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Reservoir rock minerals and their surface charge development have been the subject of several studies with a consensus reached on their contribution to the control of reservoir rock surface interactions. However, the question of what factors control the surface charge of minerals and to what extent do these factors affect the surface charge remains unanswered. Also, with several factors identified in our earlier studies, the question of the order of effect on the mineral surface charge was unclear. To quantify the mineral surface charge, zeta potential measurements and Deryaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theories, as well as surface complexation models, are used. However, these methods can only predict a single mineral surface charge and cannot approximate the reservoir rock surface. This is because the reservoir rock is composed of many minerals in varying proportions. To address these drawbacks, for the first time, we present the implementation of machine learning models to predict reservoir minerals' surface charge. Four different models namely the Adaptive Boosting Regressor, Random Forest Regressor, Support Vector Regressor, and the Gradient Boosting tree were implemented for this purpose with all the model predictions over 95% accuracy. Also, feature ranking of the factors that control the mineral surface charge was carried out with the most dominant factors being the mineral type, salt type, and pH of the environment. Findings reveal an opportunity for accurate prediction of reservoir rock surface charge given the enormous amount of data available.

Volatile oils obtained by hydrodistillation from Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. leaf and stem were examined for their chemical composition and biological activity. The oils were analyzed by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) techniques. Toxicity, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities were evaluated via brine shrimp lethality assay, agar-diffusion, and DPPH radical-scavenging methods, respectively. A total of 43 and 44 constituents were identified in the leaf and stem oils, correspondingly. The major components recognized in the leaf oil were (E)-hexadecatrienal (16.9%) and pentadecanal (16.0%) while humulene epoxide II (17.5%) and caryophyllene oxide (10.6%) dominated the stem oil. There was no significant activity against the bacteria but moderate inhibition zones (IZ) between 1.8±0.3 and 8.1±0.1 mm were observed against the fungi. The stem oil showed better antifungal activity than the leaf oil but not as active as the standard drug ketoconazole which inhibited the test fungi with IZ range of 10.4±0.4-21.0±1.4 mm at 200 μg. Both oils were toxic to brine shrimp (Artemia salina) giving LC50 of 79.7 μg/mL (leaf) and 38.7 μg/mL (stem). The leaf and stem oils had IC50 of 84.3 μg/mL and 142.2μg/mL, respectively, in the DPPH radical-scavenging assay, indicating moderate antioxidant activity relative to positive controls, butylated hydroxylanisole (IC50=45.1 μg/mL) and α-tocopherol (IC50 =81.6 μg/mL). The results suggest that G. sepium volatile oil may find potential use as a natural antioxidant and antifungal agent.

For several biomedical applications, it is essential to develop novel bioactive materials. Such biomaterials could potentially improve wound healing, prevent infections, or be used in immunoengineering. For example, bioactive materials that reduce oxidative stress without relying on antibiotics and other drugs could be beneficial. Hydrogel-based biomaterials, especially those derived from natural polymers, have been regarded as one of the most promising scaffolds for biomedical research. These multifunctional scaffolds can exhibit high water adsorption capacity, biocompatibility, and biomechanical properties that can match native tissues. Cryogels are a special type of hydrogels in which polymers are cross-linked around ice crystals. As a result, cryogels exhibit unique physical features, including a macroporous and interconnected network, flexibility, shape-memory properties, and syringe injectability. Herein, we developed a multifunctional, i.e., antibacterial, antioxidant, and injectable cryogel by combining lignin with gelatin. The cryogel with 0.2% lignin showed a compressive modulus of 25 kPa and a compressive stress of 140 kPa at 80% strain, which is, respectively, 1.8 and 7 times higher than those of the pure gelatin cryogels. Meanwhile, such a cryogel formulation could completely recover its shape after compression up to 90% and was needle-injectable. Additionally, the lignin-co-gelatin cryogel with 0.1-0.2 lignin showed 8-10 mm of inhibition zone against the most common surgical site infection-associated pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, lignin-co-gelatin cryogel was found to scavenge free radicals and have good cytocompatibility, and the cryogels with up to 0.2% lignin minimally activate naive mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Overall, the current approach shows great promise for the design of bioresource-based multifunctional cryogels for a wide range of biomedical applications.

Batch adsorption process factors [contact time (20–150 min), adsorbent dosage (0.5–1.5 g), adsorbate concentration (5–30 mg l–1), and agitation rate (100–250 rpm)] were optimised based on D-optimal Design under the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) of the Design-Expert Software (7.6.8) for the removal of naphthalene from aqueous solution using adsorbent developed from Acetylated Waste Expanded Polystyrene (AWEPs). The maximum adsorption capacity (5.6608 mg g–1) achieved was well fitted to Dubinin-Radushkevich Isotherm (R2 = 0.9949). The SSE (< 0.05) and ARE (< 4.0 %) indicated pseudo-second-order as the most suitable model. This research has demonstrated the effectiveness of the WEPs for the removal of naphthalene from the aqueous solution. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License., Šaržni faktori procesa adsorpcije [vrijeme kontakta (20 – 150 min), doziranje adsorbenta (0,5 – 1,5 g), koncentracija adsorbata (5–30 mg l–1) i brzina miješanja (100–250 min–1)] optimizirani su na temelju D-optimalnog dizajna primjenom metodologije odzivne površine (RSM) programa Design-Expert (7.6.8) za uklanjanje naftalena iz vodene otopine pomoću adsorbenta razvijenog iz acetiliranog otpadnog ekspandiranog polistirena (AWEP). Ostvareni maksimalni adsorpcijski kapacitet (5,6608 mg g–1) dobro je prilagođen izotermi Dubinin-Radushkevich (R2 = 0,9949). SSE (< 0,05) i ARE (< 4,0 %) označili su pseudo-drugi red kao najprikladniji model. Ovo istraživanje pokazalo je učinkovitost WEP-a za uklanjanje naftalena iz vodene otopine. Ovo djelo je dano na korištenje pod licencom Creative Commons Imenovanje 4.0 međunarodna.

This study investigated the effect of different pretreatment methods on sugar liberation from Rice bran (RB) and Deoiled Rice bran (DRB). An amount of 100 g of RB or DRB were soaked in 1% (w/v) trichloroacetic acid (99.0 % stock concentration) separately and each mixture was made up to 1L with distilled water to generate the Acid treated RB hydrolysate (ARB) and acid treated DRB hydrolysate. RB and DRB were also subjected to a combined treatment of acid, hydrothermal (boiling) and enzyme treatments to investigate the effects of the combination of the three different methods. Sugar compositions of pretreated samples were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. It was that there was an increment of more than 400 % and 300 % respectively in the concentration of sugar obtained from acid treated RB and DRB hydrolysates over the untreated RB and DRB hydrolysates. In combined treatment, RB hydrolysates showed an increment of 584% in the amount of total sugar released as well as 500 % increment in DRB hydrolysates. The amount of sugar liberated from DRB hydrolysates is slightly more than the respective RB hydrolysates subjected to same treatment. The increase in the amount of rice bran hydrolysates produced demonstrated that pretreatment of Rice bran with acid, boiling and via enzymatic reactions can increase the amount of biohydrogen produced.

Asphaltene precipitation and deposition have been a formation damage problem for decades, with the most devastating effects being wettability alteration and permeability impairment. To this effect, a critical look into the laboratory studies and models developed to quantify/predict permeability and wettability alterations are reviewed, stating their assumptions and limitations. For wettability alterations, the mechanism is predominantly surface adsorption, which is controlled by the asphaltene contacting minerals as they control the surface chemistry, charge, and electrochemical interactions. The most promising wettability alteration evaluation techniques are nuclear magnetic resonance, ζ potential, and the use of high-resolution microscopy. The integration of such techniques, which is still missing, would reinforce the understanding of asphaltene interaction with rock minerals (especially clays), which holds the key to developing a strategy for modeling wettability alteration. With regard to permeability impairment, surface deposition, pore plugging, and fine migration have been identified as the dominant mechanisms with several models reporting the simultaneous existence of multiple mechanisms. Existing experimental findings showed that asphaltene deposition is non-uniform due to mineral distribution which further complicates the modeling process. It also remains a challenge to separate changes due to adsorption (wettability changes) from those due to pore size reduction (permeability impairment).

In this study, the simulation of a newly designed wind-sifter separator for dry beneficiation was deployed to upgrade -6.7 + 3.36, -3.36 + 1, and -1 mm coal. The wind-sifter principle is very effective for particle separation as it is based on the separation of lighter particles from heavier ones. First, the study entails computer simulations by utilizing the Lagrangian particle tracking method to observe the effectiveness of the wind sifting principle in separating particles based on their density in an air stream. From the three particle size fractions used, the simulation test results show that at a cut-point of 1.5 RD, yields of 29.1, 54.3, and 99.4% were attained at different optimum velocities for -6.7 + 3.36, -3.36 + 1, and -1 mm, respectively. The effect of operating parameters such as the mass flowrate and air velocity on yield, ash content, and calorific value were determined using the fabricated separator. A preliminary experimental study showed that the separator was effective in upgrading the feed coal with 30.28% ash content and 21 MJ/kg calorific value to clean coal with 18.94% ash content and 26.8 MJ/kg calorific value. A laboratory-scale wind-sifter separator was fabricated based on the results from the simulation test, which served as the first applied prototype in the field of dry coal beneficiation.

Reservoir rock wettability has been linked to the adsorption of crude fractions on the rock, with much attention often paid to the bulk mineralogy rather than contacting minerals. Crude oil is contacted by different minerals that contribute to rock wettability. The clay mineral effect on wettability alterations is examined using the mineral surface charge. Also, the pH change effect due to well operations was investigated. Clay mineral surface charge was examined using zeta potential computed from the particle electrophoretic mobility. Clay minerals considered in this study include kaolinite, montmorillonite, illite, and chlorite. Results reveal that the clay mineral charge development is controlled by adsorption of ionic species and double layer collapse. Also, clay mineral surface charge considered in this study shows that their surfaces become more conducive for the adsorption of hydrocarbon components due to the presence of salts. The salt effect is greater in the following order: NaHCO3 < Na2SO4 < NaCl < MgCl2 < CaCl2. Furthermore, different well operations induce pH environments that change the clay mineral surface charge. This change results in adsorption prone surfaces and with reservoir rock made up of different minerals, and the effect of contacting minerals is critical as shown in our findings. This is due to the contacting mineral control wettability rather than the bulk mineralogy.

The quantity of ash yield and carbon monoxide (CO) emitted during co-combustion of empty fruit bunch (EFB), palm kernel shells (PKS) and kaolin in a grate furnace depend on the fuels mixing ratio, the combustion temperature and duration. These factors can be tuned to minimize ash deposition and CO emission which is partly responsible for the greenhouse effect. In this study, seventy-three (73) data points were obtained from combustion of EFB, PKS and kaolin mixtures based on D-optimal design. Artificial neural network (ANN) model, optimized with Taguchi technique, was developed to predict ash yield (AY) and CO emission from the combustion of the fuel mixture. The data were divided into training, validation and testing in a 2:1:1 relative proportion. The optimized ANN architecture for AY and CO emission were 5-11-3-1 and 5-6-3-1, respectively, with scale conjugate gradient training algorithm and a learning rate of 0.1. Results of the ANN model agreed significantly with the experimental results with coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.96 and 0.93 for ash yield and CO emission, respectively. The mathematical models for the ash and CO emission using the D-optimal design indicate a good fit with R2 of 0.916 and 0.906, respectively. Parametric studies based on the two models showed that ash yield and CO emission reduced with increased combustion temperature and increased fraction of PKS within the temperature range of 800–1000 °C. These results indicated that both ANN and D-optimal can be deployed to select mixture with minimal ash yield and CO emission.

The viscosity of a nanofluid is one of its fundamental thermophysical properties, and it is an important consideration in heat transfer applications. Although the viscosity can be reliably obtained from experimental measurements, the development of models to predict the viscosity is a faster and more convenient approach. This study focuses on creating a machine learning model for the viscosity of different carbon nanomaterials dispersed in diesel oil. The nanomaterials considered here include multi-walled carbon nanotubes, graphene nanoplatelets, and their hybrid combinations. A support vector regression-based model was developed and validated using 120 experimental data points in the temperature range 5–100 °C. The model inputs are the nanoparticle mass fraction, the fluid temperature, and the viscosity of the diesel oil. The developed model yields very good predictive performance on the training and testing datasets. The correlation coefficient and the root mean square error were 99.98% and 0.0076 Pa s, respectively, for the training dataset, and 99.99% and 0.0026 Pa s for the testing dataset. These results indicate that the developed model is extremely accurate for predicting the viscosity of carbon-based nanomaterials in a diesel oil medium, and it was found to outclass all existing models. This model could therefore be extremely useful in the design of heat transfer applications.

Background: It is a well-known fact that therapeutic efficacy and safety of medicinal plants depend on the quality and quantity of chemical constituents and that the misuse of medicinal plants starts with wrong identification.Objectives: The aim of this study is to establish some pharmacognostic standards for Ageratum houstonianum Mill (Compositae) which has high medicinal values, with a view to determining the proper identification and other quality control parameters of the plant.Method: The fresh leaf and powdered leaves were subjected to macroscopy and microscopy using standard procedures. In addition, some physicochemical evaluations such as moisture content, ash and soluble extractives were carried out on the powdered leaves.Results: The result shows that the leaf is simple, pinnate, diamond shaped, serrated margin, acute apex and asymetrical base. Microscopically, the leaf is amphistomatic in nature with anomocytic and anisocytic stomata at the adaxial and anomocytic and diacytic at the abaxial surface. Non-glandular uniseriate trichomes are present on both surfaces. The transverse section across the midrib shows epidermis, collenchyma, palisade cells and a few rolls of phloem around the xylem vessels. The stomata numbers and stomata indices for the upper and lower surface, respectively are1.4 and 10.2 and 2.9 and 15.6. Moisture content, total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash, sulphated ash, water soluble and alcohol soluble extractives yields 10.3%, 15.2%, 0.8%, 20.2%, 14.4% and 5.1%, respectively.Conclusion: The findings in this study are useful for establishing standards suitable for official monographs on Ageratum houstonianum proper identification and quality control. Keywords: Pharmacognostic standards, Ageratum houstonianum, Quality control

The lattice constants of spinel compounds AM2X4 are correlated with the constituent elemental properties using support vector regression (SVR) optimized with Bayesian optimization.

Asphaltene adsorption and deposition onto rock surfaces are predominantly the cause of wettability and permeability alterations which result in well productivity losses. These alterations can be induced by rock-fluid interactions which are affected by well operations such as acidizing, stimulation, gas injections, and so forth. Iron minerals are found abundantly in sandstone reservoir formations and pose a problem by precipitation and adsorption of polar crude components. This is due to rock-fluid interactions, which are dependent on reservoir pH; thus, this research work studied the surface charge development of pyrite, magnetite, and hematite. To ascertain conditions that will result in iron mineral precipitation and adsorption of asphaltene on iron mineral surfaces, zeta potential measurement was carried out. This is to determine the charge and colloidal stability of the iron mineral samples across wide pH values. Experimental results show that the charge development of iron minerals is controlled by mineral dissolution, the formation of complexes, adsorption of ions on the mineral surface, and the collapse of the double layer. The findings provide insights into the implications of iron mineral contacting crude oil in reservoir formations and how they contribute to wettability alterations due to different well operations.

Phosphorus fractions constitute a strong determinant of phosphorus availability in soils and their amount fluctuates with the application of manure and NPK fertilizer. Incubation study, screen hous...

The dyes in the effluents discharged into water bodies, aimlessly, are displeasing aesthetically and pose hazards to aquatic communities. The use of adsorption process has been adopted for effective treatment of wastewater containing dyes. The removal of Bromophenol blue (BPB), Bromocresol green (BCG), Bromocresol purple (BCP), and Bromothymol blue (BTB) dyes (a family of triarylmethane dyes) through adsorption process using several cheaply available non-conventional agricultural-waste based adsorbents was reviewed in this report. The gaps in the treatment trend further indicate the prospect of adapting various lignocellulose and other biogenic materials for the removal of Bromo-based dyes from wastewater.

This study investigated the viability of using waste groundnut shells (GSs) to produce efficient biosorbent capable of removing nitrophenol from aqueous solution. Waste GSs were washed thoroughly, dried, reduced to 2 mm particle size, and activated with ZnCl2. The surface and physical properties (moisture and ash content) of the activated GSs (AGSB) were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), and standard methods. Biosorption of nitrophenol was optimized using Box–Behnken design (BBD). Analysis of the optimization processes was carried out using statistical tools embedded in the Design Expert software (10.0.1). Batch biosorption was conducted to generate data to determine suitable adsorption isotherm models, adsorption kinetics models, and adsorption thermodynamics. The FTIR spectra of AGSB indicate a major shift in the functional groups after the activation process. The moisture and ash content of AGSB were 9.0% and 3.1%, respectively. The optimum adsorption capacity (AC) and removal efficiency (RE) obtained at 20 mg/L, 80 min, and 1.6 g were 7.888 mg/g and 90.62%, respectively. The AC and RE were well suited to quadratic models with correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9853 and 0.9914, respectively. Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models with R2 of 0.999 and 0.9843 were most suitable. The enthalpy, entropy, and Gibb’s free energy were in the ranges m − 20.46 to − 4.36, 20.14 to 86.17, and − 21.49 to − 5.02 kJ/mol, respectively. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of AGSB as biosorbent for wastewater treatment, thus facilitating the conversion of solid wastes for the amendment of nitrophenol concentration in the wastewater stream.

Matured flamboyant pods (FBP) activated with ZnCl2 were used for batch adsorption of Bromophenol blue (BPB) dye under the effects of concentration (10-200 ppm), contact time (20-300 min), biosorbent dosage (20-120 mg) and particle size (300-850 µm). The data obtained were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models as well as pseudo-first-order (PFO), pseudo-second-order (PSO) and Elovich kinetic models. The highest adsorption capacity and removal efficiency of 7.5762 mg/g and 75.76%, respectively, were obtained under the effects of initial dye concentrations. The correlation coefficient (R2) for the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms are in the range 0.9938-0.9979 and 0.9895-0.9953, respectively, while, R2, in the ranges 0.5931-0.815, 0.9962-1.000 and 0.8046-0.8828, were obtained for the PFO, PSO, and Elovich kinetic models, respectively. The order of fit of the kinetic models is PSO > Elovich > PFO. The study suggests flamboyant pod as promising biomass for the remediation of dye-bearing industrial effluents.

Natural shea butter (NSB), extracted by traditional methods resulting in its poor quality, is nevertheless widely traded within Africa and beyond due to its several useful applications. This study examined effects of simulated laboratory/domestic heat treatments on quality of the commodity obtained from a cross section of Nigerian markets. Physicochemical and microbiological qualities of NSB samples procured from four selected markets located across three Nigerian states were evaluated by standard methods before and after graduated thermal stress treatments from 50 through 120 °C over 5, 15, or 30 min durations, respectively, and filtration at 60 °C. Mean physicochemical quality values of NSB samples determined, namely: specific gravity at 29 °C (0.90-0.94); softening, melting temperatures (33-36, 36-39 °C; respectively); acid, iodine, and saponification values (10.5- 29.3, 46.4-59.1, 110-470; respectively), were not adversely or significantly altered by the thermal treatment types and stresses. Whereas all untreated NSB samples demonstrated microbial contamination (total viable counts: 3 6 10 -10 cfu/g) with Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Aspergillus, or Candida species, the graduated heat treatments produced varied sanitizing effects. Higher temperatures (100, 120 °C) gave greater and more rapid cleansing action than the lower temperatures (50, 75 °C), both intensity-ranges being aided by length of holding time. Hot filtration eliminated all the NSB contaminants. In conclusion, while untreated NSB is found grossly contaminated by microbes, unhygienic and unsafe for human use, this study has demonstrated efficient contaminants-cleansing action of heat treatments (³100 °C × ³ 30 min) on NSB, and the total sanitizing effect of hot filtration process. Key words: Natural shea butter, Physicochemical quality, Microbiological quality, Heat treatment, Hot filtration.

Removal of phenol from simulated wastewater was investigated with silver–gold-nanoparticle-modified mango seed shell-activated carbon under batch experiment. The surface properties of the activated carbons were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Adsorption experiment was carried out at ambient temperature to study the effect of contact time, adsorbent dosage, and temperature on phenol adsorption. The equilibrium data were fitted to isotherm model, kinetic model, and intra-particle diffusion models. The maximum removal efficiencies increased from 55.5 to 94.55 and 71.4 to 98.1% for the unmodified and nano-modified activated carbon with increase concentration (50–250 mg/l). The correlation coefficient (R2) Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin were 0.3554–0.4563 and 0.2813–0.3191, 0.9150–0.9596 for nanoparticle-modified activated carbon (NCAMSS), as well as 0.5853–0.6598, 0.8159–0.8642, and 0.8159–0.8642, for unmodified activated carbon (UCAMSS). The R2 of the pseudo-first and pseudo-second orders as well as Elovich kinetic models were in the ranges 0.8661–0.9925, 0.8260–0.9942, and 0.6032–0.7505 for NCAMSS as well as 0.4846–0.6032, 0.9567–0.9929, and 0.8842–0.9786, for UCAMSS and modified activated carbon, respectively, The order of fitness/suitability of the models is pseudo-first order > Elovich > pseudo-second order. The intra-particle diffusion model showed that the rate-controlling step is influenced by pore diffusion and that boundary layer diffusion and the adsorption process is heterogeneous, exothermic, and spontaneous. It can be deduced that mango seed shell is a good precursor in the production of activated due to its high yield and good adsorption capacity and the modification of the activated carbon with nanoparticles increased the precursor adsorption properties.

In a bid to complement the lost reserves from fossils, recent advances in research are tailored towards producing hydrogen as an alternative source of fuel which is aimed at fostering a globally sustainable and reliable energy-economy. In this work, hydrogen was produced from formic acid (FA) using a new technology that involves the use of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) supported on triethanolamine. The CuNP-catalysts of variant concentrations (i.e. 0.6–1.2 M) were synthesized using the conventional chemical deposition method. Also, a novel approach that bothers on the application of the Differential Method of Analysis (DMA) was used in determining the kinetic parameters for the FA-dehydrogenation. Based on the results, the volume of H2 produced varied with time, pH, concentration and catalyst-size. At 6 h, the 1 M CuNPs gave the highest volume (815 mL) of hydrogen with corresponding pH, particle size and approximate conversion of 3.19, 1.5 nm and 100% respectively, whereas, over extended periods i.e. over 6 h, the approximate volume-conversions of FA increased insignificantly for all catalysts. According to the investigation, the optimum CuNP-catalyst concentration required to produce 815 mL H2 in 6 h is 1 M. The decomposition was a first-order-type with a rate constant (k-value) of 1.0041 s−1.

This article focuses on the flow assurance of waxy crude oil using an environmentally benign and cost-effective approach involving thermochemical reaction. The study incorporates experimental and simulation works to evaluate heat and pressure generation potentials and heat transfer efficiency of the thermochemical fluids. Experimental results reveal that at the concentration (1 M) of thermochemical fluid (TCF) ranging between 14 and 33% v/wt of the waxy oil, sufficient heat could be generated to raise the temperature of the oil significantly above the pour point (48 °C). In addition, from the bench-top treatment of a damaged tubing, it was observed that more than 95% of the deposited wax could be removed using the thermochemical solutions. Subsequently, a large-scale application of the technology in a long-distance flow assurance of waxy crude oil was confirmed through process simulation. Ultimately, the simulation results revealed the capacity of the method to improve the temperature and pressure profiles of the pipe flow system, and most significantly, to remove wax deposition up to 98%.

Background: Alloxan is widely used to induce experimental diabetes mellitus (DM) in animals with different grades of disease severity by varying the dose of Alloxan used. This method has however be questioned by recent research work as an appropriate technique for the induction of diabetes. Objective: To provide a simple, yet concise and reproducible experimental procedure and model for Alloxan-induced DM in rats. Methods: The study was divided into 2 separate experiments. Experiment 1: Alloxan was administered, into four subgroups each (group 1- 100 mg of Alloxan /kg of rat body weight, group 2- 120 mg/kg, group 3- 150 mg/kg, and group 4- 170 mg/kg); in each subgroup, the dose of Alloxan was administered at different concentrations (20 mg/ml, 10 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml and 4 mg/ml) in groups of 10 rats each. The pre-induction fasting period was also varied between groups. Experiment 2:Following a pre-induction fasting period of 36 hours, animals received 150 mg Alloxan /kg body weight and at a concentration of 20 mg Alloxan/ ml. Result:Alloxan administered intraperitoneally at 150 mg/kg of rat body weight, at 20 mg/ml and following a pre-induction fast period of 36 hours yielded the most favorably conditions with the least recorded mortality. Conclusion: From the results of this study, it can be concluded that alloxan is a diabetogenic drug with a strict protocol of use in inducing a predictable DM in rats and as such, this model is a standard and reproducible technique for the induction of DM in experimental rats. J Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2019, December; 14(2): 56-62

Background: The study aimed to determine the effects of antiretrovirals on host DNA purity and to qualitatively quantify the DNA primers quality using NanoDrop-1000 spectrophotometer and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Methods: Serum samples from 50 HIV/AIDS-positive patients who were undergoing antiretroviral therapy were collected at the point of their routine CD4 level checkup. The samples subjected to initial purifications and subsequent qualitative quantification using the NanoDrop-1000 spectrophotometer and PCR analysis. Results: The purity of the DNA from the subject was determined by the NanoDrop-1000 spectrophotometer, and the adequate yield from 1.13 (lowest) to 149 ng/μl (highest) was obtained across the 50 subjects at 260 and 280 nm. The ratio of the absorbance was compared. Thus, DNA products were obtained with high purity, and PCR showed that all patients had the right gene to code for the respective drug-metabolizing enzyme. The NanoDrop-1000 technique and PCR analysis proved to be beneficial in the measurement of both quantity and purity of DNA in the samples. Conclusion: This technique does not only designs better experiments but also ensures improved reporting and significant time- and energy-saving qualitative analysis of DNA and related molecules.

Cadmium is a known environmental and industrial pollutant with an enormous tissue disrupting potential. Mimosa pudica ( M. pudica ) is a creeping annual or perennial herb known to possess anti asthmatic, anti-epileptic, anti-tumour, anti-fertility, aphrodisiac, analgesic, anti-depressant, sedative, emetic properties and a strong radical scavenging activity. This research was aimed at investigating the ameliorative effects of M. pudica on cadmium-induced testicular damage in adult male Sprague Dawley rats. Twenty adult Sprague Dawley rats were employed in the study. They were divided into 4 groups (A–D) of 5 rats each, and toxicity was induced by administering 0.4 mg/ml cadmium chloride through drinking water to groups B–D for 21days. M. pudica extract was administered orally at 250 and 500 mg/kg to groups C and D. Animals in Groups C and D showed remarkable histological improvements in testicular tissue and markedly reduced damages when compared with group B.The active sperm motility of group B (6.00 ± 1.00%) was significantly ( p = 0.0001) decreased compared to that of the groups A (15.00 ± 0.00%)) and C (13.00 ± 1.22%). Sperm count analysis of group B (1.36 ± 0.28 × 10 6 /cc), C (4.18 ± 0.81 × 10 6 /cc) and D (2.54 ± 1.13 × 10 6 /cc) were significantly lower (p = 6 /cc), respectively. Sperm morphology of group A (70.00 ± 3.16%), B (66.00 ± 2.50), C (74.00 ± 2.45%) and D (64.00 ± 2.45%) recorded no significant difference. This study demonstrates that M. pudica has potential protective and restorative properties on the histoarchitecture of the testes of cadmium-treated rats.

This study was carried out to optimize the batch adsorption of a polycyclic aromatic dye from a simulated textile wastewater onto Delonix regia-derived activated carbon (DRP-AC) under the influence...

An innovative approach in enhancing oil and gas recovery is the in situ heat generation through exothermic chemical reactions using thermochemical fluids. This study presents the kinetics and energ...

Asymmetric Michael addition of β-keto esters with trans-β-nitroolefins using chiral amino amide organocatalyst was tried and afforded synthetically useful chiral Michael adducts in both excellent chemical yields (up to 99%) and stereoselectivities (up to dr. 99:1, up to 98% ee).

Treated termite hill is a potent heterogeneous catalyst in the synthesis of biodiesel from restaurant waste oil (RWO). Two catalysts (raw cow-bone supported on silica; R-SC1.5 and calcined cow bone supported on silica; K-SC1.5) were developed and used in biodiesel production. The maximum conversion of RWO was 95.12 % using K-SC1.5 at reaction time 2.5 h, methanol to oil ratio 9:1, temperature 65°C and catalyst loading of 2 %w/w. The prepared catalysts were characterized using SEM, EDAX, FTIR, XRD and BET analysis. The kinetics of the RWO with R-SC1.5 and K-SC1.5 was further studied. The Ea and A were found to be 41.4 kJ mol− 1, 53.41 kJ mol− 1 and 2.24 ×104 min− 1, 2.29×106 min− 1 respectively. The transesterification reaction adhered to first order law, while physicochemical properties were within ASTM limits. Reusability of K-SC1.5 was also examined, which revealed effectiveness up to 5 reuses without significant reduction in biodiesel yield.

Acetone is one of the toxic, explosive, and harmful gases. It may cause several health hazard issues such as narcosis and headache. Acetone is also regarded as a key biomarker to diagnose several diseases as well as monitor the disorders in human health. Based on clinical findings, acetone concentration in human breath is correlated with many diseases such as asthma, halitosis, lung cancer, and diabetes. Thus, its investigation can become a new approach for health monitoring. Better management at the early stages of such diseases has the potential not only to reduce deaths associated with the disease but also to reduce medical costs. ZnO-based sensors show great potential for acetone gas due to their high chemical stability, simple synthesis process, and low cost. The findings suggested that the acetone sensing performance of such sensors can be significantly improved by manipulating the microstructure (surface area, porosity, etc.), composition, and morphology of ZnO nanomaterials. This article provides a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art research activities, published during the last five years (2016 to 2020), related to acetone gas sensing using nanostructured ZnO (nanowires, nanoparticles, nanorods, thin films, etc). It focuses on different types of nanostructured ZnO-based acetone gas sensors. Furthermore, several factors such as relative humidity, acetone concentrations, and operating temperature that affects the acetone gas sensing properties- sensitivity, long-term stability, selectivity as well as response and recovery time are discussed in this review. We hope that this work will inspire the development of high-performance acetone gas sensors using nanostructured materials.

Emulsification involving dispersion of bitumen droplets in a continuous aqueous phase (as oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion), is an efficient method of reducing the viscosity. The objective of this research is to harness the potential of insitu emulsification for production of bitumen to improve energy efficiency. Thus, O/W emulsion was prepared using poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) surfactant (with NaOH and ethanol additivities) at different ratios of bitumen: PVA solution viz. 70:30 (RX1), 55:45 (RX2), 40:60 (RX3). The data was incorporated in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis to obtain emulsification reaction parameters at different temperatures (30–150 °C). Subsequently, numerical simulation considering insitu formation of O/W emulsion was performed at different injection temperatures (50, 100, and 150 °C). The results were compared with those of conventional steam injection at 215 °C. Significant viscosity reduction of bitumen was obtained from emulsification experiments. From numerical simulation, the proposed method resulted in higher oil: steam ratio (OSR) compared with steam injection method. Ultimately, with reference to steam injection (thermal efficiency, Δ E e f f = 0.02 m3/GJ; net bitumen production = 692 m3), the most promising operation is the production from RX3, at 150 °C, with thermal efficiency, Δ E e f f = 0.04 m3/GJ, and 649 m3 net bitumen production.

This paper investigates the influence of asphaltene’s structural parameters on its solubility, including aromatic sheet diameter and aromaticity. Aromatic sheet diameter (La) was determined by integrating the D1 and G bands of Raman spectra. Aromaticity was determined by the ratio of the integrated Fourier Infrared peaks of aliphatic carbon relative to aromatic carbon. Asphaltenes were extracted from five dead crude oils. Two types of solubility tests were conducted, with asphaltenes dissolved in both nonpolar (aromatic hydrocarbons) and polar (cyclic ethers and aromatic amines) solvents and re-precipitated using pentane; in addition to a scenario where asphaltenes were dissolved in toluene and re-precipitated using nonpolar (alkanes) and polar titrants (esters). The largest La was estimated to be 7.34 nm, while the other asphaltenes have a La within the range of 1.52–2.35 nm. La increases monotonically with aromaticity, which was inversely proportional to the hydrogen bonding capability. In terms of dispersant polarity, π-π interactions dominated, evidenced by a better asphaltene stability, which increased with aromatic core size. A reverse trend was recorded with nonpolar precipitants due to hydrogen bonding. This study argues that to inhibit the aggregation of asphaltene with large La, polar inhibitors should be used.

The effect of copper azole impregnation, wood density, adhesive spread rate, mechanical pre-treatment, open and close assembly times, bonding pressure, and press duration on melamine-urea–formaldehyde-bond performance of Eucalyptus grandis joints was investigated. The results obtained showed that the shear strength was mainly affected by copper azole concentration and bonding pressure while wood failure and delamination were mainly affected by wood density, copper azole concentration, and mechanical pre-treatment. With the adaptation of bonding parameters, results suggest that satisfactory improvement of melamine-urea–formaldehyde-bond performance in copper azole-treated E. grandis laminates is feasible. This will make the production of treated hardwood laminated composites for structural applications in tropical and sub-tropical regions attainable.

Thermal degradation characteristics of a Japanese oil sand at different heating rates (10, 20, and 30 °C/min), and 30 ml/min air flow rate have been investigated. The kinetic parameters have been calculated based on three stages of weight loss and/or the conversion of the sample. These include, stage 1 (SI): volatilization of moisture content and the light hydrocarbon (20–227 °C), stage 2 (SII): combustion of heavy hydrocarbon (227–527 °C), and stage 3 (SIII): oxidative decomposition of carbonaceous organic matter (502–877 °C). The results showed that the rate of change of the oil sand conversion with time dαdt was affected by the heating rate. The time taken by the system to reach 0.99 conversion was observed as 85, 50, and 35 min at the heating rates of 10, 20, and 30 °C/min, respectively. The frequency factor, A, at SI was between 0.09 and 0.54 min−1, while the activation energy, Ea, was 11.2–12.5 KJmol−1 (the percentage weight loss, Wt, was 0–3.6 %w/w; and the conversion, α, was 0–0.2.). At SII, the values of A and Ea were 2.1–5.5 min−1 and 17.6–19 KJmol−1, respectively (Wt = 3.1–15.88 %w/w; α = 0.17–0.86.). The value of A at SIII was 5.5E11–1.1E13 min−1, while Ea was 160–200 KJmol−1 (Wt = 15.33–17.99 %w/w; and α = 0.84–0.99). Keywords: Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), Thermal degradation, Heating rates, Kinetics parameters

A new type of amino amide organocatalysts was designed and synthesized from commercially available amino acids in easy steps. Their catalytic activities were examined in enantioselective crossed aldol reaction of various acyclic and cyclic ketones with aromatic aldehydes to afford the corresponding chiral anti-aldol adducts with good to excellent chemical yields, diastereoselectivities and enantioselectivities (up to 99%, up to syn:anti = 1:99, up to 97% ee).

The new hybrid-type squaramide-fused amino alcohol containing both a Bronsted basic site and hydrogen-bonding sites in the molecule showed a high catalytic activity as an organocatalyst in the enantioselective domino Michael addition/cyclization reaction of oxoindolines with cyclic 1,3-diketones to afford the chiral spiro-conjugated oxindoles featuring 2-aminopyrans fusing with carbo-heterocyclic ring systems with excellent chemical yields (up to 98%) and enantioselectivities (up to 95% ee). The obtained chiral spiro-conjugated 2-aminopyrans bearing quaternary stereogenic carbon center could be used as synthetic precursors for several natural products that have a broad spectrum of fascinating biological activities.

Synthesised vanadium-coordinated N,N-bis(o-hydroxybenzaldehyde)phenylene diamine catalyst, [VO(sal-HBPD)] and supported catalyst, p[VO(sal-HBPD)] were employed for the oxidation of quinoline. The use of [VO(sal-HBPD)] and p[VO(sal-HBPD)] for the oxidation of quinoline, (Quinoline-to-H2O2 ratio 1:7) showed oxidation selectivity as quinoline-N-oxide (100%) was recorded as the oxidation product. Quinoline-N-oxide was confirmed as the oxidation product through GC–MS. Density functional theory (DFT) revealed hydroxylperoxido-species [VOO(sal-HBPD)] (II) as the reactive oxidized oxidovanadium specie responsible for the oxidation. Ionic liquids, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate extracted 96% and 87% quinoline-N-oxide respectively. Keywords: Vanadium(IV) catalyst, Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), Quinoline, Oxidation, Ionic liquids

Interest in DNA analysis using short tandem repeats (STR) as finger printing tools in forensic medicine has gained tremendous application, as expression of these nuclear factors have enhanced forensic examination. Here we used this Biochemical characterization after conventional extraction process, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gel electrophoresiss and a sequencer to distinguish and resolve parental dispute. The differential migration of labeled DNA fragments which attains excitation energy with a laser elicits fluorescent light of different wavelength depending on the dye used. A data collection software (Genemapper) collects raw data (spectrograph) and converts it to an electropherogram that is interpreted. By comparing the DNA profiles, inclusion and exclusion criteria were elucidated to resolve disputes. The inherent discriminating power of STRs used in analysis enhances resolution of cell mixtures, genetic aberration, substantiation of tissue origin and provides genetic distinction which is a robust and reliable approach in resolving parental disputes.

Understanding the role of depletion region, charge transport behaviour, and energy band modulations are essential to improve the performance of different sensors including the accurate acetone sensor for the diagnosis of diabetes via the exhaled breath. Herein, we report a new approach to amplify the performance of the acetone gas sensor by engineering the depletion layer. A novel Au decorated ZnO/Ag core-shell films (Au/ZnO/Ag) with different contents of Au, ZnO, and Ag are successfully fabricated via a sequential DC sputtering and post-heat treatment for the detection of acetone in low concentration. The optimum thickness of Ag, ZnO, and Au, to achieve the highest acetone response, are determined to be 11, 13, and 12 nm, respectively. The acetone sensing performance of the Au/ZnO/Ag is four and two times higher than that of ZnO and ZnO/Ag core-shell films. In addition, the Au/ZnO/Ag core-shell sensor exhibits excellent repeatability, high selectivity, and quick response at 150 °C operating temperature. The high performance of the developed sensor is attributed to the formation of a thick depletion layer, and the homogeneous distribution of Au and Ag nanoparticles. The findings demonstrate that the controlled engineering of the depletion layer is an efficacious approach for designing high-performance metal oxide-based gas sensors.

Aim: To isolate the spermicidal constituents of Sacoglottis gabonensis. Materials and methods: The ethanolic extract with partitioned fractions of Sacoglottis gabonensis stem bark were subjected to sperm immobilization assay. The most active EtOAc fraction was further purifi ed by column and Semi-Preparative High Performance Liquid Chromatography to give compounds which were characterized by spectroscopic methods (UV, LC/MS, and NMR). The compound(s) was also tested for sperm immobilization activity. Results: The ethanolic extract showed 100% signifi cant (p < 0.05) sperm immobilization activity at a concentration of 30 mg/mL at 20 s compared to both negative and positive controls. The most active ethyl acetate fraction yielded methyl 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzoate, eriodictyol and bergenin. Bergenin had 100% sperm immobilization activity at 20 mg/mL in 60 s which was signifi cant (p < 0.05) also when compared to the positive and negative control while methyl 3,5-dihydroxy- 4-methoxybenzoate, eriodictyol were not active. Conclusion: The active spermicidal constituent in Sacoglottis gabonensis stem bark extract is bergenin. However, methyl 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzoate and eriodictyol showed no activity. This plant is known for its aphrodisiac action; hence, caution may have to be exercised in its use because of its spermicidal eff ect.

Summary Introduction: Similar bioactive metabolites are obtainable from host plants as well as the endophytic fungi residing in them. Objective: The aim of the study is to isolate the major compound(s) from the endophytic fungus residing in Nypa fruticans Wurmb, Arecaceae family. Methods: Purification of the ethyl acetate extract of the isolated endophytic fungus was performed by employing different chromatographic techniques and structural elucidation of the isolated compound was carried out using UV and NMR spectroscopic methods. Results: Cichorin A was isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the solid rice cultures of Pestalotiopsis sp., isolated from N. fruticans, collected in Nigeria. Conclusions: This compound is being isolated for the first time from a fungus; it is commonly isolated from the plant Cichorium intybus L. (Compositae).

Open burning of scrap (bicycle, motorcycle, car and truck) tyres (OBST) was simulated in the laboratory to investigate their impact on the ambient air quality. The tyre samples were burnt in combustion chamber, and gaseous pollutants (CO, NO2 and SO2) emitted were quantified, while concentrations and elemental compositions of emitted total suspended particulates (TSP) were determined. Emission level of SO2 from all the tyre samples exceeded USEPA allowable (156.74 µg/m3) limit. CO due to car and truck tyres exceeded USEPA allowable (10,285.71 µg/m3) limit, while NO2 concentration was below the allowable limit (56.33 µg/m3) only in bicycle tyre. 25% of all the gaseous pollutants emitted are within the Air Quality Index range of 101–150. TSP concentrations from all the tyre samples were higher than the Federal Ministry of Environment standard (250 µg/m3) for ambient TSP. There is strong correlation (R) of 0.885, 0.949 and 0.802 among all the gaseous (CO/NO2, CO/SO2 and NO2/SO2) pollutants, respectively, while the highest (0.999) and lowest (0.079) positive correlations were observed between Mg and Mn as well as Cd and Zn, respectively. The results of this study show that OBST emits hazardous pollutants, which pose serious threat to human health and environment.

Simplex centroid design (SCD) was employed to optimize the mixing of petroleum ether, n-hexane, methanol and ethanol for the extraction of oil (PLO) from Pitanga (Eugenia uniflora L.) leaves, via Soxhlet extraction. The highest yield (54%) of Pitanga leaf oil (PLO) was obtained with 100% ethanol and the lowest yield (16%) from the mixture of methanol (33.3%)/hexane (33.3%)/ethanol (33.3%). The coefficient of determination (R2) of the model equation obtained was 0.91, while the adjusted R2 and predicted R2 were 0.8729 and 0.951, respectively. The saponification value (S.V.), iodine value, acid value and free fatty acid (FFA) are 35.34 mgKOH/g, 72.97 mgI2/g oil, 32.41 and 16.30 mgKOH/g, respectively.

The deleterious effects of refractory polyaromatic hydrocarbons found in fuels such as organo-sulfur compounds are such that they emit SOx to the environment when combusted, thereby reducing air quality. Herein, oxidative desulfurization (ODS) which is a complementary step to hydrodesulfurization (HDS) was carried out in an attempt to eliminate sulfur compounds in fuels. Refractory organosulfur compounds were oxidized using tert-butyl hydroperoxide as an oxidant and a poly[VO(allylSB-co-EGDMA)], (vanadium(IV) functionalized polymer of 6,6′-(1E,1′E)-(1,2-phenylenebis(azan-1-yl-1-ylidene))bis(methan-1-yl-1-ylidene)bis(2-allylphenol) crosslinked with ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate) as a catalyst to convert sulfur compounds to polar sulfones. Some of the organosulfones were adsorbed via the use of molecularly imprinted polybenzimidazole nanofibers. The sulfur in heavy fuel oil after the oxidation/adsorption method fell below 8900 ± 200 ppmw S from the initial value of 17 920 ± 100 ppmw S.

Three secondary metabolites; dihydroxanthenone AGI-B4, syndowinin B and pitholide B were isolated for the first time from the ethyl acetate extract of the solid rice cultures of Pestalotiopsis clavispora, isolated from Phoenix reclinata Jacq. Family, Arecaceae collected in Nigeria.

The presence of methylene blue (MB) in wastewater is a major concern in the environment due to its low biodegradability and harmful effect on man. The adsorption of MB from aqueous solution onto activated carbon (AC) prepared from mango seed shells sourced locally in Ogbomoso Township was investigated in this study. The AC was prepared from mango seed shell by activating with BaCl2 at impregnation ratio I.R (1:2 w/w), microwave frequency (600 Hz), and time (30 min) before being carbonized at 500 °C for 20 min. Batch adsorption experiment was carried out at 25 °C to study the effect of contact time and initial dye concentration on MB adsorption. The equilibrium kinetics and adsorption mechanism were investigated. The pseudo first order, high correlation coefficients, R, (0.9491 and 0.9907) for initial concentrations of 10 and 15 mg/L, respectively, was very suitable to describe the kinetic characteristics of the MB adsorption on to mango seed shell activated carbon, Weber and Morris intra-particle model with R of 0.9907, is very fit to describe the diffusion mechanism of the adsorption process. The result implied that mango seed shell was suitable as an adsorbent material for adsorption of MB.

The specific heat capacity of nanofluids ( C P n f ) is a fundamental thermophysical property that measures the heat storage capacity of the nanofluids. C P n f is usually determined through experimental measurement. As it is known, experimental procedures are characterised with some complexities, which include, the challenge of preparing stable nanofluids and relatively long periods to conduct experiments. So far, two correlations have been developed to estimate the C P n f . The accuracies of these models are still subject to further improvement for many nanofluid compositions. This study presents a four-input support vector regression (SVR) model hybridized with a Bayesian algorithm to predict the specific heat capacity of metallic oxides/ethylene glycol-based nanofluids. The bayesian algorithm was used to obtain the optimum SVR hyperparameters. 189 experimental data collected from published literature was used for the model development. The proposed model exhibits low average absolute relative deviation (AARD) and a high correlation coefficient (r) of 0.40 and 99.53 %, respectively. In addition, we analysed the accuracies of the existing analytical models on the considered nanofluid compositions. The model based on the thermal equilibrium between the nanoparticles and base fluid (model II) show good agreement with experimental results while the model based on simple mixing rule (model I) overestimated the specific heat capacity of the nanofluids. To further validate the superiority of the proposed technique over the existing analytical models, we compared various statistical errors for the three models. The AARD for the BSVR, model II, and model I are 0.40, 0.82 and 4.97, respectively. This clearly shows that the model developed has much better prediction accuracy than existing models in predicting the specific heat capacity of metallic oxides/ethylene glycol-based nanofluids. We believe the presented model will be important in the design of nanofluid-based applications due to its improved accuracy.

Applications of oil-in-water emulsion (O/W) emulsification technology in enhanced recovery and pipeline transportation of heavy oil can be limited by several factors including salinity of the reservoir or process water, process temperature, and water cut. In this investigation, laminar flow of O/W was simulated in a pipeline to investigate the effect of salinity of aqueous phase (NaCl) and water cut on flow characteristics of the fluid. The case was simplified by considering the O/W as a stable, pseudo-homogeneous, single-phase fluid within the conditions operated. Pertinent to the objective of the study, at flow reference temperature, Tref = 30oC, the pressure drop at 30% water cut was 931Pa compared to 84.6 Pa at water cut of 50% (reference working fluid without NaCl). In contrast, the pressure drop was 239Pa, 142Pa, 124Pa, and 82.9Pa at 70000ppm, 40000ppm, 20000ppm, and 10000ppm salinity in the aqueous phase, respectively. In addition, the maximum dynamic viscosity imposed by the fluid, was ≈81000cP at 30% water cut compared to ≈14000cP from the reference fluid. The dynamic viscosity obtained from 70000ppm salinity content was ≈34000cP. Moreover, the results confirm facile application of emulsification technology for pipeline transportation of bitumen from large reduction in pressure drop (99%) regardless of the water cut and salinity.

Er2O3 doped silica borotellurite glasses were synthesized using the melt-quenching technique with a chemical compositional formula (1 – x){(SiO2)0.2 [(B2O3)0.3 (TeO2)0.7]0.8} (Er2O3)x. Using the XRD, FTIR, UV–Vis, and photoluminescence spectroscopies, the structural, optical and spectroscopic properties of the glasses were studied. The absorption spectra and the refractive index, penetration depth, extinction coefficient, absorption coefficient, dielectric constant, optical conductivity for the glasses were presented. The absorption and emission cross-sections, cross-sectional gain, effective bandwidth, and bandwidth quality factor were also calculated using the UV–Vis data. Photoluminescence and the upconversion luminescence of the glasses were presented for pump wavelengths of 350 nm and 540 nm respectively. The studied glasses presented a high refractive index with values between 2.452 and 2.5153. The emission cross-section, effective bandwidth, bandwidth quality factor increased respectively from 3.53 × 10–22 to 1.3637 × 10–20 cm2, 66.3–103 nm, and 3.636 × 1028–91.095 × 1028 cm3 with increase in the Er3+ ions concentration in the glass system. The synthesized glasses exhibits a high-quality up-conversion emissions around 397.5 nm, 426 nm, and 475 nm from an excitation due to a pump of 540 nm wavelength. Furthermore, a high-quality luminescence emission around 543 nm, 500 nm, 475 nm and 425 nm from an excitation due to a pump of 350 nm wavelength was observed. Considering the values of the glasses refractive index, dielectric behaviour, absorption and emission cross-sections, effective bandwidths and other parameters presented, the synthesized glasses possess great potential for optoelectronic, laser and Erbium dope fibre amplifier (EDFA) applications.