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1. Which Group Dynamics Matter: Social Predictors of Student Achievement in Team-Based Undergraduate Science Classrooms

Author: Premo, Joshua, Wyatt, Brittney N., Horn, Matthew, and Wilson-Ashworth, Heather
Abstract: While group work in undergraduate science education tends to have overall benefit, less is known about the specific peer-peer dynamics that optimize learning during group interaction. The current study used peer ratings and self-reported data from 436 students enrolled in team-based undergraduate science courses (biology or chemistry) to determine group dynamics that predicted both willingness to work with peers in the future and individual achievement in the course. Results show that greater personal connection and contributions predicted willingness to work with a group member (R[superscript 2][subscript biology] = 0.75; R[superscript 2][subscript chemistry] = 0.59). While active contribution to a group predicted greater achievement, more noncontent interactions (e.g., encouragement, listening to feedback, being polite) predicted lower achievement, despite these being on-task and relevant. Additionally, having group members who were willing to continue working with a student was a positive predictor of that student's achievement regardless of course. Strikingly, students in chemistry were significantly less willing to work with women in their groups compared with men. Finally, not all forms of group conflict predict decreased achievement. These findings highlight group factors such as student behavior within the group, aspects of the group social environment, and peer support that can be targeted for optimizing undergraduate science learning.
Published: 2022
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2. Electrodeposition of Silver Micro- and Nanoscale Wires in the Capillaries of PDMS Stamps Modified with Hydrophilic Polymers

Author: Sanders, Wesley C., Johnson, Glen, Valcarce, Ron, Iles, Peter, Fourt, Hunter, Drystan, Kyne, Edwards, Dakota, Vernon, Jarom, Ashworth, Spencer, Barucija, Amar, and Curtis, Zachary
Abstract: A new experiment for use in introductory nanotechnology courses is described. This experiment allows students to fabricate metallic wires with microscale lateral dimensions and nanoscale vertical dimensions. Fabrication occurs in the capillaries of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamps modified with hydrophilic polymers. This experiment provides students with an opportunity to conduct template-assisted electrodeposition of micro- and nanomaterials, utilizing a reusable template instead of the commonly used porous, anodic alumina oxide (AAO) membranes that require dissolution to examine the wires. Fabrication of the metal wires is accomplished via the reduction of metal cations in the channels of modified PDMS stamps. In addition, this experiment introduces students to characterization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive Xray spectroscopy (EDS), and atomic-force microscopy (AFM). The microscale dimensions of the silver wires accommodate imaging with optical microscopy for institutions possessing limited characterization capabilities.
Published: 2019
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3. Hydrogel-Based Pre-Clinical Evaluation of Repurposed FDA-Approved Drugs for AML

Author: Jenna R. James, Johnathan Curd, Jennifer C. Ashworth, Mays Abuhantash, Martin Grundy, Claire H. Seedhouse, Kenton P. Arkill, Amanda J. Wright, Catherine L. R. Merry, and Alexander Thompson
Subjects: acute myeloid leukemia, 3D peptide hydrogel model, candidate drugs, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract: In vivo models of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are low throughput, and standard liquid culture models fail to recapitulate the mechanical and biochemical properties of the extracellular matrix-rich protective bone marrow niche that contributes to drug resistance. Candidate drug discovery in AML requires advanced synthetic platforms to improve our understanding of the impact of mechanical cues on drug sensitivity in AML. By use of a synthetic, self-assembling peptide hydrogel (SAPH) of modifiable stiffness and composition, a 3D model of the bone marrow niche to screen repurposed FDA-approved drugs has been developed and utilized. AML cell proliferation was dependent on SAPH stiffness, which was optimized to facilitate colony growth. Three candidate FDA-approved drugs were initially screened against the THP-1 cell line and mAF9 primary cells in liquid culture, and EC50 values were used to inform drug sensitivity assays in the peptide hydrogel models. Salinomycin demonstrated efficacy in both an ‘early-stage’ model in which treatment was added shortly after initiation of AML cell encapsulation, and an ‘established’ model in which time-encapsulated cells had started to form colonies. Sensitivity to Vidofludimus treatment was not observed in the hydrogel models, and Atorvastatin demonstrated increased sensitivity in the ‘established’ compared to the ‘early-stage’ model. AML patient samples were equally sensitive to Salinomycin in the 3D hydrogels and partially sensitive to Atorvastatin. Together, this confirms that AML cell sensitivity is drug- and context-specific and that advanced synthetic platforms for higher throughput are valuable tools for pre-clinical evaluation of candidate anti-AML drugs.
Published: 2023
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4. Megacity and local contributions to regional air pollution: an aircraft case study over London

Author: K. Ashworth, S. Bucci, P. J. Gallimore, J. Lee, B. S. Nelson, A. Sanchez-Marroquín, M. B. Schimpf, P. D. Smith, W. S. Drysdale, J. R. Hopkins, J. D. Lee, J. R. Pitt, P. Di Carlo, R. Krejci, and J. B. McQuaid
Subjects: Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract: In July 2017 three research flights circumnavigating the megacity of London were conducted as a part of the STANCO training school for students and early career researchers organised by EUFAR (European Facility for Airborne Research). Measurements were made from the UK's Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM) BAe-146-301 atmospheric research aircraft with the aim to sample, characterise and quantify the impact of megacity outflow pollution on air quality in the surrounding region. Conditions were extremely favourable for airborne measurements, and all three flights were able to observe clear pollution events along the flight path. A small change in wind direction provided sufficiently different air mass origins over the 2 d such that a distinct pollution plume from London, attributable marine emissions and a double-peaked dispersed area of pollution resulting from a combination of local and transported emissions were measured. We were able to analyse the effect of London emissions on air quality in the wider region and the extent to which local sources contribute to pollution events. The background air upwind of London was relatively clean during both days; concentrations of CO were 88–95 ppbv, total (measured) volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were 1.6–1.8 ppbv and NOx was 0.7–0.8 ppbv. Downwind of London, we encountered elevations in all species with CO>100 ppbv, VOCs 2.8–3.8 ppbv, CH4>2080 ppbv and NOx>4 ppbv, and peak concentrations in individual pollution events were higher still. Levels of O3 were inversely correlated with NOx during the first flight, with O3 concentrations of 37 ppbv upwind falling to ∼26 ppbv in the well-defined London plume. Total pollutant fluxes from London were estimated through a vertical plane downwind of the city. Our calculated CO2 fluxes are within the combined uncertainty of those estimated previously, but there was a greater disparity in our estimates of CH4 and CO. On the second day, winds were lighter and downwind O3 concentrations were elevated to ∼39–43 ppbv (from ∼32 to 35 ppbv upwind), reflecting the contribution of more aged pollution to the regional background. Elevations in pollutant concentrations were dispersed over a wider area than the first day, although we also encountered a number of clear transient enhancements from local sources. This series of flights demonstrated that even in a region of megacity outflow, such as the south-east of the UK, local fresh emissions and more distant UK sources of pollution can all contribute substantially to pollution events. In the highly complex atmosphere around a megacity where a high background level of pollution mixes with a variety of local sources at a range of spatial and temporal scales and atmospheric dynamics are further complicated by the urban heat island, the use of pollutant ratios to track and determine the ageing of air masses may not be valid. The individual sources must therefore all be well-characterised and constrained to understand air quality around megacities such as London. Research aircraft offer that capability through targeted sampling of specific sources and longitudinal studies monitoring trends in emission strength and profiles over time.
Published: 2020
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5. Chondroitin Sulphate/Dermatan Sulphate Proteoglycans: Potential Regulators of Corneal Stem/Progenitor Cell Phenotype In Vitro

Author: Kiranjit K. Bains, Sean Ashworth, Elena Koudouna, Robert D. Young, Clare E. Hughes, and Andrew J. Quantock
Subjects: cornea, chondroitin sulphate, dermatan sulphate, keratocytes, glycosaminoglycans, stem cell niche, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract: Chondroitin sulphate (CS) proteoglycans with variable sulphation-motifs along their glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains are closely associated with the stem cell niche of articular cartilage, where they are believed to influence the characteristics of the resident stem cells. Here, we investigated the immunohistochemical distribution of hybrid CS/dermatan sulphate (DS) GAGs in the periphery of the adult chicken cornea, which is the location of the cornea’s stem cell niche in a number of species, using a monoclonal antibody, 6C3, that recognises a sulphation motif-specific CS/DS GAG epitope. This revealed positive labelling that was restricted to the subepithelial corneal stroma, as well as nearby bony structures within the sclera, called ossicles. When cultivated on cell culture dishes coated with 6C3-rich CS/DS, corneal stromal cells (keratocytes) that had been isolated from embryonic chicken corneas formed circular colonies, which took several days to reach confluency. A flow cytometric analysis of these keratocytes revealed changes in their expression levels of the indicative stem cell markers, Connexin 43 (Cx43), Paired Box 6 (PAX6), B-lymphoma Moloney murine leukemia virus insertion region-1 (Bmi-1), and C-X-C Chemokine Receptor 4 (CXCR4) suggestive of a less-differentiated phenotype compared with expression levels in cells not exposed to CS/DS. These findings support the view that CS/DS promotes the retention of a stem cell phenotype in corneal cells, much as it has been proposed to do in other connective tissues.
Published: 2023
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6. Potential regional air quality impacts of cannabis cultivation facilities in Denver, Colorado

Author: C.-T. Wang, C. Wiedinmyer, K. Ashworth, P. C. Harley, J. Ortega, Q. Z. Rasool, and W. Vizuete
Subjects: Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract: The legal commercialization of cannabis for recreational and medical use has effectively created a new and almost unregulated cultivation industry. In 2018, within the Denver County limits, there were more than 600 registered cannabis cultivation facilities (CCFs) for recreational and medical use, mostly housed in commercial warehouses. Measurements have found concentrations of highly reactive terpenes from the headspace above cannabis plants that, when released in the atmosphere, could impact air quality. Here we developed the first emission inventory for cannabis emissions of terpenes. The range of possible emissions from these facilities was 66–657 t yr−1 of terpenes across the state of Colorado; half of the emissions are from Denver County. Our estimates are based on the best available information and highlight the critical data gaps needed to reduce uncertainties. These realizations of inventories were then used with a regulatory air quality model, developed by the state of Colorado to predict regional ozone impacts. It was found that most of the predicted changes occur in the vicinity of CCFs concentrated in Denver. An increase of 362 t yr−1 in terpene emissions in Denver County resulted in increases of up to 0.34 ppb in hourly ozone concentrations during the morning and 0.67 ppb at night. Model predictions indicate that in Denver County every 1000 t yr−1 increase in terpenes results in 1 ppb increase in daytime hourly ozone concentrations and a maximum daily 8 h average (MDA8) increase of 0.3 ppb. The emission inventories developed here are highly uncertain, but highlight the need for more detailed cannabis and CCF data to fully understand the possible impacts of this new industry on regional air quality.
Published: 2019
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7. Mitochondrial and Plastid Genomes of the Monoraphid Diatom Schizostauron trachyderma

Author: Ewa Górecka, Romain Gastineau, Nikolai A. Davidovich, Olga I. Davidovich, Matt P. Ashworth, Jamal S. M. Sabir, Claude Lemieux, Monique Turmel, and Andrzej Witkowski
Subjects: monoraphid, biraphid, diatoms, organellar, genome, multigene, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract: We provide for the first time the complete plastid and mitochondrial genomes of a monoraphid diatom: Schizostauron trachyderma. The mitogenome is 41,957 bp in size and displays two group II introns in the cox1 gene. The 187,029 bp plastid genome features the typical quadripartite architecture of diatom genomes. It contains a group II intron in the petB gene that overlaps the large single-copy and the inverted repeat region. There is also a group IB4 intron encoding a putative LAGLIDADG homing endonuclease in the rnl gene. The multigene phylogenies conducted provide more evidence of the proximity between S. trachyderma and fistula-bearing species of biraphid diatoms.
Published: 2021
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8. Teasing Apart Silvopasture System Components Using Machine Learning for Optimization

Author: Tulsi P. Kharel, Amanda J. Ashworth, Phillip R. Owens, Dirk Philipp, Andrew L. Thomas, and Thomas J. Sauer
Subjects: grazing, silvopasture, random forest, hierarchical clustering, classification and regression tree, multiple linear regression, Physical geography, GB3-5030, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract: Silvopasture systems combine tree and livestock production to minimize market risk and enhance ecological services. Our objective was to explore and develop a method for identifying driving factors linked to productivity in a silvopastoral system using machine learning. A multi-variable approach was used to detect factors that affect system-level output (i.e., plant production (tree and forage), soil factors, and animal response based on grazing preference). Variables from a three-year (2017–2019) grazing study, including forage, tree, soil, and terrain attribute parameters, were analyzed. Hierarchical variable clustering and random forest model selected 10 important variables for each of four major clusters. A stepwise multiple linear regression and regression tree approach was used to predict cattle grazing hours per animal unit (h ha−1 AU−1) using 40 variables (10 per cluster) selected from 130 total variables. Overall, the variable ranking method selected more weighted variables for systems-level analysis. The regression tree performed better than stepwise linear regression for interpreting factor-level effects on animal grazing preference. Cattle were more likely to graze forage on soils with Cd levels −1 (126% greater grazing hours per AU), soil Cr −1 (108%), and a SAGA wetness index of Dactylis glomerata L.). The result shows water flow within the landscape position (wetness index), and associated metals distribution may be used as an indicator of animal grazing preference. Overall, soil nutrient distribution patterns drove grazing response, although animal grazing preference was also influenced by aboveground (forage and tree), soil, and landscape attributes. Machine learning approaches helped explain pasture use and overall drivers of grazing preference in a multifunctional system.
Published: 2021
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9. Modelling bidirectional fluxes of methanol and acetaldehyde with the FORCAsT canopy exchange model

Author: K. Ashworth, S. H. Chung, K. A. McKinney, Y. Liu, J. W. Munger, S. T. Martin, and A. L. Steiner
Subjects: Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract: The FORCAsT canopy exchange model was used to investigate the underlying mechanisms governing foliage emissions of methanol and acetaldehyde, two short chain oxygenated volatile organic compounds ubiquitous in the troposphere and known to have strong biogenic sources, at a northern mid-latitude forest site. The explicit representation of the vegetation canopy within the model allowed us to test the hypothesis that stomatal conductance regulates emissions of these compounds to an extent that its influence is observable at the ecosystem scale, a process not currently considered in regional- or global-scale atmospheric chemistry models.We found that FORCAsT could only reproduce the magnitude and diurnal profiles of methanol and acetaldehyde fluxes measured at the top of the forest canopy at Harvard Forest if light-dependent emissions were introduced to the model. With the inclusion of such emissions, FORCAsT was able to successfully simulate the observed bidirectional exchange of methanol and acetaldehyde. Although we found evidence that stomatal conductance influences methanol fluxes and concentrations at scales beyond the leaf level, particularly at dawn and dusk, we were able to adequately capture ecosystem exchange without the addition of stomatal control to the standard parameterisations of foliage emissions, suggesting that ecosystem fluxes can be well enough represented by the emissions models currently used.
Published: 2016
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10. Evidence of Rate Limiting Proton Transfer in an SNAr Aminolysis in Acetonitrile under Synthetically Relevant Conditions

Author: Thomas O. Ronson, Lianne Frodsham, Ian W. Ashworth, and Peter R. Moore
Subjects: Piperazine, chemistry.chemical_compound, Aminolysis, Reaction rate constant, Nucleophile, Computational chemistry, Nucleophilic aromatic substitution, Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Entropy of activation, Rate equation, Catalysis
Abstract: An early synthetic step in the synthesis of adavosertib, AZD1775, is the SNAr reaction between 4-fluoronitrobenzene and 1-methylpiperazine in acetonitrile. A simple kinetics-based design of four reaction profiling experiments was used to investigate the kinetics of the reaction for the purpose of building a kinetic model. Fitting of the reaction profile data from two experiments conducted at 70 °C with a different excess of 1-methylpiperazine showed the reaction to follow a third-order rate law with a second-order dependence upon 1-methylpiperazine. This was rationalized in terms of the reaction following a rate-limiting proton transfer mechanism (base catalyzed) in which the progress to product is driven by a proton transfer involving a second molecule of 1-methylpiperazine. The experimentally determined entropy of activation of -180 J K-1 is consistent with this mechanism. The formation of a low level impurity was found to be due to the presence of traces of piperazine in the 1-methylpiperazine, which was shown to react approximately 15 times faster than 1-methylpiperazine at 70 °C. The rate constants for the 1-methylpiperazine catalyzed reaction of piperazine, 1-methylpiperazine, and the piperazine derived impurity were found to correlate in a Bronsted type analysis with the pKa's (acetonitrile) of the amine nucleophile.
Published: 2021

11. Process Development, Manufacture, and Understanding of the Atropisomerism and Polymorphism of Verinurad

Author: Lucie Miller-Potucka, Gall Malcolm Allan Young, Ian W. Ashworth, Andrew J. Robbins, Oliver T. Ring, Martin F. Jones, Barry R. Hayter, Rosemary A. Wordsworth, Adam J. Leahy, Lyn Powell, Phillip A. Inglesby, Alex L. Lamacraft, Okky Dwichandra Putra, Janette H. Cherryman, Thomas O. Ronson, Peter R. Hamilton, Simone Tomasi, Lauren R. Agnew, and David C. McKinney
Subjects: Genetics, Atropisomer, Polymorphism (computer science), Chemistry, Process development, Organic Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
Published: 2021

12. Effect of puerarin on glutamine synthetase activity in rat retina following acute intraocular hypertension

Author: Xuenong Xu, Mark Slevin, Nessar Ahmed, Donghui Liu, Jason J. Ashworth, Jing Xu, and Junfu Zhang
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, genetic structures, business.industry, Glaucoma, Retinal, Glutamine synthetase activity, General Medicine, Rat retina, medicine.disease, eye diseases, Glutathione synthetase, chemistry.chemical_compound, Endocrinology, chemistry, Puerarin, Internal medicine, Glutamine synthetase, medicine, In patient, sense organs, business
Abstract: This study was conducted to demonstrate whether puerarin regulates glutamine synthetase (GS) activity following intraocular hypertension and has therapeutic potential in ophthalmology for the protection of optic nerves in patients with glaucoma. This study used a Wistar rat model of acute closed-angle glaucoma to investigate the effect of puerarin on GS activity in rat retina following intraocular hypertension. Acute intraocular hypertension was induced by increasing anterior chamber pressure to 110 mmHg for 30 min in the left eyes of 50 Wistar rats, while 5 additional Wistar rats lacking intraocular hypertension were used as a control group. Retinal GS activity was measured at 4, 12, 24, 36 and 72 h after induction of acute intraocular hypertension with/without puerarin treatment. Compared to the control group that lacked intraocular hypertension, GS activity in the intraocular hypertension group significantly decreased at 4 and 12 h (P
Published: 2021

13. UNDERSTANDING TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON FRICTION AT TOOL – CFRP WORKPIECE INTERFACE USING OPEN-LOOP FRICTION TESTING

Author: S. Ashworth and K. Kerrigan
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, Materials science, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, Interface (computing), Open-loop controller, Polymer, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Carbide, Machining, chemistry, Automotive Engineering, Thermal, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Composite material, Tool wear, Aerospace, business
Abstract: Cutting processes of carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) material generate significant energy in the form of heat which can be detrimental to final surface and sub-surface quality. By artificially changing the temperature of the workpiece to simulate cutting temperatures, thermal effects on friction metrics can be understood. Feed rate and CFRP pre-heating for macro and nanoscale open loop pin on plate friction testing has been completed for two aerospace grade CFRP materials with steel, carbide and coated carbide pins to give an insight to fundamental tool wear that occurs in CFRP machining.
Published: 2021

14. Prediction of N-Nitrosamine Partition Coefficients for Derisking Drug Substance Manufacturing Processes

Author: Ian W. Ashworth, Simone Tomasi, Timothy Curran, and J. Gair Ford
Subjects: Drug, Chromatography, N-nitrosamine, 010405 organic chemistry, Chemistry, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, Organic Chemistry, Extraction (chemistry), 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Partition coefficient, COSMO-RS, chemistry.chemical_compound, Nitrosamine, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, business, media_common, Pharmaceutical industry
Abstract: The risk assessment and control of N-nitrosamine impurities in medicines is a topic of great concern for patients, regulators, and the pharmaceutical industry. This paper discusses a modeling appro...
Published: 2021

15. Identification of the first glyphosate‐resistant capeweed (Arctotheca calendula) population

Author: Michael B. Ashworth, Brent Pritchard, Roberto Lujan Rocha, Yu Qin, Hugh J. Beckie, Heping Han, David Cameron, and Yaseen Khalil
Subjects: Arctotheca, Veterinary medicine, Phytoene desaturase, Population, Glycine, Biology, Diquat, chemistry.chemical_compound, Calendula, Paraquat, education, Acetolactate synthase, education.field_of_study, Herbicides, Australia, Western Australia, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, chemistry, Insect Science, Glyphosate, biology.protein, Arctotheca calendula, 3-Phosphoshikimate 1-Carboxyvinyltransferase, Agronomy and Crop Science, Herbicide Resistance
Abstract: BACKGROUND Glyphosate is routinely used in Australia to control the Arctotheca species Arctotheca calendula (L.) Levyns (referred hereinafter as capeweed). This study identifies the first global case of field-evolved glyphosate-resistant capeweed, collected from the grainbelt of Western Australia. RESULTS In 2020, a capeweed biotype that was collected from Borden in the southern Western Australian grainbelt was confirmed to be glyphosate-resistant (referred hereinafter as Spence population). When compared to the pooled mortality of six field-collected, glyphosate susceptible capeweed populations (S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 and S6), the Spence population was found > 11-fold more resistant to glyphosate than the pooled results of the susceptible populations (S1-S6) at the lethal dose of 50% (LD50 ) level. The growth of the Spence population was also less affected, requiring > 13-fold more glyphosate to reduce growth than the pooled susceptible populations at the growth reduction of 50% (GR50 ) level. Sequencing of the plastidic 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene indicated no known single gene mutation imparting glyphosate resistance. This study, however, did not investigate any other known mechanisms that impart glyphosate resistance. When screened at the field-applied rate, this Spence population was also found to survive an inhibitor of acetolactate synthase (ALS) (metosulam) and an inhibitor of phytoene desaturase (diflufenican). CONCLUSIONS This is the first confirmation of glyphosate resistance evolution in a capeweed population globally. With capeweed resistance already confirmed to photosystem-I inhibiting herbicides (paraquat and diquat), this study emphasizes the importance of using integrated measures that do not depend only on the use of non-selective herbicides for controlling herbicide resistance-prone capeweed populations. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Published: 2021

16. Klotho: A Major Shareholder in Vascular Aging Enterprises

Author: Kenneth Lim, Arvin Halim, Tzong-shi Lu, Alan Ashworth, and Irene Chong
Subjects: vascular aging, vascular calcification, arteriosclerosis, Klotho, chronic kidney disease (CKD), cancer, diabetes, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract: Accelerated vascular aging is a condition that occurs as a complication of several highly prevalent inflammatory conditions such as chronic kidney disease, cancer, HIV infection and diabetes. Age-associated vascular alterations underlie a continuum of expression toward clinically overt cardiovascular disease. This has contributed to the striking epidemiologic transition whereby such noncommunicable diseases have taken center stage as modern-day global epidemics and public health problems. The identification of α-Klotho, a remarkable protein that confers powerful anti-aging properties has stimulated significant interest. In fact, emerging data have provided fundamental rationale for Klotho-based therapeutic intervention for vascular diseases and multiple other potential indications. However, the application of such discoveries in Klotho research remains fragmented due to significant gaps in our molecular understanding of Klotho biology, as well as hurdles in clinical research and experimental barriers that must first be overcome. These advances will be critical to establish the scientific platform from which future Klotho-based interventional trials and therapeutic enterprises can be successfully launched.
Published: 2019
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17. A global model study of the impact of land-use change in Borneo on atmospheric composition

Author: N. J. Warwick, A. T. Archibald, K. Ashworth, J. Dorsey, P. M. Edwards, D. E. Heard, B. Langford, J. Lee, P. K. Misztal, L. K. Whalley, and J. A. Pyle
Subjects: Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract: In this study, a high resolution version of the Cambridge p-TOMCAT chemical transport model is used, along with measurement data from the 2008 NERC-funded Oxidant and Particle Photochemical Processes (OP3) project, to examine the potential impact of the expansion of oil palm in Borneo on atmospheric composition. Several model emission scenarios are run for the OP3 measurement period, incorporating emissions from both global datasets and local flux measurements. Using the OP3 observed isoprene fluxes and OH recycling chemistry in p-TOMCAT substantially improves the comparison between modelled and observed isoprene and OH concentrations relative to using MEGAN isoprene emissions without OH recycling. However, a similar improvement was also achieved without using HOx recycling, by fixing boundary layer isoprene concentrations over Borneo to follow the OP3 observations. An extreme hypothetical future scenario, in which all of Borneo is converted to oil palm plantation, assessed the sensitivity of the model to changes in isoprene and NOx emissions associated with land-use change. This scenario suggested a 70% upper limit on surface ozone increases resulting from land-use change on Borneo, excluding the impact of future changes in emissions elsewhere. Although the largest changes in this scenario occurred directly over Borneo, the model also calculated notable regional changes of O3, OH and other species downwind of Borneo and in the free troposphere.
Published: 2013
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18. Detection of early stage pancreatic cancer using 5-hydroxymethylcytosine signatures in circulating cell free DNA

Author: Tierney Phillips, Erin McCarthy, Chin-Jen Ku, Yuhong Ning, Francois Collin, Christopher K. Ellison, Wendy Wang, Samuel Levy, Paul Lloyd, Kim Chau, Gulfem Guler, Anna Bergamaschi, Stephen R. Quake, Alan Ashworth, Michael Antoine, and Aaron Scott
Subjects: Male, Epigenomics, 0301 basic medicine, endocrine system diseases, General Physics and Astronomy, medicine.disease_cause, Cohort Studies, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Medicine, Stage (cooking), lcsh:Science, Cancer, Multidisciplinary, Nuclear Proteins, TEA Domain Transcription Factors, food and beverages, Middle Aged, DNA-Binding Proteins, medicine.anatomical_structure, Cell-free fetal DNA, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, 5-Methylcytosine, Biomarker (medicine), Female, KRAS, Pancreas, Cell-Free Nucleic Acids, Adult, Science, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Pancreatic cancer, Biomarkers, Tumor, Humans, Neoplasm Staging, Homeodomain Proteins, 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine, business.industry, Tumor Suppressor Proteins, fungi, General Chemistry, medicine.disease, digestive system diseases, Circulating Cell-Free DNA, GATA4 Transcription Factor, Pancreatic Neoplasms, 030104 developmental biology, chemistry, Cancer research, lcsh:Q, business, Transcription Factors
Abstract: Pancreatic cancer is often detected late, when curative therapies are no longer possible. Here, we present non-invasive detection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) by 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) changes in circulating cell free DNA from a PDAC cohort (n = 64) in comparison with a non-cancer cohort (n = 243). Differential hydroxymethylation is found in thousands of genes, most significantly in genes related to pancreas development or function (GATA4, GATA6, PROX1, ONECUT1, MEIS2), and cancer pathogenesis (YAP1, TEAD1, PROX1, IGF1). cfDNA hydroxymethylome in PDAC cohort is differentially enriched for genes that are commonly de-regulated in PDAC tumors upon activation of KRAS and inactivation of TP53. Regularized regression models built using 5hmC densities in genes perform with AUC of 0.92 (discovery dataset, n = 79) and 0.92–0.94 (two independent test sets, n = 228). Furthermore, tissue-derived 5hmC features can be used to classify PDAC cfDNA (AUC = 0.88). These findings suggest that 5hmC changes enable classification of PDAC even during early stage disease., Circulating DNA detected in plasma can be used for diagnostic purposes. Here, the authors show that the 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine biomarker from plasma-derived cell free DNA can be used to detect early stage pancreatic cancer.
Published: 2020

19. Potential for the Formation of N-Nitrosamines during the Manufacture of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients: An Assessment of the Risk Posed by Trace Nitrite in Water

Author: Andrew Teasdale, Matthew Whiting, Ian W. Ashworth, and Olivier Dirat
Subjects: Active ingredient, 010405 organic chemistry, Organic Chemistry, 010402 general chemistry, Marketing authorization, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Trace (semiology), chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Nitrosamine, Environmental chemistry, Nitrosation, N nitrosamines, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Nitrite
Abstract: Regulatory requests that marketing authorization holders for chemically synthesized active substances risk assess their medicines for the potential presence of N-nitrosamines has led to a renewed i...
Published: 2020

20. Pathologic Shear and Elongation Rates Do Not Cause Cleavage of Von Willebrand Factor by ADAMTS13 in a Purified System

Author: David Bark, Allaura Cox, Katherine Ruegg, Jorge Di Paola, Keith B. Neeves, Maria Bortot, Faye Walker, Nathan Clendenen, Alireza Sharifi, and Katrina J. Ashworth
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Aortic valve, medicine.medical_specialty, 02 engineering and technology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Von Willebrand factor, Aortic valve replacement, hemic and lymphatic diseases, Internal medicine, medicine, Thrombospondin, Metalloproteinase, biology, Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, medicine.disease, ADAMTS13, 3. Good health, Shear rate, Stenosis, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Modeling and Simulation, biology.protein, Cardiology, Original Article, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Pathological flows in patients with severe aortic stenosis are associated with acquired von Willebrand syndrome. This syndrome is characterized by excessive cleavage of von Willebrand factor by its main protease, A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with a Thrombospondin Type 1 Motif, Member 13 (ADAMTS13) leading to decreased VWF function and mucocutaneous bleeding. Aortic valve replacement and correction of the flow behavior to physiological levels reverses the syndrome, supporting the association between pathological flow and acquired von Willebrand syndrome. We investigated the effects of shear and elongational rates on von Willebrand factor cleavage in the presence of ADAMTS13. METHODS: We identified acquired von Willebrand syndrome in five patients with severe aortic stenosis. Doppler echography values from these patients were used to develop three computational fluid dynamic (CFD) aortic valve models (normal, mild and severe stenosis). Shear, elongational rates and exposure times identified in the CFD simulations were used as parameters for the design of microfluidic devices to test the effects of pathologic shear and elongational rates on the structure and function of von Willebrand factor. RESULTS: The shear rates (0–10,000s(−1)), elongational rates (0–1000 s(−1)) and exposure times (1–180 ms) tested in our microfluidic designs mimicked the flow features identified in patients with aortic stenosis. The shear and elongational rates tested in vitro did not lead to excessive cleavage or decreased function of von Willebrand factor in the presence of the protease. CONCLUSIONS: High shear and elongational rates in the presence of ADAMTS13 are not sufficient for excessive cleavage of von Willebrand Factor. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s12195-020-00631-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Published: 2020

21. Vegetables with High-Nitrate Content Significantly Increase Plasma Nitrate and Nitrite Concentrations but Do Not Significantly Reduce Systolic Blood Pressure in Young Healthy Men

Author: Jamie R. Blackwell, Andrew M. Jones, Ann Ashworth, Anni Vanhatalo, and Giles M. Hayward
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_compound, Blood pressure, chemistry, Nitrate, business.industry, Medicine, Food science, Nitrite, business
Abstract: Aims: To investigate the effects of supplementation with high-nitrate and low-nitrate vegetables on plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations, blood pressure and the oxygen demand of moderate-intensity exercise. Study Design: A randomized, cross-over design. Place and Duration of Study: Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, between January 2011 and March 2012. Methodology: 15 non-smoking, physically active healthy men (age 25 ± 6 years, BMI 24 ± 4 kg/m2) were randomized to receive a 2-week supply of high-nitrate or low-nitrate vegetables, with a 2-week ‘wash-out’ period in between. Clinic blood pressure, plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and physiological responses to moderate-intensity exercise tests were measured before and after each 2-week intervention. Nitrate intake was calculated using nutritional analysis of reported vegetables consumed. Results: Participants consumed significantly more dietary nitrate on the high-nitrate diet (417 ± 139 mg/day) than the low-nitrate diet (26 ± 11 mg/day). The high-nitrate diet supplied 5.5 mg nitrate/kg body weight, exceeding the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 3.7 mg nitrate/kg body weight. Supplementation with high-nitrate vegetables significantly increased plasma nitrate concentrations (baseline; 30 ± 20 µM, after high-nitrate vegetables; 129 ± 87 µM) and plasma nitrite concentrations (baseline; 119 ± 35 nM, after high-nitrate vegetables; 227 ± 89 nM) but did not significantly change systolic blood pressure or the physiological response to moderate exercise. There were significant correlations between diastolic blood pressure and plasma nitrite concentrations (low-nitrate diet; r = 0.63, high-nitrate diet, r = 0.56). Conclusion: Supplementation with high-nitrate vegetables above the ADI significantly increased plasma nitrate and nitrate concentrations but did not significantly reduce systolic blood pressure or the physiological response to moderate exercise. Plasma nitrite concentrations significantly correlated with diastolic blood pressure after high-nitrate and low-nitrate diets.
Published: 2020

22. Switchgrass nitrogen fertility response and nutrient cycling in a hay system

Author: Philip A. Moore, Daniel H. Pote, Amanda J. Ashworth, A. A. Jacobs, Robert P. King, and J. L. Douglas
Subjects: Nutrient cycle, Agronomy, chemistry, media_common.quotation_subject, Hay, Environmental science, chemistry.chemical_element, Fertility, Agronomy and Crop Science, Nitrogen, media_common
Published: 2020

23. Blending functionalised ligands to form multivariate metal–organic framework nanosheets (MTV-MONs) with tuneable surface chemistry

Author: Jonathan A. Foster and David J. Ashworth
Subjects: chemistry, Chemical engineering, Monolayer, Binding properties, Alkoxy group, chemistry.chemical_element, General Materials Science, Metal-organic framework, Dispersion (chemistry), Copper, Exfoliation joint
Abstract: We report a new approach to tuning the properties of metal-organic framework nanosheets (MONs) by blending functionalised ligands to produce multivariate MONs (MTV-MONs). This approach enabled not only fine tuning of the MONs properties, but also resulted in MTV-MONs that show enhanced performance compared to their single-ligand counterparts. Layered copper paddle-wheel based MOFs were synthesised incorporating two or more 2,5-difunctionalised-benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate (fu-BDC) ligands. Liquid ultrasonic exfoliation resulted in the formation of nanosheets down to monolayer thickness presenting multiple functional moieties. Blending of ligands with relatively hydrophilic (methoxy-propoxy) and hydrophobic (pentoxy) moieties resulted in MTV-MONs that showed enhanced dispersion in both polar and apolar solvents compared to either single-ligand parent MON as well as intermediary binding properties. Blending of different fu-BDC ligands with different length alkoxy chains (methoxy-pentoxy) allowed incorporation of up to five different ligands within a single MTV-MON, including ligands which do not form this structure individually. This study demonstrates the potential of blending multiple ligands within an MTV-MON to enable fine-tuning of their structure and properties but also create new nanosheets which are more than the sum of their parts.
Published: 2020

24. Preclinical evaluation of [18F]FB-A20FMDV2 as a selective marker for measuring αVβ6 integrin occupancy using positron emission tomography in rodent lung

Author: Christophe Plisson, Lisa Wells, Christine A. Parker, Mayca Onega, Sara Moz, Nicholas Keat, Christopher Coello, Pauline T. Lukey, Giovanni Vitulli, Joaquim Ramada-Magalhaes, Roger N. Gunn, Frederick J. Wilson, Sharon Ashworth, Robert J. Slack, Sac-Pham Tang, Gaia Rizzo, and Jan Passchier
Subjects: Integrins, Integrin beta Chains, Integrin, Effective dose (radiation), 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, alpha(v)beta(6), ACTIVATION, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, 0302 clinical medicine, Pulmonary fibrosis, BINDING, Radioligand, Tissue Distribution, Lung, A20FMDV2, medicine.diagnostic_test, biology, Chemistry, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging, PEPTIDES, General Medicine, CANCER, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging, Positron emission tomography, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Original Article, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, EXPRESSION, Biodistribution, MOUTH-DISEASE-VIRUS, 0299 Other Physical Sciences, Heterologous, Rodentia, 03 medical and health sciences, Antigens, Neoplasm, medicine, Dosimetry, Animals, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Science & Technology, Rodent lung, PULMONARY-FIBROSIS, 1103 Clinical Sciences, medicine.disease, Molecular biology, Fibrosis, Rats, ALPHA-V-BETA-6 INTEGRIN, PET, αvβ6, Positron-Emission Tomography, biology.protein
Abstract: PurposeIntegrin αvβ6belongs to the RGD subset of the integrin family, and its expression levels are a prognostic and theranostic factor in some types of cancer and pulmonary fibrosis. This paper describes the GMP radiolabelling of the synthetic 20 amino acid peptide A20FMDV2 (NAVPNLRGDLQVLAQKVART), derived from the foot-and-mouth disease virus, and characterises the use of [18F]FB-A20FMDV2 as a high affinity, specific and selective PET radioligand for the quantitation and visualisation of αvβ6in rodent lung to support human translational studies.MethodsThe synthesis of [18F]FB-A20FMDV2 was performed using a fully automated and GMP-compliant process. Sprague-Dawley rats were used to perform homologous (unlabelled FB-A20FMDV2) and heterologous (anti-αvβ6antibody 8G6) blocking studies. In order to generate a dosimetry estimate, tissue residence times were generated, and associated tissue exposure and effective dose were calculated using the Organ Level Internal Dose Assessment/Exponential Modelling (OLINDA/EXM) software.Results[18F]FB-A20FMDV2 synthesis was accomplished in 180 min providing ~800 MBq of [18F]FB-A20FMDV2 with a molar activity of up to 150 GBq/μmol and high radiochemical purity (> 97%). Following i.v. administration to rats, [18F]FB-A20FMDV2 was rapidly metabolised with intact radiotracer representing 5% of the total radioactivity present in rat plasma at 30 min. For the homologous and heterologous block in rats, lung-to-heart SUV ratios at 30–60 min post-administration of [18F]FB-A20FMDV2 were reduced by 38.9 ± 6.9% and 56 ± 19.2% for homologous and heterologous block, respectively. Rodent biodistribution and dosimetry calculations using OLINDA/EXM provided a whole body effective dose in humans 33.5 μSv/MBq.Conclusion[18F]FB-A20FMDV2 represents a specific and selective PET ligand to measure drug-associated αvβ6 integrin occupancy in lung. The effective dose, extrapolated from rodent data, is in line with typical values for compounds labelled with fluorine-18 and combined with the novel fully automated and GMP-compliant synthesis and allows for clinical use in translational studies.
Published: 2020

25. Biosilica slab photonic crystals as an alternative to cleanroom nanofabrication?

Author: Matt P. Ashworth, Schonna R. Manning, Ana A. Santiago González, Vijaya Shanthi Paul Raj, Johannes W. Goessling, and Martin Lopez-Garcia
Subjects: Optics and Photonics, Materials science, Silicon dioxide, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, Photonic metamaterial, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Cleanroom, Refractive index contrast, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, 030304 developmental biology, Photonic crystal, Diatoms, 0303 health sciences, business.industry, Silicon Dioxide, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Nanostructures, Kinetics, Nanolithography, chemistry, Photonics, Crystallization, 0210 nano-technology, business, Biomineralization
Abstract: Photonics, the manipulation of light at nanoscale, is a key enabling technology with impact in health and energy applications, among others. In most cases photonics still relies on materials and fabrication methods inherited from other disciplines, usually requiring expensive, time-consuming and environmentally-unfriendly processes. Recent experiments demonstrated that advanced photonic materials, as complex as those known as 2.5 dimensional slab photonic crystals, also occur naturally in diatoms. These microscopic algae precipitate silicic acid from water to produce silicon dioxide membranes, relying on intracellular biomineralization mechanisms. Addressing some important aspects for the potential industrial utilization of these structures, we here propose that optical materials produced by the diatoms could serve as cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternatives to cleanroom nanofabrication. We demonstrate that photonic materials grown by the diatom species Coscinodiscus granii can be separated based on its hydrokinetic characteristics. We further show that the photonic membranes present low defect rates of ca. 1/100 unit cells and that variation in pore diameter, as observed between individual membranes, can affect the photonic properties at large, but only marginally at low refractive index contrast. Finally, we list algal culture collections operating worldwide, thus providing a global network for live diatoms and diatom materials. We discuss the feasibility and bottlenecks related to scaled-up growth for direct utilization of photonic materials from diatoms.
Published: 2020

26. Azithromycin in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial

Author: Eugenia Abaleke, Mustafa Abbas, Sadia Abbasi, Alfie Abbott, Ashraf Abdelaziz, Sherif Abdelbadiee, Mohamed Abdelfattah, Basir Abdul, Althaf Abdul Rasheed, Rezan Abdul-Kadir, Abdulfatahi Abdulmumeen, Niyaz Abdulshukkoor, Kula Abdusamad, Yazeed Abed El Khaleq, Mai Abedalla, Abeer UA Abeer Ul Amna, Adebanke Aboaba, Hani Abo-Leyah, Ahmed Abou-Haggar, Mahmoud Abouibrahim, Miriam Abraham, Tizzy Abraham, Abraheem Abraheem, Judith Abrams, Hyacinth-John Abu, Ahmad Abu-Arafeh, Syed M Abubacker, Akata Abung, Yaa Aceampong, Devikumar Acharya, Janet Acheson, Andres Acosta, Catherine Acton, Jacqueline Adabie-Ankrah, Fiona Adam, Matthew Adam, Huzaifa Adamali, Carol Adams, Kate Adams, Richard Adams, Tim Adams, Malgorzata Adamus, Kirsty Adcock, Aderonke Adebiyi, Ken Adegoke, Vicki Adell, Aldrin Adeni, Sherna Adenwalla, Oluwasegun A Adesemoye, Emmanuel O Adewunmi, Joyce Adeyemi, Elizabeth Adeyeye, Gabrielle Adkins, Adnan Adnan, John Aeron-Thomas, Lynn Afari, Debbie Affleck, Carmel Afnan, Deborah Afolabi, Muhammad Afridi, Rachel Agbeko, Chris Agbo, Sunil Aggarwal, Arameh Aghababaie, Judith Agwada-Akeru, Kwame A Agyapong, Shafana Ahamed Sadiq, Mohamed H Ahammed Nazeer, Jonathan Ah-Chuen, Mahin Ahmad, Ashar Ahmed, Bilal Ahmed, Forizuddin Ahmed, Iram Ahmed, Irshad Ahmed, Liban Ahmed, Maria C Ahmed, Muhammad S Ahmed, Naseer Ahmed, Nausheen Ahmed, Osama Ahmed, Rajia A Ahmed, Rizwan Ahmed, Saif Ahmed, Sammiya Ahmed, Sara Ahmed, Syed H Ahmed, Roa Ahmed Ali, Sana Ahmer, Dhiraj Ail, Adam Ainsley, Mark Ainsworth, Myriam Aissa, Lucy Aitchson, Lindianne Aitken, Bini Ajay, Abdulakeem Ajibode, Ayesha Ajmi, Muhammad N Akhtar, Nasim Akhtar, Suha Akili, Oludoyinsola Akindolie, Yinka Akinfenwa, Olugbenga Akinkugbe, Ibrahim Akinpelu, Umeh Akudo, Asma Al Balushi, Majd Al Dakhola, Narendra Aladangady, Sajid Alam, Abbas Al-Asadi, Kyriaki Alatzoglou, Lorraine Albon, Stephen Alcorn, Aggie Aldana, David Alderdice, Rayan Aldouri, Jonathan Aldridge, Nicolas Aldridge, Ana Alegria, Alison Alexander, John Alexander, Peter DG Alexander, Julyan Al-Fori, Bahij Al-Hakim, Shams Al-Hity, Ali Ali, Anyat Ali, Fawzia R Ali, Jawad Ali, Mariam Ali, Mohammad Ali, Oudai Ali, Sakina Ali, Syed Ali, Abid Alina, Katrin Alizaedeh, Maithem Al-Jibury, Moutaz Alkhusheh, Alison Allanson, Robert Allcock, Eireann Allen, Jonathan Allen, Kerry Allen, Louise Allen, Rebecca Allen, Sam Allen, Sharon Allen, Simon Allen, Kathryn Allison, Bethan Allman, Lynne Allsop, Christine Almadenboyle, Hassan Al-Moasseb, Magda Al-Obaidi, Lina Alomari, Akram Al-Rabahi, Bahar Al-Ramadhani, Zayneb Al-Saadi, Warkaq Al-Shamkhani, Bashar Al-Sheklly, Mary Alvarez, Maysaa Alzetani, Susan Amamou, Sakarai Ambalavanan, Sarah-Jayne Ambler, Robert Ambrogetti, Chris Ambrose, Amir Ameen, Maria R Amezaga, Allison Amin, Amina Amin, Kanish Amin, Amjad Amjad, Victoria Amosun, Khaled Amsha, Atul Anand, Samantha Anandappa, Julie Anderson, Laura Anderson, Michelle Anderson, Nicola Anderson, Rachel Anderson, Rory Anderson, Prematie Andreou, Angela Andrews, Jill Andrews, Kanayochukwu Aneke, Andrew Ang, Wan Wei Ang, Tammy Angel, Paola Angelini, Lazarus Anguvaa, Oleg Anichtchik, Millicent Anim-Somuah, Krishnan Aniruddhan, Alpha Anthony, Aaron Anthony-Pillai, Philip Antill, Zhelyazkova Antonina, Varghese Anu, Muhammad Anwar, Aristeidis Apostolopoulos, Sarah Appleby, Diane Appleyard, Bianca Araba, Angela Aramburo, Ann Archer, Denise Archer, Simon Archer, Christian Ardley, Ana-Maria Arias, Ryoki Arimoto, Charlotte Arkley, Charlotte Armah, Ilianna Armata, Adam Armitage, Ceri Armstrong, Maureen Armstrong, Sonia Armstrong, Philippa Armtrong, Heike Arndt, Clare Arnison-Newgass, David Arnold, Rachael Arnold, Dhawal Arora, Pardeep Arora, Rishi Arora, Arslam Arter, Ganesh Arunachalam, Rita Arya, Salma Asam, Denisa Asandei, Adeeba Asghar, Catherine Ashbrook-Raby, Helen Ashby, Jan Ashcroft, John Ashcroft, Ayesha Ashfaq, Abdul Ashish, Sally Ashman-Flavell, Sundar Ashok, Muhammad Z Ashraf, Saima Ashraf, Mohammad B Ashraq, Deborah Ashton, Susan Ashton, Andrew Ashworth, Rebecca Ashworth, Harshini Asogan, Julia Asplin, Atif Asrar, Omar Assaf, Raine Astin-Chamberlain, Deborah Athorne, Christopher Atkins, Stacey Atkins, John Atkinson, Vicki Atkinson, Ahmed Attiq, Paula Aubrey, Suzannah August, Aye CT Aung, Hnin Aung, Kyaw Thu Aung, Nini Aung, Zaw Myo Aung, Emily Austin, Karen Austin, Miriam Avery, Joanne Avis, Cristina Avram, Paula Avram, Gabriel Awadzi, Aszad Aya, Eman Ayaz, Amanda Ayers, Vivek Ayra, Jawwad Azam, Mohammed Azharuddin, Ghazala Aziz, Ashaari Azman Shah, Giada Azzopardi, Hocine Azzoug, Nasaruilla Babajan, Fiyinfoluwa Babatunde, Melvin Babi, Babiker Babiker, Gayna Babington, Matthew Babirecki, Adetona O Babs-Osibodu, Gina Bacon, Jenny Bacon, Bibi Badal, Gurpreet R Badhan, Shreya Badhrinarayanan, Joseph Bae, Alice Baggaley, Amy Baggott, Graham Bagley, Dinesh Bagmane, Kasra Bahadori, Gayathri Baijiu, Charles Bailey, Julie Bailey, Katie Bailey, Lindsey Bailey, Liz Bailey, Morgan Bailey, Peter Bailey, Hamish Baillie, Kenneth Baillie, Jennifer Bain, Karen Bain, Becky Bainton, David Baird, Yolanda Baird, Aiysha Bajandouh, Evelyn Baker, Johanne Baker, Kenneth Baker, Pearl Baker, Hugh Bakere, Nawar Bakerly, Michelle Baker-Moffatt, Panos Bakoulas, Abhijit Bal, Niranjan Balachandran, Irvin Balagosa, Andrea Balan, Theodosios Balaskas, Madhu Balasubramaniam, Alison Balcombe, Cheryl Baldwick, Alexander Baldwin, Ashley Baldwin, Danielle Baldwin, Lisa Baldwin, Rebekah Baldwin-Jones, James Balfour, Ceri Ball, Craig Balmforth, Gabby Bambridge, Alasdair Bamford, Amy Bamford, Peter Bamford, Adefunke Bamgboye, Kasun Bamunuarachchi, Elizabeth Bancroft, Hollie Bancroft, Joyce Banda, Srini Bandi, Nageswar Bandla, Somaditya Bandyopadhyam, Ritwik Banerjee, Sandip Banerjee, Harrison Banks, Luke Banks, Daniel Banner, Oliver Bannister, Christopher Bannon, Laura Banton, Mariamma Baptist, Tanya Baqai, Ananya M Baral, Desislava Baramova, Russell Barber, Emma Barbon, Monica Barbosa, Jamie Barbour, Alexander Barclay, Charlotte Barclay, Stephanie Bareford, Shahedal Bari, Amy Barker, Debbie Barker, Joseph B Barker, Leon Barker, Oliver Barker, Kerry Barker-Williams, Sinha Barkha, Juliana Barla, Gavin Barlow, Richard Barlow, James Barnacle, Alex Barnard, Debi Barnes, Nicky Barnes, Amy Barnett, Debra Barnett, Ashton Barnett-Vanes, William Barnsley, Andrew Barr, David Barr, Shaney Barratt, Manuella Barrera, Fiona Barrett, Jessica Barrett, Jazz Bartholomew, Sarah Bartholomew, Claire Bartlett, Georgina Bartlett, Greg Barton, Jill Barton, Rachael Barton, Rosaleen Baruah, Sonia Baryschpolec, Archana Bashyal, Betsy Basker, Ayten Basoglu, Amira Bassaly, G Bassett, Bengisu Bassoy, Anupam Basumatary, Adam Bataineh, Freddie Batalla, Tristan Bate, Harry John Bateman, Kathryn Bateman, Vhairi Bateman, Eleanor Bates, Hayley Bates, Michelle Bates, Rizvan Batha, Sally Batham, Ana Batista, Amit Batla, Dushyant Batra, Harry Batty, Thomas Batty, Miranda Baum, Carina Bautista, Fatima S Bawani, Simon Bax, Matt Baxter, Nicola Baxter, Hannah Bayes, Farid Bazari, Rohit Bazaz, Ahmad Bazli, Laura Beacham, Hannah Beadle, Wendy Beadles, Philip Beak, Andy Beale, Kathy Beardsal, Jack Bearpark, Karen Beaumont, Matthew Beaumont, Dawn Beaumont-Jewell, Theresa Beaver, Sarah Beavis, Christy Beazley, Sarah Beck, Virginia Beckett, Rosie Beckitt, Heidi Beddall, Seonaid Beddows, Deborah Beeby, Michelle Beecroft, Sally Beer, Jane Beety, Gabriela Bega, Alison Begg, Susan Begg, Sara Beghini, Ayesha Begum, Safia Begum, Teresa Behan, Roya Behrouzi, Jon Beishon, Claire Beith, James Belcher, Holly Belfield, Katherine Belfield, Ajay Belgaumkar, Dina Bell, Gareth Bell, Gillian Bell, Lauren Bell, Louise Bell, Nicholas Bell, Stephanie Bell, Jennifer L Bell, Mary Bellamy, Arianna Bellini, Amanda Bellis, Fionn Bellis, Lesley Bendall, Naveena Benesh, Nicola Benetti, Leonie Benham, Guy Benison-Horner, Ann Bennett, Caroline Bennett, Gillian Bennett, Kristopher Bennett, Lorraine Bennett, Sara Bennett, Vivienne Benson, Andrew Bentley, Ian Benton, Eva Beranova, Matthew Beresford, Colin Bergin, Malin Bergstrom, Jolanta Bernatoniene, Thomas Berriman, Zoe Berry, Kimberley Best, Yvonne Beuvink, Emily Bevan, Sarah Bevins, Tom Bewick, Helen Bexhell, Andrew Bexley, Sonay Beyatli, Fenella Beynon, Arjun Bhadi, Sanjay Bhagani, Shweta Bhagat, Shiv Bhakta, Rekha Bhalla, Mahesh Bhalme, Khushpreet Bhandal, Kulbinder Bhandal, Ravina Bhanot, Prashanth Bhat, Nikhil Bhatia, Rahul Bhatnagar, Janki Bhayani, Deepika Bhojwani, Salimuzzaman Bhuiyan, Anna Bibby, Naheeda Bibi, Salma Bibi, Tihana Bicanic, Julie Bigg, Sarah Biggs, Alphonsa Biju, Andras Bikov, Sophie Billingham, Jessica Billings, Alice Binns, Oliver Bintcliffe, Catherine Birch, Janine Birch, Jenny Birch, Katherine Birchall, Sam Bird, Sumedha Bird, Mark Birt, Kilanalei Bishop, Linda Bishop, Lisa Bishop, Nibedan Biswas, Sahar Biuk, Karen Blachford, Ethel Black, Helen Black, Karen Black, Mairead Black, Polly Black, Sabrina Black, Bethan Blackledge, Joanne Blackler, Samantha Blackley, Helen Blackman, Caroline Blackstock, Francesca Blakemore, Helen Blamey, Sujata Blane, Simon Blankley, Parry Blaxill, Jane Blazeby, Natalie Blencowe, Ben Bloom, Angela Bloss, Hannah Bloxham, Louise Blundell, Susara Blunden, Mark Blunt, Ian Blyth, Kevin Blyth, Andrew Blythe, Karen Bobruk, Pritesh Bodalia, Neena Bodasing, Gabriele Boehmer, Marta Boffito, Sumit Bokhandi, Maria Bokhar, Saba Bokhari, Sakina Bokhari, Syed Owais Bokhari, Ambrose Boles, Matthew Bolton, Helena Bond, Stuart Bond, Thomas Bond, Alice Bone, Georgia Boniface, Lizzy Bonney, Joanne Borbone, Stephanie Borg, Catherine Borra, Samuel Bosompem, Liam Botfield, Fiona Bottrill, Hannah Bouattia, Laura Bough, Hayley Boughton, Zoe Boult, Miriam Bourke, Karen Bourne, Michelle Bourne, Rachel Bousefield, Lucy Boustred, Alexandra Bowes, Amy Bowes, Philip Bowker, Louise Bowman, Simon Bowman, Angie Bowring, Geetha Boyapati, Jenny Boyd, Laura Boyd, Namoi Boyle, Pauline Boyle, Rosalind Boyle, Louise Boyles, Leanna Brace, Jodie Bradder, Clare J Bradley, Pamela Bradley, Patrick Bradley, Joanne Bradley-Potts, Lynne Bradshaw, Zena Bradshaw, Rebecca Brady, Shirin Brady, Marie Branch, Emily Brandl-Salutz, Christina Branfield, Jamie Brannigan, Louise Brassington, Fiona Bray, Nancy Bray, Manny Brazil, Lucy Brear, Tracy Brear, Stephen Brearey, Morwenna Brend, Andrew Brereton, Chris Brewer, Gavin Bridgwood, Sara Brigham, John Bright, Christopher Brightling, Elaine Brinkworth, Robin Brittain-Long, Vianne Britten, Lauren Broad, Sarah Broad, Rosie Broadhurst, Andrew Broadley, Marie Broadway, Christopher Brockelsby, Megan Brocken, Tomos Brockley, Fiona Brogan, Felicity Brokke, Jacob Brolly, David Bromley, Hannah Brooke-Ball, Verity Brooker, Matthew Brookes, Alison Brooks, Kate Brooks, Nicole Brooks, Rachel Brooks, Sophie Brooks, Natalie Broomhead, Chloe Broughton, Nathaniel Broughton, Matt Brouns, Alison Brown, Carly Brown, Catrin Brown, Ellen Brown, Heather Brown, Janet Brown, Louise Brown, Niall Brown, Pauline Brown, Richard Brown, Robert Brown, Steven Brown, Tom Brown, Charlotte Browne, Duncan Browne, Rachel Browne, Stephen Brownlee, David Bruce, Johanna Bruce, Michelle Bruce, Wojciech Brudlo, Nigel Brunskill, Luke Brunton, Margaret Brunton, Jade Bryant, Mark Bryce, Maya Buch, Ruaridh Buchanan, Amanda Buck, Elizabeth Buckingham, Laura Buckley, Philip Buckley, Sarah Buckley, Carol Buckman, George Bugg, Ramadan Bujazia, Shanzay Bukhari, Richard Bulbulia, Alex Bull, Damian Bull, Rhian Bull, Thomas Bull, Sam Bullard, Naomi Bulteel, Katherine Bunclark, Roneleeh Bungue-Tuble, Caroline Burchett, Christy Burden, Thomas G Burden, Sarah Burge, Mika Burgess, Sophia Burgess, Emma Burke, Sara Burnard, Caroline Burnett, Amy Burns, Collette Burns, James Burns, Karen Burns, Daniel Burrage, Kate Burrows, Claire Burston, Ben Burton, Fiona Burton, Angus Butchart, Aaron Butler, Jo Butler, Joanne Butler, Joshua Butler, Peter Butler, Susan Butler, Al-Tahoor Butt, Caryl Butterworth, Nicola Butterworth-Cowin, Robert Buttery, Heather Button, Daniel Buttress, Jane Byrne, Wendy Byrne, Victoria Byrne-Watts, Ruth Cade, Donna Cairney, Claire Calderwood, James Calderwood, Giorgio Calisti, Debbie Callaghan, Jennifer Callaghan, Claire Callens, Caroline Calver, Melissa Cambell-Kelly, Tracey Camburn, David R Cameron, Eleanor Cameron, Fraser Cameron, Sheena Cameron, Christian Camm, Renee FD Cammack, Alison Campbell, Amy Campbell, Barbara Campbell, Bridget Campbell, Debbie Campbell, Helen Campbell, Hilary Campbell, Jonathan Campbell, Mark Campbell, Robyn Campbell, Wynny Campbell, Quentin Campbell Hewson, Laura Camrasa, Julie Camsooksai, Shaula M Candido, Cielito Caneja, Johnathon Cann, Ruby Cannan, Emma Cannon, Michael Cannon, Petra Cannon, Vivienne Cannons, Jane Cantliff, Ben Caplin, Angelika Capp, Thomas Capstick, Simon Carley, Tammy Carlin, Samantha Carmichael, Margaret Carmody, Mandy Carnahan, Charlotte Caroline, Patrick Carr, Sharon Carr, Anna Carrasco, Zoe Carrington, Jonathan Carter, Paul Carter, Penny Carter, Douglas Cartwright, Claire Carty, Jaime Carungcong, Paula Carvelli, Aisling Cashell, Barbara Cassimon, Teresa Castiello, Gail Castle, Melanie Caswell, Ana Maria Catana, Heidi Cate, Susanne Cathcart, Katrina Cathie, Christine Catley, Laura Catlow, Kerry Causer, Luke Cave, Frianne Cawa, Kathryn Cawley, Philippa Cawley, Chloe Caws, Hankins Cendl, Jeva Cernova, Ed Cetti, Stephanie Chabane, Manish Chablani, Cathleen Chabo, David Chadwick, Julie Chadwick, Robert Chadwick, Ela Chakkarapani, Arup Chakraborty, Mallinath Chakraborty, Mollika Chakravorty, James Chalmers, Georgina Chamberlain, Sarah Chamberlain, Carol Chambers, Emma Chambers, Jonathan Chambers, Lucy Chambers, Naomi Chambers, Shreekant Champanerkar, Carmen Chan, Cheuk Chan, Evelyn Chan, Kimberley Chan, Ping Chan, Rebekah (Pui-Ching) Chan, Xin H Chan, Chris Chandler, Kim J Chandler, Zoe Chandler, Badrinathan Chandrasekaran, Josephine Chaplin, Graeme Chapman, John Chapman, Katie Chapman, Laura Chapman, Lianne Chapman, Polly Chapman, Timothy Chapman, Lucy Chappell, Amanda Charalambou, Bethan Charles, Dianne Charlton, Kevin Chatar, Calvin Chatha, Priyanka Chaturvedi, Muhammad YN Chaudhary, Iram Chaudhry, Zain Chaudhry, Nazia Chaudhuri, Muhammad Chaudhury, Anoop Chauhan, Milan Chauhan, Ruchi S Chauhan, Nicola Chavasse, James Cheaveau, Michelle Cheeseman, Fang Chen, Hui Min Chen, Terence Chen, Lok Y Cheng, Zhihang Cheng, Ashok Chengappa, Helen Chenoweth, Chun H Cheong, Shiney Cherian, Helen Cheshire, Sarah Chessell, Chee Kay Cheung, Elaine Cheung, Claire Cheyne, Swati Chhabra, Eric Chiang, Angela Chiapparino, Rosavic Chicano, Sam Chilcott, Phillipa Chimbo, KokWai Chin, Wen Jie Chin, Amol Chingale, Heather Chisem, Ben Chisnall, Sunder Chita, Nihil Chitalia, Chipo Chitsenga, Matthew Chiu, Brenda Chivima, Soha Choi, Willy Choon Kon Yune, Khayzer Choudhary, Vandana Choudhary, Gary Chow, Muhibbur Chowdhury, Alexander Christides, Alex Christie, Daniel Christmas, Thereza Christopherson, Mark Christy, Paris Chrysostomou, Yunli Chua, Dip Chudgar, Richard Chudleigh, Srikanth Chukkambotla, Izu Chukwulobelu, Favour Chukwunonyerem, Chi Y Chung, Jonathan Chung, Elaine Church, Sara R Church, David Churchill, Paola Cicconi, Zdenka Cipinova, Bessie Cipriano, Sarah Clamp, Melanie Clapham, Edel Clare, Sarbjit Clare, Andrew Clark, Charlotte Clark, Diane Clark, Felicity Clark, Gabrielle Clark, James Clark, Katherine Clark, Lucy Clark, Matthew Clark, Patricia Clark, Richard Clark, Thomas Clark, Zoe Clark, Andrea Clarke, Paul Clarke, Robert Clarke, Roseanne Clarke, Samantha Clarke, Sheron Clarke, Alleyna Claxton, Elizabeth Clayton, Olivia Clayton, Jill Clayton-Smith, Chris Cleaver, Jayne Clemens, Carlota Clemente de la Torre, Suzanne Clements, Sarah Clifford, Amelia Clive, Jonathan Clouston, Samantha Clueit, Andrea Clyne, Peter GL Coakley, Kathryn Cobain, Susan Coburn, Alexandra Cochrane, Patricia Cochrane, Samantha Cockburn, Helen Cockerill, Shirley Cocks, Rhodri Codd, Rachel Codling, Adam Coe, Samantha Coetzee, David Coey, Paul F Cofie, Danielle Cohen, Jonathan Cohen, Oliver Cohen, Mike Cohn, Louise Coke, Nicholas Colbeck, Roghan Colbert, Esther Cole, Jade Cole, Joby Cole, Nicholas Cole, Garry Coleman, Matt Coleman, Holly Coles, Julie Colley, Dawn Collier, Heather Collier, Paul Collini, Emma Collins, Jaimie Collins, Joanne Collins, Nicola Collins, Sally Collins, Vicky Collins, Andrew Collinson, Jennifer Collinson, Madeleine Colmar, Hayley E Colton, James Colton, Katie Colville, Carolyn Colvin, Edward Combes, David Comer, Dónal Concannon, Robin Condliffe, Lynne Connell, Natalie Connell, Gavin Connolly, Emma Connor, Antonia Conroy, Veronica Conteh, Rory Convery, Grainne Conway, Rhiannon Conway, Jo-Anna Conyngham, Eloise Cook, Gemma Cook, Helen Cook, Graham Cooke, Katrina Cooke, Catherine Coombs, Chris Cooper, Jamie Cooper, Joshua Cooper, Lauren Cooper, Rowena Cooper, Sophie Cooper, Thomas Cope, Carolyn Corbett, John Corcoran, Jessica Cordle, Alasdair Corfield, John Corless, Alison Corlett, Pamela Corlett, Michael Cornwell, Diana Corogeanu, Ruth Corrigan, Rita Corser, Jon Cort, Denise Cosgrove, Patricia Costa, Charlie Coston, Susannah Cotgrove, Zoe Coton, Lisa-Jayne Cottam, Rhiannon Cotter, Donna Cotterill, Caroline Cotton, James Coulson, David Counter, Cherry Coupland, Ellie Courtney, Julia Courtney, Elena Cowan, Louise Cowen, Steve Cowman, Amanda Cowton, Ellie Cox, Giles Cox, Karina Cox, Rebecca Cox, Karen Coy, Victoria Craig, Matthew Cramp, Emma Crawford, Isobel Crawford, Sarah Crawshaw, Ben Creagh-Brown, Andrew Creamer, Peter Creber, Joanne Cremona, Janet Cresswell, Mark Cribb, Charles Crichton, Declan Crilly, Lauren Crisp, Nikki Crisp, Dominic Crocombe, Maria Croft, Jennifer Crooks, Harriet Crosby, Tim Cross, Stephen Crotty, Susan Crouch, Madeleine Crow, Rory Crowder, Becky Crowe, Rebecca Croysdill, Irena Cruickshank, James Cruise, Carina Cruz, Trino Cruz Cervera, Dominic Cryans, Guanguo Cui, Gillian Cummings-Fosong, Victoria Cunliffe, Caroline Cunningham, Mishell Cunningham, Neil Cunningham, Nicola Cunningham, Jason Cupitt, Hollie Curgenven, Gerens Curnow, Simon Curran, Scarlett Currie, Michelle Curtin, Jonathan Curtis, Katrina Curtis, Olivia Curtis, Rebecca Cuthbertson, Sean Cutler, Patrycja Czylok, Joana da Rocha, Sura Dabbagh, Helen Daggett, Jacqui Daglish, Anne Dale, Katie Dale, Michaela Dale, Sam Dale, Jolyon Dales, Helen Dalgleish, Dermot Dalton, Aoife Daly, Vaishnavi Dandavate, Akila Danga, Amelia Daniel, Priya Daniel, Allison Daniels, Sandra Danso-Bamfo, Alex Darbyshire, Janet Darbyshire, Paul Dark, Kate Darlington, Tom Darton, Guledew Darylile, Manjusha Das, Sukamal Das, Martin Daschel, Joanne Dasgin, Dibyendu Datta, Anna Daunt, Mark Davey, Miriam Davey, Anette David, Mini David, Sarah David, Alexander Davidson, Laura Davidson, Neil Davidson, Richard Davidson, Albert Davies, Amanda Davies, Carolyn Davies, Catrin Davies, Drew Davies, Elaine Davies, Ffyon Davies, Helen Davies, Jim Davies, Karen Davies, Kelly Davies, Kim Davies, Louisa Davies, Matthew Davies, Michelle Davies, Owen Davies, Patrick Davies, Rachel Davies, Rhys Davies, Ruth Davies, Sarah Davies, Simon Davies, Wendy Davies, Gwyneth Davis, Illinos Davis, Peter Davis, Alexander Davison, Christine Dawe, Danielle Dawson, Elizabeth Dawson, Joy Dawson, Tom Dawson, Andrew Daxter, Andrew Day, Jacob Day, Jeremy Day, Parijat De, Henry de Berker, Duneesha de Fonseka, Toni de Freitas, Frederico de Santana Miranda, Eleanor de Sausmarez, Shanika de Silva, Thushan de Silva, James de Souza, Anthony de Soyza, Natasha de Vere, Johannes de Vos, Bethan Deacon, Sharon Dealing, Anna Dean, Julie Dean, Katrina Dean, Jill Deane, James Dear, Effie Dearden, Catherine Deas, Vashist Deelchand, Matthew Deeley, Joanne Deery, Emmanuel Defever, Manuela Del Forno, Arnold Dela Rosa, Amanda Dell, Marilyn DeLuna, Carrie Demetriou, David DeMets, Jane Democratis, Jacqueline Denham, Emmanuelle Denis, Craig Denmade, Kathy Dent, Martin Dent, Elise Denton, Tom Denwood, Nishigandh Deole, Darshita Depala, Susan Dermody, Amisha Desai, Purav Desai, Sanjeev Deshpande, Vai Deshpande, Sirjana Devkota, Prakash Dey, Vishal Dey, Rogin Deylami, Gurlove K Dhaliwal, Kevin Dhaliwal, Sundip Dhani, Amandeep Dhanoa, Mili Dhar, Sukhjit Dhariwal, Devesh Dhasmana, Ekanjali Dhillon, Reiss Dhillon, Kayleigh Diaz-Pratt, Pamela Dicks, Matthew Dickson, Sean Dillane, Sarah Diment, Paul Dimitri, Alex Dipper, Laura Dirmantaite, Lisa Ditchfield, Sarah Diver, Nandita Divikar, Lavanya Diwakar, Masroor Diwan, Caroline Dixon, Catherine Dixon, Petr Dlouhy, Paul Dmitri, Marinela Dobranszky Oroian, Charlotte Dobson, Lee Dobson, Marie Docherty, Morven Dockery, Emma Docks, James Dodd, Jackie Dodds, Rebecca Dodds, Steve Dodds, Richi Dogra, Erin Doherty, Warren Doherty, Yumiko Doi, Iain Doig, Daniel Dolan, Mark Dolman, Rozzie Dolman, Lisa Donald, Callum Donaldson, Denise Donaldson, Kate Donaldson, Sinead Donlon, Joanne Donnachie, Christopher Donnelly, Eilish Donnelly, Emma Dooks, Andrew Dooley, Kane Dorey, Sharon Dorgan, Davinder Dosanjh, Paula Dospinescu, Andrew Dougherty, Katie Douglas, Lucy Dowden, Michelle Dower, Sud Dowling, Hayley Downe, Nicola Downer, Charlotte Downes, Rob Downes, Thomas Downes, Damian Downey, Louise Downs, Simon Dowson, Cornel Dragan, Cristina Dragos, Chelsea Drake, Victoria Drew, Olivia Drewett, Celine Driscoll, Helena Drogan, Ronald Druyeh, Simon Drysdale, Hazel Dube, Judith Dube, Stephen Duberley, Simon Dubrey, Roger Duckitt, Hayley Duckles-Leech, Nicola Duff, Helen Duffy, Lionel Dufour, Annette Duggan, Parveen Dugh, Janice Duignan, Simon Dummer, Andrew Duncan, Barrie Duncan, Christopher Duncan, Fullerton Duncan, Alessia Dunn, Damian Dunn, Laura Dunn, Karen Dunne, Fiona Dunning, Aidan Dunphy, Venkat Duraiswamy, Beatriz Duran, Ingrid DuRand, Alison Durie, Emily Durie, Laura Durrans, Hannah Durrington, Akshay Dwarakanath, Laasya Dwarakanath, Ellen Dwyer, Claudia Dyball, Harvey Dymond, Tom Dymond, Chris Eades, Melissa Earwaker, Nicholas Easom, Clare East, Jack Easton, Ruth Eatough, Oluwadamilola Ebigbola, Martin Ebon, Sinan Eccles, Chloe Eddings, Michael Eddleston, Maureen Edgar, Katharine Edgerley, Mary Edmondson, Tracy Edmunds, Alexandra Edwards, Andrea Edwards, Catherine Edwards, Joy Edwards, Kennedy Edwards, Mandy Edwards, Steven Edwards, Jenny Eedle, Dawn Egginton, Sarah Eisen, Ugochukwu Ekeowa, Mohamed Ekoi, Ayomide Ekunola, Kate El Bouzidi, Ashley Elden, Jennifer Elder, Haifa Eldew, Diana Eleanor, Maysoon Elfadil, Eman Elfar, Mayy M Elgamal, Amr Elgohary, Stellios Elia, Jennifer Elias, Tania Elias, Nadia Elkaram, Amin Elkhawad, Andrew V Elkins, Julie Ellam, Nikki Ellard, Laura Nicola Ellerton, Amy Elliott, Fiona Elliott, Kerry Elliott, Valmai Elliott, Annie Ellis, Hayley Ellis, Kaytie Ellis, Tak-Yan Ellis, Yvette Ellis, Rahma Elmahdi, Einas Elmahi, Omer Elneima, Mohamed Elokl, Ahmed Elradi, Mohamed Elsaadany, Sally El-Sayeh, Hana El-Sbahi, Tarek Elsefi, Karim El-Shakankery, Sarah Elyoussfi, Jonathan Emberson, John Emberton, Julian Emmanuel, Ingrid Emmerson, Charis Emmett, Michael Emms, Marieke Emonts, Angila Engden, Katy English, Nicola Entwistle, Hene Enyi, Ruth Erin Jones, Agota Ermenyi, Hanif Esmail, Ajmal Eusuf, Brynach Evans, Chris Evans, Debra Evans, Gail Evans, Gareth Evans, Jennifer Evans, Lynn Evans, Melanie Evans, Mim Evans, Morgan Evans, Ranoromanana Evans, Teriann Evans, Terry J Evans, Caroline Everden, Lynsey Evison, Jacqueline Faccenda, Leila Fahel, Youstina Fahmay, Sara Fairbairn, Andy Fairclough, Louise Fairlie, Anne Fajardo, Euan Falconer, John Fallon, David Faluyi, Qayyum Farah, Novin Fard, Amr Farg, Adam Farmer, Katie Farmer, Toni Farmery, Frances Farnworth, Samantha Farnworth, Faiyaz Farook, Hadia Farooq, Sidrah Farooq, Fiona Farquhar, Aaron Farrell, Barbara Farrell, James Farthing, Syeda Farzana, Rahmatu Fasina, Azam Fatemi, Mina Fatemi, Nibah Fatimah, Saul N Faust, Joe Fawke, Sinmidele Fawohunre, Alex Feben, Federico Fedel, Christopher Fegan, Mae Felongco, Lynsey Felton, Tim Felton, Kate Fenlon, Andrea Fenn, Isabelle Fenner, Ciara Fenton, Melisa Fenton, Cameron Ferguson, Jenny Ferguson, Kathryn Ferguson, Katie Ferguson, Lisa Ferguson, Susan Ferguson, Susie Ferguson, Victoria Ferguson, Denzil Fernandes, Candida Fernandez, Eduardo Fernandez, Sonia Fernandez Lopez, Ahmed Feroz, Pietro Ferranti, Thais Ferrari, Catarina Ferreira-De Almeida, Alexandra Ferrera, Emma Ferriman, Nicholas Fethers, Ben Field, Janet Field, Andra Fielding, Julie Fielding, Sarah Fielding, Asma Fikree, Sarah Ann Filson, Joanne Finch, Laurie Finch, Natalie Fineman, Adam Finn, Joanne Finn, Sofia Fiouni, Jo Fiquet, James Fisher, Neil Fisher, Daniel Fishman, Krystofer Fishwick, Marie Fisk, Jan Flaherty, Michael Flanagan, Charles Flanders, Julie Fleming, Lucy Fleming, Paul Fleming, William Flesher, Alison Fletcher, Lucy Fletcher, Sophie Fletcher, Christopher Flood, Jonathan Flor, Vincent Florence, Sharon Floyd, Adama Fofana, Georgina Fogarty, Linda Folkes, Aiwyne Foo, Andrew Foot, Jayne Foot, Jane Forbes, Kathryn Forcer, Jamie Ford, Jennifer Foreman, Caroline Fornolles, Adam Forrest, Ellie Forsey, Thomas Forshall, Elliot Forster, Julian Forton, Emily Foster, Joseph Foster, Rachel A Foster, Tracy Foster, Angela Foulds, Ian Foulds, Folakemi Fowe, Emily Fowler, Robert Fowler, Stephen Fowler, Caroline Fox, Claire Fox, Heather Fox, Jonathan Fox, Lauren Fox, Natalie Fox, Simon Fox, Sarah-Jane Foxton, Rebecca Frake, Alex Francioni, Olesya Francis, Rebecca Francis, Sarah Francis, Theodora Francis-Bacon, Victoria Francois, Sharon Frayling, Martyn Fredlund, Michael Freeborn, Carol Freeman, Elaine Freeman, Hannah Freeman, Nicola Freeman, Clare Freer, Eleanor French, Anastasia Fries, Matthew Frise, Renate Fromson, Claire Froneman, John Frost, Victoria Frost, Rachel Frowd, Arun Fryatt, Bridget Fuller, Elizabeth Fuller, Tracy Fuller, Duncan Fullerton, Sarah Funnell, John Furness, Hassina Furreed, Waqas Gaba, Elizabeth Gabbitas, Claire Gabriel, Joshua Gahir, Katarzyna Gajewska-Knapik, Christopher Gale, Hugo Gale, 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Julia Greig, Rebecca Grenfell, Teena Grenier, Susan Grevatt, Glaxy Grey, Andrew Gribbin, Ben Griffin, Denise Griffin, Mel Griffin, Sian Griffith, Andrew Griffiths, Daniel Griffiths, David Griffiths, Donna Griffiths, Isabel Griffiths, Nicola Griffiths, Oliver Griffiths, Sofia Grigoriadou, Steph Grigsby, Russell Gritton, Evelina Grobovaite, Clarissa Grondin, Rachel Groome, Liliana Grosu, Jenny Grounds, Jayne Groves, Neil Grubb, Julie Grundy, Francesca Guarino, Sharada Gudur, Shivang Gulati, Vikas Gulia, Pumali Gunasekera, Kirun Gunganah, Jessica Gunn, Emma Gunter, Alok Gupta, Atul Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Richa Gupta, Tarun Gupta, Vineet Gupta, Ankur Gupta-Wright, Sambasivarao Gurram, Ishy Gurung, Shraddha Gurung, Hazel Guth, Ruth Habibi, Pamela Hackney, Christian Hacon, Aiman Haddad, Denise Hadfield, Michalis Hadjiandreou, Anna Haestier, Nauman Hafiz, Rana Hafiz-Ur-Rehman, Samantha Hagan, Jack W Hague, Rosemary Hague, Andrew Haigh, Kate Haigh, Christina Haines, Scott Hainey, Morton Hair, Brigid Hairsine, Juraj Hajnik, Anne Haldeos, Carmel Halevy, William Halford, Alistair Hall, Anthony Hall, Chloe Hall, Claire Hall, Emily Hall, Helen Hall, Jennifer Hall, Kathryn Hall, Toni Hall, Jan Hallas, Kyle Hallas, Charles Hallett, Heather Halls, Maryam Hamdollah-Zadeh, Bilal Hameed, Imran Hamid, Mohamad Hamie, Bethany Hamilton, Fergus Hamilton, Leigh Hamilton, Ruth Hamlin, Eleanor Hamlyn, Shirley Hammersley, Kate Hammerton, Bev Hammond, Leah Hammond, Rachel Hammond-Hall, Fiona Hammonds, Nidal Hammoud, Ibrahim Hamoodi, Karen Hampshire, Jude Hampson, Shi Han Lee, Ozan Hanci, James Hand, Soran Handrean, Georgina Hands, Sheharyar Hanif, Amy Hannington, Merhej Hannun, Aidan Hanrath, Jane Hanson, Kathryn Hanson, Mazhar U Haq, Ala Haqiqi, Monjurul Haque, Zoe Harding, Simon Hardman, Kumar Haresh, Rachel Harford, Beverley Hargadon, Carolyn Hargreaves, James Hargreaves, Alice Harin, Mohammed Haris, Helen Harizaj, Edward Harlock, Paula Harman, Tracy Harman, Mark Harmer, Muhammad A Haroon, Charlie H Harper, Heather Harper, Peter Harper, Rosemary Harper, Sarah Harrhy, Sian Harrington, Yasmin Harrington-Davies, Claire Harris, Jade Harris, Julie Harris, Laura Harris, Marie-Clare Harris, Nichola Harris, David Harrison, Laura Harrison, Melanie Harrison, Rowan Harrison, Susie Harrison, Tom Harrison, Wendy Harrison, Elizabeth Harrod, Ciaran Hart, Dominic Hart, Rosemary Hartley, Ruth Hartley, Tom Hartley, William Hartrey, Hans Hartung, Alice Harvey, Angela Harvey, Max Harvey, Catherine Harwood, Helen Harwood, Neda Hasan, Brigitte Haselden, Mohammed Hashimm, Imranullah Hashmi, Zena Haslam, Abdulhakim Hassan, Adil Hassan, Ali Hassan, Waqar Ul Hassan, Philip Hassell, Alex Hastings, Bethany Hastings, Jonathan Hatton, Jennifer Haugh, May Havinden-Williams, Stefan Havlik, Dan Hawcutt, Liz Hawes, Nicola Hawes, Annie Hawkins, Nancy Hawkins, Daniel Hawley, Edward Haworth, Cathy Hay, Jamal Hayat, Anne Hayes, Melony Hayes, Fiona Hayes, Antara Hayman, Melanie Hayman, Matthew Haynes, Richard Haynes, Rachel Hayre, Patrick Haywood, Tracy Hazelton, Phoebe Hazenberg, Zhengmai He, Elizabeth Headon, Carrie Heal, Brendan Healy, Amy Hearn, Angela Heath, Rowan Heath, Diane Heaton, Kerry Hebbron, Neil Hedger, Katrine Hedges, Cheryl Heeley, Elaine Heeney, Rajdeep Heire, David Helm, Ulla Hemmila, Scott Hemphill, Deborah Hemsley, Alistair Henderson, Jennifer Henderson, Steven Henderson, Joanne Henry, Karol Henry, Lavinia Henry, Margo Henry, David Henshall, Gillian Herdman, Rosaleen Herdmangrant, William Herrington, Emilia Heselden, Peta Heslop, Simon Hester, Emily Hetherington, Joseph Hetherington, Andrew Hetreed, Chamila Hettiarachchi, Gihan Hettiarachchi, Hayley Hewer, John Hewertson, Anna Hewetson, Sue Hewins, Claire Hewitt, Davina Hewitt, Richard Hewitt, Robert S Heyderman, Matthis Heydtmann, Joseph Heys, Jonathan Heywood, Meg Hibbert, Naomi Hickey, Alexander Hicks, Jenny Hicks, Scott R Hicks, Daniel Higbee, Jennifer Higgins, Lucy Higgins, Andrew Higham, Martin Highcock, Judith Highgate, Mondy Hikmat, Amanda Hill, Helen Hill, Joanne Hill, Phoebe Hill, Annette Hilldrith, Catherine Hillman-Cooper, Zoe Hilton, Alice Hindmarsh, Paul Hine, Kim Hinshaw, Clare Hird, Jemma Hives, Benson Ho, David Hobden, Gill Hobden, Maria Hobrok, Simon Hobson, Simon Hodge, Lesley Hodgen, Holly Hodgkins, Sally Hodgkinson, David Hodgson, Helen Hodgson, Luke Hodgson, Sheila Hodgson, Gemma Hodkinson, Kenneth Hodson, Matthew Hogben, Lucy Hogg, Lee Hoggett, Abigail Holborow, Becky Holbrook, Catherine Holbrook, Catherine Holden, Jill Holden, Melinda Holden, Thomas Holder, Hannah Holdsworth, Lisa Holland, Maureen Holland, Nicky Holland, Marie Hollands, Elizabeth Holliday, Nina Holling, Nigel Hollister, Laszlo Hollos, Evelyn Holmes, Megan Holmes, Raphael Holmes, Rebecca Holmes, Kelly Holroyd, Lyndsey Holt, Siobhan Holt, Alexandra Holyome, Marie Home, Kate Hong, Andrew Hood, Clare Hooper, Samantha Hope, Susan Hope, Bridget Hopkins, Peter W Horby, Stephanie Horler, Anil Hormis, Rachel Horn, Nicola Hornby, Sophie Horrocks, Latoya Horsford, Megan Horsford, Valana Horsham, Alex Horsley, Ashley Horsley, Elizabeth Horsley, Sarah Horton, Jane Hosea, Toby Hoskins, Ejaz Hossain, Muhammad S Hossain, Rashed Hossain, Maxine Hough, Sarah Hough, Kathryn Houghton, Rebecca Houlihan, Gordon Houston, Hamish Houston, Eleanor Hoverd, Roseanna Hovvels, Lee How, Laura Howaniec, Laura Howard, Linda Howard, Lucy Howard, Sarah Howard, Richard Howard-Griffin, Serena Howe, Mark Howells, Lyn Howie, Alex Howlett, Sophie Howlett, Josh Hrycaiczuk, Desmond Hsu, Hein Htet, Zaw Htet, Naing Z Htoon, Su Htwe, Ying Hu, Abby Huckle, Shahzya Huda, Alison Hudak, Lisa Hudig, Heather Hudson, Alison Hufton, Conor Huggins, Alistair Hughes, Emma Hughes, Gareth Hughes, Heather Hughes, Luke Hughes, Rachel Hughes, Rhian Hughes, Samantha Hughes, Stephen Hughes, Vikki Hughes, Wesley Hughes, Lukas Huhn, Ching Hui, Ruth Hulbert, Diana Hull, Robert Hull, Amanda Hulme, Peter Hulme, Wendy Hulse, George Hulston, Ryan Hum, Charlotte Humphrey, Alasdair Humphries, Joanne Humphries, David Hunt, Fiona Hunt, Jane Hunt, Kristen Hunt, Luke Hunt, Karl Hunter, Neil Hunter, Elizabeth Hurditch, Cian Hurley, Katrina Hurley, Mohammed A Husain, Syeda Y Husaini, Coralie Huson, Ibraar Hussain, Mohammad Hussain, Muhammad Hussain, Reda Hussain, Sajid Hussain, Samia Hussain, Sanniah Hussain, Yasmin Hussain, Mohammed Hussam El-Din, Rebecca Hussey, Christopher Hutchcroft, Camille Hutchinson, Dorothy Hutchinson, Elizabeth Hutchinson, John Hutchinson, Claire Hutsby, Paula Hutton, Daniella Hydes, Jamie Hyde-Wyatt, Niamh Hynes, Megan Hyslop, Ahmed Ibrahim, Asil Ibrahim, Kamal Ibrahim, Mohamed Ibrahim, Wadah Ibrahim, Muhammad Idrees, Hina Iftikhar, Chukwuemeka Igwe, Mohammad Ijaz, Amaju Ikomi, Clare Iles, Stamatina Iliodromiti, Lorna Ilves, La'ali Imam-Gutierrez, Christopher Imray, Haider Imtiaz, Jack Ingham, Julie Ingham, Rory Ingham, Tejas Ingle, Anne Ingram, Luke Ingram, Peter Inns, Ken Inweregbu, Andreea A Ionescu, Ana Ionita, Anil Ipe, Madiha Iqbal, Mohammed Iqbal, Faisal Iqbal Sait, Jane Ireland, Robert Irons, Mohannad Irshad, Muhammad S Irshad, Janice Irvine, Val Irvine, Robert Irving, Mina Ishak, Aminul Islam, Munim Islam, Abdurrahman Islim, Ali Ismail, Omar Ismail, M'hamedi Israa, Sharon Isralls, Shabana Issa, Monica Ivan, Chineze Ivenso, Ashleigh Ivy, Sophie Iwanikiw, Karen Ixer, Mia Iyer, Sriram Iyer, Alex Jackson, Amanda Jackson, Ben Jackson, Ella Jackson, Helen Jackson, Lauren Jackson, Melanie Jackson, Nicola Jackson, Shane Jackson, Patricia Jacob, Reni Jacob, Nicola Jacques, Anisa Jafar, Ali Jaffery, Vijay Jagannathan, Mandeep Jagpal, Fernandez R Jaime, Neemisha Jain, Seema Jain, Susan Jain, Sanjay Jaiswal, Danyal Jajbhay, Thomas Jaki, Bintou Jallow, Yusuf Jaly, Sabine Jamal, Yasmin Jameel, Albie James, Anneli James, Linda James, Mark James, Nicholas James, Olivia James, Ruth James, Tracy James, Jack Jameson, Eleana Jamieson, Aaron Jamison, Phoebe Jane, Azara Janmohamed, Lauren Jansen, Sabrina Jansz, Deepa Japp, Catherine Jardine, Ellie Jarvie, Rosina Jarvis, Patrycja Jastrzebska, Hafsa Javed, Lona Jawaheer, Dinakaran Jayachandran, Deepak Jayaram, Geeshath Jayasekera, Lalith Jayasekera, Saman Jeddi, Mohammad S Jeelani, Katie Jeffery, Rachel Jeffrey, Nathan Jeffreys, Benjamin Jeffs, Debbie Jegede, Taylor Jemima, Ifan Jenkin, Alison Jenkins, David Jenkins, Elinor Jenkins, Sarah Jenkins, Sian Jenkins, Stephen Jenkins, Edward Jenner, David Jennings, Jacqui Jennings, Louise Jennings, Virginia Jennings, Ellen Jerome, Douglas Jerry, Ellen Jessup-Dunton, Jorge A Jesus Silva, Kishan Jethwa, Abi Jeyabalan, Akhilesh Jha, Shaman Jhanji, Khoo Jian, Zhixin Jiao, Ana Jimenez Gil, Jithin Jith, Teishel Joefield, Navraj Johal, Karine Johannessen, Aisyah Johari, Annie John, Anu John, Emma Johns, Margaret Johns, Antoinette Johnson, Gillian Johnson, Kathryn Johnson, Luke Johnson, Mark Johnson, Claire Johnston, Janet Johnston, Susan Johnston, Victoria Johnston, Dawn Johnstone, Ed Johnstone, Janet Johnstone, Manohar Joishy, Adam Jones, Annabel Jones, Bryony Jones, Chrissie E Jones, Carys Jones, Charlotte Jones, Gareth Jones, Geraldine Jones, Jac Jones, James Jones, Julie Jones, June Jones, Kate E Jones, Laura Jones, Laura M Jones, Louise Jones, Mathew Jones, Nicola Jones, Paul Jones, Prudence Jones, Quentin Jones, Samantha Jones, Sophie Jones, Steve Jones, Taya Jones, Tim Jones, Tracey Jones, Ramya Jonnalagadda, Rebecca Jordache, Sara Jorgensen, Sanal Jose, Anna Joseph, Rosane Joseph, Sibet Joseph, Mehul Joshi, Pratichi Joshi, Benz Josiah, Tiffany Joyce, Martin Juan, Edward Jude, Parminder Judge, Jessica Juhl, Sirisha Jujjavarapu, Julie Julie Melville, Edmund Juszczak, Deepthi Jyothish, Kasamu Kabiru Dawa, Mark Kacar, Gail Kakoullis, Azad Kala Bhushan, Richard J Kalayi, Roobala Kaliannan Periyasami, Seika Kalsoom, Elisa Kam, Mohamed Kamara, Ajay Kamath, Prakash Kamath, Siddharth A Kamerkar, Nick Kametas, Musaiwale Kamfose, Amin Kanish, Osei Kankam, Thogulava 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Plummer, Charles Plumptre, Tatiana Pogreban, Joshua Pointon, Stephen Poku, Rachel Pollard, Louisa Pollock, Oluwamayowa Poluyi, Gary J Polwarth, Fiona Pomery, Ponmurugan Ponnusamy, Aravind Ponnuswamy, Inês Ponte Bettencourt dos Reis, Alice Poole, Lynda Poole, Michele Poole, Sharon Poon, Tajinder Poonian, David Porter, Linda Porter, Kelly Postlethwaite, Narayana Pothina, Priyadarshan Potla, Dorota Potoczna, Jason Pott, Alison Potter, Jean Potter, Sarah Potter, Elspeth Potton, Julie Potts, Kathryn Potts, Maria Poulaka, Una Poultney, Katherine Poulton, Vanessa Poustie, James Powell, Jordan Powell, Deborah Power, Nick Power, Joseph Poxon, Robin Poyner, Helena Prady, Krishna Prasad, Fredy Prasanth Raj, Sangeetha Prasath, Anezka Pratley, Euan Pratt, Steven Pratt, David Preiss, Claire Prendergast, Lynn Prentice, Verity Prescott, Laura Presland, Catharine Prest, Stephen Preston, Natalie Prevatt, Sandra Prew, Ashley Price, Carly Price, Claire Price, David Price, Elizabeth Price, Nathan Price, Vivien Price, Anne Priest, Kate Priestley, Lorraine Primrose, Judith Prince, Laura Prince, Shirley Pringle, Veronika Pristopan, Kelly Pritchard, Lucy Pritchard, Simon Pritchard, Verma Priyash, Andrew Procter, Clare Proctor, Rebecca Proudfoot, Heather Prowse, Benjamin Prudon, David Pryor, Solomon Pudi, Amy Pugh, Joanne Pugh, Mark Pugh, Nichola Pugh, Richard Pugh, Veronika Puisa, Kirandip Punia, Saleel Punnilath Abdulsamad, Laura Purandare, Martha Purcell, Corrina Purdue, Bally Purewal, Molly Pursell, Gregory Purssord, Sarah Purvis, Kathryn Puxty, Michael Pynn, Tariq Qadeer, Sheena Quaid, Alice Quayle, Ian Quayle, Siobhan Quenby, Xinyi Qui, Vanessa Quick, Julie Quigley, Tom Quinn, Quratulain Quratulain, Danya Qureshi, Hasanain Qureshi, Khadija Qureshi, Nawaz Qureshi, Qurratulain Qurratulain, Saad Qutab, Muhammad S Rabbani, Madalina Raceala, Laura Rad, Jane Radford, Liz Radford, Jayachandran Radhakrishnan, Michael Raffles, Cecillia Rafique, Muhammad Rafique, Ravi Ragatha, Sarika Raghunath, Aiswarya Raghunathan, Abigail Raguro, Shankho D Raha, Sana Rahama, Karen Rahilly, Faisal Rahim, Haseena R Rahimi, Muhammad Rahman, Salim Ur Rahman, Lenka Raisova, Mehul Raithatha, Arjun Raj, Pradeep Rajagopalan, Nithy Rajaiah, Arvind Rajasekaran, Aylur Rajasri, Jyothi Rajeswary, Gayathri Rajmohan, Matsa Ram, Balaji Ramabhadran, Niranjani Ramachandran, Iyad Ramadan, Mohamed Ramali, Athimalaipet Ramanan, Shashikira Ramanna, Maheshi Ramasamy, Dhanishta Ramdin, Jozel Ramirez, Lidia Ramos, Shanthi Ramraj, Lisa Ramsawak, Alex Ramshaw, Aleem Rana, Ghulam F Rana, Rehman Rana, Abby Rand, James Rand, Georgina Randell, Poonam Ranga, Manu Rangar, Harini Rangarajan, Sameer Ranjan, Poormina Ranka, Christopher Ranns, Anita Rao, Deepak Rao, Sandhya Rao, Sanjay Rao, Khalid Rashid, Simbisai Ratcliff, Sam Ratcliffe, Sophy Ratcliffe, Sanjeev Rath, Mohmad I Rather, Selina Rathore, Aravinden Ratnakumar, Jonathan Ratoff, Deepa Rattehalli, Jason Raw, Gautam Ray, Samiran Ray, Adam Raymond-White, Dana Raynard, Nicola Rayner, Jareer Raza, Salman Razvi, Zarine Razvi, Kerry Read, Ajay Reddy, Anvesh Reddy, Harsha Reddy, Ravi Reddy, Aine Redfern-Walsh, Alex Redome, Joan Redome, Anna Reed, Andrew Rees, James Rees, Martyn Rees, Sarah Rees, Stephanie Rees, Tabitha Rees, Fiona Regan, Karen Regan, Susan Regan, Kanchan Rege, Ahmed Rehan, A Rehman, Siddiqur Rehman, Ada Reid, Jeremy Reid, Sharon Reid, Mkyla Reilly, Christina Reith, Alda Remegoso, Dinakaran Rengan, Stephen Renshaw, Remya Renu Vattekkat, Henrik Reschreiter, Glynis Rewitzky, Charles Reynard, Dominic Reynish, Jessica Reynolds, Peter Reynolds, Tom Reynolds, Kat Rhead, Jo Rhodes, Jonathan Rhodes, Naghma Riaz, Emily Rice, Matthew Rice, Mel Rich, Alison Richards, Suaznne Richards, Celia Richardson, Neil Richardson, Nicky Richardson, Joanne Riches, Katie Riches, William Ricketts, Anna Riddell, Laura Riddles, Carrie Ridley, Paul Ridley, Gudrun Rieck, Hannah Riley, Matthew Riley, Phil Riley, Dominic Rimmer, Robert Rintoul, Andrew Riordan, Naomi Rippon, Chloe Rishton, Michael Riste, Jane Ritchie, Andrew Ritchings, Pilar Rivera Ortega, Vanessa Rivers, Syed AS Rizvi, Syed HM Rizvi, Ian Roberts, Karen Roberts, Mark Roberts, Nicky Roberts, Rebecca Roberts, Calum Robertson, Nichola Robertson, Stuart Robertson, Caroline Robinson, Emily Robinson, Emma Robinson, Gisela Robinson, Hannah Robinson, Jemima Robinson, Kate Robinson, Matthew Robinson, Sandra Robinson, Steve Robson, Lisa Roche, Samantha Roche, Natalie Rodden, Alistair Roddick, Jack Roddy, Marion Roderick, Alison Rodger, Faye Rodger, Megan Rodger, Alicia Rodgers, Natasha Rodgers, Penny Rodgers, Sarah Rodrigues, Rocio Rodriguez-Belmonte, Nicholas Roe, Charles C Roehr, Gill Rogers, Jason Rogers, Joanne Rogers, John Rogers, Leigh Rogers, Lindsay Rogers, Michaela Rogers, Naomi Rogers, Paula Rogers, Thomas Rogers, Sakib Rokadiya, Lee Rollins, Jennifer Rollo, Catherine Rolls, Claire Rook, Kevin Rooney, Laura Rooney, Lynsey Rooney, Lace Rosaro, Alastair Rose, Annie Rose, Steve Rose, Zoe Rose, Josephine Rosier, Jennifer Rossdale, Sabrina Rossi, Andrew Ross-Parker, Alex Rothman, Joanne Rothwell, Lindsay Roughley, Guy Rousseau, Kathy Rowan, Neil Rowan, Stephen Rowan, Louise Rowe-Leete, Benjamin Rowlands, Aparajita Roy, Subarna Roy, Anna Roynon-Reed, Sam Rozewicz, Antonio Rubino, Anna Rudenko, Senthan Rudrakumar, Banu Rudran, Shannon Ruff, Prita Rughani, Mike Ruiz, Sharon Rundell, Hitasha Rupani, Darren Rusk, Joseph Russell, Peter Russell, Richard Russell, Cristina Russo, Marieke Rutgers, Aidan Ryan, Brendan Ryan, Lucy Ryan, Matthew Ryan, Pat Ryan, Phil Ryan, Declan Ryan-Wakeling, Chloe Saad, M Saad, Javeson Sabale, Suganya Sabaretnam, Gorka Sacher, Noman Sadiq, Ashiq Saffy, Diaeddin Sagar, Beth Sage, Harkiran Sagoo, Rajnish Saha, Nikhil Sahdev, Jagdeep Sahota, Nooria Said, Sreekanth Sakthi, Abdul Salam, Erika Salciute, Jessica Sale, Gina Saleeb, Mumtaz Saleh, Hizni Salih, Laylan Salih, Sarah Salisbury, Rustam Salman, Jenny Salmon, Dario Salutous, Mfon Sam, Sally Sam, Tinashe Samakovna, Razan Saman, Renaldo Samlal, Emily Sammons, David Sammut, Mark Sammut, Sunitha Sampath, Julia Sampson, Anda Samson, Debbie Samuel, Johnson Samuel, Reena Samuel, Thomas DL Samuel, Elsward Samuels, Theo Samuels, Joanna Samways, Manjula Samyraju, Ilves Sana, Aabid Sanaullah, Veronica Sanchez, Amada Sanchez, Tom Sanctuary, Peter Sandercock, Amy Sanderson, Paul Sanderson, Tom Sanderson, Kuljinder Sandhu, Loveleen Sandhu, Victoria Sandrey, Sarah Sands, Mirriam Sangombe, Matthew Sanju, Rojy Santosh, Jayanta Sanyal, Aureo F Sanz-Cepero, Najam Saqib, Sarbjit Sarai, Dinesh Saralaya, Arun Saraswatula, Avishay Sarfatti, Rebecca Sargent, Beatrix Sari, Rahul Sarkar, Sruthi Sarma, Varun Sarodaya, Zainab Sarwar, Thea Sass, Sonia Sathe, Sobitha Sathianandan, Abilash Sathyanarayanan, Thozhukat Sathyapalan, Prakash Satodia, Rachel Saunders, Samantha Saunders, Anne Saunderson, Heather Savill, Karishma Savlani, Matthew Saxton, Amrinder Sayan, Diane Scaletta, Lyndsay Scarratt, Sean Scattergood, Alvin Schadenberg, Alex Schoolmeesters, Natasha Schumacher, Nicola Schunke, Martin Schuster Bruce, Karin Schwarz, Tim Scorrer, Fiona Scothern, A Scott, Anne Scott, Christine Scott, Emily Scott, Kerrie Scott, Stephen Scott, Timothy Scott, Sarah Scourfield, Wendy Scrase, Angela Scullion, Emily Seager, Cathy Seagrave, Eleanor Sear, Isabella Seaton, Anna Seckington, Joanna Sedano, Gabrielle Seddon, Muhammad A Seelarbokus, Christopher Sefton, Matias Segovia, Gillian Sekadde, Georgina Selby, Katharine Sellers, Joseph Selley, Victoria Sellick, Gobika Selvadurai, Brintha Selvarajah, Haresh Selvaskandan, Gary Semple, Nandini Sen, Seema Sen, Namrita Sengreen, Aditya Sengupta, Niladri Sengupta, HoJan Senya, Jaskaran Sethi, Niranjan Setty, Abigail Seward, Teswaree Sewdin, Jack Seymour, Tariq Shafi, Aashni Shah, Ahmar Shah, Anand Shah, Anjnee Shah, Bhavni Shah, Neil Shah, Pallav Shah, Priyank Shah, Qasim Shah, Sarfaraz H Shah, Snehal Shah, Suraj Shah, Syed Shah, Sousan Shahi, Sipan Shahnazari, Ramli Shahrul, Muhammad Shahzeb, Amina Y Shaikh, Rajit Shail, Mariya Shaji, Korah Shalan, Nafe Shami, Nadia Shamim, Kazi Shams, Thomas Shanahan, Paul Shannon, Hamed Sharaf, Asir Sharif, Akhilesh Sharma, Ash Sharma, Mona Sharma, Ojasvi Sharma, Rajeev Sharma, Sanjeev Sharma, Sarkhara Sharma, Alexander Sharp, Charles Sharp, Gemma Sharp, Paula Sharratt, Phoebe Sharratt, Christopher Shaw, David Shaw, Deborah Shaw, Joanne Shaw, Jonathan Shaw, Lisa Shaw, Tomos G Shaw, Anna Shawcross, Jill Shawe, Sophy Shedwell, Jonathan Sheffield, Zak Shehata, Arshiya Sheik, Asif Sheikh, Noorann Sheikh, Benjamin Shelley, Sarah Shelton, Anil Shenoy, Julie Shenton, Amy Shepherd, Lorna Shepherd, Scott Shepherd, Rhian Sheppeard, Helen Sheridan, Ray Sheridan, Samuel Sherridan, Leanne Sherris, Susanna Sherwin, Shaad Shibly, Norma Shields, Chiaki Shioi, Lucy Shipp, Anand Shirgaonkar, Kim Shirley, Adebusola Shonubi, Rohan Shotton, Sarah Shotton, Ervin Shpuza, Nora Shrestha, Karen Shuker, Jack Shurmer, Loria Siamia, Seshnag Siddavaram, Nasir Siddique, Sohail Siddique, Nyma Sikondari, Malcolm Sim, Robert Sime, Oliver Simmons, Richard Simms, Angela Simpson, Anna Simpson, Danny Simpson, Georgina Simpson, Kathryn Simpson, Kerry Simpson, Phillip Simpson, Thomas Simpson, Janet Sinclair, Ankita Singh, Claire Singh, Jayaprakash Singh, Jyoti Singh, Manjeet Singh, Nadira Singh, Pankaj Singh, Prabhsimran Singh, Salil Singh, Parag Singhal, Surendra Singham, Bryan Singizi, Manas Sinha, Sharad Sinha, Utkarsh Sinha, Guy Sisson, Karthikadevi Sivakumar, Shanmugasundaram Sivakumar, Darshi Sivakumaran, Sivanthi Sivanadarajah, Nicole Skehan, Robert Skelly, Jill Skelton, Orlagh Skelton, Imogen Skene, Denise Skinner, Tabitha Skinner, Victoria Skinner, Agnieszka Skorko, Iwona Skorupinska, Mariola Skorupinska, Amy Slack, Katie Slack, Heather Slade, Mark Slade, Holly Slater, Lynda Slater, Nicola Slawson, Andrew Sloan, Brendan Sloan, Derek Sloan, Grace Sluga, Ellen Small, Samuel Small, Karen D Smallshaw, Andy Smallwood, Carien Smit, Aileen Smith, Amanda Smith, Amy Smith, Andrew Smith, Catherine Smith, Chris Smith, Christopher Smith, Dominic Smith, Eleanor Smith, Hazel Smith, Helen Smith, Jacky Smith, Jeannette Smith, Jessica Smith, John Smith, Kate Smith, Kerry Smith, Lara Smith, Lesley Smith, Linda Smith, Lisa Smith, Loren Smith, Lucy Smith, Matthew Smith, Mel Smith, Rachel Smith, Rebecca Smith, Richard Smith, Sally Smith, Stacey Smith, Stephanie Smith, Susan Smith, Sue Smolen, Sara Smuts, Jennifer Smyth, Naoise Smyth, Anette Snell, Alfred So, Beng So, Michelle Soan, Toluleyi Sobande, Alberto Sobrino Diaz, Basit Sohail, Bina Sohail, Roy Soiza, Olajumoke Solademi, Babak Soleimani, Amanda Solesbury, Louise Solomon, Subash Somalanka, Chandrashekaraiah Somashekar, Raj Sonia, Shiu-Ching Soo, Jennifer Soren, Vittoria Sorice, Apina Sothinathan, Pragalathan Sothirajah, Carmen Soto, Najwa Soussi, Donna Southam, David Southern, Iain Southern, Louise Southern, Sara M Southin, Thomas Southworth, Jason Sowter, Claudia Spalding, Enti Spata, Katie Spears, Mark Spears, Branwell Spencer, Gisele Spencer, Sue Spencer, Helen Spickett, Jennifer Spillane, William Spiller, Kerry Spinks, Michelle Spinks, Nick Spittle, Johanna Sporrer, Oliver Spring, Gemma Squires, Jack Squires, Rebecca Squires, Ram Sreenivasan, Ramesh Srinivasan, Asha Srirajamadhuveeti, Vino Srirathan, Sybil Stacpoole, Louise Stadon, Jennifer Stahle, Nikki Staines, Roxana Stanciu, Grazyna Stanczuk, Simon Stapley, Natalie Staplin, Michelle Starr, Rachael Stead, Conor Steele, Paula Stefanowska, Alison Stephens, David Stephensen, Courtney Stephenson, Elaine Stephenson, Monique Sterrenburg, Will Stevens, Amy Stevenson, Andrew Stevenson, Daniel Stevenson, Lesley Stevenson, Sarah Stevenson, Claire Stewart, Grant Stewart, Richard Stewart, Jo Stickley, Beverley Stidolph, Gemma Stiller, Sarah Stirrup, Sarah Stock, Alexander Stockdale, Lynne Stockham, Emma Stoddard, Chris Stokes, Ben Stone, Sarah Stone, Sophia Stone, Imogen Storey, Kim Storton, Frederick Stourton, Angela Strachan, Emma Stratton, Jane Stratton, Sam Straw, Dieter Streit, Emma Stride, Sally Stringer, Sophia Strong-Sheldrake, Siske Struik, Carmel Stuart, Anna Stubbs, Harrison Stubbs, Ann Sturdy, Sharon Sturney, Matt Stuttard, Cristina Suarez, Karuna Subba, Chris Subbe, Manjula Subramanian, Vaidyanathan Subramanian, Venkatram Subramanian, Chinari Subudhi, Rebecca Suckling, Srivatsan Sudershan, Taku Sugai, Peter Sugden, Rudresh Sukla, Ali Suliman, Fatimah Suliman, Sugrah Sultan, Alasdair Summers, Samyukta Sundar, Reka Sundhar, Nadia Sunni, Jay Suntharalingam, Amitava Sur, Dharmic Suresh, Shilpa Suresh, Michael Surtees, Danielle Suter, Helen Sutherland, Rebecca Sutherland, Dovile Sutinyte, Deborah Sutton, Sam Sutton, Amy Sutton-Cole, Mihaela Sutu, Marie-Louise Svensson, Sima Svirpliene, Andrew Swain, Thomas Swaine, Keshav Swarnkar, Tirion Swart, Ealish Swift, Pauline Swift, Rachael Swift, Rachel Swingler, Sophie Swinhoe, Katarzyna Swist-Szulik, Luke Swithenbank, Yasir Syed, Catriona Sykes, Daisy Sykes, Dominic Symon, Lesley Symon, Jen Syson, Gemma Szabo, Tamas Szakmany, Megan Szekely, Matthew Szeto, Maria Tadros, Lucy Tague, Hasan Tahir, Abigail Takyi, James Talbot-Ponsonby, Bradley Tallon, Bee TT Tan, Hock Tan, Huey Tan, WeiTeen Tan, Anand Tana, Rebecca Tangney, Christina Tanney, Tabitha Tanqueray, Emma Tanton, Hayley Tarft, Syed Tariq, David Tarpey, Antonia Tasiou, Elizabeth Tatam, Margaret Louise Tate, Paul Tate, Kate Tatham, Vera Tavoukjian, Alexander Taylor, Andrew Taylor, Beverley Taylor, Claire Taylor, David Taylor, Jennifer Taylor, Joanne Taylor, Julie Taylor, Karen Taylor, Leanne Taylor, Margaret Taylor, Matthew Taylor, Melanie Taylor, Natalie Taylor, Rachael Taylor, Rachel Taylor, Samantha Taylor, Suzanne Taylor, Tracey Taylor, Vicky Taylor, Michelle Taylor-Siddons, Thomas Taynton, Amelia Te, Jessica Teasdale, Julie Tebbutt, Caroline Tee, Adam Telfer, Vibha Teli, Jennifer Tempany, Julie Temple, Natalie Temple, Helen Tench, Yi He Teoh, Lynne Terrett, Louise Terry, Dariusz Tetla, Daniel Tewkesbury, Manish Thakker, Mini Thankachen, Dushen Tharmaratnam, Hilary Thatcher, Andrew Thayanandan, Krishna Thazhatheyil, Eaint Thein, Byron Theron, Phyu Thet, Kapeendran Thevarajah, Brinda Thillainathan, Yvette Thirlwall, Muthu Thirumaran, Alice Thomas, Amy Thomas, Andrew Thomas, Emma Thomas, Enson Thomas, Esther Thomas, Helen Thomas, James Thomas, Karen Thomas, Koshy Thomas, Lucy Thomas, Megan Thomas, Rachel Thomas, Rebecca Thomas, Rhys Thomas, Ruth Thomas, Sarah Thomas, Sherine Thomas, Tessy Thomas, Vicky Thomas, Rhian Thomas-Turner, Catherine Thompson, Christopher Thompson, Clara Thompson, Fiona Thompson, Katharine Thompson, Laura Thompson, Liz Thompson, Orla Thompson, Roger Thompson, Jason Thomson, Nicola Thomson, Natasha Thorn, Charlotte Thorne, Nicola Thorne, Jim Thornton, Richard Thornton, Sarah Thornton, Susan Thornton, Thomas Thornton, Christopher Thorpe, Sarah Thorpe, Paradeep Thozthumparambil, Laura Thrasyvoulou, Hannah Thraves, Guy Thwaites, Simon Tiberi, Serena Tieger, Carey Tierney, Caroline Tierney, Mark Tighe, Sorrell Tilbey, Amanda Tiller, Elizabeth Timlick, Hayley Timms, Anne-Marie Timoroksa, Samakomva Tinashe, Heather Tinkler, Marianne Tinkler, Jacqui Tipper, Sophie Tisi, Helen Tivenan, Suzy Tluk, Helen T-Michael, Anne Todd, Jackie Todd, Stacy Todd, Mohamed Tohfa, Melanie Tolson, Ana L Tomas, Natalia Tomasova, Sharon Tomlin, Simon Tomlins, Ivan Tonna, Kirsty Topham, Mathew Topping, Parisa Torabi, M Estee Torok, Mark Toshner, Ruhaif Tousis, Peter Tovey, Gareth Towersey, Jill Townley, Richard Tozer, Myat T Trafford, Helen Tranter, Christopher Travill, Sarah Traynor, Ascanio Tridente, Sanchia Triggs, Fiona Trim, Alex Trimmings, Tom Trinick, Maria Tripouki, Ashifa Trivedi, Dawn Trodd, Amy Trotter, Madeleine Trowsdale Stannard, Nigel Trudgill, Daniel Trushell-Pottinger, Maria Truslove, Shaun Trussell, Tariq Trussell, Kyriaki Tsakiridou, Christine Tsang, Peter Tsang, Kyriaki K Tsilimpari, Georgios Tsinaslanidis, Simon Tso, Sally Tucker, Aisha Tufail, Redmond Tully, Killian Turbitt, Rezon Turel, Tolga Turgut, Claudia Turley, Alison Turnbull, Aine Turner, Ash Turner, Charlotte Turner, Gail Turner, Kate Turner, Kelly Turner, Lucy Turner, Mark Turner, Patricia Turner, Sally Turner, Samantha Turner, Victoria Turner, Sharon Turney, Jon Turvey, Emma Twohey, Bhavya Tyagi, Vedang Tyagi, Abigail Tyer, Jayne Tyler, Jennifer Tyler, Alison Tyzack, Petros Tzavaras, Mohammad S Uddin, Ruhama Uddin, Salamat Ullah, Sanda Ullah, Athavan Umaipalan, Judith Umeadi, Akudo Umeh, Wilfred Umeojiako, Lizzie Undrell, Adam Unsworth, Veerpal SU Uppal, Gerry Upson, Alison Uriel, Sebastian Urruela, Hiromi Uru, Miranda Usher, Rebecca Usher, Andrew Ustianowski, Linda C Vaccari, Abhay Vaidya, Erika Vainieri, Bernardas Valecka, Jennifer Valentine, Balan Valeria, Luke Vamplew, Ekaterini Vamvakiti, Joannis Vamvakopoulos, Maud van de Venne, Alex van der Meer, Nora van der Stelt, Lynne Van Koutrik, Joseph Vance-Daniel, Rama Vancheeswaran, Samuel I Vandeyoon, Padma Vankayalapati, Chloe Vansomeren, William Van't Hoff, Sejal Vara, Anu Varghese, Maria Varghese, Teena Varghese, William Varney, Giulia Varnier, Valeria Vasadi, Vimal Vasu, Vasanthi Vasudevan, Ramu Vathenen, Manu Vatish, Heloyes Vayalaman, Christopher Vaz, Niki Veale, Bar Velan, Swati Velankar, Luxmi Velauthar, Neyme Veli, Nicola Vella, Anitha Velusamy, Ian Venables, Mavi Venditti, Ramya Venkataramakrishnan, Richard Venn, Robert Venn, Lyn Ventilacion, Mark Veres, Stefania Vergnano, Will Verling, Amit Verma, Britney Vernon, Nathan Vernon, Mark Vertue, Natalie Vethanayagam, Lucy Veys, Jennifer Vidler, Denise Vigni, Vinod W Vijayaraghavan Nalini, Enric Vilar, Neringa Vilimiene, Joseph Villiers, Sylvia Vinay, Latha Vinayakarao, Rachel Vincent, Rosie Vincent, Lisa Vincent Smith, Emma Virgilio, Abdullah M Virk, Elisa Visentin, Karunakaran Vithian, Alain Vuylsteke, Eleftheria Vyras, Richard Wach, Beverley Wadams, Susan Wadd, Natalia Waddington, Kirsten Wadsworth, Syed EI Wafa, Daniel Wagstaff, Lynda Wagstaff, Dalia Wahab, Zaroug Wahbi, Khalilullah Wahdati, Sawan Waidyanatha, Rachel Wake, Alice Wakefield, Emma Wakefield, Harry Wakefield, William Wakeford, Fiona Wakinshaw, Andrew Walden, Lorna Walding, Claire Walker, Ian Walker, Kevin Walker, Kim Walker, Linda Walker, Marie Walker, Rachel Walker, Susan Walker, Elaine Wall, Rebecca Wallbutton, Jessica Wallen, Karl Wallendszus, Arabella Waller, Michael Waller, Rosemary Waller, Gabriel Wallis, Louise Wallis, Donna Walsh, Elizabeth Walsh, Lani Walshaw, Daniel Walter, Holt Walters, Jocelyn Walters, Eileen Walton, Maggie Walton, Michael Walton, Olivia Walton, Susan Walton, Mandy Wan, Thin Wan, Mary Wands, Rachel Wane, Frank Wang, Nick Wang, Ran Wang, Deborah Warbrick, Samantha Warburton, Deborah Ward, Emma Ward, Katie Ward, Luke Ward, Rachael Ward, Thomas Ward, Scott A Warden, Steve Wardle, Hassan Wardy, Tobias Wareham, Scott Waring, Jenny Warmington, Ben Warner, Christian Warner, Lewis Warnock, Sarah Warran, Lisa Warren, Yolanda Warren, Hannah Warren-Miell, Hazel J Watchorn, Holly Waterfall, Abby Waters, Donald Waters, Mark Waterstone, Catherine Watkins, Catrin Watkins, Eleanor Watkins, Karen Watkins, Lynn Watkins, Adam JR Watson, Ekaterina Watson, Eleanor Watson, Paul Watson, Robert Watson, Malcolm Watters, Donna Watterson, Daniel Watts, John Watts, Merlin Watts, Victoria Waugh, Emma Wayman, Akhlaq Wazir, Nick Weatherly, Hayley Webb, Kathryn Webb, Stephen Webb, Ian Webster, Tim Webster, Ling Wee, Thanuja Weerasinghe, Janaka Weeratunga, Maria Weetman, Shuying Wei, Freshtah Weidi, Hugh Welch, James Welch, Leanne Welch, Steven Welch, Samantha Weller, Claire Wells, Susan Wellstead, Berni Welsh, RIchard Welsh, Ingeborg Welters, Rachael Welton, Lauren Wentworth, Kate Wesseldine, Magdelena West, Raha West, Ruth West, Sophie West, Heather Weston, Alice Westwood, Bill Wetherall, Helen Wheeler, Matthew Whelband, Amanda Whileman, Jenny Whitbread, Benjamin White, Catherine White, Christopher White, Duncan White, James White, Jonathan White, Katie White, Marie White, Nick White, Sarah White, Sonia White, Tracey White, Catherine Whitehead, Anne Whitehouse, Claire Whitehouse, Tony Whitehouse, Sophie Whiteley, Gabriel Whitlingum, Elizabeth Whittaker, Lindsay Whittam, Ashley Whittington, Helen Whittle, Eunice Wiafe, Lou Wiblin, John Widdrington, Jason Wieboldt, Hannah Wieringa, Cornelia Wiesender, Laura Wiffen, Andrew Wight, Christopher Wignall, Danielle Wilcock, Emma Wilcock, Louise Wilcox, Karen Wild, Laura Wild, Stephen Wild, Michael Wilde, Peter Wilding, Tracey Wildsmith, Joe Wileman, Joy Wiles, Kate Wiles, Elva Wilhelmsen, Thomas Wiliams, David Wilkin, Hannah Wilkins, Joy Wilkins, Suzanne Wilkins, Iain Wilkinson, Lesley Wilkinson, Nicola Wilkinson, Sophia Wilkinson, Susan Wilkinson, Tim Wilkinson, Sylvia Willetts, Alexandra Williams, Alison Williams, Angharad Williams, Ava Williams, Carl Williams, Caroline V Williams, Claire Williams, Dewi Williams, Felicity Williams, Gail Williams, Hannah Williams, James Williams, Jennie Williams, John Williams, Joseph JR Williams, Karen Williams, Kathryn Williams, Marie Williams, Matthew Williams, Patricia Williams, Penny Williams, Samson Williams, Sarah Williams, Sophie Williams, Tamanna Williams, Annie Williamson, Cath Williamson, Catherine Williamson, Dawn Williamson, James D Williamson, Elizabeth Willis, Emily Willis, Heather Willis, Herika Willis, Joanna Willis, Louise Wills, Lucy Willsher, Francesca Willson, Alison Wilson, Andrea Wilson, Antoinette Wilson, Debbie Wilson, James Wilson, Kate Wilson, Lucinda Wilson, Mark Wilson, Toni Wilson, Tim Wilson, Marlar Win, Tin T Win, Lucinda Winckworth, Laura Winder, Piers Winder, Nicola Window, Simon Winn, Carmen Winpenny, Helen Winslow, Martin Winstanley, Helen Winter, Jonathan Winter, Barbara Winter-Goodwin, Stephen Wisdom, Martin Wiselka, Sophie Wiseman, Steven Wishart, Eric Witele, Nicholas Withers, Janet Wittes, Donna Wixted, Nicola Wolff, Kirsten Wolffsohn, Rebecca Wolf-Roberts, Elena Wolodimeroff, Chi-Hung Wong, Edwin Wong, Jessica SY Wong, Kit Y Wong, Nick Wong, Sam Wong, Caroline Wood, Dianne Wood, Fiona Wood, Hannah Wood, Jennifer Wood, Joe Wood, Lisa Wood, Louise Wood, Michelle Wood, Stephen Wood, Tracy Wood, Katharine Woodall, Rebecca Woodfield, Christopher Woodford, Jill Woodford, Louise Woodhead, Timothy Woodhead, Philip Woodland, Marc Woodman, Jane Woods, Katherine Woods, Sarah Woods, Elizabeth Woodward, Zoe Woodward, Megan Woolcock, Gemma Wooldridge, Rebecca Woolf, Chris Woollard, Louisa Woollen, Emma Woolley, Jade Woolley, Daniel Woosey, Dan Wootton, Joanne Wootton, Stephy Worton, Jonathan Wraight, Lynn Wren, Caroline Wrey Brown, Demi Wright, Francesca Wright, Imogen Wright, Lianne Wright, Rachel Wright, Caroline Wroe, Henry Wu, Peishan Wu, Pensee Wu, Johnathan Wubetu, Retno Wulandari, Kim Wyness, Frederick Wyn-Griffiths, Inez Wynter, Bindhu Xavier, Zhongyang Xia, Masseh Yakubi, May Yan, Michael Yanney, Salima Yasmin, Bryan Yates, David Yates, Edward Yates, Helen Yates, Mark Yates, Charlotte Yearwood Martin, Khin Yein, Robert Yellon, Fiona Yelnoorkar, Peter Yew, Kawai Yip, Laura Ylquimiche Melly, Inez Ynter, Cissy Yong, Jemma Yorke, Abdel Younes Ibrahim, Gail Young, Louise Young, Sajeda Youssouf, Ahmed Yousuf, Chrissie Yu, Bernard Yung, Daniel Yusef, Anna-Sophia Zafar, Silvia Zagalo, Su Zaher, Kareem Zaki, Nabhan Zakir, Kasia Zalewska, Ane Zamalloa, Mohsin Zaman, Shakir Zaman, Julie Zamikula, Louise Zammit, Marie Zammit-Mangion, Ausra Zdanaviciene, Esther Zebracki, Daniel Zehnder, Lisa Zeidan, Xiaobei Zhao, Dongling Zheng, Jane Zhixin, Doreen Zhu, Madiha Zia, Omar Zibdeh, Rabia Zill-E-Huma, Ei T Zin, Vivian Zinyemba, Christos Zipitis, Arkadiusz Zmierczak, Azam Zubir, Naz Zuhra, Rasha Zulaikha, Carol Zullo, Ana Zuriaga-Alvaro, National Institute for Health Research, UK Research and Innovation, University of St Andrews. School of Medicine, Horby, PW, Roddick, A, Spata, E, Staplin, N, Emberson, JR, Pessoa-Amorim, G, Peto, L, Day, J, Thwaites, G, Mafham, M, Haynes, R, and Landray, MJ
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_treatment, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Azithromycin, ResearchInstitutes_Networks_Beacons/humanitarian_conflict_response_institute, Rate ratio, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, RA0421, Oxygen therapy, RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Hospital Mortality, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, azithromycin, education.field_of_study, Covid19, clinical trial, General Medicine, 3rd-DAS, Middle Aged, Hospitalization, Survival Rate, Treatment Outcome, Humanitarian and Conflict Response Institute, Female, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, medicine.medical_specialty, RM, Population, COVID-19/drug therapy, Azithromycin/therapeutic use, 03 medical and health sciences, Pharmacotherapy, Tocilizumab, Medicine, General & Internal, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Internal medicine, General & Internal Medicine, medicine, Humans, education, Survival rate, Mechanical ventilation, Science & Technology, business.industry, COVID-19, NIS, Length of Stay, R1, United Kingdom, COVID-19 Drug Treatment, RM Therapeutics. Pharmacology, RECOVERY Collaborative Group, chemistry, Relative risk, business, RA, Anaesthesia Pain and Critical Care
Abstract: The RECOVERY trial is supported by a grant to the University of Oxford from UK Research and Innovation (Medical Research Council) and NIHR (MC_PC_19056) and by core funding provided by NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Department for International Development, Health Data Research UK, the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, the NIHR Health Protection Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, and NIHR Clinical Trials Unit Support Funding. TJ is supported by a grant from UK Medical Research Council (MC_UU_0002/14) and an NIHR Senior Research Fellowship (NIHR-SRF-2015-08-001). WSL is supported by core funding provided by NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre. Background: Azithromycin has been proposed as a treatment for COVID-19 on the basis of its immunomodulatory actions. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of azithromycin in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Methods: In this randomised, controlled, open-label, adaptive platform trial (Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy [RECOVERY]), several possible treatments were compared with usual care in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 in the UK. The trial is underway at 176 hospitals in the UK. Eligible and consenting patients were randomly allocated to either usual standard of care alone or usual standard of care plus azithromycin 500 mg once per day by mouth or intravenously for 10 days or until discharge (or allocation to one of the other RECOVERY treatment groups). Patients were assigned via web-based simple (unstratified) randomisation with allocation concealment and were twice as likely to be randomly assigned to usual care than to any of the active treatment groups. Participants and local study staff were not masked to the allocated treatment, but all others involved in the trial were masked to the outcome data during the trial. The primary outcome was 28-day all-cause mortality, assessed in the intention-to-treat population. The trial is registered with ISRCTN, 50189673, and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04381936. Findings: Between April 7 and Nov 27, 2020, of 16 442 patients enrolled in the RECOVERY trial, 9433 (57%) were eligible and 7763 were included in the assessment of azithromycin. The mean age of these study participants was 65·3 years (SD 15·7) and approximately a third were women (2944 [38%] of 7763). 2582 patients were randomly allocated to receive azithromycin and 5181 patients were randomly allocated to usual care alone. Overall, 561 (22%) patients allocated to azithromycin and 1162 (22%) patients allocated to usual care died within 28 days (rate ratio 0·97, 95% CI 0·87-1·07; p=0·50). No significant difference was seen in duration of hospital stay (median 10 days [IQR 5 to >28] vs 11 days [5 to >28]) or the proportion of patients discharged from hospital alive within 28 days (rate ratio 1·04, 95% CI 0·98-1·10; p=0·19). Among those not on invasive mechanical ventilation at baseline, no significant difference was seen in the proportion meeting the composite endpoint of invasive mechanical ventilation or death (risk ratio 0·95, 95% CI 0·87-1·03; p=0·24). Interpretation: In patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19, azithromycin did not improve survival or other prespecified clinical outcomes. Azithromycin use in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 should be restricted to patients in whom there is a clear antimicrobial indication. Publisher PDF
Published: 2021

27. Impacts of near-future cultivation of biofuel feedstocks on atmospheric composition and local air quality

Author: K. Ashworth, G. Folberth, C. N. Hewitt, and O. Wild
Subjects: Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract: Large-scale production of feedstock crops for biofuels will lead to land use changes. We quantify the effects of realistic land use change scenarios for biofuel feedstock production on isoprene emissions and hence atmospheric composition and chemistry using the HadGEM2 model. Two feedstocks are considered: oil palm for biodiesel in the tropics and short rotation coppice (SRC) in the mid-latitudes. In total, 69 Mha of oil palm and 9 Mha of SRC are planted, each sufficient to replace just over 1% of projected global fossil fuel demand in 2020. Both planting scenarios result in increases in total global annual isoprene emissions of about 1%. In each case, changes in surface concentrations of ozone and biogenic secondary organic aerosol (bSOA) are substantial at the regional scale, with implications for air quality standards. However, the changes in tropospheric burden of ozone and the OH radical, and hence effects on global climate, are negligible. Over SE Asia, one region of oil palm planting, increases in annual mean surface ozone and bSOA concentrations reach over 3 ppbv (+11%) and 0.4 μg m−3 (+10%) respectively for parts of Borneo, with monthly mean increases of up to 6.5 ppbv (+25%) and 0.5 μg m−3 (+12%). Under the SRC scenario, Europe experiences monthly mean changes of over 0.6 ppbv (+1%) and 0.1 μg m−3 (+5%) in June and July, with peak increases of over 2 ppbv (+3%) and 0.5 μg m−3 (+8 %). That appreciable regional atmospheric impacts result from low level planting scenarios demonstrates the need to include changes in emissions of reactive trace gases such as isoprene in life cycle assessments performed on potential biofuel feedstocks.
Published: 2012
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28. Sensitivity of isoprene emissions estimated using MEGAN to the time resolution of input climate data

Author: K. Ashworth, O. Wild, and C. N. Hewitt
Subjects: Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract: We evaluate the effect of varying the temporal resolution of the input climate data on isoprene emission estimates generated by the community emissions model MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature). The estimated total global annual emissions of isoprene is reduced from 766 Tg y−1 when using hourly input data to 746 Tg y−1 (a reduction of 3%) for daily average input data and 711 Tg y−1 (down 7%) for monthly average input data. The impact on a local scale can be more significant with reductions of up to 55% at some locations when using monthly average data compared with using hourly data. If the daily and monthly average temperature data are used without the imposition of a diurnal cycle the global emissions estimates fall by 27–32%, and local annual emissions by up to 77%. A similar pattern emerges if hourly isoprene fluxes are considered. In order to better simulate and predict isoprene emission rates using MEGAN, we show it is necessary to use temperature and radiation data resolved to one hour. Given the importance of land-atmosphere interactions in the Earth system and the low computational cost of the MEGAN algorithms, we recommend that chemistry-climate models and the new generation of Earth system models input biogenic emissions at the highest temporal resolution possible.
Published: 2010

29. Inequalities in glycemic management in people living with type 2 diabetes mellitus and severe mental illnesses: cohort study from the UK over 10 years

Author: Robert Stewart, John Robson, Rohini Mathur, Jayati Das-Munshi, Sally Hull, Khalida Ismail, Mark Ashworth, Fiona Gaughran, and Peter R. Schofield
Subjects: Blood Glucose, Male, Research design, medicine.medical_specialty, endocrine system diseases, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Ethnic group, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Diseases of the endocrine glands. Clinical endocrinology, Cohort Studies, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Epidemiology, Ethnicity, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, 10. No inequality, Reimbursement, Incentive, Minority Groups, business.industry, Mental Disorders, nutritional and metabolic diseases, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, RC648-665, United Kingdom, Chinese people, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, chemistry, Cohort, Glycated hemoglobin, business, Cohort study, Demography
Abstract: IntroductionUsing data from a a primary care pay-for-performance scheme targeting quality indicators, the objective of this study was to assess if people living with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and severe mental illnesses (SMI) experienced poorer glycemic management compared with people living with T2DM alone, and if observed differences varied by race/ethnicity, deprivation, gender, or exclusion from the scheme.Research design and methodsPrimary care data from a cohort of 56 770 people with T2DM, including 2272 people with T2DM and SMI, from London (UK), diagnosed between January 17, 2008 and January 16, 2018, were used. Adjusted mean glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and HbA1c differences were assessed using multilevel regression models.ResultsCompared with people with T2DM only, people with T2DM/SMI were more likely to be of an ethnic minority background, excluded from the pay-for-performance scheme and residing in more deprived areas. Across the sample, mean HbA1c was lower in those with T2DM and SMI (mean HbA1c: 58 mmol/mol; 95% CI 57 to 59), compared with people with T2DM only (mean HbA1c: 59 mmol/mol; 95% CI 59 to 60). However, HbA1c levels were greater in Bangladeshi, Indian, Pakistani, and Chinese people compared with the White British reference in the T2DM/SMI group. People with T2DM/SMI who had been excluded from the pay-for-performance scheme, had HbA1c levels which were +7 mmol/mol (95% CI 2 to 11) greater than those with T2DM/SMI not excluded. Irrespective of SMI status, increasing deprivation and male gender were associated with increased HbA1c levels.ConclusionsDespite a pay-for-performance scheme to improve quality standards, inequalities in glycemic management in people with T2DM and SMI persist in those excluded from the scheme and by gender, ethnicity, and area-level deprivation.
Published: 2021

30. Action spectroscopy of the isolated red Kaede fluorescent protein chromophore

Author: James N. Bull, Mark H. Stockett, W. Scott Hopkins, Philip C. Bulman Page, Neville J. A. Coughlan, Stephen R. Meech, Christina Kjær, Eleanor K. Ashworth, Steen Brøndsted Nielsen, and Lluís Blancafort
Subjects: Anions, 010405 organic chemistry, Chemistry, Spectrum Analysis, Photodissociation, General Physics and Astronomy, Chromophore, 010402 general chemistry, Photochemistry, 01 natural sciences, Fluorescence, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Luminescent Proteins, Isomerism, Excited state, Imidazolate, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Kaede, Spectroscopy, Action spectrum
Abstract: Incorporation of fluorescent proteins into biochemical systems has revolutionized the field of bioimaging. In a bottom-up approach, understanding the photophysics of fluorescent proteins requires detailed investigations of the light-absorbing chromophore, which can be achieved by studying the chromophore in isolation. This paper reports a photodissociation action spectroscopy study on the deprotonated anion of the red Kaede fluorescent protein chromophore, demonstrating that at least three isomers-assigned to deprotomers-are generated in the gas phase. Deprotomer-selected action spectra are recorded over the S1 ← S0 band using an instrument with differential mobility spectrometry coupled with photodissociation spectroscopy. The spectrum for the principal phenoxide deprotomer spans the 480-660 nm range with a maximum response at ≈610 nm. The imidazolate deprotomer has a blue-shifted action spectrum with a maximum response at ≈545 nm. The action spectra are consistent with excited state coupled-cluster calculations of excitation wavelengths for the deprotomers. A third gas-phase species with a distinct action spectrum is tentatively assigned to an imidazole tautomer of the principal phenoxide deprotomer. This study highlights the need for isomer-selective methods when studying the photophysics of biochromophores possessing several deprotonation sites.
Published: 2021

31. Non-statistical fragmentation in photo-activated flavin mononucleotide anions

Author: Mark H. Stockett, Steen Brøndsted Nielsen, Eleanor K. Ashworth, L Giacomozzi, James N. Bull, and Christina Kjær
Subjects: Chemistry, General Physics and Astronomy, Flavin mononucleotide, Flavin group, Photochemistry, Molecular electronic transition, Dissociation (chemistry), Ion, chemistry.chemical_compound, Fragmentation (mass spectrometry), Yield (chemistry), Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Nuclear Experiment, Spectroscopy
Abstract: The spectroscopy and photo-induced dissociation of flavin mononucleotide anions in vacuo are investigated over the 300-500 nm wavelength range. Comparison of the dependence of fragment ion yields as a function of deposited photon energy with calculated dissociation energies and collision-induced dissociation measurements performed under single-collision conditions suggests that a substantial fraction of photo-activated ions decompose through non-statistical fragmentation pathways. Among these pathways is the dominant photo-induced fragmentation channel, the loss of a fragment identified as formylmethylflavin. The fragment ion specific action spectra reveal electronic transition energies close to those for flavins in solution and previously published gas-phase measurements, although the photo-fragment yield upon excitation of the S2 ← S0 transition appears to be suppressed.
Published: 2021

32. Post-digestate composting shifts microbial composition and degrades antimicrobial resistance genes

Author: Giuseppe Corti, Amanda J. Ashworth, Maria Rita Corvaglia, Vesna Milanović, Ester Foppa Pedretti, Lucia Aquilanti, Ilario Ferrocino, Stefania Cocco, and Biyensa Gurmessa
Subjects: Environmental Engineering, biology, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Firmicutes, Chemistry, Composting, fungi, Planctomycetes, Verrucomicrobia, Bacteroidetes, Bioengineering, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, complex mixtures, Actinobacteria, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Manure, Genes, Bacterial, Digestate, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Food science, Proteobacteria, Waste Management and Disposal, Poultry litter
Abstract: Post-digestate treatments may reduce the risk linked to Antibiotic Resistant Genes (ARGs) release with digestate direct land application. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate post-digestate composting and co-composting with biogas production feedstock (maize silage, food processing waste, and poultry litter) effect on abundance of selected ARGs: erm(B), tet(K), tet(M), tet(O), and tet(S) genes. More than 80% of all ARGs were removed after 90 days of composting but removals from co-composting were lower. Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria dominated fresh digestate, and a network analysis indicated that these were potential hosts of ARGs. The emergence of Actinobacteria (dominant), Planctomycetes, and Verrucomicrobia phyla during composting shifted the microbial composition. Moreover, canonical correspondence analysis showed trace elements explaining 90% variations in ARGs abundance. The study illustrates significance of post-digestate composting in mitigating ARGs release, and effectiveness could be linked to shift in microbial composition and trace elements release.
Published: 2021

33. Post-digestate composting benefits and the role of enzyme activity to predict trace element immobilization and compost maturity

Author: Maria Letizia Ruello, Flavio Fornasier, Amanda J. Ashworth, Alessio Ilari, Valeria Cardelli, Biyensa Gurmessa, Giuseppe Corti, Ester Foppa Pedretti, and Stefania Cocco
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, Silage, Environmental Engineering, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Compost, Chemistry, Composting, fungi, Bioengineering, General Medicine, engineering.material, Raw material, Pulp and paper industry, complex mixtures, Trace Elements, Soil, Biogas, Digestate, engineering, Phytotoxicity, Organic matter, Fertilizers, Waste Management and Disposal, Poultry litter
Abstract: The current study evaluated the quality of agricultural waste digestate by composting or co-composting with biogas feedstock (maize silage, food processing waste, or poultry litter). Temperature, phytotoxicity, C/N ratio, water extractable trace elements, and 14 enzyme activities were monitored. Temperature dropped earlier in digestate and maize silage co-composting pile, reducing time to maturity by 20 days. Composting and co-composting reduced phytotoxicity and C/N ratio, but increased immobilization of Al, Ba, Fe, Zn, and Mn at least by 40% in all piles. All the enzyme activities, except arylsulfatase and α-glucosidase, increased at the maturity phase and negatively correlated with organic matter content and most of trace elements. Post-digestate composting or co-composting with biogas feedstock is a promising strategy to improve digestate quality for fertilizer use, and selected enzyme activities can be indicators of compost maturity and immobilization of trace elements.
Published: 2021

34. Hypoxia is a dominant remodeler of the CD8+ T cell surface proteome relative to activation and regulatory T cell-mediated suppression

Author: Julia Carnevale, Eric Shifrut, Lisa L. Kirkemo, Alexander Marson, James Byrnes, Amy M. Weeks, James A. Wells, and Alan Ashworth
Subjects: Tumor microenvironment, Chemistry, Regulatory T cell, medicine.medical_treatment, T cell, Cell, Cell biology, Immune system, medicine.anatomical_structure, Cancer immunotherapy, medicine, Cytotoxic T cell, sense organs, CD8
Abstract: Immunosuppressive factors in the tumor microenvironment (TME) impair T cell function and limit the anti-tumor immune response. T cell surface receptors that influence interactions and function in the TME are already proven targets for cancer immunotherapy. However, surface proteome remodeling of primary human T cells in response to suppressive forces in the TME has never been characterized systematically. Using a reductionist cell culture approach with primary human T cells and SILAC-based quantitative cell surface capture glycoproteomics, we examined how two immunosuppressive TME factors, regulatory T cells (Tregs) and hypoxia, globally affect the activated CD8+ surface proteome (surfaceome). Surprisingly, the CD8+/Treg co-culture only modestly affected the CD8+ surfaceome, but did reverse several activation-induced surfaceomic changes. In contrast, hypoxia dramatically altered the CD8+ surfaceome in a manner consistent with both metabolic reprogramming and induction of an immunosuppressed state. The CD4+ T cell surfaceome similarly responded to hypoxia, revealing a novel hypoxia-induced surface receptor program. Our findings are consistent with the premise that hypoxic environments create a metabolic challenge for T cell activation, which may underlie the difficulty encountered in treating solid tumors with immunotherapies. Together, the data presented here provide insight into how suppressive TME factors remodel the T cell surfaceome and represent a valuable resource to inform future therapeutic efforts to enhance T cell function in the TME.
Published: 2021

35. Absolute absorption cross-section and photolysis rate of I2

Author: A. Saiz-Lopez, R. W. Saunders, D. M. Joseph, S. H. Ashworth, and J. M. C. Plane
Subjects: Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract: Following recent observations of molecular iodine (I2) in the coastal marine boundary layer (MBL) (Saiz-Lopez and Plane, 2004), it has become important to determine the absolute absorption cross-section of I2 at reasonably high resolution, and also to evaluate the rate of photolysis of the molecule in the lower atmosphere. The absolute absorption cross-section (σ) of gaseous I2 at room temperature and pressure (295K, 760Torr) was therefore measured between 182 and 750nm using a Fourier Transform spectrometer at a resolution of 4cm-1 (0.1nm at λ=500nm). The maximum absorption cross-section in the visible region was observed at λ=533.0nm to be σ=(4.24±0.50)x10-18cm2molecule-1. The spectrum is available as supplementary material accompanying this paper. The photo-dissociation rate constant (J) of gaseous I2 was also measured directly in a solar simulator, yielding J(I2)=0.12±0.03s-1 for the lower troposphere. This is in excellent agreement with the value of 0.12±0.015s-1 calculated using the measured absorption cross-section, terrestrial solar flux for clear sky conditions and assuming a photo-dissociation yield of unity. A two-stream radiation transfer model was then used to determine the variation in photolysis rate with solar zenith angle (SZA), from which an analytic expression is derived for use in atmospheric models. Photolysis appears to be the dominant loss process for I2 during daytime, and hence an important source of iodine atoms in the lower atmosphere.
Published: 2004

36. Turbulent Flow Promotes Cleavage of VWF (von Willebrand Factor) by ADAMTS13 (A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase With a Thrombospondin Type-1 Motif, Member 13)

Author: Alireza Sharifi, Keith B. Neeves, Faye Walker, Katrina J. Ashworth, Maria Bortot, Jorge Di Paola, Nathan Crawford, and David Bark
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, congenital, hereditary, and neonatal diseases and abnormalities, Disintegrins, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Article, Thrombospondin 1, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Von Willebrand factor, hemic and lymphatic diseases, von Willebrand Factor, Disintegrin, Platelet, Metalloproteinase, Thrombospondin, biology, Chemistry, Laminar flow, ADAMTS13, 030104 developmental biology, Hemostasis, cardiovascular system, Metalloproteases, biology.protein, Biophysics, Thrombospondins, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, circulatory and respiratory physiology
Abstract: Objective— Acquired von Willebrand syndrome is defined by excessive cleavage of the VWF (von Willebrand Factor) and is associated with impaired primary hemostasis and severe bleeding. It often develops when blood is exposed to nonphysiological flow such as in aortic stenosis or mechanical circulatory support. We evaluated the role of laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow on VWF cleavage and the effects on VWF function. Approach and Results— We used a vane rheometer to generate laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow and evaluate the effect of each on VWF cleavage in the presence of ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type-1 motif, member 13). We performed functional assays to evaluate the effect of these flows on VWF structure and function. Computational fluid dynamics was used to estimate the flow fields and forces within the vane rheometer under each flow condition. Turbulent flow is required for excessive cleavage of VWF in an ADAMTS13-dependent manner. The assay was repeated with whole blood, and the turbulent flow had the same effect. Our computational fluid dynamics results show that under turbulent conditions, the Kolmogorov scale approaches the size of VWF. Finally, cleavage of VWF in this study has functional consequences under flow as the resulting VWF has decreased ability to bind platelets and collagen. Conclusions— Turbulent flow mediates VWF cleavage in the presence of ADAMTS13, decreasing the ability of VWF to sustain platelet adhesion. These findings impact the design of mechanical circulatory support devices and are relevant to pathological environments where turbulence is added to circulation.
Published: 2019

37. Increasing Alkyl Chain Length in a Series of Layered Metal–Organic Frameworks Aids Ultrasonic Exfoliation to Form Nanosheets

Author: Thomas M. Roseveare, Pia Vervoorts, Lee Brammer, Irene Dominguez Bernáldes, Roland A. Fischer, Andreas Schneemann, Jonathan A. Foster, David J. Ashworth, and Max Flint
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, 010405 organic chemistry, Nanotechnology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Exfoliation joint, Article, ddc, 0104 chemical sciences, Inorganic Chemistry, Chain length, chemistry, Metal-organic framework, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Alkyl
Abstract: Metal–organic framework nanosheets (MONs) are attracting increasing attention as a diverse class of two-dimensional materials derived from metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). The principles behind the design of layered MOFs that can readily be exfoliated to form nanosheets, however, remain poorly understood. Here we systematically investigate an isoreticular series of layered MOFs functionalized with alkoxy substituents in order to understand the effect of substituent alkyl chain length on the structure and properties of the resulting nanosheets. A series of 2,5-alkoxybenzene-1,4-dicarboxylate ligands (O2CC6H2(OR)2CO2, R = methyl–pentyl, 1–5, respectively) was used to synthesize copper paddle-wheel MOFs. Rietveld and Pawley fitting of powder diffraction patterns for compounds Cu(3–5)(DMF) showed they adopt an isoreticular series with two-dimensional connectivity in which the interlayer distance increases from 8.68 Å (R = propyl) to 10.03 Å (R = pentyl). Adsorption of CO2 by the MOFs was found to increase from 27.2 to 40.2 cm3 g–1 with increasing chain length, which we attribute to the increasing accessible volume associated with increasing unit-cell volume. Ultrasound was used to exfoliate the layered MOFs to form MONs, with shorter alkyl chains resulting in higher concentrations of exfoliated material in suspension. The average height of MONs was investigated by AFM and found to decrease from 35 ± 26 to 20 ± 12 nm with increasing chain length, with the thinnest MONs observed being only 5 nm, corresponding to five framework layers. These results indicate that careful choice of ligand functionalities can be used to tune nanosheet structure and properties, enabling optimization for a variety of applications., A series of layered copper metal−organic frameworks (MOFs) were synthesized, utilizing benzene-1,4-dicarboxylates difunctionalized in the 2,5-positions with alkoxy pendent chains (methoxy-pentoxy) as the organic ligands. Increasing the chain length from propoxy to pentoxy increased the interlayer distance, resulted in increased CO2 uptake, and aided the ultrasonic exfoliation of these MOFs to form nanosheets, producing MONs down to just 5 nm thick.
Published: 2019

38. Efficacy of F-100, diluted F-100, and infant formula as rehabilitation diet for infants aged < 6 months with severe acute malnutrition: a randomized clinical trial

Author: A M Shamsir Ahmed, Ann Ashworth, Iqbal Hossain, Sayeeda Huq, Tahmeed Ahmed, M Munirul Islam, and Abid Hossain Mollah
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Severe Acute Malnutrition, Medicine (miscellaneous), 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Urine, Breast milk, Gastroenterology, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Randomized controlled trial, law, Internal medicine, medicine, Creatinine, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, Nutrition and Dietetics, business.industry, Dietary management, chemistry, Infant formula, medicine.symptom, business, Weight gain
Abstract: To assess the efficacy and safety of F-100, diluted F-100 (F100D), and infant formula (IF) for dietary management in the rehabilitation phase of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) of infants aged under 6 months (u6m). Double-blind randomized clinical trial was conducted to assess the efficacy and safety of F-100, F-100D, and IF at the Nutrition Rehabilitation Unit, icddr,b. Infants (n = 153) u6m with SAM were enrolled and randomly assigned to any of the three diets after stabilization. Two ml blood was collected on study days 1, 3, and 7 for measuring serum electrolytes, creatinine and osmolality, urine samples for specific gravity and osmolality creatinine ratio. Renal Solute Load (RSL) and Potential Renal Solute Load (PRSL) were calculated. Infants were discharged when gained 15% of the admission bodyweight or had edema-free weight-for-length Z-score ≥ − 2. Infants fed F-100 and F-100D had higher weight gain than infants who received IF. Mean difference between F-100 and IF was 4.6 g/kg/d (95% CI 1.5–7.6, P = 0.004) and between F-100D and IF was 3.1 g/kg/d (95% CI 0.6–5.5, P = 0.015). Total energy intake from study diet and breast milk was significantly higher in infants fed F-100 compared with other two diets (P = 0.001 in each case). RSL was highest in infants fed F-100 but serum sodium showed no sign of elevation. Urinary specific gravity and serum sodium values were within normal range. F-100 can be safely used in the rehabilitation phase for infants u6m with SAM and there is no need to prepare alternative formulations.
Published: 2019

39. Dietary intake of inorganic nitrate in vegetarians and omnivores and its impact on blood pressure, resting metabolic rate and the oral microbiome

Author: Garry Farnham, Mary Hickson, Mia Burleigh, Ana Rodiles, Michele Kiernan, Craig Cutler, M S Moore, Luke Liddle, Ann Ashworth, Chris Easton, Raul Bescos, and Carla Sillitti
Subjects: Adult, Male, 0301 basic medicine, Saliva, Adolescent, Mouthwashes, Blood Pressure, Nitric Oxide, Biochemistry, Nitric oxide, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Nitrate, Physiology (medical), Vegetables, Humans, Food science, Nitrite, Nitrites, Mouth, Cross-Over Studies, Nitrates, Microbiota, Middle Aged, Healthy Volunteers, Diet, 030104 developmental biology, Blood pressure, chemistry, Basal metabolic rate, Female, Basal Metabolism, Omnivore, Oral Microbiome, Oxidation-Reduction, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Vegetarians
Abstract: Vegetarian diets are commonly associated with lower blood pressure levels. This has been related to greater consumption of inorganic nitrate, since vegetables are the main source of this anion. Dietary nitrate is reduced to nitrite by commensal bacteria in the mouth, which in turn leads to increased circulatory nitrite availability. Nitrite can form nitric oxide by several pathways promoting a reduction in the vascular tone and lower blood pressure. This study tested whether vegetarians have higher concentrations of nitrite in saliva and plasma, and lower blood pressure and resting metabolic rate (RMR), due to higher intakes of nitrate, compared to omnivores. Following a non-randomized, cross-over and single-blinded design we measured dietary nitrate intake, blood pressure and RMR in young and healthy vegetarians (n = 22) and omnivores (n = 19) with similar characteristics after using placebo or antibacterial mouthwash for a week to inhibit oral bacteria. Additionally, we analyzed salivary and plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations, as well as the oral nitrate-reduction rate and oral microbiome in both groups. Dietary nitrate intake in vegetarians (97 ± 79 mg/day) was not statistically different (P > 0.05) to omnivores (78 ± 47 mg/day). Salivary and plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations were similar after placebo mouthwash in both groups (P > 0.05). The oral nitrate-reducing capacity, abundance of oral bacterial species, blood pressure and RMR were also similar between vegetarians and omnivores (P > 0.05). Antibacterial mouthwash significantly decreased abundance of oral nitrate-reducing bacterial species in vegetarians (_16.9%; P 0.05). These findings suggest that vegetarian diets may not alter nitrate and nitrite homeostasis, or the oral microbiome, compared to an omnivore diet. Additionally, inhibition of oral nitrite synthesis for a week with antibacterial mouthwash did not cause a significant raise in blood pressure and RMR in healthy, young individuals independent of diet.
Published: 2019

40. Potential roles of nitrate and live yeast culture in suppressing methane emission and influencing ruminal fermentation, digestibility, and milk production in lactating Jersey cows

Author: Jeffrey Lakritz, J. M. Ashworth, A.M. Gehman, Jeffrey L. Firkins, R.A. Meller, and B.A. Wenner
Subjects: inorganic chemicals, Rumen, Rumination, Digestive, Methanogenesis, Zea mays, Cattle feeding, chemistry.chemical_compound, Animal science, Latin square, Lactation, Genetics, medicine, Animals, Dry matter, Silage, Nitrates, Chemistry, Probiotics, food and beverages, Milk Proteins, Animal Feed, Diet, Quaternary Ammonium Compounds, Neutral Detergent Fiber, Milk, medicine.anatomical_structure, Fermentation, Urea, Cattle, Female, Animal Science and Zoology, Methane, Food Science
Abstract: Concern over the carbon footprint of the dairy industry has led to various dietary approaches to mitigate enteric CH4 production. One approach is feeding the electron acceptor NO3-, thus outcompeting methanogens for aqueous H2. We hypothesized that a live yeast culture (LYC; Saccharomyces cerevisiae from Yea-Sacc 1026, Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY) would stimulate the complete reduction of NO3- to NH3 by selenomonads, thus decreasing the quantity of CH4 emissions per unit of energy-corrected milk production while decreasing blood methemoglobin concentration resulting from the absorbed intermediate, NO2-. Twelve lactating Jersey cows (8 multiparous and noncannulated; 4 primiparous and ruminally cannulated) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Cattle were fed diets containing 1.5% NO3- (from calcium ammonium nitrate) or an isonitrogenous control diet (containing additional urea) and given a top-dress of ground corn without or with LYC, with the fourth week used for data collection. Noncannulated cows were spot measured for CH4 emission by mouth using GreenFeed (C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD). The main effect of NO3- decreased CH4 by 17% but decreased dry matter intake by 10% (from 19.8 to 17.8 kg/d) such that CH4:dry matter intake numerically decreased by 8% and CH4:milk net energy for lactation production was unaffected by treatment. Milk and milk fat production were not affected, but NO3- decreased milk protein from 758 to 689 g/d. Ruminal pH decreased more sharply after feeding for cows fed diets without NO3-. Acetate:propionate was greater for cows fed NO3-, particularly when combined with LYC (interaction effect). Blood methemoglobin was higher for cattle fed NO3- than for those fed the control diet but was low for both treatments (1.5 vs. 0.5%, respectively; only one measurement exceeded 5%), indicating minimal risk for NO2- accumulation at our feeding level of NO3-. Although neither apparent organic matter nor neutral detergent fiber digestibilities were affected, apparent N digestibility had an interaction for NO3- × LYC such that apparent N digestibility was numerically lowest for diets containing both NO3- and LYC compared with the other 3 diets. Under the conditions of this study, NO3- mitigated ruminal methanogenesis but also depressed dry matter intake and milk protein yield. Based on the fact that few interactions were detected, LYC had a minimal role in attenuating negative cow responses to NO3- supplementation.
Published: 2019

41. Phytosterol biosynthesis and production by diatoms (Bacillariophyceae)

Author: Ana Cristina Jaramillo-Madrid, Michele Fabris, Peter J. Ralph, and Justin Ashworth
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Plant Biology & Botany, Rational engineering, Plant Science, Horticulture, Photosynthesis, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Algae, Biosynthesis, Botany, 14. Life underwater, Secondary metabolism, Molecular Biology, Diatoms, Molecular Structure, biology, 010405 organic chemistry, Phytosterol, fungi, Phytosterols, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, Sterol, 0104 chemical sciences, Diatom, chemistry, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: © 2019 Elsevier Ltd Diatoms are abundant unicellular marine photosynthetic algae that have genetically diversified their physiology and metabolism while adapting to numerous environments. The metabolic repertoire of diatoms presents opportunities to characterise the biosynthesis and production of new and potentially valuable microalgal compounds, including sterols. Sterols of plant origin, known as phytosterols, have been studied for health benefits including demonstrated cholesterol-lowering properties. In this review we summarise sterol diversity, the unique metabolic features of sterol biosynthesis in diatoms, and prospects for the extraction of diatom phytosterols in comparison to existing sources. We also review biotechnological efforts to manipulate diatom biosynthesis, including culture conditions and avenues for the rational engineering of metabolism and cellular regulation.
Published: 2019

42. Quantifying indium with ion chromatography in hydro‐ and biohydrometallurgical leaching solutions

Author: Gero Frisch, Charlotte Ashworth, and Christian Weller
Subjects: inorganic chemicals, Ion chromatography, chemistry.chemical_element, Filtration and Separation, 02 engineering and technology, Zinc, Manganese, Indium, 01 natural sciences, Analytical Chemistry, Ferrous, Column chromatography, Coordination Complexes, Hydrometallurgy, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, 010401 analytical chemistry, Chromatography, Ion Exchange, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, Solutions, chemistry, Metallurgy, Leaching (metallurgy), 0210 nano-technology, Nuclear chemistry
Abstract: A methodology has been developed to chromatographically quantify indium in polymetallic (bio)hydrometallurgical processing solutions using the Dionex IonPac CS5A column and pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid eluent. Cu(II) and In(III) could be separated by elevating the column temperature to 45°C. The comparatively low stability constant of the In-eluent complex (log K2 = 3.8) required typical leaching samples to be diluted in the eluent rather than acid or water to overcome ligand competition between components of the sample solution and the eluent. The methodology was applied to leachates from (bio)hydrometallurgical processing of oxidic flue dust residues and sulfidic zinc ores, where both are promising candidates for the recovery of indium from low grade ores and metallurgical wastes. Indium, ferrous iron, ferric iron, copper, zinc, nickel, and manganese concentrations could be simultaneously quantified. The method was found suitable for samples containing at least 0.25 mg/L indium and an iron to indium ratio of up to 100:1.
Published: 2019

43. Recommendations for the management of MPS IVA: systematic evidence- and consensus-based guidance

Author: Mehmet Umut Akyol, Tord D. Alden, Hernan Amartino, Jane Ashworth, Kumar Belani, Kenneth I. Berger, Andrea Borgo, Elizabeth Braunlin, Yoshikatsu Eto, Jeffrey I. Gold, Andrea Jester, Simon A. Jones, Cengiz Karsli, William Mackenzie, Diane Ruschel Marinho, Andrew McFadyen, Jim McGill, John J. Mitchell, Joseph Muenzer, Torayuki Okuyama, Paul J. Orchard, Bob Stevens, Sophie Thomas, Robert Walker, Robert Wynn, Roberto Giugliani, Paul Harmatz, Christian Hendriksz, Maurizio Scarpa, MPS Consensus Programme Steering Committee, and MPS Consensus Programme Co-Chairs
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Male, Anaesthetics, Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS), Mucopolysaccharidosis, Psychological intervention, lcsh:Medicine, 030105 genetics & heredity, Patient advocacy, Hypercapnia, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Elosulfase alfa, Medicine, Pharmacology (medical), Genetics (clinical), Genetics & Heredity, Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, Mucopolysaccharidosis IV, General Medicine, Enzyme replacement therapy, Chondroitinsulfatases, Management guidelines, HSCT, Female, ERT, VIMIZIM, MPS Consensus Programme Steering Committee, medicine.medical_specialty, MPS Consensus Programme Co-Chairs, MPS IVA, 7.3 Management and decision making, 03 medical and health sciences, Quality of life (healthcare), Rare Diseases, Clinical Research, Humans, Enzyme Replacement Therapy, Other Medical and Health Sciences, business.industry, Research, lcsh:R, Guideline, medicine.disease, Morquio a syndrome, Transplantation, chemistry, Family medicine, Surgery, Management of diseases and conditions, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Introduction Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) IVA or Morquio A syndrome is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder (LSD) caused by deficiency of the N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase (GALNS) enzyme, which impairs lysosomal degradation of keratan sulphate and chondroitin-6-sulphate. The multiple clinical manifestations of MPS IVA present numerous challenges for management and necessitate the need for individualised treatment. Although treatment guidelines are available, the methodology used to develop this guidance has come under increased scrutiny. This programme was conducted to provide evidence-based, expert-agreed recommendations to optimise management of MPS IVA. Methods Twenty six international healthcare professionals across multiple disciplines, with expertise in managing MPS IVA, and three patient advocates formed the Steering Committee (SC) and contributed to the development of this guidance. Representatives from six Patient Advocacy Groups (PAGs) were interviewed to gain insights on patient perspectives. A modified-Delphi methodology was used to demonstrate consensus among a wider group of healthcare professionals with experience managing patients with MPS IVA and the manuscript was evaluated against the validated Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE II) instrument by three independent reviewers. Results A total of 87 guidance statements were developed covering five domains: (1) general management principles; (2) recommended routine monitoring and assessments; (3) disease-modifying interventions (enzyme replacement therapy [ERT] and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation [HSCT]); (4) interventions to support respiratory and sleep disorders; (5) anaesthetics and surgical interventions (including spinal, limb, ophthalmic, cardio-thoracic and ear-nose-throat [ENT] surgeries). Consensus was reached on all statements after two rounds of voting. The overall guideline AGREE II assessment score obtained for the development of the guidance was 5.3/7 (where 1 represents the lowest quality and 7 represents the highest quality of guidance). Conclusion This manuscript provides evidence- and consensus-based recommendations for the management of patients with MPS IVA and is for use by healthcare professionals that manage the holistic care of patients with the intention to improve clinical- and patient-reported outcomes and enhance patient quality of life. It is recognised that the guidance provided represents a point in time and further research is required to address current knowledge and evidence gaps. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13023-019-1074-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Published: 2019

44. States of decay: The systems biology of mRNA stability

Author: Patrick N. Stoney, Tadashi Yamamoto, and William Ashworth
Subjects: 0303 health sciences, Messenger RNA, Chemistry, Applied Mathematics, Systems biology, Cell, Catabolite repression, MRNA Decay, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Computer Science Applications, Cell biology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine.anatomical_structure, Transcription (biology), Modeling and Simulation, Drug Discovery, MRNA degradation, medicine, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract: An appropriate equilibrium between transcription and mRNA decay is vital for the function of the cell. The RNA-binding complexes regulating mRNA degradation, such as carbon catabolite repression 4-negative on TATA-less, may also control several other stages of the mRNA life cycle, from transcription to translation. This pleiotropic control complicates the analysis of mRNA stability. Computational models have analysed the mechanisms underlying mRNA turnover and have been used to extract mRNA decay rates from high-throughput data sets. Multiomics studies have clarified the actions of RNA-binding complexes, and such studies allow the evolution of more accurate and complex computational models. This review discusses two complementary aspects of systems biology in the study of mRNA decay—computational modelling of mRNA turnover and recent ‘-omics’ studies of the function of RNA-binding proteins controlling mRNA stability.
Published: 2019

45. The effect of different post-electroplating surface modification treatments on tin whisker growth

Author: Mark Ashworth, Geoffrey Wilcox, Roger J. Mortimer, Dan Haspel, and Xujin Bao
Subjects: Materials science, 020209 energy, Metallurgy, Metals and Alloys, Oxide, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, Surfaces and Interfaces, Molybdate, Condensed Matter Physics, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, chemistry.chemical_compound, Tungstate, chemistry, Mechanics of Materials, Whisker, Conversion coating, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Surface modification, Electroplating, Tin
Abstract: There are very few studies that have investigated directly the effect of an oxide film on tin whisker growth, since the ‘cracked oxide theory’ was proposed by Tu in 1994. The current study has inve...
Published: 2019

46. Electrodeposition of Silver Micro- and Nanoscale Wires in the Capillaries of PDMS Stamps Modified with Hydrophilic Polymers

Author: Spencer Ashworth, Jarom Vernon, Peter J. Iles, Zachary Curtis, Glen Johnson, Kyne Drystan, Wesley C. Sanders, Hunter Fourt, Amar Barucija, Dakota Edwards, and Ron Valcarce
Subjects: Materials science, Fabrication, Polydimethylsiloxane, Scanning electron microscope, PDMS stamp, Nanotechnology, General Chemistry, Education, Nanomaterials, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Microscopy, Nanoscopic scale, Microscale chemistry
Abstract: A new experiment for use in introductory nanotechnology courses is described. This experiment allows students to fabricate metallic wires with microscale lateral dimensions and nanoscale vertical dimensions. Fabrication occurs in the capillaries of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamps modified with hydrophilic polymers. This experiment provides students with an opportunity to conduct template-assisted electrodeposition of micro- and nanomaterials, utilizing a reusable template instead of the commonly used porous, anodic alumina oxide (AAO) membranes that require dissolution to examine the wires. Fabrication of the metal wires is accomplished via the reduction of metal cations in the channels of modified PDMS stamps. In addition, this experiment introduces students to characterization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and atomic-force microscopy (AFM). The microscale dimensions of the silver wires accommodate imaging with optical microscopy for institutions possessing limited characterization capabilities.
Published: 2019

47. Spatial Distribution of Soil Phosphorus, Calcium, and pH after Long-term Broiler Litter Application

Author: Phillip R. Owens, John J. Read, Sun Zhongxiu, Zamir Libohova, Ying-Ying Jiang, Qiu-Bing Wang, Amanda J. Ashworth, Kabindra Adhikari, and Minerva J. Dorantes
Subjects: Environmental Engineering, chemistry.chemical_element, Soil science, 010501 environmental sciences, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Calcium, Spatial distribution, 01 natural sciences, Soil management, Soil, Mississippi, Animals, Waste Management and Disposal, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, Elevation, Broiler, Phosphorus, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Pollution, Manure, chemistry, Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Litter, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Surface runoff, Chickens
Abstract: Water movement over and through soil is largely driven by topography and soil management across landscapes. This research tested the hypothesis that the water movement determines the potential for P and Ca redistribution and pH variance across landscapes. This hypothesis was evaluated by using digital elevation model-derived terrain attributes in fields after 55 yr of broiler litter applications on pastures in Smith County, Mississippi. Results show that soils receiving broiler litter had mean Mehlich-3 P levels of 1221.8 mg kg⁻¹ at 0- to 15-cm depth and 618.6 mg kg⁻¹ at 15- to 30-cm depth, and Ca with mean values of 768.3 and 645.0 mg kg⁻¹ at 0- to 15-cm and 15- to 30-cm soil depths, respectively. Across fields, soils in areas of predicted convergent flow contained higher P, Ca, and lower pH values in the upper 0 to 15 cm, suggesting contributions via surface overland flow from areas with higher elevation and lower slope gradient. On the other hand, soils in areas with lesser slope and higher elevation also contained high levels of P, Ca, and pH for the subsurface soil depth, suggesting that vertical flow of water on this landscape is a mechanism for movement of P and Ca deeper in the profile. The incorporation of topographic characteristics across fields offers promising results that may be incorporated into improved P indices and management, making them more robust indicators of P mobilization to waterways.
Published: 2019

48. Carbon sequestration and nitrogen uptake in a temperate silvopasture system

Author: Christian Dold, Amanda J. Ashworth, D. Philipp, Thomas J. Sauer, David K. Brauer, and Andrew L. Thomas
Subjects: Soil Science, chemistry.chemical_element, Biomass, Carya illinoinensis, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 010501 environmental sciences, Carbon sequestration, 01 natural sciences, Nitrogen, food.food, Nutrient, food, Agronomy, chemistry, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Temperate climate, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Silvopasture, Agronomy and Crop Science, Carbon, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Agroforestry systems (AFS) have the potential to foster long-term carbon sequestration and nutrient uptake. Yet, information on sequestration rates is still scarce, especially for AFS in temperate regions and for maturing AFS. This study aims to determine the rate and amount of carbon and nitrogen uptake in a 17-year-old northern red oak (Quercus rubra)–pecan (Carya illinoinensis) silvopastoral planting in Fayetteville, AR, USA. Seven oak and pecan trees were felled to develop AFS-specific allometric equations for above-ground biomass, carbon, and nitrogen. Tree-stand woody biomass (DWw), carbon (Cw) and nitrogen (Nw) and leaf biomass (DWL), carbon (CL), and nitrogen (NL) were calculated with these equations. Diameter at 1.37 m above ground (DBH) was measured annually, and a non-linear mixed-effect model was used to estimate absolute (AGR) and relative growth rates. DWw and Cw was 7.1 and 3.4 Mg ha−1 for pecan and 26.6 and 12.7 Mg ha−1 for oak, which corresponds to a carbon sequestration rate of 0.75 and 0.20 Mg C ha−1 yr−1, respectively. Total N uptake was approximately 66 and 71 g N tree−1 yr−1 for oak and pecan. The mixed-effect model with individual-tree-level random effects for all parameters provided the best representation of DBH growth of oak and pecan, likely due to the high heterogeneity of site characteristics. The AGR explained the non-linear plant growth and reached its maximum of 0.017 and 0.0179 m yr−1 for oak and pecan, respectively, 11 years after planting. This suggests that carbon and nitrogen uptake also declined after 11 years.
Published: 2019

49. Sirolimus: Efficacy and Complications in Children With Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia: A 5-Year Follow-Up Study

Author: Güemes Maria, Ellard Sian, Morgan Kate, Dattani Mehul, Ashworth Michael, Dastamani Antonia, Shah Pratik, and Flanagan Sarah
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, mTOR inhibitors, medicine.medical_specialty, Diabetes, Pancreatic and Gastrointestinal Hormones, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, medicine.medical_treatment, Octreotide, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, medicine.disease_cause, Lanreotide, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal medicine, Medicine, Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, Adverse effect, business.industry, Retrospective cohort study, medicine.disease, side effects, sirolimus, 030104 developmental biology, chemistry, Sirolimus, Pancreatectomy, Congenital hyperinsulinism, hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, business, Meta-Analysis, ABCC8 gene, medicine.drug
Abstract: Introduction Sirolimus, a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor, has been used in congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) unresponsive to diazoxide and octreotide. Reported response to sirolimus is variable, with high incidence of adverse effects. To the best of our knowledge, we report the largest group of CHI patients treated with sirolimus followed for the longest period to date. Methods Retrospective study of CHI patients treated with sirolimus in a tertiary service and review of the 15 publications reporting CHI patients treated with mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors. Comparison was made between the findings of this study with those previously published. Results Twenty-two CHI patients treated with sirolimus were included in this study. Twenty showed partial response, one showed complete response, and one was unresponsive. Five of the partially/fully responsive patients had compound heterozygous ABCC8 mutations and five had heterozygous ABCC8 mutations. A total of 86.4% (19/22) developed complications, with infection being the most frequent (17/22), of which 11 were of bacterial etiology, followed by persistent diarrhea (3/22) and hyperglycemia (2/22). Seventeen patients stopped sirolimus: 13 from infections; 2 from hyperglycemia; and 2 from alternative treatment (lanreotide) response. Compared with data previously published, our study identified a higher number of partially sirolimus-responsive CHI cases, although the high rate of complications while on this medication limited its potential usefulness. Conclusion Sirolimus candidates must be carefully selected given its frequent and potentially life-threatening side effects. Its use as a short-term, last-resort therapy until normoglycemia is achieved with other agents such as lanreotide could avoid pancreatectomy. Further studies evaluating the use of sirolimus in patients with CHI are required.
Published: 2019

50. Leaf enclosure measurements for determining volatile organic compound emission capacity from Cannabis spp

Author: C. T. Wang, Kirsti Ashworth, John Ortega, William Vizuete, Christine Wiedinmyer, and Peter Harley
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, Atmospheric Science, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Biomass, 010501 environmental sciences, Particulates, 01 natural sciences, Terpene, Toxicology, chemistry.chemical_compound, Eucalyptol, chemistry, Environmental science, Volatile organic compound, Tonne, Air quality index, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science
Abstract: The legal commercialization of Cannabis for recreational and medical use in certain US states has effectively created a new and nearly unregulated cultivation industry. Within the city limits of Denver, Colorado, there are now more than 600 registered Cannabis spp. cultivation facilities (CCFs) for recreational and medical uses, each containing thousands of plants. Ambient measurements collected inside growing operations pre-legalization have found concentrations as high as 50–100 ppbv of terpenes; a group of highly reactive biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and known precursors for the formation of ozone and particulate matter (PM). Due to its illicit nature there has been insufficient experimental data produced to determine Cannabis spp. emission rates. This study used, for the first time, an enclosure chamber and live Cannabis spp. plants during a 90-day growing period consisting of four different strains of Cannabis spp.: Critical Mass, Lemon Wheel, Elephant Purple, and Rockstar Kush. These measurements enabled characterization of terpenes and estimates of emission capacity (EC, μgC g−1 hr−1) at standard conditions. During peak growth, the percentages of individual BVOC emissions were dominated by β-myrcene (18–60%), eucalyptol (17–38%), and d-limonene (3–10%) for all strains. Our results showed large variability in the rate and composition of terpene emissions across different strains. For the Critical Mass and Lemon Wheel, the dominant terpenoid was eucalyptol (32% and 38%), and it was β-myrcene (60% and 45%) for the Elephant Purple and Rockstar Kush. Critical Mass produced the highest terpene emission capacity (8.7 μgC g−1 hr−1) and Rockstar Kush the lowest (4.9 μgC g−1 hr−1). With 600 CCFs in Denver, and assuming 10,000 plants per CCF, an emission capacity of 8.7 μgC g−1 hr−1 would more than double the existing rate of BVOC emissions to 520 metric ton year−1. Using Maximum Incremental Reactivity (MIR) values the total ozone formation potential from all these emitted species could produce 2100 metric tons year−1 of ozone, and based on published secondary organic aerosols yields 131 metric tons year−1 of PM. It is likely that the ECs calculated here are lower than those achieved in CCFs where growing conditions are optimized for rapid growth and higher biomass yields. Further studies including a greater number of the 620 available Cannabis spp. strains and a wider range of treatments are needed to generate a representative dataset. Such a dataset could then better enable assessments of the potential impacts of this new industry on indoor and regional air quality.
Published: 2019

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