the source water are highty decreasing for experimental coagulant-flocculant in compare with regular product. Практично на всіх об'єктах питного водопостачання та станціях очищення стічних вод комунальних і промислових підприємств Білорусі й України застосовуються коагулянти і флокулянти для інтенсифікації та підвищення ефективності процесів очищення, освітлення і знебарвлення природних та стічних вод. Як коагулянти використовуються, в основному, солі алюмінію і феруму, а як флокулянти - активна кремнекислота, крохмаль, похідні целюлози, поліакрілоамід тощо. Сульфатнокислотна обробка алюмінійвмісної сировини дозволяє в ході одного процесу отримувати суміш активних речовин - солей алюмінію, феруму та активну SiO2. При цьому немає необхідності відокремлювати солі від завислих часток і колоїдної силікатної кислоти. Присутність в діючій речовині завислих дисперсних частинок, а також колоїдної силікатної кислоти і її солей підсилює і прискорює коагуляцію. Одержаний розчин, поряд з алюмінієм сульфатом, містить також силікатну кислоту, яка в процесі очищення води виконує роль флокулянта. Крім того, серед продуктів переробки є також ферум сульфат, в присутності якого досягається кращий результат коагулювання. Проведено промислові випробування коагулянту-флокулянту з метою очищення стічних вод від нафтопродуктів. Результати випробувань показали, що ефективність коагулянту-флокулянту за умови незначного вмісту нафтопродуктів у стічних водах порівнянна з використовуваним на даний час алюмінієм сульфатом. Ефективність розробленого коагулянту-флокулянту для підготовки питної води оцінювалася в порівняльних випробуваннях з коагулянтом «ПОЛВАК-68» в режимі пробної коагуляції на лабораторному флокуляторі. Результати досліджень показали, що значення всіх параметрів, які характеризують забрудненість вихідної води, за умови використання експериментального коагулянту-флокулянту є значно нижчими в порівнянні зі звичайним продуктом.
- Published
- 2021
41. Heavy metal removal from aqueous solutions by chitosan-based magnetic composite flocculants
- Author
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Yongjun Sun, Xing Zheng, Aowen Chen, Xuefeng Xiao, and Yuanyuan Yu
- Subjects
Flocculation ,Environmental Engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,Wastewater ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Chitosan ,Metal ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Metals, Heavy ,Environmental Chemistry ,Chelation ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science ,Aqueous solution ,Precipitation (chemistry) ,Magnetic Phenomena ,General Medicine ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Photopolymer ,chemistry ,visual_art ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,0210 nano-technology ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
In this study, three magnetic flocculants with different chelating groups, namely, carboxymethyl chitosan-modified Fe3O4 flocculant (MC), acrylamide-grafted magnetic carboxymethyl chitosan flocculant (MCM), and 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid copolyacrylamide-grafted magnetic carboxymethyl chitosan flocculant (MCAA) were prepared, synthesized, and characterized by photopolymerization technology. They were applied to the flocculation removal of Cr(III), Co(II), and Pb(II). The effect of flocculation condition on the removal performance of Cr(III), Co(II), and Pb(II) was studied. Characterization results show that the three magnetic carboxymethyl chitosan-based flocculants have been successfully prepared with good magnetic induction properties. Flocculation results show that the removal rates of MC, MCM, and MCAA on Cr(III) are 51.79%, 82.33%, and 91.42%, respectively, under the conditions of 80 mg/L flocculant, pH value of 6, reaction time of 1.5 hr, G value of 200 s−1, and precipitation magnetic field strength of 120 mT. The removal rates of Co(II) by MC, MCM, and MCAA are 54.33%, 84.99%, and 90.49%, respectively. The removal rates of Pb(II) by MC, MCM, and MCAA are 61.54%, 91.32%, and 95.74%, respectively. MCAA shows good flocculation performance in composite heavy metal-simulated wastewater. The magnetic carboxymethyl chitosan-based flocculant shows excellent flocculation performance in removing soluble heavy metals. This research provides guidance and ideas for the development of efficient and low-cost flocculation technology to remove heavy metals in wastewater.
- Published
- 2021
42. Sustainable cationic cellulose for highly efficient flocculation of Kaolin suspension
- Author
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Juming Yao, Xuan Chen, Yanhong Ding, Ranju Meng, Li Zhen, Lin Liu, and Wenli Gong
- Subjects
Flocculation ,Polymers and Plastics ,Sedimentation (water treatment) ,Kinetics ,technology, industry, and agriculture ,Cationic polymerization ,macromolecular substances ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Wastewater ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,Sewage treatment ,Cellulose ,Turbidity - Abstract
Green bio-flocculants from renewable biomass resources have received the widespread attention for wastewater treatment, which are promising alternatives to petroleum-based synthetic flocculants. In this paper, sustainable cationic cellulose bio-flocculants with various amino group contents were successfully prepared by a feasible chemical crosslinking with polyethyleneimine (PEI). The flocculation performances of diverse PEI-grafting cellulose (CE-PEI) were evaluated to purify turbid Kaolin suspension. Further, the flocculation kinetics and flocculation mechanism were investigated. Benefiting from the high surface positive charges and supramolecular structure, CE-PEI bio-flocculants with amino group contents of 17.5 mmol/g displayed the best turbidity removal efficiency. The residual turbidity of Kaolin suspension decreased from the initial 480–8.6 NTU, a 98.2% reduction with CE-PEI dosage of 0.15 mg/mL, sedimentation time of 30 min at pH 7.0. Flocculation kinetic results indicated that interaction of aggregation and collision between CE-PEI bio-flocculants and Kaolin particles was sufficient for the flocculation process at the optimal CE-PEI dosage. Moreover, charge neutralization was the dominant mechanism for the flocculation of CE-PEI on Kaolin. Thus, this work not only exploits a promising application of cellulose as a bio-flocculant, but also provides a feasible approach to efficiently purify high turbidity wastewater.
- Published
- 2021
43. Exploration of an Extracellular Polymeric Substance from Earthworm Gut Bacterium (Bacillus licheniformis) for Bioflocculation and Heavy Metal Removal Potential
- Author
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Jayanta Kumar Biswas, Anurupa Banerjee, Binoy Sarkar, Dibyendu Sarkar, Santosh Kumar Sarkar, Mahendra Rai, and Meththika Vithanage
- Subjects
extracellular polymeric substances ,earthworm ,gut bacteria ,flocculation ,metal remediation ,isotherm models ,Technology ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Physics ,QC1-999 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
The present study shows the potential of an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) produced by Bacillus licheniformis strain KX657843 isolated from earthworm (Metaphire posthuma) gut in the sorption of Cu(II) and Zn(II) and in flocculation. After harvesting bacterial cells from sucrose supplemented denitrifying culture medium, the EPS was extracted following ethanolic extraction method. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) of EPS revealed its functional groups, electronegative constituents, unsaturated carbon, and carbonyl groups. The negatively charged functional groups of carbohydrates and protein moiety of the EPS endowed it with heavy metal binding capacity through electrostatic interactions. The highest flocculation activity (83%) of EPS was observed at 4 mg L−1 and pH 11. The metal sorption by EPS increased with increasing pH. At pH 8, the EPS was able to remove 86 and 81% Cu(II) and Zn(II), respectively, from a 25 mg L−1 metal solution. 94.8% of both the metals at 25 mg L−1 metal solutions were removed by EPS at EPS concentration of 100 mg L−1. From Langmuir isotherm model, the maximum sorption capacities of EPS were calculated to be 58.82 mg g−1 for Cu(II) and 52.45 mg g−1 for Zn(II). The bacterial EPS showed encouraging flocculating and metal sorption properties. The potential to remove Cu(II) and Zn(II) implies that the EPS obtained from the earthworm gut bacteria can be used as an effective agent for environmental remediation of heavy metals and in bioflocculation.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. A Mechanism of Gold Nanoparticle Aggregation by Immunoglobulin G Preparation
- Author
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Dmitriy V. Sotnikov, Irina V. Safenkova, Anatoly V. Zherdev, Vadim G. Avdienko, Irina V. Kozlova, Suren S. Babayan, Vladislav Ya. Gergert, and Boris B. Dzantiev
- Subjects
gold nanoparticles ,conjugation ,immobilization ,flocculation ,fragments of antibodies ,Technology ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Physics ,QC1-999 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Conjugates of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and antibodies are widely used in various fields of biochemistry and microbiology. However, the procedure for obtaining such conjugates remains precarious, and the properties of conjugates differ significantly for different antibody clones. One of the most common problems is the aggregation of GNPs in the course of their conjugation with antibodies. This article considers an example of the conjugation of monoclonal antibodies with non-stable aggregating product. The composition of the antibody preparation was studied using electrophoresis, asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation, and ultracentrifugation. It was shown that the component that causes the aggregation of the GNPs is the light chains of immunoglobulins that appear due to the spontaneous decay of the antibodies. After separation of the fraction with a molecular weight of less than 30 kDa, stable conjugates of antibodies with GNPs were obtained. The high functional activity of the obtained conjugates was confirmed by immunochromatography.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Effects of Contact Angle and Flocculation of Particles of Oligomer of Tetrafluoroethylene on Oil Foaming
- Author
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Ryo Murakami, Syuji Kobayashi, Manami Okazaki, Alexander Bismarck, and Masahiro Yamamoto
- Subjects
oil foams ,Pickering-Ramsden foams ,contact angle ,adsorption ,flocculation ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Oil foams have been stabilized by using particles of oligomer of tetrafluoroethylene (OTFE). OTFE particles were dispersed in oil mixtures prior to aeration, to exclude the oil-repellency nature of the particles due to the formation of the metastable Cassie-Baxter state and properly evaluate the effects of contact angle on the foaming behavior. The particle contact angle (θY) against air/oil surfaces were controlled by changing a composition of two oils with different surface tension (n-heptane and methyl salicylate). The θY value increases with increasing a mole fraction of methyl salicylate, from 42° (for pure n-heptane) to 89° (for pure methyl salicylate). The air volume incorporated in the oils after aerating OTFE dispersions in the oil mixtures shows a maximum when θY = 55°. The flocculation of OTFE particles in bulk oils is responsible for the unexpected behavior of foaming observed when θY is relatively high. The increase in the degree of the flocculation reduces the effective concentration of OTFE particles in bulk oil, leading to the inefficient bubble stabilization. These findings suggest the efficient oil foaming using particles as a stabilizer is achieved by optimizing both the particle contact angle and the degree of flocculation in oils.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Two-Step Modification Pathway for Inducing Lignin-Derived Dispersants and Flocculants
- Author
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Malak Aldajani, Niloofar Alipoormazandarani, and Pedram Fatehi
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Flocculation ,Environmental Engineering ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Polymer ,Dispersant ,Suspension (chemistry) ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Monomer ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,Polymerization ,Acrylamide ,Lignin ,Waste Management and Disposal - Abstract
Kraft lignin is an underutilized material mainly combusted in the pulping industry. Its conversion to value-added products for further end-use applications is limited due to its insolubility in water. In this work, the modification of kraft lignin (KL) was conducted through oxidation and carboxymethylation to generate anionic water-soluble lignin (OKL, and CMKL, respectively). The results indicated that these biopolymers acted as effective dispersants in an aluminum oxide suspension. Subsequently, generated biomaterials were polymerized with acrylamide monomer to generate flocculants (i.e., OKL-AM and CMKL-AM) for the aluminum oxide suspension. The properties of polymers were characterized extensively, and the polymerization of OKL and CMKL with acrylamide increased the molecular weight (Mw) of the biomaterials from 16 × 103 and 28 × 103 to 684 × 103 and 387 × 103 g/mol, respectively. Flocculation studies under stirring revealed that the chord length of aluminum oxide particles increased substantially by treating the suspension with the OKL-AM polymer. The reflocculation analysis provided further insight into the reversibility and high strength of formed flocs. Our results confirmed that by following a one-step reaction, a lignin-based dispersant could be generated, and further polymerizing the biomaterials (i.e., dispersants) would make it a valuable flocculant. This investigation confirms a versatile and environmentally friendly pathway to convert a waste material (i.e., lignin) to a green dispersant and flocculant.
- Published
- 2021
47. Preparation and Application of Sewage Sludge Bio-char/Zero Valent Iron (SSBC/ZVI) Composite for Improving the Biodegradability of a Real Chemical Synthesis-Based Pharmaceutical Wastewater
- Author
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Xuecheng Liu, Gaoxiang Qi, Xiaobo Wang, and Yu Shen
- Subjects
Pollutant ,Flocculation ,Zerovalent iron ,Environmental Engineering ,Wastewater ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Chemistry ,Biochar ,Leaching (metallurgy) ,Biodegradation ,Pulp and paper industry ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Sludge - Abstract
A new kind of micro-electrolysis filler sewage sludge biochar/zero valent iron (SSBC/ZVI) composite was prepared for a real chemical synthesis based pharmaceutical wastewater pretreatment for improving the biodegradation index (BI). The optimal operation condition of micro-electrolysis system was obtained at HRT of 2 h, the initial pH of 3.0 and filler dosage of 100 g/L, with COD removal rate of 30.5%. Characterization analysis of raw/used SSBC/ZVI filler and GC–MS analysis of raw/treated pharmaceutical wastewater were conducted to reveal the pollutant removal mechanisms by micro-electrolysis, and the results suggested that the pollutants removal was mainly attributed to the combination of reduction and oxidation, absorption of SSBC and flocculation of iron sludge. SSBC/ZVI exhibited relative high stability and excellent reusability for COD removal and BI improvement of real pharmaceutical wastewater after 4 runs. Moreover, the leaching tests of heavy metals (HMs) were conducted to investigate their release of the constituents in SS, and the results indicated that HMs leaching into the liquid from the filler was at a relative low level. This study provided new ideas of sewage sludge utilization for real wastewater pretreatment.
- Published
- 2021
48. Amylopectin graft copolymers for oil sands tailings treatment
- Author
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João B. P. Soares and Stepheney Davey
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_compound ,Flocculation ,chemistry ,General Chemical Engineering ,Amylopectin ,Copolymer ,Oil sands ,Pulp and paper industry ,Tailings ,Dewatering - Published
- 2021
49. Effectiveness of potassium ferrate (VI) as a green agent in the treatment and disinfection of carwash wastewater
- Author
-
Maciej Thomas, Przemysław Drzewicz, Balamurugan Panneerselvam, and Angelika Więckol-Ryk
- Subjects
Flocculation ,Potassium Compounds ,Chemistry ,Potassium ferrate ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Chemical oxygen demand ,Polyacrylamide ,Total Viable Count ,General Medicine ,Wastewater ,Pollution ,Disinfection ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Most probable number ,Environmental Chemistry ,Sewage treatment ,Food science ,Iron Compounds - Abstract
Carwash wastewater treatment with potassium ferrate (VI) (K2FeO4) was optimized by response surface methodology. The optimum conditions for chemical oxygen demand removal were established a pH 3.5, 0.328 g/L dose of K2FeO4, and with a process duration of 48 min. At these conditions, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus decreased by 70.3, 58.9, 73.3, 82.0%, respectively; and the putrid odor was reduced. Simultaneously, the total viable count, total coli count, most probable number of fecal enterococci, and the total proteolytic bacteria count decreased by 89.5, 93.1, 92.9, and 95.0 %, respectively. Comparatively, an application of 0.450 g/L FeCl3·6H2O corresponding to the iron content in 0.328 g/L of K2FeO4 resulted in a decrease of total viable count, total coli count, most probable number of fecal enterococci and the total proteolytic bacteria count only by 38.1, 31.2, 42.9, and 58.0%, respectively. Therefore, flocculation with polyacrylamide anionic flocculant combined with potassium ferrate (VI) oxidation is a more effective alternative to coagulation with FeCl3 and the same flocculant. The use of potassium ferrate (VI) is a viable option for the treatment of carwash wastewater.
- Published
- 2021
50. Modeling and Optimization of the Flocculation Process of Multi-Component Coal Waste Slurry Using Hybrid Polymer
- Author
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Nazife Özdemir, Selçuk Özgen, and Eyüp Sabah
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Flocculation ,Materials science ,business.industry ,Mechanical Engineering ,General Chemical Engineering ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,Polymer ,Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology ,Fuel Technology ,chemistry ,Scientific method ,Component (UML) ,Slurry ,Coal waste ,Process engineering ,business - Published
- 2021
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