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Background: One of the most common health problems is infectious diseases. Infectious disease can be caused by bacteria. There were two groups of bacteria based on the staining, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Purpose: Antibiotics are the main therapy used in the incidence of bacterial infections. But over time, some antibiotics became resistance. Several studies have shown that garlic has an antibacterial effect. The content of allicin, ajoene, saponins, and flavonoids is found in garlic which has antibacterial properties. The antibiotic activity test of garlic was carried out on the bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The goal of this study is to investigate the antibacterial effect of Allium sativum L. extract against Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methods: Garlic extract was made using the maceration method using 96% alcohol as the solvent. Tube dilution method elected to observe garlic antibiotic activity. This test aims to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). There were eight different concentration used, i.e. 2 grams/ml, 1 gram/ml, 0.5 gram/ml, 0.25 gram/ml, 0.125 gram/ml, 0.0625 gram/ml, 0.03125 gram/ml, and 0.015625 gram/ml. Replication is done three times. Results: In this experiment, the extract produced was turbid that MIC could not be determined and there was no momentous differentiation between before and after treatment. There was no growth of Streptococcus pyogenes in 1 gram/ml and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 0.5 gram/ml. This number indicates the MBC for each bacteria. Conclusion: Garlic (Allium sativum L.) has an effect of bactericidal activity, it can perform as an antibacterial for Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Garlic extract was more effective for Pseudomonas aeruginosa than Streptococcus pyogenes.

Introduction: Pain signals tissue damage that is capable of reducing thequality of life. Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are known as effective analgesic drugs which have various side effects, therefore natural minerals are used as an alternative medicine for pain and inflammation, one of which is known to be coconut water. Hence this research was conducted to find out the differences of the analgesic effect between young coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) with non-selective and COX-2 selective NSAID on mice induced with pain from acetic acid 0.6% 1 ml/100gBW of mice.Methods: True experimental, conducted at the Pharmacology Laboratory in Faculty of Medicine of Airlangga University involving the sample of 48 mice (6 groups). The recorded data was tested using the oneway ANOVA methodology before then continued with the posthoc test of LSD.Results: The addition of young coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) with the dosage of 3 ml/100gBW, 4 ml/100gBW, and 4.5 ml/100gBW of mice doesn't give any significant analgesic effect even though the analgesic protection percentage increases accordingly to its dosage (12.32%, 18.72%, 26.88%), but non-selective and COX-2 selective NSAID give significant analgesic effect (p

Staphylococcus aureus is one of major pathogens causing serious infection. Penicillin antibiotic is one of therapies against Staphylococcus infection. However, inadequate and irrational use of antibiotic causes resistance and emerges incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Herbal medicine from pineapple core extract is hopefully can reduce the incidence of antibiotics resistance. This research was conducted to investigate the antibacterial activity of pineapple core extract against MRSA. This research is true experimental with post-test controlled group design. Pineapple core was extracted by maceration method. Ethanol extract of pineapple core is dissolved with sterilized water and obtained concentration of 750, 500, 250, 187.5, 125, and 62.5 mg/ml. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by broth dilution test with five replications. Vancomycin was used as control group. MIC was observed visually by comparing turbidity of solutions after incubation at 37 o C for 24 hours. Then these solutions were cultured on nutrient agar plates at 37 o C for 24 hours. MBC was observed visually by inspecting the presence of bacterial colonies growth. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) could not be determined due to no turbidity changes. Vancomycin cannot be used for determining MIC. Cultures on nutrient agar plates had no colonies growth in concentrations of 750 and 500 mg/ml. Thus, the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) was 500 mg/ml. Pineapple core extract contains bromelain, flavonoid, saponin, and tanin, which have antibacterial effect. In summary, pineapple core extract has antibacterial effect against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with MBC of 500 mg/ml.

Introduction: Pain causes deterioration of quality of life. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) is used to relieve pain with upper gastrointestinal side effects. Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. (known as bangle) is commonly used to relieve pain, but no study has been proved to have analgesic effect. In empirical study, bangle is a potential analgesic due to its bioactive compound named zerumbone. The aim of this study was to investigate the analgesic effect of bangle rhizome ethanol extraction on thermally induced pain.Methods: Five groups of male Mus musculus consisting of 6 mice each were used. A single dose of bangle extract 2 mg/20 g, 4 mg/20 g, 8 mg/20 g, aspirin 1.82 mg/20 g, and aquadest 0.2 ml were administrated. The analgesic effect was evaluated by hot plate test. The test was evaluated at 15th, 30th, 45th minute. Latency period was observed when mice showed pain responses including hind paw shaking, hind paw licking or jumping. The data was analyzed by paired T-test and one-way ANOVA.Results: Results showed that all doses of bangle extract and aspirin 1.82 mg/20 g produced significant latency period (p0.05).Conclusion: Bangle extract has analgesic effect on thermally induced pain. The minimum dose for analgesic is 2 mg/20 g or potentially less.

Introduction: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacterial infections may cause poor manifestations and even increase patients’ morbidity and mortality. The use of antibiotics in the management of infections remains the main therapy. However, ever-increasing antibacterial resistance has prompted researchers to find the solution. This study aimed to determine the effect of a combination of red coconut coir (Cocos nucifera L. var rubescens) in various concentrations and linezolid 10 µ/ml on the growth of MRSA bacteria in vitro.Methods: The antibacterial activity test method was well-diffusion test. Bacteria was plated in mueller hinton agar for 24 hours at 37oC. The treatment groups were red coconut coir extract and its combination with linezolid 10 µg/ml. The well-diffusion test results were statistically analyzed with the One-Way ANOVA and Tukey HSD post-hoc tests.Results: Mean inhibitory zone diameter formed in the C. nucifera L. var rubescens extract test in various concentrations was 12.5 ± 0.36 - 16.2 ± 0.79 mm, while its combination with 10 µg/ml linezolid produced mean inhibitory zone of 15.1 ± 1.31-18.4 ± 0.46 mm. There was a significant difference between groups (p