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This work proposes the data augmentation by molecular rotation, with consideration that the protein-ligand binding events are rotation-variant. As a proof-of-concept, known active (i. e., 1-labeled) ligands to human β-secretase 1 (BACE-1) are rotated for the generation of 0-labeled data, and the rotation-dependent prediction accuracy of 3D graph convolutional network (3DGCN) is investigated after data augmentation. The data augmentation makes the orientation-recognizing ability of 3DGCN improved significantly in the classification task for BACE-1/ligand binding. Furthermore, the data-augmented 3DGCN has a capability for predicting active ligands from a candidate dataset, via improved performance of orientation recognition, which would be applied to virtual drug screening and discovery.

Although microtubule-associated serine/threonine kinase-like (MASTL) is a promising target for selective anticancer treatment, MASTL inhibitors with nano range potency and antitumor efficacy have not been reported. Here, we report a novel potent and selective MASTL inhibitor MASTL kinase inhibitor-2 (MKI-2) identified in silico through a drug discovery program. Our data showed that MKI-2 inhibited recombinant MASTL activity and cellular MASTL activity with IC50 values of 37.44 nM and 142.7 nM, respectively, in breast cancer cells. In addition, MKI-2 inhibited MASTL kinase rather than other AGC kinases, such as ROCK1, AKT1, PKACα, and p70S6K. Furthermore, MKI-2 exerted various antitumor activities by inducing mitotic catastrophe resulting from the modulation of the MASTL-PP2A axis in breast cancer cells. The MKI-2 treatment showed phenocopies with MASTL-null oocyte in mouse oocytes, which were used as a model to validate MKI-2 activity. Therefore, our study provided a new potent and selective MASTL inhibitor MKI-2 targeting the oncogenic MAST-PP2A axis in breast cancer cells.

SHP2, a non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase encoded by PTPN11 gene, plays an important role in the cell growth and proliferation. Activating mutations of SHP2 have been reported as a cause of various human diseases such as solid tumors, leukemia, and Noonan syndrome. The discovery of SHP2 inhibitor can be a potent candidate for the treatment of cancers and SHP2 related human diseases. Several reports on a small molecule targeting SHP2 have published, however, there are limitations on the discovery of SHP2 phosphatase inhibitors due to the polar catalytic site environment. Allosteric inhibitor can be an alternative to catalytic site inhibitors. 3,4,6-Trihydroxy-5-oxo-5H-benzo[7]annulene 1 was obtained as an initial hit with a 0.097 μM of IC50 from high-throughput screening (HTS) study. After the structure-activity relationship (SAR) study, compound 1 still showed the most potent activity against SHP2. Moreover, compound 1 exerted good potency against SHP2 expressing 2D and 3D MDA-MB-468.

A novel small-molecule fluorescent probe (4f) for staining blood in live zebrafish was identified. Compound 4f turns on the fluorescent property in the presence of albumin in the blood and it mainly binds on the site II of human serum albumin. 4f efficiently visualized the blood vessels in live zebrafish, Hence, it could be used as an alternative blood vessel imaging tool. Compound 4f applied to test for anti-cancer drug screening in live zebrafish, and showed a potential as an effective in vivo drug screening agent.

DITMD (1, 3- Dioxolo[4,5-g] isoquinolinium 5, 6, 7, 8- tetrahydro- 4- methoxy- 6, 6- dimethyl- 5- [2- oxo- 2- (2-pyridinyl)ethyl] - iodide) is a natural product-like compound with a hydrocotarnine moiety. The aim of this study was to investigate the anticancer effects of DITMD including mitotic arrest, apoptosis, radiosensitization, and to further explore its possible mechanism. DITMD (3−30 µM) induced an obvious cell cycle delay at G2/M transition and apoptosis in HeLa cells. In a validation study, DITMD caused chromosome alignment defects and accumulation of mitotic markers such as polo-like kinase 1, cyclin B1, and phospho-histone H3. DITMD pre-treatment for 11 h also significantly decreased the cells’ survival after X-ray irradiation. In mechanism studies, DITMD inhibited the polo-box domain of polo-like kinase 1 but not the conserved kinase domain. Molecular modeling also suggests that DITMD binds at the phosphate group recognition site and inhibits the action on phospho-peptide ligands. In addition, DITMD was analyzed as a PLHSpT competitive inhibitor with an IC50 value of 2.1 μM and exhibited good selectivity against 105 distinct kinases. Taken together, these results indicate that DITMD induced chromosome alignment defects, apoptosis and radio-sensitization, and suggest that one mechanism underlying these anticancer effects involves inhibiting the polo-box domain-dependent functions of polo-like kinase 1.

Nefazodone was used widely as an antidepressant until it was withdrawn from the U.S. market in 2004 due to hepatotoxicity. We have investigated methods to predict various toxic effects of drug candidates to reduce the failure rate of drug discovery. An electrophysiological method was used to assess the cardiotoxicity of drug candidates. Small molecules, including withdrawn drugs, were evaluated using a patch-clamp method to establish a database of hERG inhibition. Nefazodone inhibited hERG channel activity in our system. However, nefazodone-induced hERG inhibition indicated only a theoretical risk of cardiotoxicity. Nefazodone inhibited the hERG channel in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC 50 of 45.3 nM in HEK-293 cells. Nefazodone accelerated both the recovery from inactivation and its onset. Nefazodone also accelerated steady-state inactivation, although it did not modify the voltage-dependent character. Alanine mutants of hERG S6 and pore region residues were used to identify the nefazodone-binding site on hERG. The hERG S6 point mutants Y652A and F656A largely abolished the inhibition by nefazodone. The pore region mutant S624A mildly reduced the inhibition by nefazodone but T623A had little effect. A docking study showed that the aromatic rings of nefazodone interact with Y652 and F656 via π–π interactions, while an amine interacted with the S624 residue in the pore region. In conclusion, Y652 and F656 in the S6 domain play critical roles in nefazodone binding.

Syntheses of various bis-ortho-alkoxy-para-piperazineanilino-pyrimidines and -triazines of KRCA-0008 analogs are described and their structure-activity-relationship to anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is discussed. 5-trifluoromethyl-2,4-pyrimidine analog (2) seems to be most potent in both biochemical and cellular assay in this study, however it shows inferior mice xenograft activity to Crizotinib presumably due to its sub-optimal PK parameters. 4,6-disubstituted pyrimidine and 2,4-disubstituted triazine derivatives of KRCA-0008 are less potent or inactive to ALK wt., and this observation is explained with their molecular modeling compared to KRCA-0008.

The three dimensional-quantitative structure activity relationship (3D-QSAR) studies on chemical features of pyridine-2-amines in the external region of c-Met active site (ER chemical features of pyridine-2-amines) were conducted by docking, comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA), and topomer CoMFA methods. The CoMFA model obtained the partial least-squares (PLS) statistical results, cross-validated correlation coefficient (q 2 ) of 0.703, non cross-validated correlation coefficient (r 2 ) of 0.947 with standard error of estimate (SEE) of 0.23 and the topomer CoMFA obtained q 2 of 0.803, r 2 of 0.940, and SEE of 0.24. Further, the test set was applied to validate predictive abilities of models, where the predictive r 2 (r 2 pred) for CoMFA and topomer CoMFA models were 0.746 and 0.608, respectively. Each contribution of ER chemical features of pyridine-2amines to the inhibitory potency showed correlation coefficients, r 2 of 0.670 and 0.913 for two core parts, 3(benzo[d]oxazol-2-yl)pyridine-2-amine and 3-(1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy) pyridine-2-amine, respectively, with corresponding experimental pIC50.

G-protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK)-2 and -5 are emerging therapeutic targets for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. In our efforts to discover novel small molecules to inhibit GRK-2 and -5, a class of compound based on 3-(benzo[d]oxazol-2-yl)-5-(1-(piperidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-amine was identified as a novel hit by high throughput screening campaign. Structural modification of parent benzoxazole scaffolds by introducing substituents on phenyl displayed potent inhibitory activities toward GRK-2 and -5.

A comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) for phosphodiesterase (PDE) IV inhibitors has been performed to correlate their chemical structures with their observed biological activity. In this study, CoMFA model based on docking mode for active site of PDE IV can describe the relative change in magnitude of the steric and electrostatic fields as a function of the compounds. Pyridine N-oxide and pyridine group of each compound are aligned toward the metal ion in S2-sub pocket of PDE IV. The study provided a statistically valid model with good correlation and predictive power, and consequently we identified some key features that may be used to design new derivatives.

In order to obtain information regarding the design of selective DPP4 inhibitors, a 3D-QSAR study was conducted using DPP4, DPP8, and DPP9 inhibitors including newly synthesized six- and seven-membered cyclic hydrazine derivatives (KR64300, KR64301), which were evaluated in vitro for their inhibition of DPP4, DPP8, and DPP9. In this study, a highly predictive CoMFA model based on the fast-docking for DPP4, DPP8, and DPP9 inhibitors was obtained. This reliable model showed leave-one-out cross-validation q(2) and conventional r(2) values of 0.68 and 0.96 for the DPP4 inhibitors, 0.58 and 0.98 for the DPP8 inhibitors, and 0.68 and 0.97 for the DPP9 inhibitors, respectively. The validation of the CoMFA model was confirmed by the compounds in the test set, including the synthesized six- and seven-membered cyclic hydrazines. According to this study, to obtain selective DPP4 inhibitors compared to their isozymes, the interaction of the inhibitors with the S3 site and S1' site in DPP4 must be considered. The proposed newly synthesized compounds, KR64300 and KR64301, interact well with the sites mentioned above, showing excellent selectivity.

Exploration of the two-position side chain of pyrimidine in LDK378 with tetrahydroisoquinolines (THIQs) led to discovery of 8 and 17 as highly potent ALK inhibitors. THIQs 8 and 17 showed encouraging in vitro and in vivo xenograft efficacies, comparable with those of LDK378. Although THIQ analogs (8a-o and 17a-i) prepared were not as active as their parent compounds, both 8 and 17 have significant inhibitory activities against various ALK mutant enzymes including G1202R, indicating that this series of compounds could be further optimized as useful ALK inhibitors overcoming the resistance issues found from crizotinib and LDK378.

Three new minor pyrrole alkaloids, 3-[2-formyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl]pentanedioic acid (1), (2R)-[2-formyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl]-1-methoxy-1-oxobutanoic acid (2), and methyl (2R)-[2-formyl-5-(methoxymethyl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl]-4-methylpentanoate (3) were isolated from the fruits of Lycium chinense Miller (Solanaceae), along with the known compound, methyl (2R)-[2-formyl-5-(methoxymethyl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl]-3-(phenyl)propanoate (4). The structures of 1-4 were elucidated by analysis of their 1D- and 2D-NMR and HRMS data. The absolute configurations of 2-4, possessing a stereogenic center in each structure, were determined by comparison of their experimental electronic circular dichroism (ECD) with those of calculated ECD values.

Background c-Met signaling has been implicated in oncogenesis especially in cells with c-met gene amplification. Since 20 % of gastric cancer patients show high level of c-Met expression, c-Met has been identified as a good candidate for targeted therapy in gastric cancer. Herein, we report our newly synthesized c-Met inhibitor by showing its efficacy both in vitro and in vivo. Methods Compounds with both triazolopyrazine and pyridoxazine scaffolds were synthesized and tested using HTRF c-Met kinase assay. We performed cytotoxic assay, cellular phosphorylation assay, and cell cycle assay to investigate the cellular inhibitory mechanism of our compounds. We also conducted mouse xenograft assay to see efficacy in vivo. Results KRC-00509 and KRC-00715 were selected as excellent c-Met inhibitors through biochemical assay, and exhibited to be exclusively selective to c-Met by kinase panel assay. Cytotoxic assays using 18 gastric cancer cell lines showed our c-Met inhibitors suppressed specifically the growth of c-Met overexpressed cell lines, not that of c-Met low expressed cell lines, by inducing G1/S arrest. In c-met amplified cell lines, c-Met inhibitors reduced the downstream signals including Akt and Erk as well as c-Met activity. In vivo Hs746T xenograft assay showed KRC-00715 reduced the tumor size significantly. Conclusions Our in vitro and in vivo data suggest KRC-00715 is a potent and highly selective c-Met inhibitor which may have therapeutic potential in gastric tumor with c-Met overexpression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2058-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The structure of a pectin-bound complex of rhamnogalacturonase was modeled to identify the amino acid residues involved in catalysis and substrate binding. The "hairy" region of pectin, represented by six repeating stretches of (1-->4)-D-galacturonate-(1-->2)-L-rhamnose dimer, was flexibly docked into the putative binding site of rhamnogalacturonase from Aspergillus aculeatus whose X-ray structure is known. A search of the complex configurational space was performed using AutoDock for the dimeric and tetrameric sugar units in which the -1 galacturonate residue has various ring conformations. Then the plausible AutoDock solutions were manually extended to the dodecameric pectin models. Subsequently, the resulting complex models were subjected to solvated molecular dynamics using AMBER. In the best model, the substrate has an extended pseudo-threefold helix with the -1 ring in a 4H3 half-chair that approaches the transition state conformation. The catalytic machinery is clearly defined: Asp197 is a general acid and the activated water bound between Asp177 and Glu198 is a nucleophile. The active site is similar, with a small yet significant difference, to that of polygalacturonase that degrades the pectic "smooth" region of linear homopolymer of D-(1-->4)-linked galacturonic acid. Rhamnogalacturonase has ten binding subsites ranging from -3 to +7, while polygalacturonase has eight subsites from -5 to +3. The model suggests that the eight amino acids including three arginine and three lysine residues, all of which are invariantly conserved in the rhamnogalacturonase family of proteins, are important in substrate binding. The present study may aid in designing mutational studies to characterize rhamnogalacturonase.

A Glu/Asp7.32 residue in the extracellular loop 3 of the mammalian GnRH receptor (GnRHR) is known to interact with Arg8 of mammalian GnRH (mGnRH), which may confer preferential ligand selectivity for mGnRH than for chicken GnRH-II (cGnRH-II). However, some nonmammalian GnRHRs also have the Glu/Asp residue at the same position, yet respond better to cGnRH-II than mGnRH. Amino acids flanking Glu/Asp7.32 are differentially arranged such that mammalian and nonmammalian GnRHRs have an S-E/D-P motif and P-X-S/Y motif, respectively. We presumed the position of Ser7.31 or Pro7.33 of rat GnRHR as a potential determinant for ligand selectivity. Either placing Pro before Glu7.32 or placing Ser after Glu7.32 significantly decreased the sensitivity and/or efficacy for mGnRH, but slightly increased that for cGnRH-II in several mutant receptors. Among them, those with a PEV, PES, or SES motif exhibited a marked decrease in sensitivity for mGnRH such that cGnRH-II had a higher potency than mGnRH, showing a reversed preferential ligand selectivity. Chimeric mGnRHs in which positions 5, 7, and/or 8 were replaced by those of cGnRH-II revealed a greater ability to activate these mutant receptors than mGnRH, whereas they were less potent to activate wild-type rat GnRHR than mGnRH. Interestingly, a mutant bullfrog type I receptor with the SEP motif exhibited an increased sensitivity for mGnRH but a decreased sensitivity for cGnRH-II. These results indicate that the position of Pro and Ser near Glu7.32 in the extracellular loop 3 is critical for the differential ligand selectivity between mammalian and nonmammalian GnRHRs.

A new series of 2,4-dianilino-5-fluoropyrimidine derivatives were designed and synthesized and their anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitory activities were evaluated by biochemical and cell-based assays in order to discover a new ALK inhibitor. Most compounds synthesized showed good inhibitory activities against ALK and good cytotoxic activities in H3122 cell line. The best compound 6f showed good activity against wild-type ALK along with crizotinib-resistant mutant ALK, and it showed 6 times better activity in cell-based assay than crizotinib. Some SAR studies were performed by the comparisons of the activities between 6 and the designed-synthesized compounds.

The synthesis of bis-ortho-alkoxy-para-piperazinesubstituted-2,4-dianilinopyrimidines is described and their structure–activity-relationship to anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is presented. KRCA-0008 is selective and potent to ALK and Ack1, and displays drug-like properties without hERG liability. KRCA-0008 demonstrates in vivo efficacy comparable to Crizotinib in xenograft mice model.

The serine phosphatase SerB653 plays a crucial role in the infection of Porphyromonas gingivalis, which contributes to the pathogenesis of periodontitis, an inflammatory disease of teeth-supporting tissues. Because functional loss of SerB653 eliminates the virulence of P. gingivalis, SerB653 inhibitors are considered potential periodontitis therapeutic or preventive agents. To identify SerB653 inhibitors with potent anti-periodontitis activity, we conducted a high-throughput screen of a representative 6800-compound subset of a synthetic chemical library of the Korea Chemical Bank (KCB) for compounds with activity against SerB653. The primary screening yielded 150 hits, and subsequent confirmatory studies identified eight compounds, mainly within a single cluster of 3-acyl-2-phenylamino-1,4-dihydroquinolin-4-one derivatives, that showed greater than 50% inhibition of SerB653 activity at a concentration of 50μM. A second screening with a focused library identified 10 compounds with IC(50) values less than 10μM. In antibacterial tests, three of these compounds showed a minimum inhibitory concentration against P. gingivalis growth of 5-50nM.

Conformational analyses of some thiamin-related compounds have been performed in order to find the relationship between their conformational and biochemical properties. Relaxed 2-D potential energy maps of free thiamin, its antagonists, and C(2) adducts were obtained using the molecular mechanics (MM) method. The antagonists include 4'-deaminothiamin, oxythiamin, pyrithiamin, thiamin thiaxolone, thiamin thiothiaxolone, 6'-methyl-4H-thiamin and 6'-methylthiamin, and the C(2) adducts include 2-(α-hydroxyethyl)thiamin (HET), 2-(α-lactyl)thiamin (LT), 6'-methyl-4H-lactylthiamin and 6'-methyllactylthiamin. All of the local minima conformers were also identified for the active intermediates LT and HET

Benzenecarbothioic acid S-(2-{[(4-amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl]formylamino}-1-[2-(phosphonooxy)ethyl]-1-propenyl) ester hemihydrate, C 19 H 23 N 4 O 6 PS.0.5H 2 O, M r =475.5, monoclinic, P2 1 /n, a=16.822 (5), b=18.556 (6), c=14.429 (5) A, β=105.52 (3) o , V=4340 (1) A 3 , Z=8, D x =1.359 g cm -3 , λ(Cu Kα)=1.5418 A, μ=24.1 cm -1 , F(000)=1992, T=295 K, R=0.050 for 4526 reflections with I≥2σ(I). The conformation of benfotiamine is stabilized by an intramolecular N(4α')-H...O(2α) hydrgen bond in the two molecules of the unit cell.

Benzenecarbothioic acid S-(2-{[(4-amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl]formylamino}-1-[2-(phosphonooxy)ethyl]-1-propenyl) ester hemihydrate, C 19 H 23 N 4 O 6 PS.0.5H 2 O, M r =475.5, monoclinic, P2 1 /n, a=16.822 (5), b=18.556 (6), c=14.429 (5) A, β=105.52 (3) o , V=4340 (1) A 3 , Z=8, D x =1.359 g cm -3 , λ(Cu Kα)=1.5418 A, μ=24.1 cm -1 , F(000)=1992, T=295 K, R=0.050 for 4526 reflections with I≥2σ(I). The conformation of benfotiamine is stabilized by an intramolecular N(4α')-H...O(2α) hydrgen bond in the two molecules of the unit cell.

A series of fluorinated oxime compounds was designed and synthesized in order to probe the effect of fluorine substitution on reactivation of inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by organophosphorus agents. Permeability measurements, using the Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeation Assays (PAMPA) method, were employed to experimentally demonstrate that membrane permeabilities of the series of oximes increase in proportional to the increase in the number of fluorine atoms. Among the compounds explored in this study, the mono-fluorinated carbamoyl aldoxime 4b was the most potent reactivator for paraoxon-inhibited red blood cell (RBC) AChE.

The title compound, 1-[2-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)-2-methyl-6-nitro-2H-1-benzopyran-4-yl]-2-pyrrolidinone, C 17 H 18 N 2 O 6 , is a highly potent potassium-channel activator. The dioxolane moiety is in the pseudo-axial position. The overall conformation, in terms of the relative orientation of the oxopyrrolidine ring with respect to the benzopyran ring, is similar to that of cromakalim.

A 3D-QSAR technique, called the WeP (weighted probe interaction energy) method, has been developed based on the notion that certain regions of the receptor surface contribute, to varying extents, to the differences in the activities of the ligands, while other regions do not. The probes, placed around the surface of a superimposed set of ligands, were associated with fractional weights, and then an optimal distribution of probe weights that accounts for the activity profile of the training ligands was determined using a genetic algorithm. It has been shown for the three test samples that the pseudoreceptors, which consist of the surviving probes with nonzero weight values, have good predictabilities. Especially, in the case of dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors, the pseudoreceptor resembles the real protein in that there is no surviving probe in the solvent-exposed region.

The 3D-QSAR (three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships) studies for 88 selective COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) inhibitors belonging to three chemical classes (triaryl rings, diaryl cycloalkanopyrazoles, and diphenyl hydrazides) were conducted using comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA). Partial least squares analysis produced statistically significant models with q(2) values of 0.84 and 0.79 for CoMFA and CoMSIA, respectively. The binding energies calculated from flexible docking were correlated with inhibitory activities by the least-squares fit method. The three chemical classes of inhibitors showed reasonable internal predictability (r(2)=0.51, 0.49, and 0.54), but the sulfonyl-containing inhibitors demonstrated distinctively low binding energy compared to the others. The electrostatic interaction energy between the Arg513 of the COX-2 active site and sulfonyl group of the triaryl rings seemed to have the responsibility for difference in binding energy. Comparative binding energy (COMBINE) analyses gave q(2) values of 0.64, 0.63, and 0.50 for triaryl rings, diaryl cycloalkanopyrazoles, and diphenyl hydrazides, respectively. In this COMBINE model, some protein residues were highlighted as particularly important for inhibitory activity. The combination of ligand-based and structure-based models provided an improved understanding in the interaction between the three chemical classes and the COX-2.

C 13 H 16 NOS + .Cl - , M r =269.79, triclinic, P1, a=6.954 (1), b=9.049 (1), c=11.541 (2) A, α=73.87 (1), β=74.47 (1), γ=87.79 (1) o , V=671.7 (1) A 3 , Z=2, D x =1.334 g cm -3 , λ(Cu Kα)=1.5418 A, μ=38.5 cm -1 , F(000)= 284, T=295 K, R=0.046 for 1742 reflections with I≥2σ(I). The title compound, which is an antagonist of thiamin, assumes a conformation similar to the S form of thiamin. There are close S...Cl - electrostatic interactions [3.197 (1) A] and a weak C(2)-H...Cl - hydrogen bond [3.421 (3) A] as frequently observed in thiamin

The conformational preferences of helix foldamers have been studied for oligo-γ-peptides of 2-aminocyclohexylacetic acid (γAc6a) with a cyclohexyl constraint on the Cβ–Cγ bond using density functional methods. For the di-γAc6a peptide with the homochiral (1S,2S) configurations, the right-handed (P) 9-helical structure is found to be the most preferred in the gas phase, whereas the (P) 14-helical structure is favored by ∼0.2 kcal mol−1 over the former in water. As the peptide sequence becomes longer, the (P)-2.514-helices are the most preferred for tetra- to octa-γAc6a peptides both in the gas phase and in water, which is due to the favored conformational energies. The calculated mean backbone torsion angles and helical parameters of the 14-helix foldamers of oligo-γAc6a peptides are consistent with those of the X-ray structures of Cα-ethyl-γAc6a peptides. Although the 14-helix foldamers of γAc6a and 2-(aminomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (γAmc6) oligopeptides have similar mean backbone torsion angles and helical parameters, there are some differences in structure and/or helix handedness for other helix foldamers, which can be ascribed to the different substitutions of the cyclohexyl constraint on Cβ–Cγ or Cα–Cβ bonds. Therefore, the conformational preferences of the oligo-γAc6a peptides obtained here are expected to provide useful information for structure-based designs of biologically active γ-peptides with specific functions.