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Nitrogen (N) is the second most accumulated nutrient in rocket. This nutrient greatly affects growth, productivity and quality of the vegetable. Rocket is the second most widely grown leafy vegetable in hydroponic system; however, no studies on how N concentration in nutrient solution affects this crop can be found in literature. We studied four concentrations (79.2; 118.8; 158.4 and 237.6 mg L-1 of N) in a randomized block design with five replicates. Maximum number of leaves, leaf area, dry mass and productivity of rocket cv. ‘Folha larga’ were obtained with the highest N concentration. The rocket quality, evaluated by the nitrate content, was maximum with 210.2 mg L-1 of N and its value in the concentration which maximized productivity is in the acceptable range for vegetables; so, it is recommended to grow rocket with 237.6 mg L-1 of N in the nutrient solution. RESUMO O nitrogênio (N) é o segundo nutriente mais acumulado pela rúcula, o qual afeta sobremaneira o crescimento, produtividade e qualidade desta hortaliça. A rúcula é a segunda hortaliça folhosa mais cultivada em hidroponia; porém, não há estudos sobre como a concentração do N na solução nutritiva a afeta, tendo sido este o objetivo do presente estudo. Quatro concentrações (79,2; 118,8; 158,4 e 237,6 mg L-1 de N) foram avaliadas em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com cinco repetições. Máximos número de folhas, área foliar, massa seca e produtividade da rúcula ‘Folha larga’ foram obtidos com a maior concentração de N. A qualidade da rúcula, avaliada pelo teor de nitrato, foi máxima com 210,2 mg L-1 de N. Seu valor na concentração que maximizou a produtividade encontra-se na faixa aceitável para hortaliças; de modo que se recomenda o cultivo da rúcula com 237,6 mg L-1 de N na solução nutritiva.

In intensive vegetable production systems, it is natural to increase nutrient contents in the soil due to the frequent fertiliser applications, especially phosphorus (P). There are few studies on the response of vegetables to phosphate fertilisation under such conditions. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic performance of rocket as a function of phosphorus fertilisation in a P-rich Rhodic Eutrudox soil. Five P doses (0, 50, 100, 200, and 300 kg ha-1 P2O5) were evaluated in a randomised complete block design with four replicates. Maximum soil P content and shoot P content at harvest were obtained at a dose of 300 kg ha-1 P2O5. Rocket responded negatively to P fertilisation. The increase of P doses promoted the decrease of height and yield of the crop. RESUMO Em sistemas intensivos de cultivo de hortaliças é natural o aumento de teores de nutrientes no solo devido às frequentes aplicações de fertilizantes, em especial de fósforo (P). Existem poucos estudos sobre a resposta das olerícolas à fertilização fosfatada nessas condições. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho agronômico da rúcula em função da adubação fosfatada em Latossolo com elevado teor do nutriente. Cinco doses de P (0, 50, 100, 200 e 300 kg ha-1 de P2O5) foram avaliados em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Máximo teor de P no solo e teor de P na parte aérea na colheita foram obtidos com a aplicação de 300 kg ha-1 de P2O5. A rúcula respondeu negativamente à adubação fosfatada. O aumento das doses de P promoveu redução da altura e produtividade da cultura.

The present study aimed to investigate the benefits of ultrasonic method of extraction compared to maceration method, on intensifying the phytochemicals, antimicrobial, and cytotoxicity activities of Eruca sativa leaves and sprouts ethanolic extracts. The ultrasonic treatments of E. sativa leaves and sprout, were tested after 10, 20 and 30 min., whereas, maceration treatments of E. sativa leaves and sprout, were considered after 72 h. Results of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that E. sativa leaves and sprouts are reach sources of active components such as phenols and flavonoids. Moreover, the sprout macerated extracts showed higher total antioxidant activity (TAA), total phenolic contents (TPC) and total flavonoids (TFC), compared to those of the sprout ultrasonic extracts. On the contrary, the ultrasonic extraction of leaves was more efficient than maceration. Results of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity showed that ultrasonic treated leaves, sprouts (10 min.), and macerated sprouts (72 h), recorded the lowest effective concentrations (EC50) of; 2.77, 3.846, and 3.676 mg/100 ml, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was assessed using the well diffusion method. Results showed that ultrasonic treated sprouts (10 min.) and ultrasonic treated leaves (10 and 30 min.) have better antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus (recording diameter of inhibition zone of 13 mm) and Candida albicans (recording diameters of inhibition zones of 13 and 11 mm, respectively). For bacteria, the Staphylococcus aureus was effectively inhibited (recording inhibition zone diameter of 13 mm) by the ultrasonic treated leaves (20 min.), Bacillus cereus was effectively inhibited with ultrasonic treated sprouts (20 and 30 min., both recording 13 mm), ultrasonic treated leaves (10 and 20 min., recording 14, 13 mm, respectively), and the macerated leaves (72 h, recording 13 mm). Salmonella typhimurium recorded (13 mm) with ultrasonic treated leaves (10 min.), and (12 mm) with macerated sprouts. Results of the cytotoxic potency demonstrated high activity of the macerated sprouts on HepG2 cell lines, whereas the macerated sprouts and ultrasonic treated leaves (30 min.) presented high efficacy on the HT-29 cells. Thus we concluded that extracts of E. sativa leaves and sprouts produced using different extraction methods, have a substantial beneficial antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activities.

Stored grains commodities are attacked by a variety of beetles and larvae of lepidopteron insect pets. of them,Tribolium castaneum(Herbst) is a severe insect pest of stored commodities throughout the world. This insect is widely spreading various climatic regions throughout the world. Results of bioassay with Spinetoram exposed that maximum larval mortality was detected 88.87% and 44.04% after “48 hr” and “72 hr”. Exposure time period after 0.03% concentration, correspondingly. Minimum mortality 14.17% after “24 hr” at same concentration. At lower concentration 0.02%, maximum mortality 61.96% after “72 hr”, 31.65% after “48 hr” of exposure time period. Minimum mortality of 15.02% was observed after “24 hr”. At lowest concentration 0.01%, maximum mortality 60.38% was recorded at “72 hr”, 28.22% after “48 hr”. Whereas, minimum mortality 8.41% was detected after “24 hr”. The mortality was increased by increased the concentration of spinetoram and exposure time. Repellent activities of acetone based plant extracts ofEruca sativa,Azadirachta indicaandRicinus communisagainst the insect pest of stored grain commodities,Tribolium castaneum. Various concentrations (5, 10 and 15%) of the plant extracts were applied on the filter papers in the bioassay experiments and after the release of 15d old beetles, repellency was evaluated after fixed intervals (12, 24). Increased repellency was found at increased concentrations of plants. The concentration interaction and plant extracts findings for the treatments remained momentous. The generally findings exposed raised death rate with raise the doses and time period.

Splitting nitrogen (N) fertilizer application can be an efficient nutrient management technique to improve productivity and plant quality, as well as to reduce the negative environmental impact caused by N losses. In this context, the present study investigated how the management of N affects the agronomic characteristics of field-grown arugula plants. Nine treatments were assessed in a randomized complete block design, in a 4 x 2 + 1 factorial scheme, with three replicates. The evaluated factors were doses of N (60, 120, 180 and 240 kg N ha-1), split N fertilizer applications at side-dress (two and three times) and an additional treatment without a N supply. Maximum height was obtained with the application of 198 kg N ha-1. Nitrate content, fresh mass and productivity increased with increasing N doses. There was no effect of split N fertilizer applications on the characteristics evaluated. Therefore, the supply of 240 kg N ha-1 divided into two portions was considered as the best management strategy. RESUMO O parcelamaneto da adubação nitrogenada pode ser uma estratégia eficiente de gerenciamento nutricional para melhorar a produtividade, qualidade das plantas e reduzir o impacto ambiental negativo causado pelas perdas de nitrogênio (N).Nesse contexto, o presente estudo investigou o efeito do manejo de N nas características agronômicas de plantas de rúcula cultivadas em campo. Foram avaliados nove tratamentos, em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 4 x 2 + 1, com três repetições. Os fatores avaliados foram doses de N (60, 120, 180 e 240 kg ha-1 de N), parcelamento da adubação nitrogenada em cobertura (duas e três vezes) e um tratamento adicional sem a aplicação de N. Máxima altura foi obtida com a aplicação de 198 kg ha-1 de N. O aumento das doses de N promoveu o aumento do teor de nitrato, da massa fresca e da produtividade da rúcula. Não houve efeito do parcelamento da adubação nitrogenada em cobertura nas características avaliadas. Assim, o fornecimento de 240 kg ha-1 de N, aplicado em duas parcelas foi considerado como o melhor manejo.

The microsporidian fungus Nosema ceranae represents one of the primary bee infection threats worldwide and the antibiotic fumagillin is the only registered product for nosemosis disease control, while few alternatives are, at present, available. Natural bioactive compounds deriving from the glucosinolate–myrosinase system (GSL–MYR) in Brassicaceae plants, mainly isothiocyanates (ITCs), are known for their antimicrobial activity against numerous pathogens and for their health-protective effects in humans. This work explored the use of Brassica nigra and Eruca sativa defatted seed meal (DSM) GSL-containing diets against natural Nosema infection in Apis mellifera colonies. DSM patties from each plant species were obtained by adding DSMs to sugar candy at the concentration of 4% (w/w). The feeding was administered in May to mildly N. ceranae-infected honey bee colonies for four weeks at the dose of 250 g/week. In the treated groups, no significant effects on colony development and bee mortality were observed compared to the negative controls. The N. ceranae abundance showed a slight but significant decrease. Furthermore, the GSL metabolism in bees was investigated, and MYR hydrolytic activity was qualitatively searched in isolated bee midgut and hindgut. Interestingly, MYR activity was detected both in the bees fed DSMs and in the control group where the bees did not receive DSMs. In parallel, ITCs were found in gut tissues from the bees treated with DSMs, corroborating the presence of a MYR-like enzyme capable of hydrolyzing ingested GSLs. On the other hand, GSLs and other GSL hydrolysis products other than ITCs, such as nitriles, were found in honey produced by the treated bees, potentially increasing the health value of the final product for human consumption. The results are indicative of a specific effect on the N. ceranae infection in managed honey bee colonies depending on the GSL activation within the target organ.

Background Microalgae and nanoparticles are currently considered promising tools for numerous agricultural and biotechnological applications. The green microalga Chlorella sp. MF1 and its biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were used in this study as biofortification agents to enhance glucosinolate and kaempferol levels in Eruca sativa. UV–visible spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR and TEM were comprehensively used for characterizing Chlorella-based AgNPs. Results The biosynthesized AgNPs were found to be spherical in shape, with size ranging from 1.45 to 5.08 nm. According to FTIR measurements, silver ions were reduced to AgNPs by functional groups such as amide, hydroxyl and carboxylate. Different experimental treatments were conducted, including either soaking seeds of E. sativa or foliar spray with various concentrations of Chlorella suspension (1, 2, 3 and 4 g L−1) and AgNPs (5, 10, 20 and 40 mg L−1). Expression levels of five key genes in the biosynthetic pathway of glucosinolates (MAM1, SUR1, MYB34 and MYB51) and kaempferol (CHS) were assessed using qRT-PCR. The results indicated an upregulation in the gene expression levels in all treatments compared to control, recording the highest level at 40 mg L−1 AgNPs and 4 g L−1Chlorella suspension. In addition, high glucosinolates and kaempferol content was detected in plants whose leaves were sprayed with AgNPs and Chlorella suspension (40 mg L−1 and 4 g L−1) based on HPLC analysis. Sequence analysis of amplified CHS fragments from E. sativa plants treated with AgNPs (40 mg L−1) showed high sequence similarity to A. thaliana CHS gene. However, there were several CHS regions with sequence polymorphism (SNPs and Indels) in foliar sprayed plants. Conclusions Results of this study evidenced that the application of AgNPs and Chlorella suspension increased glucosinolates and kaempferol content in E. sativa through upregulation of key genes in their biosynthetic pathway.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the ameliorative effect of dietary rocket salad and apple cider vinegar on the oxidative stress (OS) status of broilers. Specifically, 720 Ross 308 chicks were divided into six groups: negative and positive controls (NC and PC with and without additives, Vi1 and V12 experimental groups fed with diets mixed with 5 and 10 mL of vinegar/kg, and Ro1 and Ro2 groups fed with diets mixed with 2 and 3 g of rocket salad/kg, respectively). The experimental groups Vi1 and Vi2 were fed with feed mixture moisturized with 5 and 10 mL of vinegar/kg, and Ro1 and Ro2 were fed with 2 and 3 g of rocket salad/kg, respectively. The birds’ productivity, oxidative serum parameters, and morphometric indices of the gastrointestinal tract were registered at 6 weeks of rearing. The vinegar or rocket salad additive had powerful potentials to significantly suppress (p ≤ 0.05) OS through improving the birds’ survivability, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and carcass yield. The highest villus height and villus height/crypt depth ratio of the duodenum were achieved by Vi2, Ro1-2, and NC (p ≤ 0.05). The villus surface area and muscular layer thickness were smallest in the PC, while they did not differ significantly in other groups (p &gt, 0.05). Similar relationships were found in serum superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, hydroperoxide, and malondialdehyde, however, higher doses of both additives were more effective. It seems that liquid vinegar and rocket salad could have beneficial influences on the antioxidant status of birds.

O uso de água salina na produção de hortaliças é um dos principais desafios dos produtores, visto que o estresse salino causa diminuição na produção e rendimento das culturas. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar o crescimento da cultura da rúcula em diferentes substratos e níveis de água salina. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação do Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal de Alagoas, situado no município de Rio Largo, AL. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casulisado em arranjo fatorial 3 x 5. Os tratamentos consistiram de três substratos (SUB1- solo; SUB2- húmus de minhoca + areia + solo; SUB3- torta de filtro + areia + solo) e cinco níveis de água salina (0,5, 1,5, 2,5, 3,5 e 4,5 dS m-1) com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados os seguintes índices de crescimento: Altura de plantas, número de folhas, área foliar, massa seca da parte aérea e massa fresca da parte aérea, aos 40 dias após o transplantio. Os índices de crescimento da variedade de rúcula APRECIATTA foram reduzidos com o aumento da condutividade elétrica da água. No entanto os substratos com maiores teores de matéria orgânica diminuíram os efeitos nocivos da salinidade, sendo uma alternativa viável para o cultivo desta hortaliça sob condições salina.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T11:14:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-07-27 Universidade Estadual Paulista Silicon (Si) might be an alternative to mitigate biological damages caused by calcium (Ca) deficiency in rocket plants (Eruca sativa Miller); however, the mechanisms involved in the use of Si by this species remain unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate if Si supplementation in a nutrient solution increases antioxidant defenses and mitigate negative effects of Ca deficiency in rocket plants. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in a factorial design 2 × 2, being the first factor the supply of a nutrient solution containing low (0.75 mM) or high (5 mM) Ca concentration, aiming to induce either a deficiency or sufficiency of this nutrient, and the second factor the absence or presence of Si (2.5 mM). Ca deficiency resulted in oxidative stress in the plants, by increasing the cell electrolyte leakage index and the content of oxidizing compounds, and decreasing dry matter productivity and quality. Si supplementation through a nutrient solution, under Ca deficiency, has decreased the cell leakage index and increased the content of ascorbic acid, total phenols, carotenoids, the quantum efficiency of the photosystem II, and both fresh and dry matter productions. Similar benefits were also verified in plants under Ca sufficiency. Therefore, Si supplementation is recommended through a nutrient solution, in order to improve quality and increase its productivity after leaf harvesting in rocket plants. Agricultural Production Science Department Sector of soil and fertilizing São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences access through the street: Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane Department of General and Applied Biology Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Avenida 24 A,1515 Agricultural Production Science Department Sector of soil and fertilizing São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences access through the street: Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane Department of General and Applied Biology Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Avenida 24 A,1515 Universidade Estadual Paulista: 001

Rocket and spinach baby leaves are valuable commodities since they are basic components of popular ready-made salads. Two methods may follow after harvesting: establishment of new cultivations or successive revegetations and harvests. This study aimed to investigate the yield and nutritional value of rocket and spinach baby leaves after individual cultivations or successive revegetations in a floating system to improve their production strategy. The crops were cultivated in a greenhouse for seven weeks using a floating system with an adjusted nutrient solution. The leaves were either harvested and immediately replaced with a new set of plants (control) or harvested and placed again in the same tank in order to revegetate (revegetation). Revegetated rocket baby leaves in five cuts produced similar yield, with greater antioxidant capacity (DPPH scavenging activity) and total phenolic content, and greater nitrate content (eight times below the maximum allowed by EU) compared to control. Revegetated spinach produced more yield with enhanced antioxidant activity and total phenolic content and the same nitrate content compared to the control. Colour was not affected in either crop, thus eliminating the possibility for market rejection. Production efficiency was increased, as shown by the yields and the reduced resources provided in the revegetation tank. Thus, successive harvesting and revegetation are suggested for increased production efficiency and quality of rocket and spinach baby leaves.

Environmental stress can directly or indirectly affect the formation of reactive oxygen species. Oxidative stress damages cell constituents such as carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins, reducing plant growth, respiration and photosynthesis. In recent decades, evidence has shown that small doses of selenium act as an antioxidant and plant biostimulant, promoting growth and improving resistance to abiotic stress such as drought. As such, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of selenium foliar feeding (0, 150 and 300 ppm) on the antioxidant activity, water use efficiency and yield traits of arugula grown with and without drought stress (50% and 100% ETc) in a protected environment. A randomized block design was used, with a 2x3 factorial scheme and four repetitions. Antioxidant activity increased in treatments with 150 ppm of fertilizer and exposure to drought stress. Plants in these treatments obtained higher water use efficiency, yield and leaf area values than those not submitted to drought stress. El estrés ambiental tiene un efecto directo o indirecto sobre la formación de especies reactivas de oxígeno. Este estrés oxidativo daña los componentes celulares, como carbohidratos, lípidos, ácidos nucleicos y proteínas que reducen el crecimiento, la respiración y la fotosíntesis de las plantas. La evidencia de las últimas décadas ha demostrado que en pequeñas dosis el selenio se considera un antioxidante, actuando como bioestimulante de la planta, promoviendo el crecimiento y aumentando la resistencia a los estreses abióticos, como el déficit hídrico. Así, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la aplicación de fertilización foliar con selenio (0, 150 y 300 ppm) sobre la actividad antioxidante, la eficiencia del uso del agua y las características productivas en rúcula cultivada con y sin déficit hídrico (50% y 100% ETc) en un entorno protegido. El diseño experimental fue en bloques al azar, en un esquema factorial de 3x2 con cuatro repeticiones. Hubo un aumento en las actividades antioxidantes en los tratamientos que recibieron fertilizante a una dosis de 150 ppm y estuvieron expuestos a estrés hídrico. En este mismo tratamiento, las plantas superaron los valores de eficiencia en el uso del agua, productividad y área foliar de las plantas que no estuvieron expuestas al déficit hídrico. O estresse ambiental tem efeito direto ou indireto na formação de espécies reativas de oxigênio. Esse estresse oxidativo danifica constituintes celulares, como carboidratos, lipídios, ácidos nucléicos e proteínas que reduzem o crescimento das plantas, a respiração e a fotossíntese. As evidências das últimas décadas demonstraram que em pequenas doses o selênio é considerado um antioxidante, agindo como um bioestimulante da planta, promovendo o crescimento e aumentando a resistência a estresses abióticos, tais como, déficit hídrico. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de adubação foliar de selênio (0, 150 e 300 ppm) sobre a atividade antioxidante, eficiência do uso da água e características produtivas em rúcula cultivada com e sem déficit hídrico (50% e 100% ETc) em ambiente protegido. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 3x2 com quatro repetições. Houve um aumento das atividades antioxidantes nos tratamentos que receberam adubação com a dose de 150 ppm e foram expostos ao estresse hídrico. Neste mesmo tratamento as plantas superaram os valores de eficiência do uso da água, produtividade e área foliar das plantas que não foram expostas ao déficit hídrico.

In vegetables, especially the leafy ones, nitrogen (N) and water are essential in its growth, being N the second most absorbed and identified nutrient in the arugula leaf tissue. Water is essential for horticultural crops, so its use must be rational in order to achieve high yield. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen levels and irrigation depths on the productive characteristics, the total leaf chlorophyll index (ICF) and nitrogen contents in the arugula culture. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design subdivided in plots, with two factors: A) nitrogen levels applied in coverage (25, 50, 100, 125 and 150 mg dm-3) and B) irrigation depths [(50 and 100% of the available water capacity (AWC)]. At harvest, 37 days after transplantation (DAT), we observed a significant effect of the treatments when individually analyzed, and also a significant interaction between factors of the analyzed variables. The nitrogen content in the plant showed no effect for irrigation depths. However, the highest content was found in the level of 129 mg dm-3 (27.8 g kg-1), corresponding to an increase of 26% in relation to the lowest level (25 mg dm-3; 22.07 g kg-1). In conclusion, the supply of 150 mg dm-3 nitrogen and full irrigation management (100% of AWC) provided substantial increase in height, leaf area and fresh mass of aerial part of the plant. RESUMO Nas hortaliças, especialmente folhosas, são fundamentais para o crescimento das plantas o nitrogênio (N) e a água, sendo o N o segundo nutriente mais absorvido e identificado no tecido foliar da rúcula. A água é essencial para cultivos hortícolas; por isso o seu uso deve ser racional para que altas produtividades sejam alcançadas. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de níveis de nitrogênio via fertirrigação e lâminas de irrigação nas características produtivas, no índice total de clorofila foliar (ICF) e teor de nitrogênio na cultura da rúcula. O experimento foi arranjado no delineamento de blocos casualizados em parcelas subdivididas, sendo dois fatores: A) níveis de nitrogênio aplicados em cobertura (25, 50, 100, 125 e 150 mg dm-3) e B) lâminas de irrigação 50 e 100% da capacidade de água disponível (CAD). Na colheita, aos 37 dias após o transplantio (DAT) houve efeito significativo dos tratamentos isoladamente, e também interação dos tratamentos das variáveis analisadas. As lâminas de irrigação não foram significantes para o teor de nitrogênio na planta. Entretanto, o maior teor foi verificado no nível de 129 mg dm-3 (27,8 g kg-1), correspondendo a um incremento de 26% em relação ao nível de 25 mg dm-3 (22,07 g kg-1). Portanto, o fornecimento de 150 mg dm-3 de nitrogênio e o manejo da irrigação plena (100% da CAD) proporcionaram incremento substancial na altura, área foliar e massa fresca da parte aérea.

Highlights • Extreme high temperature reduces rocket growth, regrowth, and survivability. • Glucosinolate and hydrolysis products of rocket between cuts are determined. • Highest glucosinolate concentrations were observed in first and second cuts at 40 °C. • Highest hydrolysis product concentrations were observed in second cuts at 30 °C. • Temperature response for phytochemicals is cultivar and species dependent., Rocket salad species (Diplotaxis tenuifolia and Eruca sativa; also known as E. vesicaria) are known for their high concentrations of health-related isothiocyanates, which are derived from secondary metabolites called glucosinolates. Increases in temperature due to climate change and extreme weather event frequencies over the coming decades are likely to influence not only the growth of leafy vegetables, but also their nutritional density. It is therefore essential to determine the impacts of these in order to mitigate crop losses and nutritional decline in future. Our data show there is a strong influence of pre-harvest growth temperatures on glucosinolate biosynthesis and formation of glucosinolate hydrolysis products postharvest, and that this is genotype dependent. High growth temperature (40 °C) severely retarded germination, growth, regrowth, and survival of rocket plants. Highest glucosinolate concentrations were observed in first and second cuts at 40 °C, but did not correspond to highest isothiocyanate concentrations (observed at 30 °C, second cut). Hydrolysis product formation is proportionately not as great as glucosinolate increases at 40 °C, possibly due to inhibition of enzyme function(s) at higher temperatures. These data indicate that high growth temperatures increase glucosinolate accumulation, but growth and productivity is significantly reduced. Much greater emphasis is needed for breeding cultivars tolerant to high growth temperatures in order to maximise nutritional benefits imparted by temperature stress.

Rocket cultivation is increasing to supply the expanding ready-to-eat market because of its unique taste, but crops are often over fertilized to avoid nitrogen deficiencies. This leads to nitrate accumulation in leaves, and the products of their degradation (nitrites and nitrosamines) have been related to several health problems. Nitrate concentrations in rocket and other leafy vegetables are subject to limits by the EU legislation, yet rocket holds a great nutritional value. Degradation products of glucosinolates (isothiocyanates) have been consistently linked with benefits to human health. We investigated the influence of nitrogen application (1 and 8 mM), species [Eruca sativa (L.) Cav. and Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.] and light spectrum (full spectrum, red, blue and red + blue) on the nitrate concentration, nitrate reductase activity and glucosinolate content of rocket grown in a soil-less system. Red light decreased the nitrate concentration with respect to the blue spectrum (4,270 vs. 7,100 mg.kg(-1) of fresh weight, respectively), but such reduction was influenced by the species and the nitrogen level (significantly higher in D. tenuifolia and with the higher concentration of N). The nitrate reductase activity increased under red light in D. tenuifolia, with the lower N concentration. Rocket is known to contain several health-promoting compounds mainly antioxidants and glucosinolates, as secondary metabolites that act as part of plant defense mechanisms. The total content of glucosinolates was mainly affected by the species (D. tenuifolia showed the highest concentrations). Our results will help growers to tailor light spectra with the aim of reducing nitrate concentration and to remain within EU legislative limits, without any detrimental influence on other qualitative parameters in rocket.

The increase in the cultivation area of cruciferous oilseed crops and the use of short crop rotation has resulted in the enhanced spread of several major pests in Northern latitudes. There is currently limited information about incidence and severity of Alternaria black spot disease (Alternaria brassicae) on the main oilseed crop, spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus), in the Northern Baltics. Thus, spring oilseed rape and five alternative cruciferous oilseed crops were selected and their resistance to black spot disease was evaluated in field conditions during two growing seasons. We hypothesized that spring oilseed rape is more susceptible to Alternaria black spot disease than other alternative cruciferous oilseed crops. Both growing seasons were warmer and drier compared to the long-term average, and were thus suitable for A. brassicae development and assessments. In both years, incidence of Alternaria black spot infection was recorded on all cruciferous species, yet the disease development differed considerably among the crops. During both growing seasons, black mustard (B. nigra) plants were the most infected. Based on our observations during warm growing seasons we conclude that alternative oilseed crops such as Sinapis alba, Eruca sativa and Raphanus sativus are more resistant to the Alternaria black spot infection than the traditional oilseed crops and thus, possess a great potential to grow with limited chemical disease control in Northern Baltic conditions.

The behaviour of Myrothecium roridum, artificially inoculated on cultivated rocket (Eruca sativa), has been evaluated under eight different temperature and CO2 concentration combinations (from 14-18 °C to 26-30 °C and with 400-450 or 800-850 ppm of CO2). The pathogen isolate used for this study was inoculated on rocket and disease severity increased with high temperatures for both CO2 levels. Verrucarin A and roridin E mycotoxins were produced under all the tested temperatures at high CO2 conditions. The maximum level of verrucarin A was found at 14-18 °C and 800-850 ppm of CO2, and the maximum roridin E production was detected at 26-30 °C with 800-850 ppm of CO2. The results obtained in this study show that both the CO2 concentration and the temperature influence disease severity and mycotoxin production in different ways. An increase in temperature, which is favourable for attacks of the pathogen, could induce the spread of M. roridum in temperate regions, and this pathogen could take on even greater importance in the future, considering its ability to produce mycotoxins.

In the cultivation of leafy vegetables, it is common to apply high amounts of nitrogen fertilizer. The imbalance between the absorption and the use of nitrogen (N) by the plant increases the nitrate content and decreases the quality of the vegetables because nitrate has a strong association with compounds harmful to human health. On the other hand, there is a lack of information on how N dose in intercropping, in order to improve yield, affects the quality (nitrate content) of vegetables. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the nitrate content of intercropped lettuce and rocket, with nitrate content acting as a function of the nitrogen dose applied to these crops. The experiment was carried out at UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, from September to December 2006. The experimental design was a complete randomized block design with four replications. The treatments were arranged in a 4 × 4 + 2 factorial scheme, with four varying concentrations of N each for lettuce and rocket (0, 65, 130 and 195 kg ha-1 of N), plus two treatments corresponding to lettuce and rocket monocrops. Nitrate content in lettuce under intercropping is 42% less compared to that in the monocrop. Increasing nitrogen concentrations increased nitrate levels for lettuce and rocket under intercropping; however, these levels are below those found for their respective monocrops. RESUMO No cultivo de hortaliças folhosas é comum a aplicação de elevadas quantidades de fertilizante nitrogenado. O desequilíbrio entre a absorção e o uso do nitrogênio (N) pela planta eleva o teor de nitrato e diminui a qualidade das hortaliças, pois tem forte associação com compostos prejudiciais à saúde humana. Por outro lado, há falta de informação para dose de N em cultivos consorciados com vistas à obtenção de boa produtividade e como isso impacta a qualidade (teor de nitrato) das hortaliças. Sendo assim, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o teor de nitrato na alface e na rúcula, em função da dose de nitrogênio aplicada às culturas em cultivo consorciado. O experimento foi conduzido na UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, de setembro a dezembro de 2006. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados completos, com quatro repetições, sendo os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 4 x 4 + 2. Os tratamentos resultaram da combinação de quatro doses de N para a alface (0, 65, 130 e 195 kg ha-1 de N) e quatro doses de N para a rúcula (0, 65, 130 e 195 kg ha-1 de N), mais dois tratamentos adicionais correspondentes às monoculturas de alface e rúcula. O teor de nitrato na cultura da alface em consórcio reduziu 42% quando comparado à monocultura. O aumento das doses de nitrogênio, para ambas as culturas em consórcio, resulta em aumento nos teores de nitrato para alface e rúcula; porém, abaixo dos encontrados para suas respectivas monoculturas.

This study was developed to evaluate nitrogen (N) supply to arugula from composts produced by automated composting of pig slurry (PS). During the composting process, retorted oil shale (ROS) and dicyandiamide (DCD) were added to PS to mitigate gaseous N losses. The study was developed in a greenhouse where four treatments were evaluated, three with compost addition (PS compost, PS compost + ROS, and PS compost + ROS + DCD) and one without compost (control) in two contrasting soils (clayey and sandy-loam). The best result was obtained with the compost without additives (PS compost), which increased the arugula dry matter yield 2.2 times in clayey soil and 6.1 times in sandy-loam soil compared to the control treatment. The presence of ROS in composts reduced arugula dry matter yield in 27% in clayey soil and 35% in sandy-loam, while DCD did not affect arugula dry matter yield. The results of this study show that the addition of ROS to PS during composting reduces N supply to arugula, both in the immediate (first cut) and residual effect (second cut). RESUMO O estudo foi desenvolvido para avaliar o fornecimento de nitrogênio (N) à rúcula através de compostos obtidos por compostagem automatizada de dejetos líquidos de suínos (DLS). Durante a compostagem, xisto retortado (XR) e dicianodiamida (DCD) foram adicionados aos DLS para mitigar as perdas gasosas de N. O estudo foi realizado em casa de vegetação, com quatro tratamentos, sendo três com aplicação dos compostos (composto DLS, composto DLS + XR e composto DLS + XR + DCD) e um sem aplicação de composto (testemunha), em dois solos contrastantes . O melhor resultado foi obtido com o composto sem aditivos (composto DLS), o qual aumentou a produção de matéria seca da rúcula em 2,2 vezes no Latossolo e 6,1 vezes no Argissolo, comparado ao tratamento testemunha. A presença do XR nos compostos reduziu a produção de rúcula em 27% no Latossolo e em 35% no Argissolo, enquanto a presença de DCD não afetou a produção de matéria seca da rúcula. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que a adição de XR aos DLS durante a compostagem diminui o fornecimento de N à rúcula, tanto no efeito imediato (1º corte) quanto residual (2º corte).

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:34:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-10-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-15T14:38:19Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S0101-20612019000401011.pdf: 903473 bytes, checksum: 5a31704e8a7471f688a4caa47d1984de (MD5) Zinc deficiency affects one third of the population and a possible solution is the agronomic biofortification of vegetables. Due to the increased consumption of arugula, this vegetable has good potential of use; however, there are few researches on the subject. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of foliar zinc applications, at different times, on physiological, yield, nutritional, and biofortification parameters of the ‘Broad Leaf ’ arugula. Three doses (0.5, 1, and 1.5 kg ha-1 Zn) were evaluated at five times (15; 20; 25; 15 and 20; and 15, 20 and 25 days after emergence) and a control treatment. It was observed that there was no effect of the application on the physiological variables, as well as on the height, leaf area, and fresh mass of aerial parts of the plant. Zn sprayings affected the N contents, while for Mn, P, Cu, and Fe, no significant effects were found. It was verified that with the application of 1.5 kg ha-1 Zn made at 25 days after emergence, a higher Zn content was obtained in the arugula leaves, representing an increase of 279% in relation to the control, showing the effectiveness of foliar zinc applications as an agronomic biofortification strategy for arugula. Programa de Produção vegetal Departamento de Olericultura Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho-UNESP Programa de Produção vegetal Departamento de Olericultura Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho-UNESP

Auxins are signaling molecules involved in multiple stages of plant growth and development. The levels of the most important auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), are regulated by the formation of amide and ester conjugates with amino acids and sugars. In this work, IAA and IAA amide conjugates with amino acids bearing a free carboxylic group or a methyl ester group, along with some selected IAA metabolites, were studied in positive and negative electrospray ionization (ESI) modes, utilizing high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) as a tool for their structural analysis. HRMS/MS spectra revealed the fragmentation patterns that enable us to identify IAA metabolites in plant extracts from eight vegetables of the Brassicaceae family using a fast and reliable ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QToF-MS) method. The accurate m/z (mass to charge) ratio and abundance of the molecular and fragment ions of the studied compounds in plant extracts matched those obtained from commercially available or synthesized compounds and confirmed the presence of IAA metabolites.

Arugula (Eruca sativa) is cultivated using hydroponic techniques in greenhouses to fulfill high year-round demand, but its nutrient management in hydroponic production has not yet been standardized, potentially leading to limited quality and productivity. Aiming to address this issue, we investigated the effect of electrical conductivity (EC) on yield, nutritional and phytochemical properties of arugula. The model cultivar arugula ‘Standard’ was grown at four different EC levels (1.2, 1.5, 1.8, and 2.1 dS·m−1). Our results indicated photosynthetic properties, SPAD, leaf area, yield and dry weight increased with increasing EC from 1.2 to 1.8 dS·m−1. Foliar nutrient content increased with higher EC, but nutrient solution with 2.1 dS·m−1 showed a significant decline in N, Ca and most of the micronutrients including Fe, Zn, Mo, Cu, B and Mn. Total glucosinolates, total chlorophyll and total carotenoids concentrations increased with increasing EC. In addition, total anthocyanin content was highest in plants grown in EC 1.2 and 2.1 dS·m−1, demonstrating a stress response when grown in extreme EC levels. Our results further indicated a rapid accumulation of nitrate with higher EC, potentially detrimental to human health. This research demonstrated the optimal EC range would be 1.5 to 1.8 dS·m−1 for arugula in hydroponic production systems based on yield, quality criteria and human health considerations.

Objective Cancer is a major public health issue and characterized by wild cell growth and proliferative disorder. The antitumor and antioxidant role of Eruca sativa (ES) was investigated in a Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) tumor model in mice. Methods Twenty-four hours after EAC intraperitoneal inoculation in mice, ES extracts were administered at doses of 250 mg/kg/body weight (BW) for 9 days. Half of the mice were sacrificed on the 10th day for estimation of hematological profiles, red blood cell count, hemoglobin content, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin. In addition, antioxidant parameters (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) were evaluated. The remaining mice were kept alive to assess the increase in life span. Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, and urea levels were assessed for ES antitumor effects. Results. Oral supplementation of ES seed and leaf extracts significantly reduced tumor parameters such as tumor volume and tumor weight with remarkable enhance in tumor inhibition ratio, vice versa, increased both survival and average BW of tumor-bearing mice. ES extracts significantly increased BW and extended the life span of tumor-bearing mice. Hematological profiles were restored to normal and modulated the abovementioned antioxidant parameters in ES-treated mice compared with EAC control. Conclusion The current study noticeably demonstrates the antitumor activity of ES seed and leaf extracts significantly prolonged life span and normalized the hematological profiles and biochemical parameters compared with EAC mice.

The present research reports the role of chitosan’s molecular weight (1, 10, and 100 kDa) on the differentiation of its effects on arugula (Eruca vesicaria ssp. sativa) cultivation in a controlled environment. The leaves' phenolic substance pattern from the plants treated with the chitosan variant that gave the best developmental results was analyzed through a reversed-phase HPLC. The leaf production was enhanced after 10 kDa chitosan treatment at 5 mg L-1, while the leaf area expansion was significantly improved after 1 and 100 kDa chitosan at 20 mg L-1 and 10 kDa chitosan at 5 mg L-1. The plant's rhizogenic development was restricted after all chitosan treatments regardless of their molecular weight and concentration. The contents of chlorophyll b and carotenoids increased after the treatments; however, chlorophyll a content was not significantly affected by the treatments and remained unchanged. The chromatographic analysis showed that 10 kDa chitosan treatment at 5 mg L-1 increased gallic acid, rutin, and p-coumaric acid contents and made significant changes in the individual phenolic substance pattern. The current study indicated that direct application of chitosan to soil restricts root production in arugula but enhances foliar growth, which is beneficial to producers. On the other hand, constant- or over-treatment with chitosan could inhibit root growth and further lead to developmental deficiencies sourced by nutrient uptake disorders. The use of chitosan as an organic and natural biostimulant in controlled-environment agriculture could be a better option than synthetic growth stimulants.

The management of pain in patients affected by diabetic neuropathy still represents an unmet therapeutic need. Recent data highlighted the pain-relieving efficacy of glucosinolates deriving from Brassicaceae. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-hyperalgesic efficacy of Eruca sativa defatted seed meal, along with its main glucosinolate, glucoerucin (GER), on diabetic neuropathic pain induced in mice by streptozotocin (STZ). The mechanism of action was also investigated. Hypersensitivity was assessed by paw pressure and cold plate tests after the acute administration of the compounds. Once bio-activated by myrosinase, both E. sativa defatted meal (1 g kg&minus, 1 p.o.) and GER (100 &micro, mol kg&minus, 1 p.o., equimolar to meal content) showed a dose-dependent pain-relieving effect in STZ-diabetic mice, but the meal was more effective than the glucosinolate. The co-administration with H2S scavengers abolished the pain relief mediated by both E. sativa meal and GER. Their effect was also prevented by selectively blocking Kv7 potassium channels. Repeated treatments with E. sativa meal did not induce tolerance to the anti-hypersensitive effect. In conclusion, E. sativa meal can be suggested as a new nutraceutical tool for pain relief in patients with diabetic neuropathy.

Naturalmente, a biomassa apresenta elevada quantidade de magnésio, sendo que, a partir dela, pode ser produzido o biocarvão, o qual pode ser aplicado no solo para aumentar sua eficiência microbiana. Estudos propõem modificações no mecanismo de pirólise da biomassa pela adição de até 8 % de MgCl2. Este estudo avaliou biocarvões gerados na presença e na ausência de MgCl2, para uso agrícola. A biomassa de falhas de Araucaria spp. (BA), foi tratada na presença e na ausência de MgCl2, nas temperaturas de 250, 300, 350, 400, 450 e 500 oC. A amostra de biomassa de falhas de Araucaria spp., tratada hidrotermicamente a 300 oC, na presença de 8 mmol de Mg2+ por grama de biomassa (BAMg300) está associada à maior altura das plantas de Eruca sativa monitoradas. A maior produção de espuma para organismos de Saccharomyces cerevisiae ocorre em meios de cultura contento a biomassa tratada a 400 oC, na presença de 8 mmol de Mg2+ por grama de biomassa (BAMg400). Os materiais tratados hidrotermicamente na ausência de MgCl2 a 300 oC apresentam menor toxicidade no desenvolvimento da cultura de Saccharomyces cerevisiae e melhores taxas de germinação e crescimento inicial para Eruca sativa. Os materiais foram avaliados por espectroscopia de refletância difusa (DRUV), entre 200 e 400 nm, indicando haver diferenças espectroscópicas entre os materiais avaliados.

Salinity is one of the most limiting abiotic stresses in crop production worldwide. In this study, two rocket cultivars (Cultivada and Folha Larga) were grown in hydroponic system (nutrient film technique) under six treatments. The control comprised a nutrient solution without salt addition, and the other treatments contained different NaCl concentrations in the nutrient solution, resulting in the following electrical conductivities: 1.8, 3.8, 5.8, 7.8, 9.7 and 11.8 dS/m. The experimental design was completely randomized (6x2) with six levels of salt and two rockets cultivars, with four replicates per treatment. Increasing salinity reduced the fresh and dry mass of the leaves, roots, and the protein content, but the proline content was increased. The enzymatic activity of catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and polyphenoloxidase (PPO) increased with salinity. The activity of CAT and PPO of cv. Folha Larga was higher than of cv. Cultivada and coincided with a greater production of biomass in leaves and roots, showing the effectiveness of the antioxidative defense system in maintaining the growth of genotypes under increasing salinity of the solution.

International audience; Background and aim: Eruca sativa or most commonly known as rocket is a worldwide herbaceous plant usually used for salad preparations due to its astringent properties. The health benefits of its leaves and seeds were widely investigated, however no study has been conducted on its flowers demonstrating these benefits. The aim of this work is to investigate the phytochemical properties of solvent extract from rocket flowers. Method: Rocket flowers were collected at their blooming day and solvent extracts were prepared meaning hydrodistillation. Non-polar compounds were extracted using hexane and the efficiency of the obtained extract was evaluated using antibacterial and antioxidant activities. The antibacterial activities were tested against 11 pathogenic strains, whereas the antioxidant activities were tested through DPPH free radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant capacity and β-carotene bleaching test. Results: The antibacterial activities showed good growth inhibition compared to positive controls. The diameter of the inhibition zones reached a maximum of 16.7 ± 0.1 mm when tested against Salmonella typhimurium using 14 mg extract. The results obtained for the antioxidant activities showed more than 90% DPPH free radical inhibition, 315 μg AAE/ml for 71 mg/ml extract and more than 70% inhibition using β-carotene bleaching assay. Conclusion: The obtained phytochemical properties demonstrated the health benefit features of rocket flowers and their potential uses as feedstock of bioactive molecules.

Background: Eruca sativa Mill. is a good source of glucosinolates (GLS), phenolic compounds and unsaturated fatty acids, being a valuable material for the production of functional-foods or nutraceutical ingredients. Extraction by supercritical CO2 (SCO2) can be used and the limitations due to the apolar nature of CO2 can be overcome using co-solvents. In this paper different cosolvents and conditions were used for SCO2 extraction and the composition of the obtained extracts was studied by LC-MS. Results: Water resulted the ideal co-solvent, allowing the extraction of glucosinolates in comparable amounts to the classical procedure with boiling water, as it can be carried out at mild temperatures (45 &deg, C vs. &gt, 100 &deg, C). Increasing the pressure improved the GLS extraction. On the other hand polyphenol extraction under the studied conditions was not influenced by pressure and temperature variations. The in vitro antioxidant effect of the obtained extracts was also measured, showing significant activity in the DPPH and FC tests. Conclusions: The GLS, flavonoids and lipids composition of the obtained extracts was studied, showing the presence of numerous antioxidant constituents useful for nutraceutical applications. The extraction method using SCO2 and water as co-solvent presents advantages in terms of safety because these solvents are generally recognised as safe. Water as cosolvent at 8% resulted useful for the extraction of both glucosinolates and phenolics in good amount and is environmentally acceptable as well as safe for food production.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as propriedades microbiológicas e nutricionais do solo, no consórcio de beterraba e rúcula, em função de quatro quantidades de flor-de-seda (Calotropis procera) incorporadas ao solo e de arranjos espaciais. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos completos casualizados com cinco repetições, com os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 4x3. Os tratamentos consistiram em quatro quantidades de flor-de-seda incorporadas ao solo (10; 25; 40 e 55 t ha-1 de matéria seca) e em três arranjos espaciais (2:2, 3:3 e 4:4). As cultivares plantadas foram: beterraba ‘Early Wonder’, e rúcula ‘Cultivada’. As características avaliadas no solo foram os teores de: N, P, K, pH, CTC, matéria orgânica (M.O.), bactérias e fungos totais presentes no solo, antes do plantio e após a colheita das culturas. O melhor desempenho microbiológico e nutricional foi registrado na segunda época de colheita do solo na quantidade de 55 t ha-1. Os arranjos espaciais entre as culturas da beterraba e rúcula não influenciaram as características nutricionais e microbiológicas do solo. O número total de fungos e bactérias do solo aumentou com as quantidades crescentes da flor-de-seda incorporadas ao solo., Revista de Ciências Agrárias, vol. 40 n.º 1 (2017)

This study was conducted to determine how the range of sulfur (S) supply (from deficient to luxuriant) interacted with possible toxic zinc (Zn) levels. Rocket seedlings were grown for 30 d at three Zn (1, 75, and 150 μM) and three S (0.03, 0.5, and 1.5 mM) concentrations in nutrient solution under controlled conditions. Plant leaves did not show symptoms of S deficiency or Zn toxicity, which was confirmed by pigment determination. Treatments affected only leaf area and shoot dry-weight percentage. The accumulation of Zn was greater in roots than in shoots and increased linearly with Zn supply. Shoot S concentration was affected by S deficiency, whereas nitrogen concentration was least at the greatest S and Zn concentrations.

In Israel Eruca sativa has a geographically narrow distribution across a steep climatic gradient that ranges from mesic Mediterranean to hot desert environments. These conditions offer an opportunity to study the influence of the environment on intraspecific genetic variation. For this, we combined an analysis of neutral genetic markers with a phenotypic evaluation in common-garden experiments, and environmental characterization of populations that included climatic and edaphic parameters, as well as geographic distribution. A Bayesian clustering of individuals from nine representative populations based on amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) divided the populations into a southern and a northern geographic cluster, with one admixed population at the geographic border between them. Linear mixed models, with cluster added as a grouping factor, revealed no clear effects of environment or geography on genetic distances, but this may be due to a strong association of geography and environment with genetic clusters. However, environmental factors accounted for part of the phenotypic variation observed in the common-garden experiments. In addition, candidate loci for selection were identified by association with environmental parameters and by two outlier methods. One locus, identified by all three methods, also showed an association with trichome density and herbivore damage, in net-house and field experiments, respectively. Accordingly, we propose that because trichomes are directly linked to defense against both herbivores and excess radiation, they could potentially be related to adaptive variation in these populations. These results demonstrate the value of combining environmental and phenotypic data with a detailed genetic survey when studying adaptation in plant populations. This article describes the use of several types of data to estimate the influence of the environment on intraspecific genetic variation in populations originating from a steep climatic gradient. In addition to molecular marker data, we made use of phenotypic evaluation from common garden experiments, and a broad GIS based environmental data with edaphic information gathered in the field. This study, among others, lead to the identification of an outlier locus with an association to trichome formation and herbivore defense, and its ecological adaptive value is discussed.

The epidermal cells of leaf and roots of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), sudangrass (S. sudanensis) and sorghum-sudangrass hybrids (S. bicolor × S. sudanensis) contain the cyanogenic glucoside dhurrin, which can degrade into hydrogen cyanide (HCN), well known for its toxicity to many organisms, including nematodes. In vitro bioassays were carried out with the aim of evaluating the nematicidal and the nematistatic effects of dhurrin concentrations on second-stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne incognita, and the effectiveness of dhurrin in decreasing or preventing hatching of M. incognita. Furthermore, Sorghum hybrid cv. Super Dolce 10, selected for its dhurrin content, and Eruca sativa sel. Nemat were used in two glasshouse experiments to study the host-nematode relationship and the development of M. incognita life cycle in the roots. In the in vitro bioassays, Sorghum hybrid cv. Super Dolce 10 showed an inhibitory effect on hatching, a slow nematicidal effect on J2 and no nematistatic activity. In the glasshouse experiments, both Sorghum hybrid cv. Super Dolce 10 and E. sativa sel. Nemat proved to be a poor to non-host of M. incognita, with reproduction factor (R) always Solanum lycopersicum cv. UC82, an excellent host (R = 43). In both bioactive accessions two generations were completed in 15 weeks (four cycles in S. lycopersicum), but with the production of very few egg masses, while root infestation was also always very low, with gall index (G.I.) < 1, compared with S. lycopersicum (G.I. = 4). In this study, the effectiveness of E. sativa sel. Nemat in controlling M. incognita confirmed data from previous work.

Solvent extracts from the aerial and root parts and seed oil from E. sativa (rocket salad) were assayed for anticancer activity against melanoma cells. The seed oil (isothiocyanates rich) significantly (p

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has emerged as an important signaling molecule and plays a significant role during different environmental stresses in plants. The present work was carried out to explore the potential role of H2S in reversal of dehydration stress-inhibited O-acetylserine (thiol) lyase (OAS-TL), l-cysteine desulfhydrase (LCD), and d-cysteine desulfhydrase (DCD) response in arugula (Eruca sativa Mill.) plants. Dehydration-stressed plants exhibited reduced water status and increased levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide (O2&bull, &minus, ) content that increased membrane permeability and lipid peroxidation, and caused a reduction in chlorophyll content. However, H2S donor sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), at the rate of 2 mM, substantially reduced oxidative stress (lower H2O2 and O2&bull, ) by upregulating activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase) and increasing accumulation of osmolytes viz. proline and glycine betaine (GB). All these, together, resulted in reduced membrane permeability, lipid peroxidation, water loss, and improved hydration level of plants. The beneficial role of H2S in the tolerance of plants to dehydration stress was traced with H2S-mediated activation of carbonic anhydrase activity and enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of cysteine (Cys), such as OAS-TL. H2S-treated plants showed maximum Cys content. The exogenous application of H2S also induced the activity of LCD and DCD enzymes that assisted the plants to synthesize more H2S from accumulated Cys. Therefore, an adequate concentration of H2S was maintained, that improved the efficiency of plants to mitigate dehydration stress-induced alterations. The central role of H2S in the reversal of dehydration stress-induced damage was evident with the use of the H2S scavenger, hypotaurine.

Aydin, Birsen/0000-0002-5541-9365 WOS: 000276603100006 Eruca sativa seedlings were treated with different Zn concentrations (0, 250, 500, 1,000, 2,000 mu g g(-1) dried growth medium) under controlled conditions. The seedlings were harvested 20 days after Zn treatment. Physiological parameters, such as root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight, were measured and Zn content of roots and shoots was determined. Furthermore, various biochemical parameters were studied on E. sativa leaves: enzymatic antioxidants, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and non-enzymatic antioxidants, such as ascorbate, non-protein thiols. Malondialdehyde, which is an index of lipid peroxidation, was assayed. Zn treatment did not have any significant effect on fresh and dry weights, whereas 500 mu g g(-1) Zn increased root growth significantly (p < 0.05). Zn accumulated in roots 2-8 times more than it did in leaves. Lipid peroxidation increased in proportion with the increase in Zn. Although a decrease in SOD and CAT activities at increased Zn was found, a significant increase in APX and POD was observed at 500 and 1,000 mu g g(-1) Zn, respectively. In addition, an increase in the amounts of non-protein thiols and total AsA (Ascorbate) was observed with the increase in Zn. Ondokuz Mayis University Scientific Research FoundationOndokuz Mayis University [F-387]; Ondokuz Mayis UniversityOndokuz Mayis University This work was supported by Ondokuz Mayis University Scientific Research Foundation ( Project Number: F-387). The authors acknowledge the financial support of Ondokuz Mayis University.

Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes substratos na produção de biomassa vegetal em mudas de rúcula, cv. cultivada, foi conduzido um experimento na Universidade Federal do Acre, no período de setembro a novembro de 2006, utilizando os seguintes tratamentos: T1 Plantmax® (Tratamento padrão); T2 composto orgânico (CO) + casca de coco maduro triturado (CCMT) (1:1 v/v); T3 CO + cama de aviário (CA) + casca-de-arroz carbonizada (CAC) (1:1:1 v/v); T4 CO + esterco bovino (EB) + CAC (1:1:1 v/v); T5 - CO + coprólitos de minhoca (CM) + CAC (1:1:1 v/v); T6 CO + CM + caroço de açaí triturado (CAT) (1:1:1 v/v); T7 - CO + CM + CCMT (1:1:1 v/v); T8 - CO + EB + CCMT (1:1:1 v/v). Foram acrescidos, 10% de carvão vegetal triturado, 1,0 kg m-3 de calcário dolomitico e 1,5 kg m-3 de termofosfato, exceto no substrato T1. A semeadura foi feita utilizando-se três sementes por células em bandejas de poliestireno expandido, contendo os diferentes tratamentos e oito dias após a semeadura, foi feito o desbaste deixando-se apenas uma planta por célula. Aos 26 dias após a semeadura, foram avaliados a massa da matéria fresca da parte aérea, massa da matéria seca da parte aérea, raiz e total da planta. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições, sendo cada unidade experimental constituída de 4 plantas. Os tratamentos T4 ,T5 e T7 foram os que promoveram maior massa fresca e seca das plantas e não diferiram estatisticamente entre si e do tratamento padrão (T1), para todas as características avaliados. With the objective of evaluating the effect of different substrates in the production of vegetable biomass on rocket (Eruca sativa) seedlings cv. cultivated, an experiment was carried out at the Federal University of Acre, in the period from September to November of 2006, using the following treatments: T1 - Plantmax® (control), T2 - organic compost + triturated ripe coconut shells (1:1 v/v), T3 organic compost + poultry litter + carbonized rice hulls (1:1:1 v/v), T4 organic compost + bovine manure + carbonized rice hulls (1:1:1 v/v), T5 organic compost + earthworm casting + carbonized rice hulls (1:1:1 v/v), T6 organic compost + earthworm casting + triturated açaí pit (1:1:1 v/v), T7 organic compost + earthworm casting + triturated ripe coconut shells (1:1:1 v/v) e T8 organic compost + bovine manure + triturated ripe coconut shells (1:1:1 v/v). Ten percent triturated charcoal, 1.0 kg.m-3 of lime and 1.5 kg.m-3 of thermophosphate were added, except in T1 treatment. The sowing was done using three seeds per cell in expanded polystyrene trays containing the different substrates. Eight days after sowing, thinning was done leaving just 1 plant per cell. On the 26th day after sowing, the fresh mass of the aerial part, the dry mass of the aerial part, root, and the whole plant were appraised. The experimental design was entirely randomized with 8 treatments and 3 repetitions, and with 4 plants per plot. Treatments T4 ,T5 and T7 were the ones that promoted a higher yield of fresh and dry plant mass, and did not differ statistically among themselves, nor from the control treatment (T1), for all the characteristics evaluated.

WOS: 000391851400005 PubMed: 28000511 In this study, Eruca sativa (Rocket) seedlings were treated with different cadmium (Cd) concentrations (0, 150, 300 and 450 mu g.g(-1)). The effects of Cd on lipid peroxidation, enzymatic (APx, CAT, GPX, SOD) and non-enzymatic antioxidants (total ascorbate, dehydroascorbate, ascorbate, non-protein thiol), fresh and dry masses, water content were determined. Also, Cd content of the leaves and the roots were analysed. The highest cadmium accumulation of leaves was at 450 mu g.g(-1) Cd treatment and the accumulation was 2.62 times greater than those in the roots. The translocation factor was 3.89 at 300 mu g.g(-1) Cd treatment. Cd treatments caused decreases of fresh, dry mass and water content of leaves and roots. Malondialdehyde content, which is an index of lipid peroxidation, was increased in proportion with the increase in Cd. While there was not change in the activity of GPX according to control, a decrease in activities of SOD, CAT and APX were observed with the increase of cadmium concentration. Although a significant increase in the amounts of non-protein thiol groups and proline were observed in 450 mu g.g(-1) Cd treated plants, Cd did not lead to a significant change in AsA, DHA and total AsA contents. According to the results of the research, E. sativa may be a Cd hyperaccumulator plant and we suggest that the plant may be a candidate plant for remediation of Cd-contaminated soil.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:55:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0102-05362003000100014.pdf: 66223 bytes, checksum: 34e09d106e1cf4eed323cb43acf4210f (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:55:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0102-05362003000100014.pdf: 66223 bytes, checksum: 34e09d106e1cf4eed323cb43acf4210f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-03-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:47:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0102-05362003000100014.pdf: 66223 bytes, checksum: 34e09d106e1cf4eed323cb43acf4210f (MD5) S0102-05362003000100014.pdf.txt: 20062 bytes, checksum: 62e651eb5ec1f26d012ec61072eaabba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-03-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:16:19Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0102-05362003000100014.pdf: 66223 bytes, checksum: 34e09d106e1cf4eed323cb43acf4210f (MD5) S0102-05362003000100014.pdf.txt: 20062 bytes, checksum: 62e651eb5ec1f26d012ec61072eaabba (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:16:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0102-05362003000100014.pdf: 66223 bytes, checksum: 34e09d106e1cf4eed323cb43acf4210f (MD5) S0102-05362003000100014.pdf.txt: 20062 bytes, checksum: 62e651eb5ec1f26d012ec61072eaabba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-03-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) O trabalho foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, da UNESP em Jaboticabal, de maio a junho de 2001, com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho da rúcula, cultivar Cultivada, sob diferentes concentrações de cobre na solução nutritiva, em cultivo hidropônico. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições e quatro tratamentos: 0; 0,036; 0,072 e 0,108 mgL-1 de Cu adicionado à solução nutritiva, na forma de sulfato de cobre. Após 30 dias do transplantio, 150 plantas foram colhidas ao acaso em cada parcela, para análise da matéria seca e dos teores de Cu, Fe, Zn e Mn na parte aérea das plantas. Foi observado sintoma visual de deficiência de Cu apenas no tratamento sem adição de cobre, com forte redução no tamanho das plantas. A produção de matéria seca da parte aérea foi significativamente influenciada pelo aumento das concentrações de Cu. A máxima produção e 95% da máxima foram obtidas, respectivamente, com 0,108 mgL-1 e 0,064 mgL-1 de cobre. Os teores de Cu e Mn na parte aérea aumentaram com as concentrações de Cu na solução nutritiva. The response of roquette cv. Cultivada, to different copper concentrations in the nutrient solution was evaluated. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four treatments (0; 0.036; 0.072 and 0.108 mgL-1 of copper added to the nutrient solution) and four replications. 30 days after transplanting, 150 plants were collected at random in order to analyse the concentrations of Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn in the dry matter of the aerial part. Symptoms of deficiency were observed in the treatment without copper, presenting strong reduction in the plant size. The dry matter yield was significantly influenced by the increasing concentrations of Cu, with maximum production and 95% of maximum yield was obtained respectively with 0.108 and 0.064 mgL-1 of Cu in the nutritive solution. The concentration of Cu and Mn in the aerial part increased with increasing concentration of Cu in the nutritious solution. Universidade Estadual Paulista Depto. produção vegetal Universidade Estadual Paulista Depto. produção vegetal

The growth and viability of three Lactobacillus strains, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus, after their passage through simulated gastric and pancreatic juices were studied as a function of their presence in the growth medium of rocket salad (Eruca sativa). The presence of E. sativa affected some of the biological properties of the strains. For example, L. acidophilus and L. plantarum worked more efficiently in the presence of E. sativa, increasing not only the antioxidant activity of the medium, but also their own antioxidant power and antimicrobial activity, L. rhamnosus was not affected in the same manner. Overall, the presence of vegetables might help to boost, in specific cases, some of the characteristics of lactobacilli, including antioxidant and antimicrobial power.

Pharmaceutically active compounds (PACs) are continuously dispersed into the environment due to human and veterinary use, giving rise to their potential accumulation in edible plants. In this study, Eruca sativa L. and Zea mays L. were selected to determine the potential uptake and accumulation of eight different PACs (Salbutamol, Atenolol, Lincomycin, Cyclophosphamide, Carbamazepine, Bezafibrate, Ofloxacin and Ranitidine) designed for human use. To mimic environmental conditions, the plants were grown in pots and irrigated with water spiked with a mixture of PACs at concentrations found in Italian wastewaters and rivers. Moreover, 10× and 100× concentrations of these pharmaceuticals were also tested. The presence of the pharmaceuticals was tested in the edible parts of the plants, namely leaves for E. sativa and grains for Z. mays. Quantification was performed by liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (LC/MS/MS). In the grains of 100× treated Z. mays, only atenolol, lincomycin and carbamazepine were above the limit of detection (LOD). At the same concentration in E. sativa plants the uptake of all PACs was >LOD. Lincomycin and oflaxacin were above the limit of quantitation in all conditions tested in E. sativa. The results suggest that uptake of some pharmaceuticals from the soil may indeed be a potential transport route to plants and that these environmental pollutants can reach different edible parts of the selected crops. Measurements of the concentrations of these pharmaceuticals in plant materials were used to model potential adult human exposure to these compounds. The results indicate that under the current experimental conditions, crops exposed to the selected pharmaceutical mixture would not have any negative effects on human health. Moreover, no significant differences in the growth of E. sativa or Z. mays plants irrigated with PAC-spiked vs. non-spiked water were observed.

Controlled-release nitrogen fertilizers enhance crop productivity and decrease nitrogen loss through volatilization and leaching. This study aimed at determining the effect of nitrogen treatments provided by controlled-release nitrogen fertilizers and urea. The following fertilizers were tested: 1 (agricultural urea), 2 (ammonium sulfonitrate + nitrification inhibitor, dimethylpyrazole phosphate (Entec 26®)),3 (urea + Kimberlit polymer (Kimcoat N®)) and 4 (urea + NBPT (Super N - Agrotain®)). Treatments corresponded to 0, 100, 200, 400 and 800 kg ha-1 of N with rocket salad grown inside a greenhouse, assessing the production of fresh and dry leaf mass as well as levels of foliar nitrogen. Doses of different controlled-release nitrogen fertilizers showed significant polynomial regressions for the production of rocket salad fresh leaf mass and levels of foliar nitrogen, whereby Entec 26® did not show significant polynomial regression, considering the last parameter evaluated. The production of rocket salad dry leaf mass did not display significant linear regressions. The maximal production of rocket salad fresh leaf mass was reached at doses of 600, 490, 765, and 462 kg ha-1 of N with the use of urea, Entec 26®, Kimcoat N® and Super N®, respectively. Os fertilizantes nitrogenados de liberação lenta aumentam a produtividade das culturas e diminuem as perdas de nitrogênio por volatilização e lixiviação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar, no cultivo de rúcula, o efeito de doses de N fornecidas por fertilizantes nitrogenados de liberação lenta e pela uréia. Testaram-se os fertilizantes: 1 (uréia agrícola), 2 (sulfonitrato de amônio + inibidor de nitrificação Dimetil Pirazol Fosfato (Entec 26®)),3 (uréia + polímero Kimberlit (kimcoat N®)) e 4 (uréia + NBPT (Super N - Agrotain®)), e as doses de 0, 100, 200, 400 e 800 kg ha-1 de N em rúcula crescidas em casa de vegetação, avaliando-se a produtividade de matéria fresca de folhas, matéria seca de folhas e os teores de nitrogênio foliar. As doses de diferentes fertilizantes nitrogenados de liberação lenta mostraram regressões polinomiais significativas para a produção de matéria fresca de folhas de rúcula e teores de nitrogênio foliar, sendo que neste ultimo parâmetro avaliado, o Entec 26® não obteve regressão polinomial significativa. A produção de matéria seca de folhas de rúcula mostrou regressões lineares não significativas. As máximas produções de matéria fresca de folhas de rúcula foram obtidas com as doses de 600 kg ha-1; 490 kg ha-1; 765 kg ha-1 e 462 kg ha-1 de N com o uso de uréia, Entec 26®, Kimcoat N® e Super N®, respectivamente.

An Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation system was developed for Eruca sativa (eruca). Hypocotyl explants were co-cultivated with bacterial cells carrying a plasmid harboring a uidA:nptII fusion gene along a phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT) gene cassette, for a period of 2 days. These were grown on a high cytokinin/auxin medium containing 5.0 mg l -1 6-benzyladenine (BA), 1.0 mg l -1 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and 0.1 mg l -1 α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Explants were then transferred to a lower cytokinin/auxin medium containing 2.0 mg l -1 BA and 0.1 mg l -1 NAA along with 5.0 mg l -1 silver nitrate and 300 mg l -1 Timentin®. Upon transfer to a selection medium containing either 20 mg l -1 kanamycin or 2 mg l -1 L-phosphinothricin (L-ppt), shoot regenerants were observed. Expression of the transgenes in putative transformants was confirmed using a histochemical GUS assay. Presence of the PAT transgene in GUS-positive T0 plants was confirmed by Southern blot analysis. Moreover, spot tests of T1 seedlings were conducted using the L-ppt herbicide. A transformation frequency of 1. 1% was obtained with more than 60% of transgenic lines containing single copies of the transgenes. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

WOS: 000283922900011, PubMed ID: 21120033, Background: Eruca is a native plant genus of the South Europe and central Asia where it has been cultivated since centuries. As the genus name implies, the oil is high in erucic acid. Materials and Methods: In this study, our aim was to investigate the effect of sowing periods (autumn and spring) and three forms of the nitrogen-containing fertilizers (manure, calcium nitrate [Ca(NO3)(2), 15.5% N], and ammonium sulphate [(NH4)(2)SO4, 21% N]) on fatty acid compositions of the oils obtained from Eruca sativa Mill. seeds cultivated. All oils were obtained by maceration of the seeds with n-hexane at room temperature and converted to their methyl ester derivatives by trans-methylesterification reaction using boron-trifluorur (BF3). The fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) in the oils were detected by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: All the samples analyzed were found to contain quite high amounts of erucic acid ranging between 46.64-54.79%, followed by oleic (17.86-19.95%), palmitic (7.25-10.97%), linoleic (4.23-9.72%), and linolenic (1.98-3.01%) acids. Conclusion: Our data pointed out that there is a statistically important alteration caused by these applications on the contents of only C12:0 and C14:0 found as the minor fatty acids, whereas no other fatty acids in the samples seemed to be affected by those criteria.

Objetivou-se neste trabalho estudar metodologias para a condução do teste de lixiviação de potássio, verificando sua eficiência na identificação de diferentes níveis de vigor de lotes de sementes de rúcula. Para tanto, o estudo foi conduzido utilizando cinco lotes de sementes de Rúcula Cultivada e cinco lotes de sementes de Rúcula Gigante. Foram realizados os testes de germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, emergência de plântulas em casa de vegetação e variações no teste de lixiviação de potássio (temperaturas de 25 ºC e 30 ºC; volumes de 50 mL e 75 mL de água; 50 e 100 sementes; e períodos de 0,5 h, 1 h, 1,5 h, 2 h, 2,5 h, 3, 4 e 5 horas). Diante dos resultados obtidos, verificou-se que o período de embebição para o teste de lixiviação de potássio pode ser reduzido para 2 horas e o volume de água utilizado pode ser reduzido para 50 mL. As combinações de 50 sementes apresentaram menor coeficiente de variação e a temperatura mais adequada foi a de 30 ºC. Assim, concluiu-se que a condição mais adequada para o teste de lixiviação de potássio em sementes de rúcula é a utilização de 50 sementes em 50 mL de água por 2 horas, a 30 ºC. ABSTRACT - The objective of this study was to evaluate methodologies for the potassium leaching test and to verify its sensitivity for identifying different levels of vigor of arugula seed lots. Five seed lots each of Rucula Cultivada and Rucula Gigante were used. Standard germination, first count of germination, seedling emergence and variations of the potassium leaching test (50 or 100 seeds imbibed in 50 mL or 75 mL in water; at 25 ºC and 30 ºC; for 0.5 h, 1 h, 1.5 h, 2 h, 2.5 h, 3, 4 and 5 hours) were done. It was observed that the period seeds need to be soaked can be reduced to 2 hours and the water volume can be reduced to 50 mL. The utilization of 50 seeds showed a smaller variation coefficient and the best temperature was 30 ºC. It can be concluded that the potassium leaching test for arugula seeds can be run using 50 seeds in 50 mL of water for 2 hours at 30 ºC.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:01:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0103-90162008000600013.pdf: 257817 bytes, checksum: c0b73410765190c4d5ee1a65d58b590e (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:01:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0103-90162008000600013.pdf: 257817 bytes, checksum: c0b73410765190c4d5ee1a65d58b590e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T20:00:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0103-90162008000600013.pdf: 257817 bytes, checksum: c0b73410765190c4d5ee1a65d58b590e (MD5) S0103-90162008000600013.pdf.txt: 29378 bytes, checksum: bead9362ed73ed81a1716520ee428452 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:16:19Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0103-90162008000600013.pdf: 257817 bytes, checksum: c0b73410765190c4d5ee1a65d58b590e (MD5) S0103-90162008000600013.pdf.txt: 29378 bytes, checksum: bead9362ed73ed81a1716520ee428452 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:16:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0103-90162008000600013.pdf: 257817 bytes, checksum: c0b73410765190c4d5ee1a65d58b590e (MD5) S0103-90162008000600013.pdf.txt: 29378 bytes, checksum: bead9362ed73ed81a1716520ee428452 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-01 O empirismo no uso das soluções nutritivas é freqüente. Muitas vezes a mesma solução nutritiva é usada para diferentes espécies baseando-se apenas em semelhanças morfológicas. No entanto esta situação pode proporcionar desequilíbrio nutricional prejudicando tanto a produção quanto a qualidade do produto face o acúmulo de nitrato. Foi conduzido um trabalho em sistema hidropônico - NFT, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da concentração de nitrogênio na solução nutritiva na produção, nos teores de nutrientes e de nitrato em folhas de rúcula (Eruca sativa). O trabalho foi conduzido na primavera de 2003. Foram avaliadas quatro concentrações de nitrogênio na solução nutritiva (60,8; 121,6; 182,5; 243,5 mg L-1) e três cultivares de rúcula (Cultivada, Folha Larga e Selvática), sob delineamento de blocos ao acaso, fatorial 4 x 3, com quatro repetições. A cv. Cultivada apresentou maior estatura e fitomassa fresca de folhas, não diferindo da 'Folha Larga' quanto a número de folhas, teor de nitrato nas folhas e fitomassa seca e fresca da raiz. Houve incremento de NO3-, N, Ca e P e diminuição de Mg, K e S com o aumento da concentração de N na solução nutritiva. O cultivo da cv. Cultivada na concentração de 93 mg L-1 é a mais recomendada em função da maior produtividade e baixo teor de nitrato. Empiricism in the use of nutrient solutions is frequent. Several times the same nutrient solution is used to grow different species based only on morphological similarities. This practice may lead to nutritional imbalances, affecting not only the production but also the quality of the product due to an accumulation of nitrate. An experiment under hydroponic conditions - the NFT system - was conducted with the aim of evaluating the effect of the concentration of nitrogen in the nutrient solution on the production and on the nutrient and nitrate contents of rocket (Eruca sativa) salad leaves. The experiment was carried out in spring 2003, in a randomized block design and in a 4 x 3 factorial design, with four replicates. Four nitrogen concentrations in the nutrient solution (60.8; 121.6; 182.5; 243.5 mg L-1) and three rocket salad cultivars (Cultivada, Folha Larga and Selvática) were evaluated. Cv. Cultivada produced the tallest plants and the highest leaf fresh fitomass, not differing from cv. 'Folha Larga' in the number of leaves, leaf nitrate content, root dry fitomass and root fresh fitomass. An increment in NO3, N, Ca and P and a reduction in Mg, K and S occurred when the concentration of N in the nutrient solution was increased. Cultivation of cv. Cultivada at the concentration of 93 mg L-1 is the most recommended as it provides the highest yield and low nitrate content. UNESP FCAV Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, Produção Vegetal UNESP FCAV Depto. Produção Vegetal UNESP FCAV Depto. Tecnologia IAC Centro de Horticultura UNESP FCAV UNESP FCAV Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, Produção Vegetal UNESP FCAV Depto. Produção Vegetal UNESP FCAV Depto. Tecnologia UNESP FCAV

Folhas de rúcula produzidas em campo aberto e sob cultivo protegido com agrotêxtil foram minimamente processadas, embaladas inteiras ou picadas em bandejas de poliestireno expandido e cobertas com filme de PVC de 14 micras. O delineamento adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x2x2 (ambiente de cultivo, forma de preparo e refrigeração a 0(0)C e 10(0)C), com quatro repetições por tratamento, totalizando 32 bandejas. Os tratamentos foram armazenados a 0ºC e 10ºC por 10 dias, quando foram avaliadas as variáveis perda de massa (%); pH; sólidos solúveis; acidez titulável; cor e aparência. A conservação a 0ºC promoveu uma diminuição da perda de peso da rúcula minimamente processada. A utilização de folhas inteiras ou minimamente processadas foi significativa para sólidos solúveis sendo os maiores valores encontrados para as folhas inteiras. Para folhas picadas observou-se valores de acidez significativamente maiores para as produzidas sob ambiente natural. Independente da forma de preparo, a rúcula produzida em ambiente natural apresentou menor valor de pH. A cor e aparência da rúcula não foram influenciadas pelos tratamentos. Leaves of rocket salad produced under open field and non woven polypropylene were minimally processed and packed entire or pricked in polyestyrene trays covered with PVC film of 14 micras. The treatments were stored at 0(0)C and 10(0)C per 10 days, when the variables weight loss (%); pH; soluble solids; titratable acidity; colour and appearance were evaluated. The conservation under 0(0)C promoted a reduction of weight loss on rocket salad minimally processed. Using entire or minimally processed leaves were significant for soluble solids the biggest values being found for entire leaves. For pricked leaves bigger values of acidity were observed for the produced ones under natural environment. Independent of the preparation form rocket salad produced under natural environment presented minor value of pH. The color and appearance of rocket salad were not influenced by the treatments.

The use of oil with a high level of erucic acid in some industrial sectors appears to offer excellent prospects from a technological and environmental point of view. This study was carried out to determine the potential of a new Eruca sativa spp. oleiformis selection named Nemat as a source of high erucic oil in the Po Valley environment. This species, classified as catch crop of the nematode Heterodera schachtii, showed a wide adaptability both in spring and autumn sowing and permitted a generally satisfactory productive yield over 3-year trials, with a grain yield ranging between 1.9 and 2.2 t ha−1 (autumn sowing). Seeds presented an oil concentration around 290 g kg−1 with significant higher amount in spring sowing, while fatty acid composition was characterised by a long chain content higher than 53%. The residual meal presented a high level of thiofunctionalised glucosinolates (GLs), showing some interesting perspectives in integrated pest management.

This study was conducted to compare the genotoxic effects of various concentrations of plant oils from Eruca sativa (Brassicaceae), Zingiber officinale (Zingiberaceae) and Origanum majorana (Lamiaceae) to the conventional organophosphate insecticide (Chlorpyrifos) against Rhyzopertha dominica Fabricius. The R. dominica population was reared for several generations without exposure to any insecticide. Wheat grains were sterilized at 55 °C for 6 h in order to eliminate any hidden infestation, treated with serial dilutions of Chlorpyrifos and plant oil extracts, and subsequently fed to R. dominica for 1, 2, 3, 6 and 8 days. The results indicated that the LC50 values of oils from E. sativa, Z. officinale and O. Majorana were 0.14, 0.23 and 0.32%, respectively, after 2 days. Genetic variations in DNA fragments after treatment with LC50 and LC25 concentrations of E. sativa, Z. officinale and O. majorana were detected by RAPD-PCR analysis using five primers. The results exhibited distinct DNA polymorphisms or alterations in DNA bands. These alterations varied depending on the substance being examined. Chlorpyrifos causes the highest level of DNA alterations (based on the appearance and disappearance DNA bands) followed by E. sativa, Z. officinale and O. majorana. These results were in direct correlation with the differences in mortality rates between extracts. It could be concluded that the plant oil extracts can be used as one of the integrated pest management tools to control R. dominica in stored products, as they are safer than chemical insecticides.