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Aim: The present study was designed to evaluate the plausible efficacy of ethanolic extract of Rauwolfia serpentina to mitigate copper induced toxicity by investigating cytogenetic biomarkers, i.e., chromosome aberrations (CA) and micronucleus (MN) formation; assessment of biochemical changes in liver enzymes (SGOT, SGPT and ALP) and estimation of protein levels in a freshwater spotted snakehead fish(Channa punctatus). Methodology: The experiment was carried out in six groups, each having 15 specimens for 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr. Group I served as control. Groups II and III were maintained with 3 mg l-1 of Rauwolfia root extract and 0.4 mg l-1 of Cu2+, respectively. Groups IV, V, and VI were simultaneously co-exposed with 0.4 mg l-1 of Cu2+ and three different concentrations of Rauwolfia root extract 1, 2 and 3 mg l-1, respectively. For the genotoxicity assessment, blood and kidney tissues were used. Hepatic impairments were assessed after each exposure period. Results: A significant increase (p

Aim: The present study aims to establish morphology-based nuclear abnormalities (NAs) including micronuclei (MN) as effective and sensitive genotoxic endpoint biomarkers in fish against the sub-lethal exposure of phorate. Methodology: Fish, Channa punctatus (35 ± 3.0 g; 14.5 ± 1.0 cm) were randomly exposed in two sets, treated group 1 and 2 (0.0375 mg l-1 and 0.075 mg l-1 of phorate, respectively) along with a simultaneous control (0 mg l-1). The blood was sampled after 30 days. Results: A significant (p < 0.05) induction in reactive oxygen species (ROS) coupled with elevated frequency of blood cells showing micronuclei along with the gross appearance of notched nuclei, curved nuclei, blebbed nuclei, kidney-shaped nuclei, V-shaped nuclei, nuclear buds, nucleoplasmic bridges, dumbbell nuclei, and condensed/rounded nuclei were recorded in a dose-dependent manner. Interpretation: A significant (p < 0.05) induction in reactive oxygen species (ROS) coupled with elevated frequency of blood cells showing micronuclei along with the gross appearance of notched nuclei, curved nuclei, blebbed nuclei, kidney-shaped nuclei, V-shaped nuclei, nuclear buds, nucleoplasmic bridges, dumbbell nuclei, and condensed/rounded nuclei were recorded in a dose-dependent manner.

Graphical abstract, The widespread use of bisphenol A (BPA) has led to its ubiquity in the natural environment. It is extensively incorporated into different industrial products and is associated with deleterious health effects on both public and wildlife. The current trial was conducted to determine the toxic potential of bisphenol A using various parameters viz haematological, biochemical, and cytological in freshwater fish Channa punctatus. For this purpose, fish were exposed to 1.81 mg/l (1/4 of LC50) and 3.81 mg/l (1/2 of LC50) of BPA along with positive (acetone) and negative controls (water) for 96 h. The blood samples were collected at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h post-exposure. Compared to the control group, fish after acute exposure to BPA showed a significant decrease in HB content, number of red blood cells, PCV values whereas a significant increase in WBCs count was recorded with an increase in the exposure period. Besides, oxidative stress (determined as malondialdehyde content) increased as BPA concentration increased. Further, the activity of different antioxidant enzymes like catalase, and superoxide dismutase decreased significantly after treatment. Results also showed significantly increased frequency of morphological alterations, nuclear changes, and increased DNA damage potential of BPA in red blood cells. Further structural analysis of erythrocytes in maximally damaged group using Scanning Electron Microscopy was performed. The study concludes that BPA exhibits genotoxic activity and oxidative stress could be one of the mechanisms leading to genetic toxicity.

Present work was undertaken to study the behavioural alterations and morphological deformities in the freshwater fish Channa punctatus developed due to exposure to different sublethal concentrations of carbamate pesticide carbaryl. Channa punctatus were exposed to concentrations ranging between 0.1ppm to 1.31ppm in in vitro conditions in the laboratory. 100% mortality was observed due to exposure to 1.17 ppm or more concentrations of carbaryl. Below this concentration fish remained alive but several morphological and behavioral changes were observed. It shows that the change in the aquatic environment causes altered behavioural responses in the animals living in it. Channa punctatus in this toxic medium exhibited erratic movements, hyperactivity, restlessness, and loss of buoyancy and they started swimming at the surface of water. The response of the fish towards toxicity was dependent on concentration of carbaryl and length of exposure. The changes in behavioural parameters were both time and dose dependent.

Aim: To explore the efficacy potential of ethanolic root extract of Rauwolfia serpentina against Chromium (VI) toxicity in fish, Channa punctatus. Methodology: Acclimatized fish were divided into six groups, each having 15 specimens. Group I served as a control, while Group II and III fish were exposed to ethanolic root extract of Rauwolfia serpentina (3 mg l-1) and Cr (VI) (96 h LC50/10; 7.68 mg l-1), respectively. Groups IV, V and VI fish were exposed to three different concentrations of ethanolic root extract of Rauwolfia serpentina (1, 2 and 3 mg l-1), simultaneously with 7.68 mg l-1 of Cr (VI). The induction of micronuclei, chromosomal aberrations, protein levels and liver enzymes-SGOT, SGPT and ALP- were assessed in fish of all six groups after designated exposure periods. Results: A significant induction (p

The present investigation was designed to study the effect of sublethal concentration of paper mill effluent on the total protein and amino acid contents in muscles, liver and gill of Channa punctatus after exposure to 96 hours. A significant decrease in protein content with increase in amino acids content in muscles, liver and gill of effluent exposed fishes was observed. A reduction in the protein content and enhancement of free amino acids in the muscles, liver and gill of experimental fish suggests that the tissue protein might have undergone proteolysis, during the stressful situation. Thus, the present study concludes that the protein metabolism of fish Channa punctatus affected during effluent exposure and reduces the nutritive value of fish.

Freshwaters are highly vulnerable to pollution since they act as immediate sinks for the consequences of human activity always associated with the danger of accidental discharges. Heavy metals constitute a core group of aquatic pollutants and additional concentrations of these metals accumulate in the aquatic ecosystems as a result of land-based activities. Fish mostly tend to bioaccumulate heavy metals, and humans can be at great risk, sometimes even lethal, through contamination of the food chain. An attempt has been made in the present investigation to determine the acute toxicity of lithium and its toxicological effects on survival, physiological, haematological and biochemical parameters of the widely consumed spotted sneak head Channa punctatus and Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Short-term acute toxicity tests were performed by exposing the test species to different concentrations of lithium chloride. The results showed that the normal respiratory activity of the fish was significantly affected and there was a depression in the metabolic rate at the end of 24, 48, 72 and 96h exposure. Appreciable decline changes occur in haematological parameters and biochemical profiles of the fish. This study reflects the extent of the toxic effects of lithium and the metal-induced cumulative deleterious effects at various functional levels in the widely consumed freshwater fish, Channa punctatus and Oreochromis niloticus.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the toxicity and effects of a commercial formulation of the herbicide Hiltaklor on glycogen in the fish Channa punctatus (Bloch) The toxicity for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of Hiltaklor calculated by probit analysis, were determined to be LC50 values 213.9, 208.8 , 205.9 and 195.3 ppb, respectively, when treated with Hiltaklor Behaviour changes observed.

This study was aimed to assess the bioaccumulation and concentration level of three heavy metals such as Chromium (Cr), Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) in the riverine water and edible fish, Channa punctatus obtained from River Kosi, Rampur, Uttar Pradesh, India. These toxic heavy metals are released into the environment because of E-waste, industrial activities, municipal urban runoff, coal burning, fertilizers etc., then paved the way into the aquatic system due to direct input, atmospheric deposition, and erosions caused by rain. There is every apprehension of aquatic animals getting exposed to elevated levels of heavy metals, thus possessing harmful effects both to flora and fauna. The concentrations of Cd, Cr and Pb in water were found to be 0.051 ± 0.026, 1.091 ± 0.408, and 0.019 ± 0.002 whereas in the kidneys of Channa punctatus, as 0.076 ± 0.208, 0.482 ± 0.059, and 0.127 ± 0.705 respectively. Keywords: Channa punctatus, Heavy metals contamination, Uttar Pradesh, India

Background: Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an enzyme belonging to hydrolase group which splits the acetylcholine in to choline and acetate. It is supposed to be a marker of cholinergic and cholinoceptive neurons. Acetylcholinesterase histochemisry has been done in a number of vertebrates but it is still obscure and scattered in fishes, particularly in Indian fishes. Methods: In the present study a modified histochemical technique has been employed to histochemically map the acetylcholinesterase containing neurons in the telencephalic and diencephalic nuclei of C. punctatus described by Hedreen, et al (1985).Result: Acetylchoinesterase is differentially expressed in the various prosencephalic centres and nuclei of the brain, thus its staining clearly demarcates these centres and nuclei based on varying enzyme intensity. Among the pallial nuclei of the forebrain, medial and dorsolateral nuclei showed intense enzyme activity while ventral dorsolateral nucleus and central nucleus showed moderate reaction. In contrast, most of the subpallial nuclei of the forebrain showed high intensity. Diencephalic nuclei of the forebrain exhibited mosaic pattern of enzyme distribution.

Arsenic, the proven genotoxic carcinogen in humans, is a groundwater contaminant of global concern. The present work investigates the applicability of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) as molecular marker to demonstrate arsenic genotoxicity in the freshwater fish, Channa punctatus. Fish specimens, segregated into three groups, were exposed to 10, 50 and 500 µgL− 1 of arsenic respectively for 20 consecutive days. DNA extracted from same specimens of each group before and after exposure was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using single arbitrary primers. Marked changes in RAPD profiles of fish DNA were observed upon exposure to arsenic compare to RAPD profiles of their pre-exposure state, resulting from loss or gain of certain bands. Altogether a total of 41 loci were amplified with 37–41 bands in each group. Band 1 of pre-exposure state was lost in all post-exposure samples while bands 4, 6 and 7 appeared as new bands after exposure to arsenic. The changes in the RAPD banding patterns upon exposure to arsenic reflect alterations in fish DNA. The RAPD bands, therefore, appeared as potential markers, capable of revealing the genotoxicity induced by arsenic in this piscine model.

Paraquat dichloride (PD) is a major contaminant in aquatic environment and is a cause of concern to different organisms, especially to fishes, as it causes different changes in behavioral and morph...

Fish skin is in direct contact with water and forms the first line of defense against pathogens and toxicants present in the surrounding water. The effect of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) on surface architecture of the epidermis of caudal fin of an air breathing fish, Channa punctatus was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and revealed the presence of microridges that formed intricate, maze-like patterns. The exposed fish showed significant alterations including disorganization of microridge pattern and increase in number as well as enlargement of mucus cell openings. These findings exhibited concentration- and time- dependent alterations in fin epithelium. Data demonstrated that fin epithelium of fish may be successfully employed as a bioindicator of water pollution.

The aim of present study was to assess the genotoxic effects of endocrine-disrupting compounds 4-nonylphenol (NP) on Channa punctatus after sub chronic exposure. Blood cells from gill and kidney were used for the study and micronucleated cell (MNC) and aberrant cell (AC) frequencies were used as biological indicators. The exposure was given to C. punctatus for 90 days, and the effect was seen after 30, 60, and 90 days of exposure. Three sublethal concentrations were decided after calculating the safe application rate. Exposure resulted in increased frequency of MNC and AC in both the tissues. Gill tissue was found to be more sensitive to 4-nonylphenol exposure. Highest MNC and AC frequency was found at 90 days of exposure in gill tissue and the values were 4.45±0.28 and 63.71±0.84 respectively. After exposure for 90 days, post-30 days recovery was also studied and we found a significant reduction (p?0.01) in the values of both the parameters showing a great capacity of C. punctatus to restore its DNA integrity.

Dietary biotin requirement of fingerling Channa punctatus (4.52 ± 0.46 g) was estimated by conducting a 16-week growth trial. Fish were fed casein gelatin-based purified diets (450 g/kg crude prote...

Heavy metal contamination in fresh water bodies is of great concern owing to their toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation. The current study deals with the acute toxicity of cadmium to fresh water fish, Channa punctatus. The objective of this study was to grasp the link between mortality and abnormal behavioral and morphological changes of C. punctatus exposed to cadmium chloride. Static bioassay tests were carried out to evaluate LC50 value of Cadmium (Cd) for fresh water fish, C. punctatus as well as the behavioral responses and morphological changes were also observed. Fish after treatment with various concentrations of cadmium chloride for different exposure period the percent mortality was recorded. The lowest cadmium chloride concentration at which mortality was observed as 45 mg/l. The first death of experimental fish was recorded as 125 mg/l at 24 hrs. of exposure. After 96 hrs. LC50 value of cadmium (Cd) was found to be 80.62mg/l. The major behavioral responses observed during the experiment were restlessness, jumping, erratic swimming, gulping of air at the surface, loss of equilibrium, sluggishness,opercular movements and fishes lied on the water surface before death and morphological changes like, discoloration of skin, pigmented patches on body, shedding of scales, sedimentation of chemical on body, mucous secretion, and ballooning were observed in exposed animals. The observed data showed that C.punctatus can be used as a good bio-indicator for heavy metal contamination in fresh water bodies.

Sub-lethal exposure of dichlorvos induces oxidative stress, consequent genetic instability and apoptosis coupled with impairments in biochemical, histopathological and transcription of genes in Channa punctatus. Exposure of 5% (0.041 mg/L; E2) and 10% (0.082 mg/L; E3) of 96 h-LC50 of dichlorvos significantly (p

Present study was designed to assess the hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) mediated oxidative stress that induces DNA damage and apoptosis in adult fish, Channa punctatus (35 ± 3.0 g; 14.5 ± 1.0 cm; Actinopterygii). Fishes were maintained in three groups for 15, 30 and 45 d of exposure periods. They were treated with 5% (Group T1) and 10% (Group T2) of 96 h-LC50 of chromium trioxide (Cr6+). Controls were run for the similar duration. A significant (p

Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is the most widely used brominated flame retardant and its increased use in common products such as plastics, electronic equipment, etc., has raised concern ab...

Graphical abstract, Highlights • The pesticides have adverse effect on the health of aquatic biota including fishes. • Comparative acute toxicity of both pesticides was determined in the present study. • Both pesticides have affected the behavioural activities of C. punctatus. • Alteration of behavioural patterns may be due to strong inhibition of AChE activity. • Triazophos (organophosphate) is more neurotoxic than deltamethrin (pyrethroid)., Pesticides are applied to control the pests indoor and outdoor; however, their remarkable amount reaches to the aquatic system through various routes like run-off, leaching, spray-drift, effluent from factories. These are reported to have negative metabolic impact on different non-target aquatic organisms like fishes. Thus, present study is aimed to evaluate the acute toxicity of two groups of pesticides, organophosphate and pyrethroid, namely triazophos and deltamethrin, respectively. The test was conducted for 96 h period in a freshwater teleost, Channa punctatus. The LC50 values for triazophos and deltamethrin after 96 h treatment was found to be 0.069 mg/L and 7.33 μg/L. The deltamethrin was found to be about ten times more toxic than triazophos to the fish. In treated fish, alterations in various behavioural patterns were observed with increasing concentrations of both the pesticides as compared to control. Further, tissue specific as well as dose dependent inhibition in the acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) activity was found in brain, muscle and gills in Channa punctatus exposed to both the insecticides. However, the effect was more pronounced in triazophos treated fishes than the deltamethrin. A futuristic approach on biochemical and molecular studies may throw light on the mechanism of action of these pesticides.

The genotoxicity of carbaryl was evaluated through Chromosomal Aberration Test on gill cells in freshwater fish Channa punctatus. Fishes were acclimatized in laboratory and divided into control and experimental groups. Two sublethal concentrations of carbaryl (0.1ppm and 0.5ppm) were identified and experimental fishes were exposed to these concentrations for a period of 144 hrs. Chromosomal aberrations were increased in carbaryl treated group, both were greater at higher concentration of carbaryl. These finding indicate that carbaryl is able to cause genotoxic effects in Channa punctatus.

The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the tannery effluent toxicity stress symptoms in fish blood during a long term of exposure period. The effect of tannery effluent on various haematological parameters were evaluated exposing fresh water fish, C. punctatus to different concentration i.e., [Control, 5% Tannery effluent (TE), 10% TE and 20% TE] of tannery effluent. Exposed of fish to tannery effluent showed a significant decrease in the haemoglobin (Hb) content (9.16± 0.08), red blood cells (3.32 ± 0.12), packed cell volume (34.66 ± 0.33) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) values, whereas significant increase in the white blood cells (WBC), erythro-cyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and clotting time was recorded with increase in exposure periods as compared to control respectively. Hb, RBC and MCHC values showed fluctuating results. The haematological parameters were decreases from 15th days of exposure periods to 45th days of exposure period. The decrease in haematological parameters clearly indicates that the exposed fishes have become anemic due to tannery effluent exposure.

A 12-week feeding trial was conducted to estimate the dietary copper requirement of fingerling Channa punctatus. Six casein−gelatin-based test diets (450 g kg−1 crude protein; 18.81 kJ g−1 gross energy) with graded levels of copper as copper sulphate (3.7, 4.7, 5.7, 6.7, 7.7 and 8.7 mg copper equivalent kg−1 diet) were formulated and fed to triplicate groups of fish (7.25 ± 0.81 cm; 5.21 ± 0.27 g) near to satiation. Fish fed diet with 6.7 mg kg−1 copper had highest absolute weight gain (AWG; 51.63 g fish−1), protein efficiency ratio (PER; 1.42 g fish−1), protein gain (PG; 8.34 g fish−1), haemoglobin (Hb; 9.68 g dL−1), haematocrit (Hct; 31.18%) and RBCs (3.24 × 106 × mm−3). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was found to be best (1.57) at above level of dietary copper. Whole body copper concentration was found to increase with the increasing levels of dietary copper. Hepatic thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances concentration was found to decrease with increasing dietary concentrations of copper up to 6.7 mg kg−1 beyond which a reverse trend in this parameter was noted. Broken-line regression analysis of AWG, FCR and PG concentrations against varying levels of dietary copper yielded the requirement in the range of 6.66–6.78 mg kg−1. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating copper-balanced commercial feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.

Different concentrations of table salt (NaCl) were evaluated for its induction/anaesthetic and physiological effects on two live fish species viz., Anabas testudineus (Koi) and Channa punctatus (Taki). The time taken to immobilize and fully anaesthesize the fishes were quite long, 36-52.83 hours and 37.75-53 hours respectively for Koi, 64.50-71.50 hours and 68.25- 71.50 hours respectively for Taki, but thereafter a quick mortality occurred in both species. The induction time was negatively related with the concentrations of salt, and independent of the intrinsic factors (total length and total weight) of the fish. No changes in the colours of skin, eye and gill were observed at lower concentrations were observed in A. testudineus, but the eye and gill were found to be affected at low concentrations in C. punctatus, irrespective of the exposure time. Table salt produced a bad smell at all concentrations at longer exposure in both species of fish.Jahangirnagar University J. Biol. Sci. 4(1): 41-49, 2015 (June)

Flouride toxicity has acquired a massive form in present times since we have to dig deeper and deeper in search of drinking water. Deeper levels are richer in toxic metals and non metals like Arsenic and Flourides. The present study takes a common freshwater fish Channa punctatus as a bioassay of fluoride toxicity and studies the effects of reversal of toxic effects by use of Ascorbic acid and by keeping the fish in clean water. The results have been compiled in the form of graphs and photomicrograph.

Brine salt curied (BS) Taki fish and the small Tengra fish were studied to observe such salting procedure on their bio-chemical composition stored at room temperature (26-320C). In fresh-processed condition, moisture, protein, fat, ash, pH and free fatty acid were 62.28%, 18.02%, 2.76%, 17.24%, 6.8 and 0.5% in BS taki fish and 57.35%, 15.3%, 6.84%, 20.8%, 5.9 and 0.9%, respectively in tengra. The value of moisture, pH and FFA increased significantly (p

In this study, Channa punctatus was treated with sub-lethal concentration of cypermethrin (6.6 µg/L) for 5, 10 and 15 days and its effect on total CYP 450 and the activity of hepatic CYP450 isoforms measured. Total CYP450 content and CYP1A mediated EROD activity was significantly induced (p

Sublethal effects of arsenic trioxide, cadmium chloride, lead nitrate and mercuric chloride, were investigated on chromatophore morphology and behaviour of Channa punctatus. The protective role of melatonin was investigated. Changes were observed in the chromatophore pattern of fish scales and in fish behaviour after administration of the heavy metals. Heavy metal exposure caused restlessness in fishes and increased the dispersal of pigments in the chromatophores. Melatonin administration counteracted both these effects. The melatonin treatment did not modify metal concentration in scales, but it caused the aggregation of pigments in chromatophores of the fish. It also reduced the aggression observed in the fishes caused by the heavy metal administration. Toxicopathological alterations include statistically significant variations in the number, size and shape of the melanophores. The heavy metal-induced morphological changes in the melanophores indicate protective role against toxic insult of heavy metals.

The present study was conducted to examine the contamination of rivulet situated at Kasimpur, Aligarh (27.218° N; 79.378° E). It receives the wastewater of Harduaganj Thermal Power Plant (HTPS) containing fly ash and heavy metals. Among the heavy metals estimated in the rivulet water, Fe (8.71 mg L-1) was present in the highest concentration followed by Cu (0.86 mg L-1), Zn (0.30 mg L-1), Mn (0.21 mg L-1), Ni (0.12 mg L-1), Co (0.11 mg L-1) and Cr (0.10 mg L-1). The values for the heavy metals such as Fe, Ni and Mn were beyond the limits set by UNEPGEMS. Channa punctatus inhabiting the rivulet, bioaccumulate these heavy metals in tissues such as gills, liver, kidney, muscle and integument. Accumulation of Fe (140.2 to 1533.08 mg kg-1.dw) was highest in all the organs. The accumulation of Fe, Zn, and Mn, observed in the tissues were above the values recommended by FAO/WHO. Abnormalities in hematological parameters of exposed C. punctatus were also observed. The total RBC count (-51.39%) showed decline over control. Therefore, fall in Hb (-36.98%) and oxygen carrying capacity (37.00%) was also observed over control. On the contrary, the total WBC count (+25.43%) increased over control. Key words: Channa punctatus, effluents, heavy metals, bioaccumulation, hematology.

Dimethoate is one of the organophosphate insecticides widely used in agriculture throughout the world and is an inhibitor of cholinesterase in animals. The objective of the present study was to det...

A clear understanding on the difference between qualities and shelf lives of brine salted taki and shoal fish product stored at refrigerator temperature (4 0 C) has been assessed by analyzing physical changes such as color, texture, odor and visual appearance by acceptability technique and changes in chemical index of TVB-N, pH and FFA value (quality parameters). In processed condition (after 7 days of ripening period in brine salting), values of TVB-N, pH and FFA were 5.7 mg N/100g, 6.8 and 2.6% in case of taki and 3.64 mg N/100g, 6.5 and 1.8% in case of shoal fish respectively. TVB-N, pH and FFA value increased significantly (p

The aim of the present study was to compare the quality assessment in terms of freshness, chemical composition and bacterial load of sun dried fishes and oven dried Channapunctatus during July 2017 to December 2017. Traditionally dried and fresh raw C. punctatus were collected from the Singrabajar of Chalanbeel area, Bangladesh and brought into the laboratory of Department of Fisheries of University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Fresh species were processed and dried in the electric oven at 105°C. After the organoleptic analysis it was observed that the appearance, odor, color, texture and overall acceptability of traditionally sun dried fishes were 6.75±0.43, 7.00±0.00, 7.12±0.78, 6.62±0.51, 6.75±0.46 and oven dried fishes were 7.75±1.29, 6.87±0.92, 7.25±1.63, 7.5±1.30 and 7.50±1.30, respectively. Significant difference was found between the sun dried and oven dried C. punctatus for the mean values of all organoleptic characteristics. In case of proximate composition the lipid, protein, ash and moisture contents were 3.10±0.60%, 57.50±2.30%, 21.00±1.20% and 14.83±1.45% in sun dried fishes and 5.85±1.25%, 70.15±1.30%, 13.00±1.50% and 8.50±1.40% was observed in oven dried fish. Significant difference was found in proximate composition. The pH contents varied from 6.3±0.31 (oven dried) to 6.75±0.70 (sun dried). The lowest TVB-N content (3.85mg/100g) was found in oven dried fishes and the highest (4.02mg/100g) was found in sun dried fishes and the microbial load varied from 4.9×102 (oven dried) to 3.9×103 (sun dried). Significant difference was found between the sun and oven dried C. punctatus for the aerobic plate count and TVB-N, but those are belongs in acceptable range.

Thioacetamide (TAA) is a well-known reported carcinogen for the induction of liver cancer. Different animal models have been developed to investigate different stages of HCC in rats, mice and guinea pigs. Use of these animals for new chemical entity leads to large number of deaths, sufferings and pain. Hence to reduce the number of animals while screening new moieties, use of fishes for establishing a diseased model is a novel and better concept. In the present study we report a Novel protocol for the induction of hepatocellular carcinoma in Channa Punctatus. After induction of TAA in the span of 21 days, different stages of HCC were observed. Moreover it was also found that AST, ALT and ALP levels were in elevated state. Further pharmaconetworking studies were established using STRING and it was found that important biological processes are disturbed in the presence of Thioacetamide.

Environmental protection has attracted the attention of the wide cross-section of people all over the world which has now become a global issue amongst scientists and researchers working in this area. The aim of the present study was to determine the acute toxicity of chlorantraniliprole insecticide to the fresh water fish Channa punctatus (Bloch). Experimental fish were exposed to different concentrations of chlorantraniliprole between range 0, 1, 2,3,4,5,6,8,10,12,13,14,15,16 and 17mg/L -1 ) for 96 h in test container. The 96h LC50 value of chlorantraniliprole on the fish was found to be 14.424mg/L -1 . The variation in the lethal concentration values is due to its dependence upon various factors viz., sensitivity to the toxicant, its concentration and duration of exposure. Further study needs the processes by which these chemicals affect physiology and pathological changes and of fish and their bio-concentration and bio-accumulation in fish tissues.