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The birth of two-dimensional gas chromatography is assumed to be the ninetieth year of the last century. Two-dimensional gas chromatography is a rapidly developing analytical technique. GCxGC is a truly hyphenated chromatographic technique which employs a pair of GC column. GCxGC analyses, such as the identification of trace compounds that would not be perceived by 1D-GC. The use of 2D-GC compared to that of 1D-GC has been discussed. The paper presents the introduction, principle of operation, working, uses, application, case studies has been discussed.

Liquisolid technique is new and promising method that can use to enhance the dissolution rate of poorly water soluble drugs. Liquisolid compact technique is based upon the dissolving the drug in a suitable non-volatile solvent by using carrier and coating material for the conversion of acceptable flowing and compressible powders. By applying the mathematical models the carrier and coating materials optimized. In this case the drug is almost solubilised in the solvent or molecularly dispersed state which contributes the enhanced drug dissolution.

OBJECTIVE To determine if increased mortality could be detected with the administration of ceftriaxone and IV calcium in infants through an analysis of a large repository of electronic health records. METHODS Patients were split into 3 groups: 1) neonates, 2) infants, and 3) infants RESULTS A total of 259,149 infants were identified. Of 79,038 neonates, the proportion of patients that received ceftriaxone and IV calcium within 48 hours who died was 3.8%, compared with 1.95% (IV calcium), 0.3% (ceftriaxone), 1.54% (IV fluids), and 2.03% (parenteral nutrition). For 102,456 infants, the proportions of deaths were 5.47% (ceftriaxone and IV calcium within 48 hours), 0.45% (IV calcium), 0.15% (ceftriaxone), 0.39% (IV fluids), and 5.5% (parenteral nutrition). Multivariate analysis showed increased odds of death in infants who received ceftriaxone and IV calcium within 48 hours, regardless of age, and propensity score–matched analysis showed a more than 2-fold increased risk for death. CONCLUSIONS The increased risk for death following ceftriaxone and IV calcium administration was noted not only in neonates, but among older infants as well.

Different solid base catalysts such as CaO/CeO2, CaO/Al2O3, and CaO/ZrO2 were used for the depolymerization of alkali lignin. Various reaction parameters including reaction solvents (ethanol and methanol), time (30, 60, 90 and 120 min) and catalyst amounts have been screened at reaction temperature of 180 °C. Catalytic liquefaction produced higher bio-oil yield and maximum bio-oil yield (50.0 wt%) was obtained with ethanol and methanol solvent using different catalysts (CaO/ZrO2, and CaO/CeO2). Non-catalytic reaction and support catalysts produced lower bio-oil yield (42.0–46.0 wt%). The bio-oil was analyzed using GC-MS, 1H NMR, TOC, CHNS and FT-IR. It has been seen from the bio-oil analysis that vanillin was the main product with about 41.8–62.2 area%. This is due to solid base catalyst significantly enhancing the β-O-4 cleavage which increased the bio-oil yield as well as the selectivity of compound. The fundamental vibrations band at 2943 and 2978 cm−1 were observed for methoxy proton in catalytic bio-oil with higher intensity compared to the non-catalytic bio-oil. Maximum higher heating value (HHV) of bio-oil was observed with CaO/CeO2catalyst with methanol solvent (27.6 MJ/kg). It is suggested that the energy of the bio-oil can be enhanced by CaO/CeO2 catalyst using methanol solvent for liquefaction reaction.

The main purpose of this study was to develop a simple precise, rapid and accurate UV-visible spectrophotometric method for determination of Bumetanide in spiked human urine by extracting the Bumetanide from spiked human urine using ethyl acetate after extraction it was scanned between 200-400nm by using UV detector and its absorbance maxima was found to be 222nm.The calibration curve was linear in the range of 1-17 µg/ml. .the recovery and assay studies of bumetanide were within 93-94.85% indicating that the proposed method can be estimation of bumetanide.

Electrohomeopathy medicines have been practicing since the 1850s in European countries and from the 1870s in India. There are various methods of preparation of Electrohomeopathic medicines that have been developed and practice by the different manufacturers. For the safety, efficacy, and stability of the medicines, there is a need for scientific research to standardize the procedure of medical preparations. SLASS is one of the commonly using remedy by the electro homeopathy practitioners for various disorders concern to the digestive system, excretory system and nervous system etc... In the present studies we attempted a comparative study of a Process of Electrohomeopathic remedy “SLASS” Preparation, Compared with the Krauss method by phytochemical analysis, TLC, and FTIR Studies. Our process and Krauss method showed significant differences in phytochemical profile TLC and FTIR spectral peaks. The yield of the extracts of Aloe capensis and Gentiana lutea are more in our method compared to Krauss method. Glycoside is present in Krauss method. These research outcomes with reproducibility will become standard markers or signatures to assess the quality, safety, and efficacy of the electro homeopathy medicine as well as reduce the risk of adulterations helps to develop specifications of the Electrohomeopathy remedies. Future work is essential to explore its therapeutic applications

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of human tuberculosis (TB), employs ten enzymes including imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase (IGPD) for de novo biosynthesis of histidine. The absence of histidine-biosynthesis in humans combined with its essentiality for Mtb makes the enzymes of this pathway major anti-TB drug targets. We explored the inhibitory potential of a small molecule β-(1,2,4-Triazole-3-yl)-DL-alanine (DLA) against Mtb IGPD. DLA exhibits an in vitro inhibitory efficacy in the lower micromolar range. Higher-resolution crystal structures of native and substrate-bound Mtb IGPD provided additional structural features of this important drug target. Crystal structure of IGPD-DLA complex at a resolution of 1.75 a, confirmed that DLA locks down the function of the enzyme by binding in the active site pocket of the IGPD mimicking the substrate-binding mode to a high degree. In our biochemical study, DLA showed an efficient inhibition of Mtb IGPD. Furthermore, DLA also showed bactericidal activity against Mtb and Mycobacterium smegmatis and inhibited their growth in respective culture medium. Importantly, owing to the favourable ADME and physicochemical properties, it serves as an important lead molecule for further derivatizations. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Antibiotics such as β-lactams are one of the most widely used antibacterial drug classes in the world. The invention of the first β-lactam antibiotic (Penicillin) is regarded as a symbolic landmark in the history of modern chemotherapy. Since that time, several other β-lactam antibiotics have been added to the treatment, revolutionising the treatment of bacterial infections. Antibacterial efficacy of the β-lactams has been kept in check by the emergence of bacterial resistance. One of the most studied and common resistance mechanisms is the expression of β-lactamase enzymes. The invention of β-lactamase inhibitors which restore the efficacy of β-lactam antibiotics, has been a significant advance in the fight against microbial drug resistance. However, many recently identified β-lactamases are not inactivated by the presently available inhibitors. Despite the fact that these inhibitors may not be effective against all β-lactamases, their implementation is still welcome. This review focuses on the development of β-lactam antibiotics and the mechanism of action. It also covers the diversity of β-lactamases with an emphasis on rising bacterial resistance. It provides a summary on β-lactamase inhibitors with a focus on restoring antibiotic efficacy and the various computational approaches used in inhibitor discovery. Finally, we outlined an update on research activities aimed at discovering and developing novel β-lactamase inhibitors.

Transient disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) with focused ultrasound (FUS) is an emerging clinical method to facilitate targeted drug delivery to the brain. The focal noninvasive disruption of the BBB can be applied to promote the local delivery of hyperpolarized substrates. In this study, we investigated the effects of FUS on imaging brain metabolism using two hyperpolarized 13C-labeled substrates in rodents: [1-13C]pyruvate and [1-13C]glycerate. The BBB is a rate-limiting factor for pyruvate delivery to the brain, and glycerate minimally passes through the BBB. First, cerebral imaging with hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate resulted in an increase in total 13C signals (p = 0.05) after disrupting the BBB with FUS. Significantly higher levels of both [1-13C]lactate (lactate/total 13C signals, p = 0.01) and [13C]bicarbonate (p = 0.008) were detected in the FUS-applied brain region as compared to the contralateral FUS-unaffected normal-appearing brain region. The application of FUS without opening the BBB in a separate group of rodents resulted in comparable lactate and bicarbonate productions between the FUS-applied and the contralateral brain regions. Second, 13C imaging with hyperpolarized [1-13C]glycerate after opening the BBB showed increased [1-13C]glycerate delivery to the FUS-applied region (p = 0.04) relative to the contralateral side, and [1-13C]lactate production was consistently detected from the FUS-applied region. Our findings suggest that FUS accelerates the delivery of hyperpolarized molecules across the BBB and provides enhanced sensitivity to detect metabolic products in the brain; therefore, hyperpolarized 13C imaging with FUS may provide new opportunities to study cerebral metabolic pathways as well as various neurological pathologies.

In the present study, pyrolysis–gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py–GC/MS) analysis were employed to characterize the structure and composition of evolving gas while using prot lignin as feedstock. Non-catalytic and catalytic (Co/TiO2, Co/CeO2 and Co/ZrO2) pyrolysis were performed at 300, 400, 500 and 600 °C. The pyrolysis products were grouped as phenolics (S, G and H-type), heterocyclic, other type, aromatic hydrocarbon and aliphatic hydrocarbon. Among all the catalysts, Co/CeO2 effectively promoted the formation of S-type phenolics (30.8%) at 300 °C from the depolymerization of lignin, and showed maximum selectivity towards ethanone, 1-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl) (26.3%) and acetosyringone (13.5%) at 300 °C. Maximum amount of H-type phenolics (49.7%) was observed in the presence of Co/TiO2 catalyst at 600 °C. In another set of experiments, non-catalytic and catalytic (Co/CeO2) hydropyrolysis of lignin were also investigated using 1, 5, 10 and 15 bar pressure of hydrogen at 300 °C. At 1 bar H2 pressure, Co/CeO2 catalyst effectively led to the production of maximum amount of aromatic hydrocarbon (46.8%) from the hydropyrolysis of lignin, while, 23.9% of aromatic hydrocarbon was obtained from the non-catalytic hydropyrolysis of lignin.

Background: The binary mixtures of isopropanol/isobutanol/isoamyl alcohol with an equimolar mixture of ethanol and formamide consist of different ultrasonic properties, which have been studied at room temperature at a fixed frequency of 2 MHz. The ultrasonic-related physical parameters like velocity (U), density (ρ), adiabatic compressibility (βad), intermolecular free length (Lf), acoustic impedance (Z), etc., have been studied. The theoretical evaluation of ultrasonic velocity in liquid mixtures offers a transparent method for the study of the nature of molecular interactions in the mixtures besides verifying the applicability of different theories such as Nomoto’s, Van Dael and Vangeel’s, Impedance Dependence relation, Junjie’s relation, Rao’s specific sound velocity relation, and Jacobson’s relations, Percentage deviations of theoretical ultrasonic velocities from experimental values in the mixtures of all liquid mixture and also calculated values of ultrasonic velocity from polynomials for all the schemes with mole fraction (x) of isopropanol/isobutanol/ isoamyl alcohol. Objective: The main focus of the present work was to prepare the structural changes associated with the liquid mixtures having weakly interacting components and strongly interacting components. The study of molecular association in mixtures providing exact information of thermodynamic mixing properties, such as adiabatic compressibility, intermolecular free length, free volume, internal pressure, and molar volume, has significant importance in theoretical and applied areas of research. The ultrasonic study has been a subject of keen interest during the past many years. This branch of physical sciences has played a significant role in deciding the interactions between the molecules of compounds under study. It has a potential tool for evaluating energy exchange between various degrees of freedom and nonlinear properties in binary liquid mixtures. Methods: The binary liquid mixtures were prepared by mixing two components, by weight, using an electronic analytical balance (Reptech RA-2012), accurate up to ±0.0001 g. The average uncertainty in mole fraction of binary mixtures was estimated to be ±0.0001. To avoid loss of solvent due to evaporation, mixtures were stored in specially designed ground-glass airtight ampoules and placed in a dark place to prevent photolytic effects. Results: These empirical fittings of data are described qualitatively and quantitatively using experimental speed data even in the specific interaction predominant region where non-ideal behavior of the mixture is observed. The values of sound velocities and percentage deviation (after determining the co-efficient of the polynomial equations by applying the least squares method) are compiled in the tables, respectively. Conclusion: The ultrasonic velocities and densities for all three mixtures were measured, and the values were calculated. The observed trends of VEm, ΔkS and LEf indicate the presence of weak interactions, and the strength of these interactions follows the order EMM+IPA>EMM +IBA>EMM+IAA. Besides, the ultrasonic velocities measured from different velocity theories were found to be consistent with the experimentally measured ultrasonic velocities. Among these theories, Jacobson’s velocity equation showed a good result for the experimental and theoretical ultrasonic velocity values for all the binary mixtures used.

Drug delivery in conventional dosage forms often suffers from the drawbacks of repeated drug administration and large fluctuations in blood drug levels. Controlled drug delivery systems are a convenient way of controlling the dosing frequency responsible for rapid absorption and distribution of drug in conventional dosage forms, and are dependent upon two intrinsic properties of the drug, namely, elimination half-life (t1/2) and therapeutic index (TI). The goal is to give a drug at a sufficient rate, frequency and dose so that the ratio Cmax/Cmin in plasma at steady state is always maintained at effective concentrations during the course of therapy, reducing side effects or improving physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties. The use of polymers provides the potential to control drug delivery both temporally and spatially. The objective of the present investigation was to develop bilayered tablets of orlistat to achieve controlled release and immediate release. The process is predetermined in such a way to release the drug at an IR and CR by using different polymers. Half life of orlistat is 1-2 hrs, as it has been released immediately. This paper mainly focuses on designing the process to release the drug in a controlled manner by using different polymers like sodium alginate, ethyl cellulose, HPMC.

In this paper, we leverage predictive uncertainty of deep neural networks to answer challenging questions material scientists usually encounter in machine learning-based material application workflows. First, we show that by leveraging predictive uncertainty, a user can determine the required training data set size to achieve a certain classification accuracy. Next, we propose uncertainty-guided decision referral to detect and refrain from making decisions on confusing samples. Finally, we show that predictive uncertainty can also be used to detect out-of-distribution test samples. We find that this scheme is accurate enough to detect a wide range of real-world shifts in data, e.g., changes in the image acquisition conditions or changes in the synthesis conditions. Using microstructure information from scanning electron microscope (SEM) images as an example use case, we show that leveraging uncertainty-aware deep learning can significantly improve the performance and dependability of classification models.

Chlorophyll is a notable green photosynthetic pigment found in cyanobacteria, algae, and higher plants. Chlorophyll manifests antioxidant, anti-cancerous properties, It also has a role in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The main objective of this research investigation is to compare the total chlorophyll content in some important plant families (Apocynaceae, Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae) and to make a comparative study on the concentration of chlorophyll as this bioactive compound has great importance in food and pharmaceutical industries. In the present study, chlorophyll was extracted from the leaves of ten plants from each family that are locally available, using 80% acetone and quantified by the Arnon method (1949) respectively. The final results revealed that Euphorbiaceae exhibited an enormous amount of average total chlorophyll. However, Catharanthus roseus from Apocyanaceae exhibited the highest concentrations of total chlorophyll.

Whether to use highly enriched uranium (HEU) or low-enriched uranium (LEU) in space reactors is a highly debated topic. Most analyses focus on performance as the principal determinant of use, where...

Purpose McCarey-Kaufman’s (MK) medium and Optisol-GS medium are the most commonly employed media for human donor corneal preservation. In this study, we evaluated the preservation efficacy of discarded human donor corneas using a Thermo-reversible gelation polymer (TGP) added to these two media. Methods Thirteen human corneal buttons collected from deceased donors, which were otherwise discarded due to low endothelial cell density (ECD) were used. They were stored in four groups: MK medium, MK medium with TGP, Optisol-GS and Optisol-GS with TGP at 4 °C for 96 h. Slit lamp examination and specular microscopy were performed. Corneal limbal tissues from these corneas were then cultured using explant methodology one with and the other without TGP scaffold, for 21 days. Results MK + TGP and Optisol-GS + TGP preserved corneas better than without TGP, which was observed by maintenance of ECD which was significantly higher in Optisol-GS + TGP than MK + TGP (p-value = 0.000478) and corneal thickness remaining the same for 96 h. Viable corneal epithelial cells could be grown from the corneas stored only in MK + TGP and Optisol-GS + TGP. During culture, the TGP scaffold helped maintain the native epithelial phenotype and progenitor/stem cell growth was confirmed by RT-PCR characterization. Conclusion TGP reconstituted with MK and Optisol—GS media yields better preservation of human corneal buttons in terms of relatively higher ECD maintenance and better in vitro culture outcome of corneal limbal tissue. This method has the potential to become a standard donor corneal transportation-preservation methodology and it can also be extended to other tissue or organ transportation upon further validation.

This study was designed for Phytochemical and pharmacological effect of Ardisia solanacea bark on colon cancer. The main objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of Ardisia solanace a bark as a preventive measure for Dimethylhydrazine induced colon cancer and identification of phytoconstituents. The in-vitro anti-colon cancer activity was evaluated by MTT assay using HT-29 cell line. The Pharmacological in-vivo study was done by using male Wistar rats. Rats were divided into five groups, named - Normal control, DMH control, standard (5-fluorouracil), treatment groups were 100mg/kg and 200 mg/kg. The rats were euthanized at the end of study and a part of colon was examined. The preliminary Phytochemical screening of Ardisia solanacea extract exposed the presence of Flavonoids, Protein & amino acids, Carbohydrates, Saponins, sterols and terpenoids. In column chromatographic technique ethyl acetate fraction of Ardisia solanacea extract gave a compound, by analyzing its physical character and TLC profile it assumed as flavonoid. The extract showed significant anti-colon cancer activity compared with 5-fluorouracil through MTT assay. Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) number had a statistically significant difference in all treatment groups compared to DMH control group in in-vivo pharmacological activity.

This communication reports on the utility of a triazine-based self-assembling system, reminiscent of a Janus G-C nucleobase, as a building block for developing (1) supramolecular polymers, (2) peptide nucleic acids (PNAs), and (3) smart polymers. The strategically positioned self-complementary triple H-bonding arrays DDA and AAD facilitate efficient self-assembly, leading to a linear supramolecular polymer.

Photophysics of fluorescent organic compounds give a better knowledge of the excited state properties which in turn will help in the design of newer molecules and understanding their performance in specific applications. Here we present the fluorescence quenching study of a Quinolin-8-ol (QO) in toluene and butanol solvents by steady state fluorescence measurements. Anilineis the quencher. Negative deviation in the Stern – Volmer (S-V) plots has been observed with moderate quencher concentration. The downward curvature in the S-V plot is interpreted in terms of existence of different conformers of the solute in the ground state. The formation of intermolecular and intra molecular hydrogen bonding is found to be responsible for the conformational changes in the ground state of the solute. Quenching data is analyzed by modified Stern-Volmer equation or Lehrer equation.

Lignin is a macro polymer with aromatic structure and is a highly promising renewable carbon source for valuable chemicals and energy. It is available in huge quantities as a by-product from the paper & pulp industry and 2G ethanol industry. Valorization of lignin into useful chemicals can play a vital role in overcoming the demand of diverse chemicals being produced from petroleum feedstock. In the present study, we have examined the oxidative conversion of prot lignin in the presence of Cu/γ-Al2O3, Mn/γ-Al2O3, and Cu-Mn/γ-Al2O3 in water and ethanol-water co-solvent mixture. In water, maximum bio-oil yield of 24.0 wt.% was noticed with Cu/γ-Al2O3. In the case of ethanol-water (50/50) (wt/wt) co-solvent mixture, the maximum bio-oil yield of 74.3 wt.% was obtained with Cu/γ-Al2O3, catalyst. The bio-oil was analysed by GC-MS, 1H-NMR, and FT-IR analyses. The GC-MS compounds were grouped as phenolic (G-, H-, and S-type), heterocyclic, acidic, and other type compounds. Among all the catalysts, Cu/γ-Al2O3 showed the maximum amount of phenolics (84.2%) using 25/75 (wt/wt) ethanol-water solvent. In the case of water as reaction medium, the non-catalytic and catalytic oxidation of lignin showed the maximum selectivity towards acetosyringone with area percentage as 42.0% and 34.4% respectively. In addition, the formation of vanillin (20.7%) was observed in the presence of Cu/γ-Al2O3 using water.

Background: The current target of migraine treatment is focused on Triptans. Lasmiditan, a non-vasoconstrictive and highly selective 5HT1F receptor agonist is a novel therapeutic discovery for migraine for patients with cardiovascular (CV) risk factors or stable cardiovascular diseases and who fail to respond to the existing treatment. Objective: To identify an optimal dosing of Lasmiditan 100 mg versus 200 mg for the treatment of acute migraine attacks in adult patients with cardiovascular risk factors. Methods: Systematic searches were run in databases such as Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Scopus, Google scholar, and PUBMED. Out of 83 study records identified, two studies were included for quantitative analysis. Results: There was a significant headache pain freedom at 2 h [Odds Ratio (OR): 0.77; 95% Confidence interval (CI): 0.64–0.92] and sustained pain freedom at 24 h (OR): 0.75; 95% CI: 0.61–0.93] in patients taking Lasmiditan 200 mg compared to those taking Lasmiditan 100 mg. The results were statistically insignificant for parameters like most bothersome symptoms (MBS) free at 2 h, headache relief at 2 h, disability level at 2 h, and global impression of change at 2 h. A combined analysis of these parameters showed a remarkable difference between both the groups favoring Lasmiditan 200 mg [OR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.81–0.95]. Conclusion: An oral dosing of Lasmiditan 200 mg is ideal for the treatment of acute migraine in adult patients with CV risk factors for attaining headache pain freedom at 2 h and sustained pain freedom at 24 compared to Lasmiditan 100 mg.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), also known as bacterial polyesters, are considered novel polymers for fabricating biomedical products, such as sutures and hernia meshes, because of their biocompatibility and slow biodegradability. Poly-4-hydroxybutyrate (P4HB) is a commonly used PHA that was explored in this study as an absorbable biomaterial for several medical applications, including controlled drug delivery. Currently, P4HB is melt spun and drawn into filaments at high processing temperatures (~200°C), precluding the incorporation of thermally sensitive drugs within the polymer during melt spinning. Post-spinning drug incorporation can potentially cause nonuniform drug absorption that leads to an uneven release profile. This raises the need for a low temperature spinning process for these polymers. Until now, there has been no defined procedure to produce P4HB fibers through a low temperature solution spinning process. This study focuses on determining suitable wet spinning conditions to form continuous P4HB fibers. After several preliminary tests, it was found that a chloroform-based spin dope with 10-15% polymer concentration facilitated the extrusion of continuous stretchable fibers into a coagulation bath containing reagent alcohol. Subsequently, several P4HB fibers were spun with various spin dope concentrations, coagulation bath temperatures, and spin draw ratios to assess their effect on fiber structure and properties.

In the present investigation, essential oil (EO) of Ocimum tenuiflorum and its principal constituent (eugenol) was evaluated for its toxicity and mode of action against Callosobruchus maculatus. Furthermore, fumigant toxicity and germination studies on the application of O. tenuiflorum EO and eugenol against C. maculatus on different pulses was also studied. Fumigant activity studies revealed that EO toxicity was significantly (p

Deterioration of indoor air quality (IAQ) has become a serious concern as people spend lots of time indoors and prolonged pollution exposure can result in adverse health outcomes. Indoor plants can phytoremediate a wide variety of indoor contaminants. Nonetheless, few experiments have demonstrated their efficacy in real-time environments. Therefore, the present study aims to experimentally assess the efficiency of Areca palm potted plants in phytoremediation of primary indoor air pollutant viz. total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), carbon dioxide (CO2), and carbon monoxide (CO) levels from real-world indoor spaces, for the first time. Four discrete naturally ventilated experimental sites (I-IV) situated at the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research- Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT) were used. For over a period of 4 months, the sites were monitored using zero plants as a control (1–4 week), three plants (5–8 week), six plants (9–12 week), and nine plants (13–16 week), respectively. Present results indicate that Areca palm potted plants can effectively reduce the TVOCs, CO2, and CO levels by 88.16% in site IV, 52.33% and 95.70% in site III, respectively. The current study concluded that Areca palm potted plants offer an efficient, cost-effective, self-regulating, sustainable solution for improving indoor air quality and thereby human well-being and productivity in closed and confined spaces.

Bench-stable meso-substituted di(p/m-benzi)homoporphyrins were synthesized through acid-catalyzed condensation of dipyrrole derivatives with aryl aldehydes. The insertion of a 1,1,2,2-tetraphenylethene (TPE) or but-2-ene-2,3-diyldibenzene unit in the porphyrin framework results in the formation of dibenzihomoporphyrins, merging the features of hydrocarbons and porphyrins. Single crystal X-ray analyses established the non-planar structure of these molecules, with the phenylene rings out of the mean plane, as defined by the dipyrromethene moiety and the two meso-carbon atoms. Spectroscopic and structural investigations show that the macrocycles exhibit characteristics of both TPE or but-2-ene-2,3-diyldibenzene and dipyrromethene units indicating the non-aromatic characteristics of the compounds synthesized. Additionally, the dibenzihomoporphyrins were found to generate singlet oxygen, potentially allowing their use as photosensitizers.

This study was designed to develop the mosambi fruit jelly and also determined the physico-chemical properties. Three mosambi fruit jelly samples such as T1, T2 and T3 were developed and subjected for sensory evaluation. Best sample was selected and all samples were analyzed for physico-chemical properties. Results showed that the sample T3 got highest score for overall acceptability (8.22±0.64) compared to sample T1 and T2. Mechanical properties such as cohesiveness, gumminess, hardness, springiness and chewiness for three samples were assessed out of which gumminess and cohesiveness were highest for T3 with values 1889 and 0.81 respectively. Samples were also assessed for chemical analysis such as carbohydrates, reducing sugars, protein, vitamin C and scavenging activity and compared with that of mosambi juice. Vitamin C and scavenging activity were low for T3 i.e., 6.22% and 16.36% respectively when compared to mosambi juice which has vitamin C and scavenging activity of 62% and 95.75% respectively. Moisture content, pH, titrable acidity, ash, TSS were also assessed for three samples. Moisture content, pH were highest for T1 i.e., 35.16% and 3.5 respectively. Ash, TSS, titrable acidity were highest for T3 i.e., 99.79%, 760 Brix and 0.81 respectively.

Bioelectricity is the electric current produced by anaerobic ingestion of organic substrate by microorganism. A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a appliance that transforms energy discharged outcome of oxidation of complicated natural carbon sources that area unit used as substrates by microorganisms to provide voltage thus demonstrating to be associate proficient ways that of viable energy production. The electrons released because of the microbial breakdown is seized to keep up ruthless potential density while not an efficient carbon discharge within system. Usage of microorganisms toward bioremediation is similar to the consequence as of the generation of electricity creates the MFC technology a very beneficial plan which could be smeared in varied segment of industries and agricultural wastes. Although the influences of MFCs in generation of electricity was initially low, modern development within the style elements and dealing has increased ability yield to a major step thus permit application of MFCs in varied sectors as well as waste material ministrations and biodepollution. The accompanying review gives a top-level view concerning the parts, operating, alteration and purpose of MFC technology for numerous analysis and industrial application.

Anisotropic nanocatalysts have attracted a considerable attention in comparison to bulk/nano catalysts for their enhanced activity and reactivity. The demand towards anisotropic palladium (Pd) nano...

Introduction: Serratia marcescens, an opportunistic human pathogen, is reported as an important cause of nosocomial infection and outbreaks. Although the genome of S. marcescens (ATCC 13880) was completely sequenced by 2014, there are no studies on the proteomic profile of the organism. The objective of the present study is to analyze the protein profile of S. marcescens (ATCC 13880) using a high resolution mass spectrometry (MS). Methods: Serratia marcescens ATCC 13880 strain was grown in Luria-Bertani broth and the protein extracted was subjected to trypsin digestion, followed by basic reverse phase liquid chromatography fractionation. The peptide fractions were then analysed using Orbitrap Fusion Mass Spectrometry and the raw MS data were processed in Proteome Discoverer software. Results: The proteomic analysis identified 15 009 unique peptides mapping to 2541 unique protein groups, which corresponds to approximately 54% of the computationally predicted protein-coding genes. Bioinformatic analysis of these identified proteins showed their involvement in biological processes such as cell wall organization, chaperone-mediated protein folding and ATP binding. Pathway analysis revealed that some of these proteins are associated with bacterial chemotaxis and beta-lactam resistance pathway. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first high-throughput proteomics study of S. marcescens (ATCC 13880). These novel observations provide a crucial baseline molecular profile of the S. marcescens proteome which will prove to be helpful for the future research in understanding the host-pathogen interactions during infection, elucidating the mechanism of multidrug resistance, and developing novel diagnostic markers or vaccine for the disease.

Background/Objectives Environmental enrichment (EE) is a physiological model to investigate brain-fat interactions. We previously discovered that EE activates the hypothalamic-sympathoneural adipocyte (HSA) axis via induction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), thus leading to sympathetic stimulation of white adipose tissue (WAT) and an anti-obesity phenotype. Here, we investigate whether PTEN acts as a downstream mediator of the HSA axis in the EE. Methods Mice were housed in EE for 4- and 16-week periods to determine how EE regulates adipose PTEN. Hypothalamic injections of adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors expressing BDNF and a dominant negative form of its receptor were performed to assess the role of the HSA axis in adipose PTEN upregulation. A β-blocker, propranolol, and a denervation agent, 6-hydroydopamine, were administered to assess sympathetic signaling in the observed EE-PTEN phenotype. To determine whether inducing PTEN is sufficient to reproduce certain EE adipose remodeling, we overexpressed PTEN in WAT using an AAV vector. To determine whether adipose PTEN is necessary for the EE-mediated reduction in adipocyte size, we injected a rAAV vector expressing Cre recombinase to the WAT of adult PTENflox mice and placed the mice in EE. Results EE upregulated adipose PTEN expression, which was associated with suppression of AKT and ERK phosphorylation, increased hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) phosphorylation, and reduced adiposity. PTEN regulation was found to be controlled by the HSA axis—with the hypothalamic BDNF acting as the upstream mediator—and dependent on sympathetic innervation. AAV-mediated adipose PTEN overexpression recapitulated EE-mediated adipose changes including suppression of AKT and ERK phosphorylation, increased HSL phosphorylation, and reduced adipose mass, whereas PTEN knockdown blocked the EE-induced reduction of adipocyte size. Conclusions These data suggest that adipose PTEN responds to environmental stimuli and serves as downstream mediator of WAT remodeling in the EE paradigm, resulting in decreased adipose mass and decreased adipocyte size.

Increased acidification of aquatic habitats due to climate change is damaging mollusks. Non-destructive methods for analysis are necessary to study these endangered species. We analyzed five Unionidae gastropods using Raman spectroscopy. Shells were primarily composed of aragonite, a polymorph of calcium carbonate found in shell microstructure. Lattice mode Raman peaks from vaterite, a thought to be rare polymorph of calcium carbonate, were identified in each mollusk. Vaterite is present in mollusks at instances of shell damage and subsequent repair. We demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy is sensitive to vaterite, and it may not be as rare as previously thought. We also collected Raman spectra across the interior of Lampsillis fasciola. This data was analyzed through multivariate analysis, combining Principal Component Analysis with Linear Discriminant Analysis (PCA-LDA). Results of PCA-LDA correlate with growth of the mollusks, demonstrating that Raman spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis could be used to monitor shell growth.

In the recent years, yeasts have evolved as potent bioremediative candidates for the detoxification of xenobiotic compounds found in the natural environment. Candida sp. are well studied apart from Saccharomyces in heavy metal detoxification mechanisms. In the current study, Candida parapsilosis strain ODBG2, Candida sp. strain BANG3 and Candida viswanathii strain ODBG4 were isolated from industrial effluents and contaminated ground water were studied for their metal tolerance. Among these three isolates, the metal tolerance was found to be more towards Lead (Pb 2mM), followed by Cadmium (Cd 1.5mM) and Chromium (Cr(VI), 1mM). On further exploring the involvement of primary defensive enzymes in these isolates exhibited towards metal tolerance, the anti-oxidative enzyme Superoxide dismutase (SOD) was found to be prominently high as 25% during first 24h of metal-isolate interaction. In the Catalase (CAT) enzyme assay, it was observed that, the increased enzyme activity at 48h also triggered the activity of peroxidases (PO), which lead to the increase in reduced glutathione (GSH) in the organism by 0.87-1.9 folds, as a metal chelator and also as a second line of defensive molecule. The exoproteome profile showed the early involvement (exponential growth phase) of secreted proteins (low molecular weight) of about ~40-45kDa under Cd and Pb stress (0.5mM). The exoproteome profiling under heavy metal stress in Candida parapsilosis strain ODBG2 and Candida viswanathii strain ODBG4 is the first report.