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Pectin recovered from mango peel biomass can be used as a potential source for pectic oligosaccharide hydrolysate with excellent probiotic growth-enhancing performance and prebiotic potentials. Consequently, the objectives of the current study were to optimise the enzyme hydrolysis treatment of mango peel pectin (MPP) and to evaluate the pectic oligosaccharide effects of Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 and Bifidobacterium animalis TISTR 2195. Mango of “chok anan” variety was chosen due to its excessive volume of biomass in processing and high pectin content. The optimal treatment for mango peel pectic oligosaccharide (MPOS) valorisation was 24 h of fermentation with 0.3% (v/v) pectinase. This condition provided small oligosaccharides with the molecular weight of 643 Da that demonstrated the highest score of prebiotic activity for both of B. animalis TISTR 2195 (7.76) and L. reuteri DSM 17938 (6.87). The major sugar compositions of the oligosaccharide were fructose (24.41% (w/w)) and glucose (19.52% (w/w)). For the simulation of prebiotic fermentation, B. animalis TISTR 2195 showed higher proliferation in 4% (w/v) of MPOS supplemented (8.92 log CFU/mL) than that of L. reuteri (8.53 CFU/mL) at 72 h of the fermentation time. The main short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) derived from MPOS were acetic acid and propionic acid. The highest value of total SCFA was achieved from the 4% (w/v) MPOS supplementation for both of B. animalis (68.57 mM) and L. reuteri (69.15 mM). The result of this study therefore conclusively advises that MPOS is a novel pectic oligosaccharide resource providing the opportunity for the sustainable development approach through utilising by-products from the fruit industry.

Enzimsko posmeđivanje ozbiljno narušava kakvoću svježe rezanog voća i povrća. U novije vrijeme, potrošači i prerađivači voća i povrća zahtijevaju da se umjesto kemijskih spojeva koriste prirodni inhibitori posmeđivanja. Iz praha kore ploda manga (Mangifera indica cv. Chok Anan) tretirane tekućim dušikom izdvojeni su polifenoli, i to ekstrakcijom potpomognutom ultrazvukom i ekstrakcijom potpomognutom ultrazvukom i miješanjem. Najveći ukupni udjel fenola u ekstraktu praha kore manga dobiven je ekstrakcijom potpomognutom ultrazvukom i miješanjem tijekom 15 min. Pri skladištenju se pirea od krumpira tretiranog prahom kore manga nakon 6 sati smanjilo njegovo posmeđivanje, dok su se svjetlina (L*) i kut promjene boje povećali u usporedbi s uzorcima pirea od krumpira tretiranim askorbinskom ili limunskom kiselinom. Ekstrakt praha kore manga imao je veći inhibicijski učinak na polifenolnu oksidazu u krumpiru nego askorbinska i limunska kiselina. Njegova vrijednost IC50 bila je 0,3 mg/mL. Mangiferin, protokatehinska i galna kiselina iz ekstrakta kore manga imali su jak inhibicijski učinak na polifenolnu oksidazu u krumpiru, pa je zaključeno da se kora manga može upotrijebiti kao prirodni inhibitor enzimskog posmeđivanja., Enzymatic browning is a serious quality deterioration of fresh-cut fruits and vegetables. Recently, consumers and fruit and vegetable industrial processors have demanded the use of natural antibrowning agents to replace the use of chemicals. Mango (Mangifera indica cv. Chok Anan) peel was prepared in the form of mango peel liquid nitrogen powder. This included extraction by ultrasound or ultrasound combined with stirring. The total phenolic content of mango peel liquid nitrogen powder extract (further in the text: mango peel extract) was the highest after the extraction for 15 min using ultrasound followed by stirring for 15 min. The browning value of potato puree treated with mango peel extract was lower, while its L* value and the hue angle were larger than of samples treated with ascorbic or citric acids during storage for 6 h. Mango peel extract had a competitive inhibitory effect on potato polyphenol oxidase (PPO), which was larger than either ascorbic or citric acid. Its IC50 value was 0.3 mg/mL. Mangiferin, protocatechuic and gallic acid found in mango peel extract had high inhibitory effect on potato PPO, making mango peel a potential natural source of enzymatic browning inhibitor.

Mango peel, by-products of fruit processing, is a potential source of natural pectin. In this study, pectins were extracted form peels of commonly used for processing Thai mangoes, namely ‘Rad’, ‘Tar LubNak’, ‘Mahachanok’, ‘Sampee’, ‘Chok Anan’, ‘Keaw’, and ‘Nam Dok Mai’. Qualitative parameters viz., yield, equivalent weight, methoxyl content (Meo) and degree of esterification (DE) were compared. Methanolic extracts of the bound dietary fibers were used to determine total phenolic content, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH●) free radical scavenging activity as well as Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity. The results illustrated that ‘Rad’ peel yield the highest amount of pectin, following by ‘Sampee’ and ‘Tar LubNak’ which are of the 500-1,000 mg mol-1 equivalent weight and lower Meo as well as DE. Pectins from peel these mangoes were, therefore of high quality low methoxyl pectin (LMP). The screening of bioactive functionality suggested that among the tested cultivars pectin of ‘Sampee’ mango gave the highest total phenolic content as well as antioxidant scavenging activities against DPPH and TEAC.

Anthracnose is the most significant mango disease in humid production areas such as Malaysia. It is caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Postharvest fungicides such as benomyl have been widely used to suppress incidence of the disease. However, the incidence of resistance development and the side effects on environment and consumers has prompted the search for alternatives. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of UV-C irradiation in suppressing anthracnose of mango. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was identified based on the morphological characteristics that include colony morphology, conidial shape, size and septation. Effects of different UV-C irradiation doses on mycelial growth, sporulation and conidial germination were studied (0, 14.4, 28.8, 43.2, 57.6 and 72.0 kJ m-2) and indicated that 72.0 kJ m-2 showed the most significant inhibition. As for the fungal sporulation, all of the doses reduced the sporulation. Thus, UV-C irradiation could be used to reduce postharvest losses by inhibiting conidial germination and sporulation of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on mango.

The total phenolic contents (TPC), antioxidant activities and organic acid composition of Salacca zalacca, Mangifera indica L. Chok Anan and Baccaurea motleyana Hook. F. extracts at different maturity stages were evaluated by using modified Folin-Ciocalteu assay at 765 nm absorbance, 2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and HPLC RP18 column at 215 nm. TPC content ranged from 63.9 mg GAE/100g to 381.23 mg GAE/100g, whereas the antioxidant activity ranged from 3.10% - 84.45%. The M. indica L. Chok Anan contained malic acid and citric acid in the range of 43.897-73.396 mg/100g FW and 2.681-18.428 mg/100g FW at young to ripe stages, respectively. B. motleyana Hook. F. contained citric acid and tartaric acid in the range of 4.649-6.114 mg/100g FW and 3.645-4.365 mg/100g FW at young to ripe stages, respectively. S. zalacca contained malic acid and citric acid in the range of 4.270-17.926mg/100g FW and 0.845-3.284 mg/100g FW at young to ripe stages, respectively. The highest TPC and antioxidant activity were found in the young stage of S. zalacca fruit extract with lowest inhibitory concentration (IC50) valued at 0.57 mgml-1. There was a positive linear correlation between the TPC and antioxidant activities of the fruit extracts. Malic acid is the predominant organic acid in M. indica L. Chok Anan and S. zalacca, while citric acid is the predominant organic acid in B. motleyana Hook. F. This research suggests that the studied fruits at young stage are a better source of TPC and antioxidants. The tested fruits showed a decrease in the concentration of organic acids with ripening.

Unsynchronized flowering behavior and low fruit set are phenomenon that resulted in low production of mango fruit. The effects of a chemical inducing substance, potassium nitrate (KNO3), on enhancement of flowering on the mango clone ‘Chok Anan’ (MA 224) and, ultimately, the fruit production were studied. Initially, 12-month-old and 5-year-old mango trees were sprayed with 1%, 2%, and 5% KNO3. The 5-year-old mango trees showed earlier flowering and higher fruit set with 2% KNO3 followed by 5% and 1% KNO3. However, only 1% KNO3 initiated flowering on young mango trees. In conclusion, the flowering response to KNO3 depends on the age of tree.

The aim of this work was to investigate the quality and microstructure of different frozen mango cultivars. Since freezing can cause severe textural damage to fruit, the proper selection of a ripening stage and cultivar can reduce such damage. Two mango cultivars (Nam Dok Mai and Chok Anan) were allowed to ripen for four ripening stages. During ripening, titratable acidity, alcohol-insoluble residues, and firmness significantly decreased while total soluble solids, total pectin, and water-soluble pectin levels increased. Mangoes from the three final ripening stages were frozen until the temperature of the samples reached –25°C. After thawing, the partially ripe mango samples exhibited the highest firmness, lowest drip loss, lowest water-soluble pectin, and the highest sensory firmness scores. The microstructure found using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed that all frozen-thawed mangoes exhibited a swelling and folding of the cell wall due to freezing damage. The cell walls of f...

Fruit of three mango cultivars representing severe, moderate and slight chilling injury (CI) susceptibility, were stored at 5°C (chilling temperature) and 13°C (recommended storage temperature) for 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. CI symptoms, hydrogen peroxide content and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were determined both in the peel and the pulp next to the endocarp. 'Nam Dok Mai' mango developed CI in both the peel and the pulp. 'Chok Anan' developed CI only on the peel. No CI was found in 'Hongsawadee'. Mangoes stored at 5°C developed more CI symptoms on the peel than those stored at 13°C. However CI symptom in the pulp was higher at 13°C than at 5°C. After being transferred to room temperature, ripe mangoes developed more peel browning than unripe mangoes. However, lower CI symptom in the pulp was observed. In the peel, 'Nam Dok Mai' was found to have the highest level of total antioxidant capactiy, while 'Chok Anan' had the highest level of hydrogen peroxide. 'Hongsawadee' had the highest level of TAC in its pulp during cold storage but it was found to be the lowest once the fruit were transferred to room temperature. Despite the difference in chilling injury development among cultivars, tissues and ripening stages, no clear relationship between hydrogen peroxide content or TAC level in the three mango cultivars and chilling iniurv could be established.

The influence of cultivar and fruit ripeness on sensory properties and all-trans-β-carotene contents of dried mango slices was evaluated. Different ripeness stages, quantitatively defined by a ripening index (RPI), were generated from a single lot per cultivar by subjecting mature-green mangoes of the cultivars ‘Nam Dokmai’, ‘Kaew’, and ‘Chok Anan’ to different postharvest ripening regimes. Fruits were ripened for 2 and 3 days at 24±2 °C/45–60% relative humidity (RH) and 33±2 °C/50–70% RH, with application of calcium carbide (CaC2) or 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (CEPA, Ride®) beside the control, terminating postharvest ripening when fruit firmness allowed proper peeling and slicing. After ripening, fruits were washed, peeled, sliced and subsequently dried in a conventional tray dryer at 70 °C for 8–10 h, until the water activity of the dried fruits was below 0.65. Mangoes cv. ‘Kaew’, followed by ‘Chok Anan’, were more suitable for drying than cv. ‘Nam Dokmai’ because of superior all-trans-β-carotene contents of the products. Maximum β-carotene contents of dried mango slices from cvs. ‘Chok Anan’ and ‘Kaew’ corresponded to retinol equivalents of 333–383 and 483–905 per 100 g of edible portion (dry weight), meeting daily mean requirements of vitamin A for adults according to FAO/WHO. Similar to the fresh fruit, exponential rise of all-trans-β-carotene contents with increasing fruit ripeness was also observed for the dried products of cvs. ‘Nam Dokmai’ and ‘Chok Anan’. Consistently, accelerated ripening at 33 °C, instead of 24 °C, resulted in higher all-trans-β-carotene contents of dried fruits. Both good sensory acceptance and cultivar-specific maximum all-trans-β-carotene contents of 13–16 and 20–23 mg kg−1 usually characterised the products of ‘Nam Dokmai’ and ‘Chok Anan’ fruits with RPI levels between 3 and 4. Conversely, fruits cv. ‘Kaew’ of RPI levels above 6 generally yielded products inferior in sensory acceptance and β-carotene contents, while superior product quality was found at higher RPI levels than for the other two cultivars.

Thai eat the young leaves of mango as vegetables. Antioxidants in young leaves of mango cultivars 'Talapnak', 'Chok Anan' and 'Nam Dok Mai' were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with an online ABTS assay (HPLC-ABTS) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometer (HPLC-ESI-MS). Young leaves of mango cv. 'Nam Dok Mai' had the highest antioxidant capacity. Major antioxidants in young mango leaves were man- giferin and benzophenones (maclurin and iriflophenone derivatives). Mangiferin presented in higher quantities than other compounds in each cultivar, with cv. 'Talapnak' containing the most (37.92±0.98 mg/g DW). The compound with the highest antioxidant capacity in all cultivars was mangiferin pentoside (from 1.19±0.25 mmol TE/g DW in cv. 'Chok Anan' to 2.13±0.04 mmol TE/g DW in cv. 'Talapnak'). The compound with the highest Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity was maclurin galloyl glucoside (1.75±0.62 mol TE/mol).

Regarding their relevance for the fungal resistance of mangoes in long supply chains, the alk(en)ylresorcinols (AR) were quantitated in peel and mesocarp throughout storage (27 days, 14 °C, ethylene absorption). The 12 'Chok Anan' and 11 'Nam Dokmai #4' lots picked between 83 and 115 days after full bloom (DAFB) had different harvest maturity indices. The development of dry matter and fruit growth indicated physiological maturity ∼100 DAFB. During storage, all fruits ripened slowly, mostly until over-ripeness and visible decay. The total AR contents always ranged at 73 ± 4.5 and 6.4 ± 0.7 mg hg(-1) of 'Chok Anan' and 'Nam Dokmai #4' peel dry weight, respectively, but only at 6.7 ± 0.7 and 0.9 ± 0.1 mg hg(-1) for the corresponding mesocarp (P ≤ 0.05). These narrow concentration ranges were contradictory to the decreasing fungal resistance. Accordingly, the alk(en)ylresorcinols have not been a deciding factor for the fungal resistance.

Accumulation of beta-carotene during postharvest ripening of nine Thai mango cultivars was assessed after verifying extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic quantification of the beta-carotene stereoisomers for this sample matrix. No relevant trans-cis isomerization was induced by the analytical procedure. The vitamin A potential of mangoes was evaluated at different ripening stages unequivocally defined by a ripening index (RPIWB). Being rather stable throughout postharvest ripening, the cultivar-specific proportion of cis-beta-carotene isomers ranged from 14 to 40% of the total beta-carotene content. Subjected to the same postharvest ripening conditions, only the cultivars Kaew, Maha Chanok, Chok Anan, and Nam Dokmai #4 developed a bright yellow-orange mesocarp coloration at their fully ripe stage (RPIWB = 1.5-1.8, sugar-acid ratio approximately 50), resulting in total beta-carotene contents of 6544-11249 microg/100 g mesocarp dry weight (DW) and vitamin A values of 892-1573 retinol equivalents (RE)/100 g DW. Contrarily, poor-colored cultivars Mon Duen Gao, Rad, Kiew Sawoei, Okrong Kiew, and Okrong Thong reached total beta-carotene contents of 1019-2195 microg/100 g DW and vitamin A values of 136-298 RE/100 g DW at comparable sugar-acid ratios. Exponential development of mesocarp color (hue angle, H degrees ) and all-trans-beta-carotene levels, respectively, with RPIWB was described for each cultivar, allowing good prediction of mesocarp color and vitamin A value at consumption ripeness.

Anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. is the major problem of harvested mango for domestic markets and for export. Control of anthracnose disease is currently based on the application of fungicides. However, it was reported that there are some chemical residues of chemical in mango and in the environment. Therefore, safe alternative methods for controlling anthracnose disease were studied. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the antifungal properties of modified coconut oil (MCO) in vitro test and to investigate the combined effects of ethanolic shellac - modified coconut oil solution (ES-MCO), hot water (HW) and UV-C treatments on controlling anthracnose disease and maintaining postharvest quality of mango fruit cv. Chok-Anan (in vivo test). The antifungal activity of the MCO was determined by a paper disc method and tested the survival of MCO treated-fungal spores on PDA. The results revealed that 2% MCO significantly inhibited the mycelail growth of C. gloeosporioides on paper disc and completely killed fungal spore on PDA. In vivo test, harvested mangoes were cleaned with a solution of 100 ppm sodium hypochlorite and air dried. The fruit were treated with HW, UV-C followed by ES-MCO coating (HW + UV-C + ES-MCO), HW followed by UV-C (HW + UV-C), or ES-MCO alone. Untreated fruit served as the control. All fruit samples were then kept at 13°C for 15 days. HW + UV-C + ES-MCO treatments showed the most effective in reducing anthracnose disease, followed by HW + UV-C treatments, and ES-MCO treatment, while the control fruit showed the greatest symptoms of anthracnose disease. In addition, both the ES-MCO alone and the combined treatments of HW + UV-C + ES-MCO significantly delayed ripening of fruit by retarding firmness, weight loss, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), ethylene production and respiration rate, while the peel and pulp color of mango fruit were maintained throughout the storage period. This founding shows that HW + UV-C + ES-MCO treatments may act as the safe alternative methods to suppress anthracnose disease and delayed the senescence of mango fruit during cold storage.