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In this study, we examined changes occurred in blood parameters, immune responses, antioxidant enzyme activities, and growth performance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) administered with ribwort plantain (RP) through feed. Fish (mean weight 36.56 ± 1.99 g) were fed a diet supplemented with an aqueous methanolic extract of RP at variable doses, 0 (control), 1 (RP1), 2 (RP2), and 3 g kg−1 (RP3) for 90 days. The final weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate were significantly increased in RP1, RP2, and RP3 treatment groups compared to that of the control. Among examined blood parameters, hemoglobin value in RP1 group (9.77 ± 0.10 g dl−1) only was significantly high on the 30th day of the study. When immune response parameters were evaluated, we observed that oxidative radical production and lysozyme activities were affected positively in experimental groups (P

In the present study, antioxidant activity, immune responses, and growth performance of rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) juveniles fed with diets supplemented with dandelion (Taraxacum officinalis) and lichen (Usnea barbata) extracts were assessed. Four different concentrations of aqueous methanolic extract of the plants (0% (control), 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1% (D, dandelion; L, lichen) were added to the diets, and fish were fed for 75 days. On the 15th, 45th, and 75th day of the study, liver antioxidant enzyme activities were determined, and immune responses were determined every 15th day. The results showed that SOD activity increased in the fish group of 0.1% D on the 15th and 45th day compared to control; however, it was lower in all the lichen extract-treated groups than in control at almost all sampling times, except on the 15th day in the 0.1% L group. CAT activity showed an increased value (P

This study was carried out for a period of 12 months from September 2016 to August 2017 at 4 stations determined in Beyler Dam Lake in Kastamonu, Turkey. In this study, some parameters such as temperature, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD) were investigated. Temperature, pH, conductivity, turbidity and the amount of dissolved oxygen of the water samples were measured by multi parameter measurement device in the field during sampling. Chemical parameters such as ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, BOD and COD were determined by spectrophotometric methods in laboratory conditions. Study indicates such results as; the temperature was between 0.70 and 23.50 ºC and the mean temperature was 11°C, pH was between 7.46 and 9.50 and average pH was 8.34, amount of dissolved oxygen varied from 7.48 to 12.16 mg/l and the average dissolved oxygen amount was 9.73 mg/l, conductivity was between 102.50 and 240 µS cm-1 and the average conductivity was 157.68 µS cm-1, turbidity changed from 1.23 to 5.57 FNU/NTU and the average turbidity was 3.0 FNU/NTU, nitrate varied from 0.003 to 1.0 mg/l and the average nitrate was 0.35 mg/l, nitrite was between 0.001 and 0.007 mg/l and the average nitrite was 0.003 mg/l, ammonium changed from 0.009 and 0.130 mg/l and the average ammonium was 0.052 mg/l, phosphate was between 0.24 and 5.21 mg/l and the average phosphate was 2.541 mg/l, COD which is an important water quality parameters, was detected as the lowest 0.04 mg/l and the highest 28.1 mg/l and the average was found 9.45 mg/l, BOD was detected between 2.50 and 6.0 mg/l and the average BOD was calculated 4.17 mg/l. The results of the study revealed that there is no significant difference between the measured parameters according to the Surface Water Quality Regulation (SWQR) in Turkey. Although Beyler Dam Lake was evaluated as Class I for most parameter values, in total it can be classified as Class II according to water quality classification.

In this study, effects of grape Vitis vinifera seed oil supplementation (0, 250 mg, 500 mg, 1,000 mg/kg feed) for 60 days on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss juveniles were investigated. The average final fish weights were not different between the control group and 500 mg/kg feed group (p > .05), but 250 mg/kg feed group were lower than those of the control group, and 1,000 mg/kg feed group were higher than those of the control group. Although the SFA, MUFA and n3 ratios of the control group were higher than that of the other groups, no statistical difference was found. The highest fatty acids in the fish were palmitic acid C 16: 0 in the SFA group and C 18: 1n‐9 and docosahexaenoic acid C 22: 6n‐3 in the PUFA group. The EPA ratio was significantly increased in all groups compared with the control group. The DHA ratio was significantly higher in the control group than in the experimental groups, and there was no difference between the experimental groups. Urea were significantly lower in the 250 mg/kg feed group. Total protein and aspartate aminotransferase were significantly increased in the 1,000 mg/kg feed group. Only the 1,000 mg/kg feed group showed an increase in antioxidant activities, and this concentration also yielded positive results in terms of growth performance, survival rates, fatty acid composition and antioxidant enzyme activities in rainbow trout juvenile and can be used as a natural feed additive.

Objective: To determine the anti-inflammatory effects of mucus obtained from different fish species on the carrageenan-induced acute paw edema in rats. Methods: Forty-two rats were randomly divided into seven groups. Acute paw edema was induced by 0.1 mL of 1% carrageenan, and a single dose of diclofenac and lyophilized mucus (25 mg/kg) of rainbow trout, brook trout, European sea bass, and gilthead sea bream were administered to rats through gastric gavage 1 h before carrageenan treatment. Rat paws were measured before and 1-4 h after carrageenan treatment. The mRNA expressions of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TGF-β), antioxidant markers (catalase and superoxide dismutase), and COX-2 were investigated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The histopathological changes were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Results: The inhibition percentage of carrageenan-induced paw edema by different fish mucus ranged from 52.46% to 74.86% at 4 h. Histopathological evaluation showed that all fish mucus diminished carrageenan-induced edema and inflammatory cell infiltration. The upregulation of IL-1β mRNA induced by carrageenan was decreased by the mucus of rainbow trout and gilthead sea bream while an increase in the expression of IL-6 mRNA was reduced by the mucus of rainbow trout, brook trout, and gilthead sea bream. In addition, the mRNA expression of superoxide dismutase was higher in the rainbow trout mucus group than the carrageenan group. Conclusions: Mucus obtained from different fish species may have anti-inflammatory effects.

In this study, effects of tetra (T) (Cotinus coggygria) and common mallow (CM) (Malva sylvestris) aqueous methanolic extracts on growth performance and immune response in gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata (19.92 ± 0.40 g) and European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (18.66 ± 0.86 g) were investigated. The experiment was designed as 5 treatment groups: control (0 mg/kg), 500 mg kg−1 (CM500, T500) and 1000 mg kg−1 (CM1000, T1000) for each fish species. Fish were fed the diet supplemented with tetra and common mallow extracts for 60 days and blood samples were collected on the 30th and 60th days of the study. Immunological parameters, such as respiratory burst, phagocytic, lysozyme, myeloperoxidase and bacterial killing activities were determined. At the end of feeding trial, fish were challenged with Vibrio anguillarum infection and survival rate was recorded. Final weight of the both experimental fishes were significantly increased in CM treatment groups compared to control (P .05), whereas a decrease in FCR was noticed in CM treatment groups of sea bream (P

The effects of cadmium (Cd) on the enzymatic activities of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) were investigated in the gill, liver and kidney tissues of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Three test groups of fish were subjected to increasing concentrations (1, 3 and 5 mg/l) of cadmium (Cd) in vivo, respectively. The G6PD and 6PGD activities in the gill, liver, and kidney tissues of each group of fish were measured on days 1, 3, 5 and 7. G6PD and 6PGD enzyme activities, measured in gill, liver and kidney homogenates, were stimulated by various concentrations (1, 3, and 5 mg/l) of cadmium. Although the dose-response pattern of G6PD enzyme activities in liver and kidney tissue was very similar, that in gill was different from both other tissues. The enzyme activity of G6PD enzyme was significantly stimulated after three days (Day 3) in liver and kidney tissues at a dose of 1 mg/l Cd (p < 0.05), whereas it was stimulated on the first day of experiment (Day 1) in gill, liver and kidney tissues at doses of 3 and 5 mg/l Cd (p < 0.05). However, the activity of 6PGD was stimulated after three days (Day 3) in the liver at a dose of 1 mg/l Cd (p < 0.05) and on the first day in gill, liver and kidney tissues at doses of 3 and 5 mg/l Cd (p < 0.05). The stimulation effect of the 5 mg/l dose of Cd on G6PD and 6PGD enzyme activities was significantly diminished after seven days (Day 7) in all tissues (p < 0.05). In contrast to the dose-response pattern at the dose of 5 mg/l Cd, G6PD and 6PGD enzyme activities were stimulated significantly (p < 0.05) in liver and kidney tissues at the doses of 3 and 1 mg/l Cd. The stimulation effect of cadmium on the three tissues studied was also calculated; for both of the enzymes (G6PD and 6PGD), the enzyme activity levels were stimulated by approximately 60% and 38% in gills, 68% and 44% in liver, and 67% and 41% in kidneys, respectively, over the base-line enzyme activity of the control groups during the sevenday experimental period. These findings indicate that tissue G6PD and 6PGD enzymes function to protect against cadmium toxicity. Enzyme activity, in vivo, kidney, gill, G6PD, 6PGD It is generally recognized that the cell has four major NADPH-production systems that correspond to the activities of four cytoplasmatic enzymes: glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) belong to the pentose phosphate pathway, malic enzyme (ME) and NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP-IDH).

This study evaluated effects of dietary supplementation of sage (Salvia officinalis), mint (Mentha spicata) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) oils on growth performance, lipid peroxidation level (melondialdehyde, MDA) and liver antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, G6PD; glutathione reductase, GR; glutathione-S-transferase, GST and glutathione peroxidase, GPx) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles. For this purpose, triplicate groups of rainbow trout were fed daily ad libitum with diets containing sage, mint and thyme oils at 500, 1,000 and 1,500 mg kg(-1) for 60 days. While weight gain percentage of fish fed the diets containing sage and thyme oils was significantly higher than the control group, that of fish fed mint oil was the lowest. Similarly, specific growth rate was found to be the highest in all groups of the sage and thyme oil feeding and the lowest in the mint groups. Moreover, feed conversion ratio was significantly higher in the mint oil administered groups. Survival rate was also significantly reduced in the fish fed the diet containing mint oil. It was observed that SOD, G6PD and GPx activities were significantly increased in liver tissues of all the treated fish groups compared to that of control diet-fed group. However, CAT, GST and GR activities were significantly decreased in experimental diet-fed fish groups at the end of the experiment. On the other hand, a significant reduction was found in MDA levels in the fish fed the diets with sage and thyme oils compared to control and mint diets on the 30th and 60th days of experiment. Overall, dietary inclusion of sage and thyme oils is effective in enhancing rainbow trout growth, reduction in MDA and least changing antioxidant enzyme activities at a low level of 500 mg kg(-1) diet, and they can be used as important feed supplements for rainbow trout production.