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In this study it was aimed to investigate the effect of biogas digested (BD) on the growth and some potential toxic element (B, Cd, Cr, Ni, Co and Pb) concentrations of wheat grown under greenhouse conditions. For this reason, 0, 15 and 30 tha

This study aimed to assess the efficiencies of composts and vermicomposts obtained from two different composting methods on the growth, mineral nutrition and nutrient uptake of wheat. Composts and vermicomposts were applied to plastic pots under greenhouse condition with the application doses of 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 t ha(-1). The pot-experiment lasted three months. The results showed that plant dry weight increased with the increase in doses when compared to the control groups where no composts and vermicomposts were applied. However, no differences were found among the doses from 5 to 40 t ha(-1) of composts and vermicomposts. Although application doses did not affect significantly on the most of the plant nutrient concentrations, Fe concentration in plant decreased with the increase in application doses. Additionally, no significant differences among the composts and vermicomposts on plant nutrient concentrations except for Mg were detected. Comparing to the control dose (0 t ha(-1)), nutrient uptakes by plant from the soil significantly increased with the increase of application doses, but no significant differences were determined amongst the doses of 5 and 40 t ha(-1), generally. The effect of production methods on the most of investigated parameters including plant dry weight was similar.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of biochars obtained by pyrolysis of the tomato harvest residues at different temperatures on some available nutrient concentrations of soil. For this purpose, biochars were obtained by pyrolysis of the tomato harvest residues at 500 and 700° C for 80 minutes. The biochars were applied to the parcels prepared in 50x50 cm dimensions under field conditions to 3 tons per decare and they were left to stand in natural conditions. 2 months after the application, soil samples were taken in 4 periods at one-month intervals. In these examples, plant available and/or extractable nutrients were determined. According to the results, it was observed that biochar applications did not affect the nutrient concentrations of the soil and had a negative effect on some nutrients. The pyrolysis temperatures had no effect on the efficiency of biochar on soil nutrient concentration.

Olive oil byproducts show differences according to the olive oil extraction systems, which are called olive mill solid wastes, olive oil wastewater and olive oil wastewater sludge. Three different kinds of composts, including two-phase and three-phase olive mill solid wastes, and olive oil wastewater sludge were produced with separated dairy manure, poultry manure, and straw. the composts obtained from two-phase and three-phase olive mill solid wastes and olive oil wastewater sludge were named as two-phase, three-phase, and water sludge composts, respectively. They were separately enriched by rock phosphate and potassium salt. These composts were mixed with peat in a ratio of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% (v/v). Tomato seeds were sown in all mixtures on 3 February 2016. All the seeds were sown into 2 trays and each plug included 2 replicates. the trays were left in a germination room for 3 days, then moved to a heated greenhouse which is specialized for growing seedlings, and the seedlings were grown there for 3 weeks. the results showed that increasing compost ratios in the growing medium and also the enrichment of the growing medium increased organic matter content, electrical conductivity, and macro and micro nutrient concentrations. the germination period lasted longer with increasing compost ratios. the shoot length was lower at a compost ratio of over 50% excluding water sludge compost, which reacted to over 75%. the highest plant dry weights were obtained in the plants grown on the media with compost ratios of 50%, 25%, and 25% for water sludge compost, enriched two-phase compost, and enriched three-phase compost, respectively. We concluded that the composts obtained from two-phase and three-phase olive mill solid wastes and olive oil waste water sludge can be used without any need of enrichment and a ratio of 25% was found appropriate in most of the measured properties., Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUB.ITAK)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [11-G-055], This research was carried out in the framework of the project "Developing of Input Production Methods for Utilization in Organic Plant Production", which was approved by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUB.ITAK) with project number 11-G-055.

Study aims to investigate the effects of vermicomposts containing oil processing wastes, dairy manure, municipal open market wastes and straw on the growth, nutrient concentrations and nutrient uptakes of corn plant. For this, there different mixtures were prepared. Vermicomposts were applied with the rates of 0, 5000, 10000, and 20000 kg ha−1 to 2 kg soil containing pots. Study was conducted in growth chamber for 2 months. Vermicompost applications increased plant growth, some plant nutrient concentrations and uptake. Also, vermicomposts showed the variation on parameters depending on their mixtures. Results showed that nutrients taken by the plant increased with the vermicompost until 10000 kg ha−1 dose. Most of the nutrient concentrations such as phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, and manganese (P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn) were not increased in plant tissues, whereas uptake of them by the plant showed a significant increase. In addition, residual soil nutrients increased with the in...

The aim of this study was to determine the fertility status of Hakkari-Cukurca soils by means of soil analysis. In this survey study, 25 soil samples representing the region were taken. On the soils, pH, EC, CaCO3, texture and organic matter and available nutrient analyses were done. According to results, it was seen that 32 % of the soil is clayey, 48 % of the soil is clayey-loamy, 12 % of the soil is loamy and 8 % of the soil is sandy-clayey-loamy. All of the soils are slightly alkaline and 56 % of the soil have moderate, 36 of soil have high and 8 %of the soil have moderate to high lime content. While there is no salt at 36 percent of the soil, 64 % of the soil contains little salt. Eight percent of the soil contains very little organic matter, 40 % of the soil contains little, 44% of the soil contains moderate and 8% of the soil contains sufficient organic matter. 28% of the soil is sufficient, 64% of the soil is high and 8% of the soil is very high in terms of nitrogen. If an evaluation was made in terms of available nutrient concentrations, it was seen that 16% of the soil had lower, 56% of the soil had sufficient and 28% of the soil had high P. 52% of the soil contained sufficient, 4% of the soil contained lower amount, 36% of the soil contained high and 8% of the soil contained very high amount K. For available Ca, 48% of the samples is low, 52% of is enough. While 4% of the soils contained very little Mg, 96% of the soil contained little amount of Mg. According to micronutrient results, it was seen that 84% of the soil is poor for Fe, 52% of the soils is poor for Mn, 44% of the soil is poor for Zn and 4% of the soil is poor in terms of Cu., Araştırmada, Hakkâri-Çukurca yöresi tarım topraklarının verimlilik durumlarının toprak analizleriyle belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla yöreyi temsilen alınan 25 toprak örneğinde pH, EC, CaCO3, bünye, organik madde ve bitkiye yarayışlı besin elementi analizleri yapılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, araştırma alanı topraklarının %32’sinin killi, %48’inin killi tınlı, %12’si tınlı %8’i kumlu-killi- tınlı bünyeye sahip olduğu, toprakların tamamının hafif alkali reaksiyonlu,%56’sının orta kireçli, %36’sının fazla kireçli, %8’inin çok fazla kireçli olduğu belirlenmiştir. Toprakların %36’sı tuzsuz, %64’ü az tuzludur. Toprak organik maddesi bakımından %8’i çok az, %40’ı az, %44’ü orta, %8’i iyi sınıfındadır. Toprakların %16’sının P yönünden az, %56’sının yeterli ve %28’inin fazla düzeyde olduğu; %52’sinin K içeriklerinin yeterli, %4’ünün az, %36’sının fazla, %8’inin çok fazla düzeyde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Örneklerin %48’inde alınabilir Ca az olup %52’sinde yeterli, %4’ünde Mg içeriği çok az, %96’sında ise az düzeyde bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Mikro element konsantrasyonları açısından bir değerlendirme yapıldığında toprakların %84’ünün Fe, % 52’ sinin Mn, %44’ ünün Zn % 4’ünün de Cu bakımından fakir olduğu belirlenmiştir.

This research was conducted to determine the effect of nitrogen fertilization on the yield, yield components and nutrient concentrations of lavandin (Lavandula×intermedia Emeric ex Loisel. var. Super A). Experiment was designed as randomized block design with three replications. Nitrogen fertilization increased yields and some quality parameters such as plant height, branch height, length of flower, essential oil content and affected essential oil components (such as: linalool, linalyl acetate and camphor). Nitrogen fertilization also led to increase nutrient concentrations, generally. Results obtained from two years of the study showed that the most effective level of N on lavandin yielding and plant nutrient concentrations appeared to be 100 kg n ha-1.

Lavandin (Lavandula × intermedia Emeric ex Loisel. var. Super) is cultivated in an area of about 320 ha in Isparta province of Turkey. This study was conducted to determine the effects of phosphorus fertilization at the levels of 0, 50, 100, and 150 kg ha-1 on the yield characteristics, essential oil content and composition, and nutrient concentrations of lavandin (Lavandula × intermedia Emeric ex Loisel. var. Super) in 2010 and 2011 growing season. With an increase in the levels of phosphorus, the P, N, K, Ca and Fe concentrations increased in the leaves, while the Mg, Mn and Zn concentrations (p, Lavandin (Lavandula × intermedia Emeric ex Loisel. var. Super) is cultivated in an area of about 320 ha inIsparta province of Turkey. This study was conducted to determine the effects of phosphorus fertilization atthe levels of 0, 50, 100, and 150 kg ha-1 on the yield characteristics, essential oil content and composition, andnutrient concentrations of lavandin (Lavandula × intermedia Emeric ex Loisel. var. Super) in 2010 and 2011growing season. With an increase in the levels of phosphorus, the P, N, K, Ca and Fe concentrations increasedin the leaves, while the Mg, Mn and Zn concentrations (p

This study investigated the effect of high humic substance (HS) levels (0, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg HS kg−1) on growth and nutrient concentrations of corn grown on calcareous soils. For these, soil samples were collected from the six different provinces of Turkey. According to the average values, HS levels had no significant effect alone on dry weight, nitrogen (N), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) concentrations. Soil differences significantly affected dry weight, N, Mg, and Cu concentrations (p ≤ 0.05). Looking at HSxsoil interactions on K, Ca, Fe, and Mn concentrations, it could be seen that there was no effect or that the effect was negative. Only plant Fe concentrations obtained from Konya and Urfa provinces were positively affected from HSxsoil interaction. It was concluded that high level of HS had no or negative effect on corn growth and some nutrient concentration under calcareous conditions.

This study was conducted to determine the boron (B) status of apple orchards and examine the relations among B nutrition and some soil properties in Isparta province. For this purpose 250 gardens from the seven districts of the region were determined and soil and leaf samples were collected. In order to determine soil and leaf B status and relations among these some soil properties were determined. Similarly, other leaf nutrient concentrations were analyzed. According to the soil analysis it was seen that most of the soils are B-sufficient. If soil B concentrations were evaluated depending on the district, the lowest soil B (0.26 mg kg-1) was measured from the gardens of Senirkent, the highest B concentration (3.44 mg kg-1) was determined in Atabey. Looking at the individual districts, all apple orchards in Gönen and Keçiborlu have sufficient (0.5-2 mg kg-1) soil B. Also in Yalvaç, Atabey, Gelendost and Eğirdir 71%, 95%, 96% and 97% of the soils had higher B concentration than B deficiency level (0.5 mg kg-1). The most soil B deficiency problem was observed in Senirkent and Yalvaç. Average soil B levels for Atabey, Eğirdir, Gelendost, Gönen, Keçiborlu, Senirkent and Yalvaç orchards were calculated as 1.32, 0.96, 0.87, 0.67, 0.91, 0.49 and 0.62, mg kg-1 respectively and general average were determined as 0.84 mg kg-1. Depending on leaf analyze results, it was seen that 94.8% of the trees had sufficient B and only 5.2 percent of trees had B deficiency. According to the results, there is not B deficiency in 85 % of the soils. And this reflects the leaf analysis as well. Although this result, there was not seen any correlation between soil and leaf B concentrations. But, there were negative correlations among available soil B and soil pH and Ca. Positive correlations were determined among soil B concentrations and other micro nutrients. While a negative correlation between leaf B concentration and leaf P was found, there was a positive correlation between B and Mn.

This study was conducted to examine the effect of soil, leaf and soil+leaf applications of humic substance on fruit yield, some quality parameters and mineral nutrition of Granny Smith and Jersey Mac apple varieties grafted on MM106 rootstock. The study was carried out for two consecutive years. According to the results obtained from both years, humic substance applications had no significant effect on fruit yield and quality parameters generally, but relative increases were recorded in yields. Leaf N, K, Ca, Fe and Zn concentrations were significantly affected from the applications. At the first year, humic substance application significantly affected only N and K concentrations of Jersey Mac variety, but in the second year, humic substance applications led to increase in leaf N, K, Ca, Fe and Zn concentrations in Granny Smith and N concentration in Jersey Mac apple variety. Accordingto the results obtained, it can be said that the effects of humic substances were higher than the first year’s effects mostly.&nbsp

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of different sulphur (S) and iron (Fe) sources on Fe nutrition of strawberry plants (Fragaria vesca L.). Therefore, elemental S and S containing waste from a S factory, corresponding to 500 and 1000 kg ha−1 of S, and 20 kg ha−1 of Fe, from Fe-SO4 and Sequestrene Fe-138 (Fe-chelate) were applied to the soil. Applications of elemental S and S containing waste resulted in a decrease of soil pH. While soil pH was 8.3 without S application, applied S corresponding to 500 and 1000 kg ha−1 from both sources, decreased pH to 7.9 and 7.7 for elemental S and 7.9 and 7.8 for waste application, respectively. The leaf Fe concentration, chlorophyll content, green colour intensity and fruit yield increased with single and/or combined applications of S and Fe. Both S sources showed similar effects regarding parameters mentioned above. The results showed that S containing waste could be used as an alternative to elemental S for improvement of Fe nutrition in c...

Three levels of zinc fertilization (0, 5, 10 mg/kg) and an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus intraradices were tested for their potential to control Pythium deliense on inoculated cucumber seedlings. Plant Zn, N, P, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn, Cu contents, dry and fresh weights of plant and roots and disease severity were determined in the study. Resistance to Pythium rot was determined with the application of mycorrhiza with increasing doses of zinc. Zinc and mycorrhizal fungus applications had significant effects on plant nutrition except for K and Cu. While the highest N and P concentrations were noted under Zn 0 conditions, the values obtained under Zn 1 and Zn 2 conditions showed differences depending on G. intraradices and P. deliense treatments. Leaf Ca concentration reached up to highest level with Zn 2 GI 0 Pd 1 treatment and the lowest Ca content was recorded under GI 0 Pd 0 for all Zn applications. Lower level of zinc together with GIPd 0 applications resulted in the highest leaf Mg concentration. The highest micronutrient concentrations were analysed on cucumber plants grown under Zn deficient conditions without GI but with P. deliense. Plant dry weight, root fresh and root dry weights were higher in cucumber plants challenged with AM fungus and P. deliense under zinc applied conditions. It was observed that certain rates of zinc and mycorrhiza based-treatments had positive effects on disease factors by suppressing Pythium rot and can be used for biological control.

WOS: 000173749600009 Seeds of twenty wheat cultivars grown with (+Zn = 23 kg Zn ha(-1)) and without zinc (Zn) fertilization in a Zn-deficient calcareous soil in Central Anatolia were analyzed for the levels of Zn, phosphorus (P), phytic acid, and phytase activity. Additionally, seeds of four wheat cultivars grown on 55 different locations in Turkey were also analyzed for Zn, P, and phytic acid. In the field experiment with 20 wheat cultivars, seed Zn concentrations showed a range between 7 to 11 mg kg(-1) under Zn-deficient and 14 to 23 mg kg(-1) under Zn-added conditions. Zinc fertilization reduced seed concentrations of P and phytic acid of all cultivars. On average, the reductions caused by Zn fertilization were from 3.9 to 3.5 mg g(-1) for P and from 10.7 to 9.1 mg g(-1) for phytic acid. Irrespective of Zn fertilization, seed phytic acid concentrations showed a large genotypic variation, i.e., from 7 to 12 mg g I with Zn fertilization and 8 to 13 mg g I at nil Zn treatment. As a result of decreases in phytic acid and increases in Zn concentrations by Zn fertilization, phytic acid to Zn molar ratios in seeds of cultivars markedly decreased. On average for ail cultivars, phytic acid to Zn molar ratios decreased from 126 to 56 with Zn fertilization. Seed phytase activity of cultivars was not consistently influenced by varied Zn supply. However, on average for 20 cultivars, Zn fertilization tended to decrease phytase activity. In seeds of four wheat cultivars collected from 55 locations, the concentrations of Zn, P, and phytic acid ranged from 8 to 34 mg kg(-1), 2.1 to 4.9 mg g(-1), and 5.8 to 14.3 mg kg(-1), respectively. Results obtained in the present study indicate that seed Zn concentrations of wheat cultivars grown in different locations of Turkey, especially under Zn-deficient conditions, are very low. Considering very high phytic acid: Zn molar ratios it can be suggested that bioavailability of Zn would be very low for humans.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of Zinc (Zn) and Nitrogen (N) fertilizations on grain zinc (Zn) phosphorus (P) and phytic acid (PA) concentrations, PA/Zn molar ratio, yield, phytase activity and protein content of lentil varieties. Zinc fertilization led to decrease in grain P concentrations and related parameters. Phytic acid/Zn molar ratios decreased with the increment of Zn and protein concentrations in grains, but increased with the increase of grain P levels. While there were positive relations amongst the grain P concentrations and P-related parameters, there was a close negative relation with Zn generally. Although, protein concentrations negatively affected by grain P and PA concentrations, there was a significant positive relation with N fertilization. Increase of both Zn and P concentrations in grains negatively affected phytase activity, but a positive correlation was seen between the protein and phytase. Grain yield increased with both Zn and N fertilization.

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of different irrigation programs and nitrogen (N) levels on N concentration, uptake and utilisation by the processing tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum). The amount of water used was determined based on a screened class-A pan. Irrigation treatments consisted of 2 different irrigation intervals (I5, 5 days; I10, 10 days) and 3 plant-pan coefficients (Kcp0.50, 0.50; Kcp0.75, 0.75; Kcp1.00, 1.00). Nitrogen treatments consisted of 3 N levels (N0, 0 kg/ha; N80, 80 kg/ha; N160, 160 kg/ha). The irrigation interval, plant-pan coefficient and N fertiliser rate affected all parameters examined; however, the N fertiliser rate had the greatest impact. Nitrogen applications increased N concentrations in the leaf, tomato and vegetative biomass. Plant total N uptake and benefit rate from fertiliser was highest with the N160, I10 and Kcp0.75 and Kcp1.00 treatments. Results show that the N160, I10 and Kcp0.75 treatments can be used for increasing plant N uptake and the benefit rate from fertiliser.