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In DNA and RNA, five types of nitrogenous bases are present; these are adenine (A), uracil (U), guanine (G), thymine (T), and cytosine (C). Sometimes, these arrangements are altered which is known as single nucleotide polymorphism. These polymorphisms appear due to two causes (i) mutation and (ii) disease. By classifying these two types of SNPs, we can conclude a disease-causing SNP. In this paper, we describe genetic analysis of simple and complex disease evaluation by various methods. Here, we describe Apriori algorithm, genetic algorithm, machine learning approach like support vector machine (SVM). An approach of Apriori-Gen algorithm is also discussed which evaluates statistical interaction between several SNPs to find association among them. Univariate marginal distribution algorithm (UMDA) and support vector machine (SVM) are also used to find disease identification. USVM is used not only for its redundancy feature but also it solves parameters selecting problem of SVM.

SUMMARY Nanocrystalline Ni ferrite thin film was prepared by electrospray deposition technique and characterized by different analytical techniques at different annealing temperatures. All these films were studied by photovoltaic-assisted water electrolysis system for solar to hydrogen production efficiency measurement. Highly dense and uniform surface morphology was observed in as-deposited film, which changed into agglomerated nanocrystalline grains of irregular size and shape with change in annealing temperature. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study showed that the as-deposited film was a mixture of an oxyhydroxide form of iron and an Ni2O3 form of nickel, whereas it changed into ferrite phase with change in annealing temperature. The as-deposited film was observed to be of amorphous phase, which changed to crystalline cubic spinel structure with change in annealing temperature. The solar to hydrogen production efficiency was found to increase in a film with an increase in annealing temperature. The film annealed at 500°C showed a high solar to hydrogen production efficiency (8.29%) with constant performance of up to initial 500 h. Thereafter, the performance slowly declined by 11% when up to 1000 h. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Competitive catalytic activity of platinum (Pt) makes it as a promising cathode material for hydrogen evolution reaction. But cost of Pt makes it impractical for its use in commercial applications. Unlike literature known methods, our study entails on a methodology of ambient temperature electrodeposition of Pt films, without the use of a complexing agent or pH adjustments or both. Pt films are deposited in an electrochemical bath, which is prepared by adding platinum chloride complex [H2PtCl6.x H2O] in triple-distilled water. Pt films deposited at different potentials are analyzed for their morphological (SEM), structural (XRD), electrochemical study (Cyclic Voltammetry and Linear sweep measurements). The growth and catalytic activity of Pt film show strong dependence on applied deposition potential (−0.25 V to −0.40 V) and reduction kinetics of [PtCl6]2− or [Pt(OH)Cl5]2− intermediate hydroxide ions, that occurs during the process. Binding energy (BE) of Pt(4f7/2) peak in a film increases to 72.4 eV (until −0.30 V), which slightly decreases at a deposition potential of −0.40 V. XRD data show changes along (111) and (200) planes, to which [PtCl6]2− and [Pt(OH)Cl5]2− intermediate hydroxide ions are found to be responsible. The average particle size with respect to applied potential, obtained from SEM data is found to be 25–40 nm. The catalytic activity (Peak current density in cyclic voltammetry) versus deposition potential data is correlated with Pt film formation by reduction of intermediate hydroxide ions.

Environmental compatibility, high flammability, richest in energy per mass unit, and easy conversion into thermal, mechanical and electrical energy are the key advantages of hydrogen fuel, which makes it an idealized vision for future energy as a promising alternative to the diminishing fossil fuels. Unlike the methods very well known in the literature, we used environmental benign photoelectrochemical (PEC) hydrogen production method. Pt is one of the promising electrode materials for PEC method, but high cost makes it impractical for commercialization. A methodology for low Pt loading (7.22 × 10−5 g cm−2) based on electrospray technique is explained for the preparation of hydrogen evolution electrode. The resulted films are annealed at different temperatures and investigated by different characterization techniques that showed surface morphological and compositional changes with annealing temperature. The pores-type structure is transformed to vertically aligned plate-like structure with annealing temperature. After annealing at 400 °C, Pt film is more oxidized and enriching about ∼30% of film surface area with oxidized Pt. The solar to hydrogen conversion efficiency in water splitting was raised from an initial value of 8.4–10.6% and Pt loading was reduced by approximately 1000-fold (from 0.07 to 7.22 × 10−5 g cm−2). Thus, present high efficient hydrogen electrode preparation method utilized less Pt material than the conventional Pt electrode and the efficiency was increased by 26%. This can be scaled up for becoming a volume production low-cost method.

The work investigates the development and optimization of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seed mucilage (FSM)-alginate mucoadhesive beads containing metformin HCl through ionotropic gelation using 3(2) factorial design. The effect of polymer-blend ratio (sodium alginate to FSM) and cross-linker (CaCl(2)) concentration on the drug encapsulation efficiency (DEE, %), and cumulative drug release after 10h (R(10h), %) was optimized. The DEE (%) of all these beads was within the range of 71.63 ± 2.32 to 95.08 ± 3.73% with sustained in vitro drug release of 69.78 ± 2.43% to 95.70 ± 4.26% over 10h. The in vitro drug release from these beads was followed controlled-release (zero-order) pattern (R(2)=0.9910 to 0.9953) with super case-II transport mechanism. The average size of these beads was within the range of 0.92 ± 0.05 to 1.30 ± 0.14 mm. The beads were also characterized by SEM, FTIR and (1)H NMR. The swelling and degradation of FSM-alginate beads containing metformin HCl were influenced by pH of the test medium. These beads also exhibited good mucoadhesivity in wash-off test. The optimized FSM-alginate mucoadhesive beads containing metformin HCl showed significant hypoglycemic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic rats over prolonged period after oral administration.

We report for the first time, using a simple and environmentally benign chemical method, the low temperature synthesis of densely populated upright-standing rutile TiO(2) nanoplate films onto a glass substrate from a mixture of titanium trichloride, hydrogen peroxide and thiourea in triply distilled water. The rutile TiO(2) nanoplate films (the phase is confirmed from x-ray diffraction analysis, selected area electron diffraction, energy-dispersive x-ray analysis, and Raman shift) are 20-35 nm wide and 100-120 nm long. The chemical reaction kinetics for the growth of these upright-standing TiO(2) nanoplate films is also interpreted. Films of TiO(2) nanoplates are optically transparent in the visible region with a sharp absorption edge close to 350 nm, confirming an indirect band gap energy of 3.12 eV. The Brunauer-Emmet-Teller surface area, Barret-Joyner-Halenda pore volume and pore diameter, obtained from N(2) physisorption studies, are 82 m(2) g(-1), 0.0964 cm(3) g(-1) and 3.5 nm, respectively, confirming the mesoporosity of scratched rutile TiO(2) nanoplate powder that would be ideal for the direct fabrication of nanoscaled devices including upcoming dye-sensitized solar cells and gas sensors.