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Aim The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of 2% chlorhexidine gel (CHX) as auxiliary chemical substance and intracanal medications on Candida albicans, Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and their endotoxins in the root canals. Materials and methods The study was conducted on 48 single-rooted human teeth divided into four groups (n = 12), according to intracanal medications used: (1) Calcium hydroxide + apyrogenic saline solution (Ca(OH)2 + SS), (2) 20% ginger glycolic extract (GEN), (3) calcium hydroxide + 20% ginger glycolic extract (Ca(OH)2 + GEN), (4) apyrogenic SS (control). Collections were made from the root canal content before preparation (baseline–S1), immediately after instrumentation (S2), 7 days after instrumentation (S3), after 14 days the action of intracanal medication (S4), and 7 days after removal of the intracanal medication (S5). The antimicrobial activity and endotoxin content were analyzed for all collections. The results were statistically analyzed by the Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn tests at a significance level of 5%. Results After instrumentation with CHX, there was complete elimination of E. coli and C. albicans, except for E. faecalis, which was significantly reduced and then completely eliminated after intracanal medication. There was significant reduction of endotoxin after instrumentation. Comparison of collection after instrumentation and intracanal medication revealed reduction of endotoxins in all groups; this reduction was greater in group Ca(OH)2 followed by the group GEN. Conclusion It was concluded that the instrumentation using CHX and intracanal medication used were able to eliminate the microorganisms from the root canal; the endotoxins were reduced, yet not completely eliminated. Clinical significance This study is important and relevant for searching alternatives during endodontic therapy, since it aims to study the effect of Zingiber officinale on microorganisms and endotoxins present in root canals. How to cite this article Valera MC, Oliveira SAC, Maekawa LE, Cardoso FGR, Chung A, Silva SFP, Carvalho CAT. Action of Chlorhexidine, Zingiber officinale, and Calcium Hydroxide on Candida albicans, Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Endotoxin in the Root Canals. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016; 17(2):114-118.

Conformational isomerism in isolated and liquid 2-aminoethanol was investigated by a concerted molecular orbital and vibrational spectroscopic approach. The molecular structures, relative energies, dipole moments and vibrational spectra (both infrared and Raman) of the various possible conformers of the studied compound were calculated, using the extended 6-31G* basis set at the HF-SCF ab initio level of theory. The theoretical results were then used to interpret infrared and Raman data obtained under different experimental conditions. It was found that none of the most populated conformational states existing in the pure liquid (where intermolecular H-bonding occurs extensively)-the gGt and tTt conformers - , correspond to the conformational ground state for the isolated 2-aminoethanol molecule - the intramolecularly H-bonded g'Gg' conformer. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TGS-40D60M5-3T/1/fb782f2e3c62f7deac60dcc181407c9b

Commercially available software packages used to develop geocellular models are becoming increasingly user friendly. However, workflows for data quality control, modelling procedures and evaluation of results are not always well established, tempting inexperienced users to build 3D models without the necessary rigor. The economical and technical implications of using 3D models on reservoir simulation studies, volumetrics, and field development, on the other hand, are of paramount importance. The need to adopt methodical and systematic processes during all stages of 3D model building and dynamic simulation is now widely recognized. This paper compiles some key data flow, process flow and quality management practices. It presents the chain of activities in 3D model building and usage, highlighting critical parts of the process, rules of thumb for obtaining quality results, best practices to be adopted, pitfalls in various assumptions and some of the prevalent misconceptions. Issues addressed include: data analysis; quality control; data density; integration of disparate data types; framework modeling; incorporation of chrono-stratigraphic zonation; fault and fracture modeling; deterministic and stochastic property modeling; depth and property uncertainty analysis; upscaling, downscaling and visualization. Experience on large and diverse carbonate fields, in a variety of conditions and different stages of maturity, presenting different sets of data types and well densities are combined to present a summary of useful hints and best practices to other professionals involved in doing static modelling. It is emphasized that if data QC, geologic rules, mapping principles and geostatistics are not handled properly, the resulting model will be less precise, regardless of the sophistication of the software and algorithms deployed.

Blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma currently infect millions of people in tropical and subtropical countries. An enzyme playing a major role in hemoglobin (Hb) degradation by Schistosoma mansoni has been cloned and shown to be highly similar to the human cathepsin D aspartyl proteinase, although presenting a distinct substrate specificity from the latter. Investigating the structural features responsible for this difference has a major application in the design of selective anti-schistosomal drugs. In order to achieve this goal a homology model for the S. mansoni aspartyl hemoglobinase was constructed and then used to simulate the complexes formed with two transition state analogues of Hb-derived octapeptide substrates. Comparison with human cathepsin D showed that different pocket volumes and surface electrostatic potentials arise from substitutions in residues comprising the S4, S3, S2 and S3′ subsites. Since the primary specificity of the S. mansoni enzyme resembles that of HIV-1 protease, we have discussed the applicability of current retroviral protease inhibitors as leads for the design of new anti-schistosomal drugs.